The Newton-Jenney Party of 1875, led by Henry Newton and Walter P. Jenney, and escorted by a military detachment led by Lieutenant Colonel Richard I Dodge. Also known as the Jenney-Newton Party, it was a scientific expedition sponsored by the United States Geological Survey to map the Black Hills of South Dakota. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small isolated Mountain range rising from the South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The Newton-Jenney expedition was established in response to the Black Hills Gold Rush which had been escalated the previous year by General George Armstrong Custer's expedition into the Black Hills. The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States, and is general considered to have started 1860 -70 The Newton-Jenney Party included many figures who would gain notarity in the 19th century, including Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, Calamity Jane, and California Joe. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Dr Valentine Trant McGillycuddy (1849&ndash1939 was a controversial pioneer of the effort to build a sustainable relationship between the United States and the Native Martha Jane Cannary-Burke, better known as Calamity Jane ( May 1 1852 &ndash August 1 1903) was a Frontierswoman
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