A new town, planned community or planned city is a city, town, or community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in a more ad hoc fashion.

Several of the world's capital cities are planned cities, including Washington, D.C. in the United States, Canberra in Australia, Brasília in Brazil, New Delhi in India, Abuja in Nigeria and Islamabad in Pakistan; see List of purpose-built capital cities. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Abuja is the Capital city of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of Nigeria in the Federal Capital Territory Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and This is a list of Capital cities that were built from the ground up to be national or regional capitals rather than being a pre-existing city chosen to be the capital It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

Contents 1 Argentina 2 Australia 3 Belgium 4 Bosnia-Herzegovina 5 Brazil 6 Bulgaria 7 Canada 8 China 9 Côte d'Ivoire 10 Finland 11 France 12 Germany 13 Hong Kong 14 Hungary 15 India 15.1 Indus Valley Civilization 15.2 Medieval India 15.3 Republic of India 16 Iran 17 Ireland 18 Ireland, Republic of 19 Israel 20 Italy 21 Japan 22 Korea 23 Malta 24 Mexico 25 Malaysia 26 Morocco 27 Nigeria 28 Netherlands 29 Norway 30 Pakistan 30.1 Indus Valley Civilization 30.2 Modern day Pakistan 31 Panamá 32 Poland 32.1 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 32.2 Interwar period 32.3 Socialist realism 33 Roman Empire 34 Russia 35 Singapore 36 Sweden 37 Taiwan 38 Tanzania 39 United Kingdom 40 United States 41 See also 42 References 43 External links

Argentina

La Plata is the capital city of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, as well as of the partido of La Plata. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. La Plata is the capital city of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, as well as of the partido of La Plata. Buenos Aires Province (ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes Spanish: Provincia de Buenos Aires is the most populated province of Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The city was planned to serve as the capital of the province after Buenos Aires city was declared as the federal district in 1880. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern Béccar, first planned suburb in the early '30s of Buenos Aires. Beccar is a middle and upscale residential neighbourhood located 17 km (11 miles north of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan area in the Buenos Aires Province

Australia

Adelaide was founded by British and German colonists in 1836 to test out Edward Gibbon Wakefield's theories of systematic colonisation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a Edward Gibbon Wakefield ( 20 March, 1796 &ndash May 16, 1862) was the driving force behind much of the early colonization of South Convict labour was not employed and the colony in theory would be financially self-sufficient; in practice government assistance was used in the early stages. Land had been sold before anyone set foot in the largely unexplored territory and the city (the basis for the future central business district) was surveyed and planned in a remarkably short space of time. A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city Adelaide's design has been praised for its four-square design, choice of setting and ample parklands which have had minimal encroachment of developments.

Canberra, the capital city of Australia, was established in 1908 as the Federal Capital following the federation of the six Australian colonies which formed the Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. The new nation required a capital that was located away from other major settlements such as Melbourne and Sydney. Canberra is thus located in a Territory - the Australian Capital Territory - and not a State. } The Australian Capital Territory (ACT is the Capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and its smallest self-governing internal territory Prior to this time the land that Canberra is found on was nothing more than farming land and forest.

In 1912, after an extensive planning competition was completed, the vision of American Walter Burley Griffin was chosen as the winning design for the city. Walter Burley Griffin November 24, 1876 &ndash February 11, 1937) was a US Architect and Landscape architect, Extensive construction and public works were required to complete the city, this involved the flooding of a large parcel of land to form the center piece of the city, Lake Burley Griffin.

Unlike some other Australian cities, the road network, suburbs, parks and other elements of the city were designed in context with each other, rather than haphazard planning as witnessed in much of Sydney. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Notable buildings include the High Court, Federal Parliament, Government House, War Memorial, Anzac Parade and headquarters of the Department of Defence.

Leeton and Griffith in New South Wales are also cities, planned by Walter Burley Griffin. Leeton is a town and Local Government Area in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Griffith is a city in south-western New South Wales, Australia.

Belgium

Louvain-la-Neuve, built for the Université catholique de Louvain. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those History After much deliberation the University administration agreed on a building site near the town of Ottignies, in the French-speaking part of the province of The Université catholique de Louvain, sometimes known as UCL, is Belgium 's largest French -speaking University, and a successor institution

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Slobomir is a new town in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its name means: "the city of freedom and peace". Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Slobomir ( Cyrillic: Слобомир) is a new town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan It is located on the Drina river near Bijeljina. The Drina ( Serbian and Bosnian: Дрина or Drina) is a river in the Balkan Peninsula. Bijeljina ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бијељина is a city and municipality in northeastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded by Slobodan Pavlović, a Bosnian philanthropist. Philanthropy is the act of donating money goods services time and/or effort to support a socially beneficial cause with a defined objective and with no financial or material It aims to be one of the major cities of post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan In fact, the city will be located in two countries, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia, although majority of it will be in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The city is named after its founder, Slobodan Pavlović, and his wife, Mira.

Brazil

The country's capital, Brasília, was a planned city built in the middle of the vast empty center of Brazil, at that time (1960) thousands of kilometers from any big city. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau It was built in four years and concrete needed to be transported occasionally by airplane.

The former capital of Brazil was Rio de Janeiro, and the resources tended to be concentrated in the southeast region of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil While in part the city was built because there was the need for a neutral federal capital, the main reason was to promote the development of Brazil's hinterland and better integrate the entire territory of Brazil. The hinterland is the land or district behind the borders of a coast or river Brasília is approximately at the geographical center of Brazilian territory.

The city is designed in the shape of an airplane, despite the fact that Lúcio Costa insists he shaped it like a butterfly. Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a Housing and offices are situated on giant superblocks, everything following the original plan. The plan specifies which zones are residential, which zones are commercial, where industries can settle, where official buildings can be built, the maximum height of buildings, etc.

Other notable planned cities in Brazil include Curitiba, Belo Horizonte (inaugurated in 1897), Boa Vista, Goiânia, Palmas, Londrina, and Maringá (the latter two in the state of Paraná). Curitiba (pron kuɾi'tibɐ or kuɾi'tʃibɐ is the capital City of the Brazilian state of Paraná. Belo Horizonte ( Portuguese for "beautiful horizon", (bɛloɾiˈzõtʃi) is the capital of Minas Gerais state located in the Boa Vista is the capital of the Brazilian state of Roraima. Situated on the western bank of the River Branco 220 km (136 mi from Brazil's border with Venezuela Goiânia (gɔɪˈɑniə is the capital and the largest city in the state of Goiás. Palmas is the capital of the Brazilian state of Tocantins. According to IBGE estimates from July 2005 the city had 208165 inhabitants Londrina is a city located in the northern region of the state of the Paraná, Brazil, and is 369 km away from the capital Curitiba. Maringá is a city in southern Brazil that was founded on May 10, 1947. Other meanings Paraná Argentina, Paraná River Paraná (paɾaˈna is one of the states of Brazil,

Bulgaria

The cities of Stara Zagora and Kazanlak, in central Bulgaria, were rebuilt as planned cities after they were burnt to the ground in the 1877-1878 Russia-Turkey War. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Stara Zagora (Стара Загора is the sixth largest city in Bulgaria, and one of the nationally important economic centres Kazanlak (Казанлък is a Bulgarian town located in the middle of the plain of the same name at the foot of the Balkan mountain range,

Canada

When Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald began to settle the West in Canada, he put the project under the command of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB, KCMG, PC ( January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Canadian Pacific Railway ( The CPR exercised complete control over the development of land under its ownership. The federal government granted every second square mile section (totalling 101,000 km²) along the proposed railway line route to the CPR. The politics of Canada function within a framework of Constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic The CPR decided where to place railway stations, and thus would decide where the dominant town of the area would be. |}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which Passengers may board and alight from Trains In most instances the CPR would build a station on an empty section of land to make the largest profit from land sales — meaning that the CPR founded many of the Canadian West's towns, such as Medicine Hat and Moose Jaw, from scratch. Medicine Hat, known to locals as "The Hat" is a city of 60000 people located in the southeastern part of the province of Moose Jaw is a city in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada on the Moose Jaw River 71 km (45 miles west of Regina If an existing town was close to the newly constructed station but on land not owned by the CPR, the town was forced to move itself to the new site and reconstruct itself, essentially building a new town. Calgary and Yorkton, Saskatchewan, were among the towns that had to move themselves. Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada

After the CPR established a station at a particular site, it would plan how the town would be constructed. The side of the tracks with the station would go to business, while the other side would go to warehouses. Furthermore, the CPR controlled where major buildings went (by giving the town free land to build it where the CPR wanted it to go), the construction of roads and the placement and organization of class-structured residential areas. Within a urban area there is a tendency for land uses to Aggregate.

The CPR's influence over the development of the Canadian west's communities was one of the earliest examples of new town construction in the modern world. Later influences on planned community development in Canada were the exploitation of her mineral and forest wealth, usually in remote locations of the vast country. Among numerous company towns planned and built for these purposes were Corner Brook and Grand Falls in Newfoundland, Témiscaming and Fermont in Quebec. A company town is a Town or City in which all Real estate, Buildings (both residential and commercial) Utilities Grand Falls-Windsor is a town of 13558 people located in the central region of the island of Newfoundland in Newfoundland and Témiscaming is a town located at the south end of Lac Témiscamingue on the upper Ottawa River in the Témiscamingue Regional County Municipality Fermont is a French-speaking town in northeastern Quebec Canada.

In the modern suburban context, the Erin Mills Development located in the larger, incorporated city of Mississauga, Ontario is likely the largest planned suburban development or New Town in Canada. Mississauga (ˌmɪsɪˈsɑgə) incorporated in 1974 is a City located in the Regional Municipality of Peel Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Phased development began in the early 1970s and continues to this day. Another example would be the Cornell development in Markham, Ontario also near Toronto, much of which incorporates housing "wired up" for high-speed internet access. Markham ( pronounced /ˈmɑrkəm/ 2006 population 261573 is a town located in the Regional Municipality of

China

Many ancient cities in China, especially for those on the northern China plain, were carefully designed according to the fengshui theory, featuring square or rectangular city wall, rectilinear road grid, and symmetrical layout. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Feng shui ( ˈfəŋˌʃueɪ fehng-shway in English is an ancient Chinese system of Aesthetics believed to utilize the Laws of both heaven (astronomy and earth (geography Famous examples are: Chang'an in Tang dynasty and Beijing. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by

In modern China, many special economic zones are developed from the sketch, for example, Pudong new district or Shenzhen. A Special Economic Zone ( SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that Shenzhen is a city of sub-provincial administrative status in southern China's Guangdong province situated immediately

Côte d'Ivoire

See entry for Yamoussoukro, the all transformed village of the former and first president Felix Houphouët-Boigny, which is now the official capital of the country. Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a The District of Yamoussoukro is the official Capital city of Côte d'Ivoire.

Finland

The city of Helsinki was rebuilt on a rocky peninsula near the sea in 1812 by decree of Alexander I, Grand-duke of Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. The New Town was to become the capital for the new Grand Duchy of Finland. The planner of the New Town was Carl Ludvig Engel. Carl Ludvig Engel, or Johann Karl Ludwig Engel (1778-1840 was a German Architect known for his neoclassical (empire style

Tapiola is a post-war garden city on the edge of Espoo. Tapiola ( Hagalund in Swedish) is a district of Espoo on the south coast of Finland, and is one of the major urban centres of Espoo Espoo (ˈespoː Esbo ( in Swedish) is the second largest city of Finland, with a population of approximately 240000

Various "ekokyläs", "ecological villages".

France

Many new cities, called bastides, were founded from the 12th to 14th centuries in southeast France, where the Hundred Years War took place, in order to replace destroyed cities and organize defence and growth. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Bastides are fortified new towns built in Medieval Languedoc, Gascony and Aquitaine during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries although The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior Among those, Monpazier, Beaumont, Villeréal are good examples. Monpazier is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. Villeréal is a Village and commune of the Lot-et-Garonne department of south-western France.

Cardinal Richelieu founded the small Baroque town of Richelieu, which remains largely unchanged. This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov. Richelieu is a village or small town and commune, in the Indre-et-Loire département of central-western France.

A program of new towns (French Ville nouvelle) was developed in the mid-1960s to try and control the expansion of cities. A new town, planned community or planned city is a City, Town, or Community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically Nine villes nouvelles were created.

• Near Paris: Cergy-Pontoise, Marne-la-Vallée, Sénart (former Melun-Sénart), Évry, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
• Near Lille: Villeneuve d'Ascq (Former Lille-Est)
• Near Lyon: Isle d'Abeau
• Near Marseille: Rives de l'Etang de Berre
• Near Rouen: Val-de-Reuil

Germany

Planned cities in Germany are:

• Bayreuth: an example of a medieval new city
• Berlin - Friedrichshain
• Eisenhüttenstadt: the "first socialist town" in Germany
• Freudenstadt: the roads follow the layout of the Nine Men's Morris game
• Halle-Neustadt 
• Karlsruhe: the roads follow the layout of a hend-held fan with the castle being at the juncture
• Mannheim Quadratestadt: squares named like ranks and files on a chessboard
• Munich Maxvorstadt: the first planned city expansion of Munich was realized from 1805 to 1810 according to a raster
• Neustrelitz: founded in 1733 with streets spreading from an octagonal market place
• Putbus: built around a circular centre with radially aligned streets
• Wolfsburg: founded in 1938 to host the factories for the newly invented Volkswagen

Hong Kong

The area of Hong Kong is very mountainous and many places in the New Territories have limited access to roads. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Cergy-Pontoise is an agglomeration in France, in the Val d'Oise département, northwest of Paris on the Oise River. Marne-la-Vallée is a New town located near Paris, France. Disneyland Resort Paris and Val d'Europe are located in Marne-la-Vallée Sénart (formerly Melun-Sénart) is a New town in southern Île-de-France, covering parts of the departments of Seine-et-Marne and Évry is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 25 Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines is a Communauté d'agglomération in the French département of Yvelines. Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Villeneuve d'Ascq is a French commune, located between Lille and Roubaix, at the crossroads of the principal freeways towards ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. L'Isle-d'Abeau is a town and commune in the Isère département, in France. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ The Étang de Berre (in Provençal Occitan: estanh de Bèrra / mar de Bèrra according to classical orthography, estang de Berro / mar de Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Population The new city saw its population passing from 378 in 1975 to 11359 in 1990 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bayreuth ( pronounced) is a City in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Frankish Alb Friedrichshain is a part of Berlin's borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Eisenhüttenstadt (literally "ironworks city" in German; pronunciation) is a city in Brandenburg, Germany. Freudenstadt is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and is capital of the district Freudenstadt. Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near Quadratestadt (German for " town of the squares " is the nickname of the German city of Mannheim. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Neustrelitz (nɔʏˈʃtʁeːlɪts is a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany and is the capital of the district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Putbus is a small town on the southeastern part of the island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, North Germany. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders New Territories, abbreviated to NT or NT, is a region in Hong Kong excluding Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and Stonecutters Island Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate booming populations. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders In the early days the term "satellite towns" was used. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong. Tsuen Wan New Town ( is a New town in Hong Kong. It spans over Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi Island. This article is about the area of Kwun Tong For the administrative district covering Kwun Tong Ngau Tau Kok, Yau Tong, Ping Shek, etc Wah Fu Estate was built in a remote corner on Hong Kong Island, with similar concepts in a smaller scale. Wah Fu Estate ( Chinese 華富邨 is a Public housing estate located by the Kellett Bay, Southern District, Hong Kong. Hong Kong Island ( is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong, China.

In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed so far. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns are Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O. Sha Tin New Town ( is one of the new towns in Hong Kong. It is within the Sha Tin District, covering the areas of Sha Tin, Tai Wai, Fo Tsuen Wan New Town ( is a New town in Hong Kong. It spans over Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi Island. Tuen Mun New Town ( is a New town developed by Hong Kong Government in Tuen Mun of the New Territories, Hong Kong in 1970s Tseung Kwan O (also called Junk Bay) is a bay in Sai Kung District, New Territories, Hong Kong, China. Tuen Mun was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful and turned into a bedroom community like the other new towns. Tuen Mun New Town ( is a New town developed by Hong Kong Government in Tuen Mun of the New Territories, Hong Kong in 1970s A commuter town is an urban community that is primarily residential from which most of the Workforce commute out to earn their livelihood More recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau (Tung Chung-Tai Ho). Tin Shui Wai New Town (天水圍新市鎮 is located in northwestern New Territories of Hong Kong. The North Lantau New Town ( built on reclaimed land from the northern coast of the Lantau Island in the New Territories, is the newest among the nine

Hungary

All Hungarian planned cities were built in the second half of the 20th century when a program of rapid industrialization was implemented by the communist government. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic

• Dunaújváros
• Tiszaújváros
• Kazincbarcika
• Tatabánya

India

Indus Valley Civilization

A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley civilization of ancient India and Pakistan from around 2600 BC. Dunaújváros ( Dunapentele, 1951&ndash1961 Sztálinváros; Croatian: Pantel(ija) is a city in Central Hungary, along the Tiszaújváros is an industrial town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county Northern Hungary, south-east of Miskolc, near the river Tisza. Kazincbarcika is the third largest city of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county Northern Hungary. Tatabánya is a city of 70636 inhabitants in north-western Hungary, in the Northern Transdanubian region India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The quality of municipal city planning suggests knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. A township (or Municipality) is a settlement which has the status and powers of a unit of local government Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness The streets of major cities such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, the world's earliest planned cities, were laid out in a perfect grid pattern, comparable to that of present day New York City. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest The grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of City plan in which Streets run at right angles to each other forming a grid. The City of New York The houses were protected from noise, odors, and thieves.

As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi, this urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi, is a village in Hisar District in the northwest Indian state of Haryana, around 150 kilometers from Delhi Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. For alternative meanings of the word "court" see Court (disambiguation.

The ancient Indus systems of sewage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Empire were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls. Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships These can be Yachts military A granary is a storehouse for threshed grain or Animal feed. In ancient or primitive granaries Pottery is the most A warehouse is a commercial Building for Storage of Goods. Warehouses are used by Manufacturers Importers Exporters

Medieval India

A number of medieval Indian cities were planned including:

• Udaipur in Rajasthan. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Udaipur (उदयपुर is a city and a Municipal council in Udaipur district in Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area It was the historic capital of the former kingdom of Mewar. Geography The northern part of Mewar is a gently sloping plain drained by the Bedach & Banas River and its tributaries which empty northwest into the Chambal River
• Fatehpur Sikri in Agra. See also Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri (फतेहपूर सिकरी فتحپور سیکری is a city and a Municipal board in Agra Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Its planning was done by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar
• Hampi in Karnataka. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India It was the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire prior to the city of Vijayanagar. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South
• Vijayanagar in Karnataka. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South It became the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South
• Jaipur the capital city of Rajasthan, founded in 1727, is considered by many urbanists to be one of the best planned cities. Jaipur ( Hindi: जयपुर also popularly known as the Pink City, is the capital of Rajasthan state, India. Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area List of urban theorists, in alphabetical order Christopher Alexander Donald Appleyard Michael E

Republic of India

The period following independence saw India being defined into smaller geographical regions. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country New states such as Gujarat were formed with planned capital cities including:

• New Delhi is a planned city. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India.
• NOIDA is a planned city
• Chandigarh is a planned city. Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful Its planning was done by Le Corbusier. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss
• Panchkula is a planned city. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Panchkula (पंचकुला़ ਪੰਚਕੁਲਾ is a planned city in Panchkula District,
• Mohali is a planned city. Mohali (ਮੋਹਾਲੀ मोहाली mōhālī) is a city adjacent to Chandigarh, 18th District in Punjab, India.
• Bhubaneshwar -the capital of Orissa is also a planned city. Bhubaneswar ( Oriya: BUbEnSvr Hindi: भुवनेश्वर in Sanskrit and Oriya/oDiA "The Lord of the Universe" is the capital and Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal.
• Gandhinagar is also a planned city, with a city plan different from that of Chandigarh. Gandhinagar ( Gujarati: ગાંધીનગર Hindi: गाँधीनगर is the capital of Gujarat State India. Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful
• Dispur
• Navi Mumbai

Iran

In the period of the Persian Safavid Empire, Isfahan, the Persian capital, was built according to a planned scheme, consisting of a long boulevard and planned housing and green areas around it. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Dispur (দিছপুৰ is the capital of Assam, a state in northeast India. Navi Mumbai ( Marathi: नवी मुंबई IAST: New Muṃbaī formerly known as New Bombay, is a city on the west coast of the state of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān

In modern day Iran more than 20 planned cities have been developed or are under construction, mostly around Iran's main metropolitan areas such as Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. Some of these new cities are build for special purposes such as:

• Pardis which is built as a scientific city. See Pardis Sabeti, the Harvard geneticist' Pardis is a new Planned city in the Tehran Province of Iran
• Poulad-Shahr which is an industrious city built for the housing of Isfahan's steel industry workers. Poulad-Shahr is one of the planned cities of Iran in the Isfahan province.
• Shirin Shahr which is to provide housing for the sugar industry personnel. Shirin Shahr is a new Planned city in the Khuzestan province of Iran.
• Tehranpars which was built to house Tehran's additional population. Tehranpars or Tehran Pars (in Persian تهران‌پارس is a Planned city inside the Greater Tehran Area.
• Shahrak-e Gharb , built as a massive project of modern apartment buildings. Shahrak-e Gharb (also called Shahrak-e Qods,) is a planned town built as a massive project of modern apartment buildings and villas in the north-western part
• Parand which is intended to provide residences for the staff of Imam Khomeini International Airport. The new town of Parand is situated 10 km west from Robat Karim (situated 35 km southwest from Tehran) on the way to Saveh and it has about 7000 students Imam Khomeini International Airport ( is located in Tehran, Iran.
• Shushtar New Town which was built to provide housing for the employees of a sugar cane processing plant. Shûshtar is an ancient Fortress City in the Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran.

576,000 people have been planned to be settled in Iran's new towns by the year 2005.

For a list of Iran's modern planned cities see: List of Iran's planned cities. List of Planned cities in Iran: Alavi Aali shahr Amirkabir Andisheh

Ireland

Derry (aka. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Londonderry) was the first ever planned city in Ireland. The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. Work began on building the new city across the River Foyle from the ancient town of Derry (Doire Cholm Chille or Doire) in 1613. The walls were actually completed 5 years later in 1618. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence. [1]

Ireland, Republic of

In the Republic of Ireland, as in the United Kingdom, the term "new town" is often used to refer to planned towns built after World War II which were discussed as early as 1941. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The term "new town" in Ireland was also used for some earlier developments, notably during the Georgian era. Georgian architecture is the name given in most English -speaking countries to the set of Architectural styles current between 1720 and 1840 Part of Limerick city was built in a planned fashion as "Newtown Pery". Limerick (pronounced /ˈlɪmrɪk/ Luimneach in Irish) is a city and the county seat of County Limerick in the Province of Munster

In 1961 the first new town of Shannon was commenced and a target of 6,000 inhabitants was set. Shannon or Shannon Town ( An tSionna in Irish) named after the river near which it stands is a New town located in County This has since been exceeded. Shannon is of some regional importance today as an economic centre (with the Shannon Free Zone and Shannon International Airport), but until recently failed to expand in population as anticipated. Shannon Free Zone is a 243 km² 600 acre International business park adjacent to Shannon International Airport, County Clare, Ireland Shannon International Airport, or Aerfort na Sionnainne in Irish is one of Ireland's primary three airports (along with Dublin Airport and Cork Airport Since the late 1990s, and particularly in the early 2000s, the population has been expanding at a much faster rate, with town rejuvenation, new retail and entertainment facilities and many new housing developments.

It was not until 1967 that the Wright Report planned four towns in County Dublin. County Dublin (Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath or more correctly today the Dublin Region ( Réigiúin Átha Cliath) is the area that contains the city of Dublin These were Blanchardstown, Clondalkin, Lucan and Tallaght but in actuality this was reduced to Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin and Tallaght. Blanchardstown ( Baile Bhlainséir in Irish) is a growing outer suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Clondalkin ( is a village and suburb 10 km west of Dublin City, Ireland, situated in the administrative County of South Dublin. For other meanings of Lucan, see Lucan (disambiguation. For the Roman poet Lucan see Marcus Annaeus Lucanus. Tallaght (pronounced /'tælæ/ Tamhlacht is the largest town and county seat, of South Dublin County, Ireland. Each of these towns has approximately 50,000 inhabitants today.

The most recent new town in Ireland is Adamstown in County Dublin. Adamstown ( Baile Adaim in Irish) will be the first new town created in Ireland since Shannon Town in 1982. County Dublin (Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath or more correctly today the Dublin Region ( Réigiúin Átha Cliath) is the area that contains the city of Dublin Building commenced in 2005 and it is anticipated that occupation will commence late in 2006 with the main development of 10,500 units being completed within a ten year timescale.

Israel

According to politics of country settlement a number of planned cities were created in peripheral regions. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Those cities also known as Development Towns. The most successful is Ashdod with more than 200,000 inhabitants, a port and developed infrastracture. Ashdod (אַשְׁדּוֹד اشدود إسدود Isdud) located in the South District of Israel, on the Mediterranean Sea coast The Port of Ashdod is Israel 's main cargo Port, processing approximately 60% of Israeli marine cargo. Other cities that were developed following lineation plan are Karmiel and Arad. Karmiel (כַּרְמִיאֵל (lit Vineyard of God) is a city in northern Israel. Arad (עֲרָד عراض is a city in the South District of Israel, on the border of the Negev and Judean Deserts Located west of the Many Israeli settlements characteristically follow this model, including towns like Modi'in Illit and Betar Illit. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War. Modi'in Illit (מודיעין עילית lit Upper Modi'in) is an Israeli settlement and City in the foothills of the Judean Mountains, midway Beitar Illit (בֵּיתָר עִלִּית officially also spelled Betar Illit; "Illit" is pronounced "ee-leet" is an Israeli settlement and

Italy

In the past centuries several new towns have been planned in Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest One of the most famous is Pienza, close to Siena, a Renaissance city, also called The Ideal Town or Utopia Town. Pienza, a town and commune in the Province of Siena, in the Val d'Orcia in Tuscany (central Italy between the towns of Montepulciano and Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Between 1459 and 1462 the most famous architects of Italy worked there for the Pope Pius II and built the city centre of the small town.

In early 20th century, during the fascist government of Benito Mussolini, many new cities were founded, the most prominent being Littoria (renamed Latina after the fall of the Fascism). Latina is the capital of the Province of Latina in the Lazio region in central Italy. The city was inaugurated on December 18 of the same year. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Littoria was populated with immigrants coming from Northern Italy, mainly from Friuli and Veneto

The great Sicilan earthquake of 1693 forced the complete rebuilding on new plans of many towns. Friuli ( Friulian: Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Sicilian Baroque is the distinctive form of Baroque architecture that took hold on the island of Sicily

Other well known new cities are located close to Milan in the metropolitan area. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Crespi d'Adda, a few kilometres east of Milan along the Adda River, was settled by the Crespi family. Crespi d'Adda in Capriate San Gervasio in Lombardy is an outstanding example of the 19th and early 20th-century "company towns" It was the first Ideal Worker's City in Italy, built close to the cotton factory. Today Crespi d'Adda is part of the Unesco World Heritage List. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Cusano Milanino was settled in the first years of the 20th century in the formerly small town of Cusano. Cusano Milanino is a town and Comune in the Province of Milan, in Lombardy. It was built as a new green city, rich in parks, villas, large boulevards and called Milanino (Little Milan). In the 1970s in the eastern metropolitan area of Milan a new city was built by Silvio Berlusconi. (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor It was called Milano 2. It is a garden city for the upper classes. In the 1980s another 2 new cities were built by Berlusconi: Milano 3 and Milano Visconti. Each new city has around 12,000 inhabitants.

Japan

Borrowing from the New Town movement in the UK, some 30 new towns have been built in Japan all over the country. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Most of these constructions were initiated during the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, but construction continued into the 1980s. Most of them are located near Tokyo and the Kansai region. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The or the lies in the southern-central region of Japan 's main island Honshū. Some towns, (Senri New Town, Tama New Town) do not provide much employment, and many of the residents commute to the nearby city. is a large residential development straddling the municipalities of Hachiōji, Tama, Inagi and Machida cities in Tokyo, Japan. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains (although as the metropolitan areas have grown, this commute has become relatively short in comparison to commutes from the new urban fringe).

Other New Towns act as industrial/academic agglomerations (sangyo-shuseki) (Tsukuba Science City, Kashima Port Town). These areas attempt to create an all-inclusive environment for daily living, in accordance with Uzō Nishiyama's "life-spheres" principle.

Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to what Manuel Castells and Sir Peter Hall call technopolis. Manuel Castells (full Spanish name: Manuel Castells Oliván; born 1942 in Hellín, Albacete, Spain) is a sociologist associated Sir Peter Hall is the Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration at The Bartlett, University College London and President of the Town and Country Planning The technopolis program of the 1980s has precedents in the New Industrial Cities Act of the 60s. These cities are largely modeled after Tsukuba Academic New Town in that they attempt to agglomerate high-tech resources together in a campus-like environment.

In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled.

Overall, the Japan's New Town program consists of a many diverse projects, most of which focus on a primary function, but also aspire to create an all-inclusive urban environment. Japan's New Town program is heavily informed by the Anglo-American Garden City tradition, American neighborhood design, as well as Soviet strategies of industrial development.

In 2002 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi announced the end of new town construction, although the new towns continue to receive government funding and redevelopment.

Sources:

Ministry of Construction, Japan International Cooperation Agency, City Bureau. 1975? City Planning in Japan.

Hein, Carola. 2003. “Visionary Plans and Planners: Japanese Traditions and Western Influences,” in Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective, Nicholas Fiévé and Paul Waley, eds. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 309-43.

Scott, W. Stephen. 2006. Just Housing? Evidence of Garden City Principles in a Postwar Japanese New Town. Undergraduate diss. New College of Florida.

Korea

New Songdo City is a planned international business centre to be developed on 6 square kilometres of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres south of Seoul and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 10 kilometre highway bridge. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. New Songdo City is a planned international business center to be developed on 1500 acres (6 km² of reclaimed land along Incheon 's waterfront 40 miles (65 km west This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $24 billion, making it the largest private development project ever undertaken anywhere in the world.

Malta

The fortified cities of Senglea and Valletta were both built on a grid plan by the Knights of Malta in the 16th Century. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Senglea ( Città Invicta or Senglea) is a fortified City in the east of Malta, mainly in the Grand Harbour area Valletta ( Belt Valletta or Città Umilissima) is the capital city of Malta. The grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of City plan in which Streets run at right angles to each other forming a grid. The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St

Mexico

Tenochtitlan (pronounced [tɛnɔtɕtɪtɬaːn]) was the capital of the Aztec empire, which was built on an island in Lake Texcoco in what is now the Federal District in central Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. There are some towns in Mexico which are spelled "Tenochtitlán" like San Lorenzo Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political Lake Texcoco (Lago de Texcoco was a natural Lake formation within the Valley of Mexico, a basin with an average Elevation of 2236 m Above The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The city was largely destroyed in the 1520s by Spanish conquistadores. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador Mexico City was erected on top of the ruins and, over the ensuing centuries, most of Lake Texcoco has gradually been drained. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico

Malaysia

See entries for Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, and the Multimedia Super Corridor. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Putrajaya, a Planned city located just south of Kuala Lumpur, is the new federal administrative centre of Malaysia. Cyberjaya is a new planned township with a science park as the core that forms a key part of the Multimedia Super Corridor in Malaysia. Situated in Malaysia, the MSC Malaysia or formerly known as Multimedia Super Corridor is a Government initiative designed to leapfrog Malaysia into the

Morocco

See entries for :

• Meknès The new capital of the Sultan Moulay Ismail
• Essaouira The "well-drawn" harbour of the sultanate. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Meknes (مكناس is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres from Fes. Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif ( 1634? or 1645?-1727 reigned 1672-1727 (مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف ابن النصر was the second ruler of the Moroccan Essaouira (الصويرة eṣ-ṣauīrah formerly known as Mogador, its older name is a City / Wilaya and tourist resort in the western Moroccan
• Casablanca, quasi newly built in a natural harbor around a former hamlet called Anfa

Nigeria

See entries for : Abuja the newly built inland federal capital of the country, as the crossroad of the three major ethnic groups. Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا Anfa (أنفا is the area which is today Casablanca Morocco. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Abuja is the Capital city of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of Nigeria in the Federal Capital Territory

Netherlands

One province of The Netherlands, Flevoland (pop. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Flevoland is a province of the Netherlands. Located in the centre of the country at the location of the former Zuiderzee, the province was established on 370,000 (2006)), was reclaimed from IJsselmeer. IJsselmeer (sometimes translated as Lake IJssel, alternative international spelling Lake Yssel) is a shallow lake of 1100 km² in the central Netherlands

After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be closed and reclaimed. The Zuiderzee (ˌzaɪdɚ ˈzeɪ] Dutch: Zuiderzee, ˈzœydərzeː was a shallow Inlet of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands In 1932, the Afsluitdijk was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer and its previously salty water became fresh.

The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast polder). This new land included, among others, the former island of Urk and it was included with the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were also reclaimed: the eastern part in 1957 (Oost-Flevoland) and the southern part (Zuid-Flevoland) in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986. The capital of Flevoland is Lelystad, but the biggest city is Almere (pop. Lelystad ( is a Municipality and a City in the centre of the Netherlands, and it is the Capital of the Province of Flevoland Almere is a city and Municipality in Flevoland, the Netherlands bordering Lelystad and Zeewolde. 183,500 in February 2008). Apart from these two larger cities, several 'New Villages' were built. In the Noordoostpolder the central town of Emmeloord is surrounded by ten villages, all on cycling distance from Emmeloord since that was the most popular way of transport in the 1940s. Most noteworthy of these villages is Nagele which was designed by famous modern architects of the time, Gerrit Rietveld, Aldo van Eyck and Jaap Bakema among them. Nagele ( is a village in the Dutch province of Flevoland. It is a part of the municipality of Noordoostpolder, and lies about 10 km south of Emmeloord Gerrit Thomas Rietveld ( June 24, 1888 – June 26, 1964) was a Dutch Furniture Designer and Architect Aldo van Eyck or van Eijk (16 March 1918 Driebergen, Utrecht, Netherlands - 14 January 1999 was an Architect from the Netherlands Jacob Berend (Jaap Bakema ( 8 March 1914 &ndash 20 February 1981) was a Dutch modernist Architect, notable for his The other villages were built in a more traditional/vernacular style. In the more recent Flevolandpolders four more 'New Villages' were built. Initially more villages were planned, but the introduction of cars made fewer but larger villages possible.

New towns outside Flevoland are Hoofddorp and IJmuiden near Amsterdam, Hellevoetsluis and Spijkenisse near Rotterdam and the navy port Den Helder. Hoofddorp (literally translated as Main Village) is the main Town of the Haarlemmermeer municipality in the province of North Holland in IJmuiden is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland, the main town of the municipality of Velsen. Hellevoetsluis ( (population 40164 in 2004 is a town and municipality on Voorne-Putten Island in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland Spijkenisse (population 74482 in 2006 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland.

The cities of Almere, Capelle aan den IJssel, Haarlemmermeer (also a reclaimed polder, 19th century), Nieuwegein, Purmerend and Zoetermeer are members of the European New Town Platform. Almere is a city and Municipality in Flevoland, the Netherlands bordering Lelystad and Zeewolde. Haarlemmermeer is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Nieuwegein is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. Purmerend is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Zoetermeer ( is a city in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland.

Norway

Oslo: After a great fire in 1624, it was decided by the then king Christian IV that the city would be moved behind the Akershus fortress. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. The new town, named Christiania, was laid out in a grid and is now the downtown area known as "Kvadraturen". The original town of Oslo was later incorporated into Christiania, and is now a neighborhood in eastern Oslo; Gamlebyen or "The Old City". Gamle Oslo is a borough of the city of Oslo, Norway. The name means "Old Oslo"

The city of Kristiansand was formally founded in 1641 by King Christian IV. (formerly "Christianssand" is a city and municipality, and the capital of the county of Vest-Agder, Norway and of the geographical Christian IV ( 12 April, 1577 &ndash 28 February, 1648) was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1588 until his death The city was granted all trade privileges on the southern coast of Norway, denying all other towns to trade with foreign states. As Oslo/Christiania before it, the city was behind a fortress, with a grid system allowing cannons to fire towards the two ports of the city and the river on the eastern end.

Pakistan

Indus Valley Civilization

A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley civilization of ancient India and Pakistan from around 2600 BC. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The quality of municipal city planning suggests knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. A township (or Municipality) is a settlement which has the status and powers of a unit of local government Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness The streets of major cities such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, the world's earliest planned cities, were laid out in a perfect grid pattern, comparable to that of present day New York City. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest The grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of City plan in which Streets run at right angles to each other forming a grid. The City of New York The houses were protected from noise, odors, and thieves.

As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi, this urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi, is a village in Hisar District in the northwest Indian state of Haryana, around 150 kilometers from Delhi Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. For alternative meanings of the word "court" see Court (disambiguation.

The ancient Indus systems of sewage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Empire were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls. Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships These can be Yachts military A granary is a storehouse for threshed grain or Animal feed. In ancient or primitive granaries Pottery is the most A warehouse is a commercial Building for Storage of Goods. Warehouses are used by Manufacturers Importers Exporters

Modern day Pakistan

The capital, Islamabad, is a planned city. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type The city of Rabwah in Punjab is also a planned city, it is the centre of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Rabwah ( Urdu: ربوہ) also known as “Chenab Nagar” is a city of Jhang District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Ahmadiyya ( احمدیہ Ahmadiyya) is a movement that arose out of mainstream Islam towards the end of the 19th century

Panamá

Although Panama City itself is not planned, certain areas are such as Costa del Este, an exclusive high density residential and business area, very close to downtown Panama City. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The project combines many skyscrapers with beautiful green areas, and it is close to a highway that connects it to the city center. Other planned areas, but in a lesser degree, are Punta Pacifica and the former Canal Zone.

Poland

The very diverse layouts in Poland's planned cities is the result of the different aesthetics that were held as ideal during the development of these planned communities. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Planned cities in Poland have a long history and fall primarily into three time periods during which planned towns developed in Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland These are the Nobleman's Republic (16th-18th c. ), the interwar period (1918-1939) and Socialist Realism (1944-1956). Socialist realism is a teleologically -oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of Socialism and Communism

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during the Renaissance left Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes out the grasp of the Royal Treasury. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Jan Zamoyski, Great Crown Chancellor and Hetman whose financial empire within the Polish Republic was known as the "Zamoyski Ordinate" spanned 6400 km² with 11 cities and over 200 villages, in addition to the royal lands he controlled of over 17 500 km² with 112 cities and 612 villages. Biography Early years the royal supporter He attended the University of Paris and University of Padua, where he converted from Calvinism Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The "Zamoyski Ordinate" functioned as a country with in a country, and Zamoyski founded the city of Zamość in order to circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state. Zamość is a town in southeastern Poland with 66633 inhabitants (2004 situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999 Zamość as he named his city was planned by the renowned Paduan architect Bernardo Morando and modelled on Renaissance theories of the 'ideal city'. Bernardo Morando, also known as Bernardino or Morandi (ca 1540 - 1600 was a Polish - Italian architect The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Realizing the importance of trade, Zamoyski issued special location charters for representatives of peoples traditionally engaged in trade, i. e. to Greeks, Armenians and Sephardic Jews and secured exemptions on taxes, customs duties and tolls, which contributed to its fast development. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Zamość was so successful that 11 years after its construction began it had only 26 empty lots left. Zamość is a town in southeastern Poland with 66633 inhabitants (2004 situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999 During the following years Zamość Academy and numerous churches were built and fortifications were completed. Akademia Zamojska (Academy of Zamość was a University founded in 1595 by Jan de Zamość Zamoyski in Zamość. Zamoyski's success with Zamość spawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such as Białystok and many of these towns survive today, while Zamość was added to the UN World Heritage list in 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world. Zamość is a town in southeastern Poland with 66633 inhabitants (2004 situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999 Białystok Lublin Voivodeship Białystok (also known by alternative names) is the largest City in northeastern Poland. Zamość is a town in southeastern Poland with 66633 inhabitants (2004 situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999

Interwar period

The preeminent example of a planned community in interwar Poland is Gdynia. See also Second Polish Republic The History of interwar Poland starts with the recreation of independent Poland in 1918 and ends with the occupation of After World War I when Poland regained its independence it lacked a commercial seaport, making it necessary to build one from scratch. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The extensive and modern seaport facilities in Gdynia, the most modern and extensive port facilities in Europe at the time, became Poland's central port on the Baltic Sea. Gdynia (Gdingen (until 1939 Gotenhafen (1939-1945 Gdiniô is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important Seaport The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. In the shadow of the port, the city took shape mirroring in its scope the rapid development of 19th century Chicago, growing from a small fishing village of 1,300 in 1921 into a full blown city with a population over 126,000 less than 20 years later. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The Central Business District that developed in Gdynia is a showcase of Art Deco and Modernist architectural styles and predominate much of the cityscape. Gdynia (Gdingen (until 1939 Gotenhafen (1939-1945 Gdiniô is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important Seaport Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century There are also villas, particularly in the city's villa districts such as Kamienna Góra where Historicism inspired Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque architecture. Not to be confused with Historicism. Historicism refers to artistic styles that draw their inspiration from copying historic styles or artisans "Neo-Renaissance" is an all encompassing style designation that covers many aspects of those 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Neo-Baroque is a term used to describe artistic creations which display important aspects of Baroque style but are not from the Baroque period proper around the 17th-18th

Socialist realism

After the destruction of most Polish cities in World War II, the Communist regime that took power in Poland sought to bring about architecture that was in line with its vision of society. The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Soviet Communist dominance over the People's Republic of Poland following World Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Thus urban complexes arose that reflected the ideals of socialist realism. Socialist realism is a teleologically -oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of Socialism and Communism This can be seen in districts of Polish cities such as Warsaw's MDM. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. The City of Nowa Huta (now a district of Kraków) and Tychy were built as the epitome of the proletarian future of Poland. Nowa Huta (ˈnɔva ˈxuta literally The New Steel Mill) - is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland, (District XVIII see map) Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Tychy (Tichau is a city in southern Poland with a population of 132600

Roman Empire

Although Rome itself is not a planned settlement, the Romans built a large number of towns throughout their empire, often as colonies for the settlement of citizens or veterans. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 These were generally characterised by a grid of streets and a planned water-supply; and many modern European towns of originally Roman foundation still retain part of the original street-grid. The most impressive Roman planned town was the city of Constantinople from around the 4th century. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Roman Emperor Constantine the Great chose the site for the new metropolis and began construction. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine His plans quickly fell into place. The modern city (now known as Istanbul) has changed much since then, but it must be remembered that the city did not develop due to simple human migrational patterns nor pure military advantage. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Constantine wanted a city to mark his magnificence and Constantinople fulfilled the desire.

Russia

Saint Petersburg was built as a planned capital, where there was not much before, from 1703. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River

Magnitogorsk is example of planned industrial city of 30s Stalin fifth years plans. Magnitogorsk (Магнитогóрск roughly translated as magnet-mountain city) is a mining and industrial city located by the Ural River in

Avtozavodsky district of Tolyatti is most known planned industrial city of soviet post-war modernism. Tolyatti or Togliatti (Толья́тти tɘlʲ'jati is a city in Samara Oblast, Russia.

Singapore

Main article: New Towns of Singapore

The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town, Queenstown, from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, the Housing and Development Board. Singapore The New town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town Queenstown, from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing Singapore Queenstown 1 is one of the early housing estates in Singapore, built before Toa Payoh and Ang Mo Kio, and was a test bed for much of Singapore's The Housing and Development Board ( Abbreviation: HDB; Simplified Chinese: 建屋发展局 Malay: Lembaga Pembangunan dan Perumahan Today, the vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing buildings are organised into 22 new towns across the country.

Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on.

Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was internationally recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the World Habitat Award to Tampines New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992. The Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF is an independent housing research charity with work that covers a broad range of issues around housing The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The World Habitat Awards were established in 1985 by the Building and Social Housing Foundation as part of its contribution to the United Nations International Year of Shelter Tampines (or Tampines New Town) is the largest residential area in the City-state of Singapore and is located in the East Region of the main Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) ^[1]

Sweden

Göteborg was planned and built as a major fortified city from nothing in the 17th century. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Gothenburg ( Swedish:) /jœte'bɔrj/ is a city, a municipality, and an urban area on the west-coast of Sweden. It has grown a lot since.

Karlskrona was also planned and built as a major city and naval base from nothing in the 17th century. Karlskrona is a city in the province of Blekinge in south-eastern Sweden.

Vällingby, a suburb, is an example of a new town in Sweden from after 1950. Vällingby (by most Swedes today understood as " Gruel Village" see history below is a suburban District in West Stockholm, Sweden "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Taiwan

Jhongsing Village, Nantou County. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Jhongsing Village, Chunghsing Village or Zhongxing Village is located in Nantou County, Taiwan Province, Republic of China and Nantou County ( is the second largest county of Taiwan. It is also the only county which does not share a border with the ocean

Tanzania

In 1973, after a plebiscite, the capital of Tanzania was moved from from Dar es Salaam on the coast to a more central location at Dodoma. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. Dodoma (translation "It has sunk" in Gogo) officially Dodoma Urban District, population 324347 (2002 census is the national Capital The National Assembly moved the next year, although to this day, a good deal of government offices remain in the former capital.

United Kingdom

Main article: New towns in the United Kingdom

The Romans planned many towns in Britain, but the settlements were changed out of all recognition in subsequent centuries. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Below is a list of some of the new towns in the United Kingdom created under the various New Town Acts of the 20th century The town of Winchelsea is said to be the first post-Roman new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions of King Edward I in 1280, and largely completed by 1292. This article concerns the town in the United Kingdom For the town in Victoria Australia see Winchelsea Victoria. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Another claimant to the title is Salisbury, established in the early 13th Century by the then Bishop of Sarum. Salisbury (ˈsɒlzbri ˈsɔːlzbri ('Solzbry' or ˈzɔːwzbri ('Zawzbry' — moving from RP to local dialect) is a cathedral city in the The best known pre-20th century new town in the UK was undoubtedly the Edinburgh New Town, built in accordance with a 1766 master plan by James Craig, and (along with Bath and Dublin) the archetype of the elegant Georgian style of British architecture. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. The New Town, a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and is a UNESCO James Craig may refer to James Craig (architect (1739&ndash1795 Scottish architect James Henry Craig (1748&ndash1812 British Georgian architecture is the name given in most English -speaking countries to the set of Architectural styles current between 1720 and 1840

However, the term "new town" is now used in the UK, in the main, to refer to the towns developed after World War II under the New Towns Act 1946. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The New Towns Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo VI c 68 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which allowed the government to designate areas as new towns These grew out of the garden city movement, launched around 1900 by Ebenezer Howard and Sir Patrick Geddes and the work of Raymond Unwin, and manifested at Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire. The garden city movement is an approach to Urban planning that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom Sir Ebenezer Howard ( 29 January 1850 – May 1 1928) was a prominent British Urban planner. Sir Patrick Geddes (1854 - 1932 was a Scottish Biologist and Botanist, known also as an innovative thinker in the fields of Urban planning Sir Raymond Unwin (1863 &ndash 1940 was a prominent and influential English Urban planner. For the US businessman see William Pryor Letchworth. For the New York State Park see Letchworth State Park. Welwyn Garden City is a Town in Hertfordshire, England. Welwyn Garden City is also referred to in Council parlance as WGC or less correctly Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of

Following World War II, a number of towns (eventually numbering 28) were designated under the 1946 Act as New Towns, and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people who had lost homes during the War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including New Towns policy was also informed by a series of wartime commissions, including:

• the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population,
• the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941)
• the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942)
• (later) the Reith Report into New Towns (1947). John Charles Walsham Reith 1st Baron Reith KT GCVO GBE CB TD PC ( 20 July 1889 &ndash 16 June

Also crucial to thinking was the Abercrombie Plan for London (1944), which envisaged moving 1. Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie ( 6 June 1879 in Ashton upon Mersey &mdash 23 March 1957 in Aston Tirrold, Didcot 5 million people from London to new and expanded towns. A similar plan was developed for the Clyde Valley in 1946 to combat similar problems faced in Glasgow. Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities, under the axiom if we can build better, we can live better. This consensus should probably be viewed in conjunction with emerging concern for social welfare reform (typified by the Beveridge Report). The Beveridge Report was the Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services chaired by William Beveridge, an economist

The first of a ring of such "first generation" New Towns around London (1946) was Stevenage in Hertfordshire. Place-name meaning Stevenage may derive from Old English stiþen āc / stiōen āc / stithen ac (various Old English dialects Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of Hertfordshire actually counts four of eight London new towns where three of these four form a group. The group consists of Stevenage, Welwyn Garden City (in corporation with adjacent Hatfield) and Letchworth, though standing apart, is an active part of the group. Welwyn Garden City is a Town in Hertfordshire, England. Welwyn Garden City is also referred to in Council parlance as WGC or less correctly For the US businessman see William Pryor Letchworth. For the New York State Park see Letchworth State Park. (Hall 1996: 133) New Towns in the North East were also planned such as Newton Aycliffe (which Beveridge wanted to be the "ideal town to live in") and Peterlee. Newton Aycliffe is a town in County Durham, England. Founded in 1947 under the New Towns Act of 1946 it is the oldest New town in the north Peterlee is a New town in County Durham, England. Founded in 1948, the town is named after Peter Lee, a prominent local Miner Two new towns were also planned in Scotland at East Kilbride (1947), and Glenrothes (1948). East Kilbride is a large suburban town in the South Lanarkshire council area of Scotland. Glenrothes is a former new town situated in the heart of Fife, in east central Scotland. Later a scatter of "second-generation" towns were built to meet specific problems, such as the development of the Corby steelworks. Corby is an industrial town and a local government district located 13km north of Kettering in Northamptonshire, England. Finally, five "third-generation" towns were launched in the late 1960s: these were larger, some of them based on substantial existing settlements such as Peterborough, and the most famous was probably the new town of Milton Keynes, midway between London and Birmingham, known for its huge central park and shopping centre, and its Concrete Cows. History Early history Present-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its situation where the Nene Milton Keynes ( ˌmɪltənˈkiːnz often abbreviated to MK, is a large town The Concrete Cows in Milton Keynes, England are an iconic work of Sculpture, created in 1978 by Canadian -born artist Liz Leyh Other towns, such as Ashford, Kent, Basingstoke and Swindon, were designated "Expanded Towns" and share many characteristics with the new towns. The town of Ashford lies on the River Great Stour, M20 motorway, South Eastern Main Line and High Speed 1 railways in the borough of Ashford Basingstoke is a town in northeast Hampshire, England It lies across a Valley at the source of the River Loddon. Swindon ( is a large town in the ceremonial county of Wiltshire in the South West of England, midway between Bristol (64 km / 40 miles Scotland also gained three more new towns, Cumbernauld in 1956, famous for its enclosed 'town centre', Livingston (1962) and Irvine (1966) (see Film- New Towns in Scotland). Cumbernauld ( Gaelic: Comar nan Allt) is a New town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. Cumbernauld town centre is the main Shopping centre for the New town of Cumbernauld, Scotland. Livingston is the fourth post-war New town to be built in Scotland, designated in 1962 Irvine ( Gaelic: Irbhinn) is a coastal New town in North Ayrshire, Scotland.

All the new towns featured a car-oriented layout with many roundabouts and a grid-based road system unusual in the old world. The earlier new towns, where construction was often rushed and whose inhabitants were generally plucked out of their established communities with little ceremony, rapidly got a poor press reputation as the home of "new town blues". New town blues was a term coined by the British press to describe a Sociological Syndrome experienced by some of the residents of New Towns These issues were systematically addressed in the later towns, with the third generation towns in particular devoting substantial resources to cycle routes, public transport and community facilities, as well as employing teams of officers for social development work. In Stevenage - Welwyn - Hatfield case each city is surrounded by its own green belt, so that it appears as a separate urban community, but individual bodies connected by motorway and electrified commuter line.

The financing of the UK new towns was creative. Land within the designated area was acquired at agricultural use value by the development corporation for each town, and infrastructure and building funds borrowed on 60-year terms from the UK Treasury. Interest on these loans was rolled up, in the expectation that the growth in land values caused by the development of the town would eventually allow the loans to be repaid in full. However, the high levels of retail price inflation experienced in the developed world in the 1970s and 1980s fed through into interest rates and frustrated this expectation, so that substantial parts of the loans had ultimately to be written off.

From the 1970s the first generation towns began to reach their initial growth targets. As they did so, their development corporations were wound up and the assets disposed of: rented housing to the local authority, and other assets to the Commission for the New Towns (in England; but alternative arrangements were made in Scotland and Wales). The Thatcher Government, from 1979, saw the new towns as a socialist experiment to be discontinued, and all the development corporations were dissolved by 1990, even for the third generation towns whose growth targets were still far from being achieved. Ultimately the Commission for the New Towns was also dissolved and its assets - still including a lot of undeveloped land - passed to the English Industrial Estates Corporation (later known as English Partnerships). English Partnerships (EP is the national regeneration agency for England, performing a similar role on a national level to that fulfilled by Regional Development Agencies

Many of the New Towns attempted to incorporate public art and cultural programmes but with mixed methods and results. The term public art properly refers to works of Art in any media that has been planned and executed with the specific intention of being sited In Harlow the development corporation endowed the 'Harlow Arts Trust' that purchased works by leading contemporary sculptors who had limited connection to the town. Harlow is a New town and local government district in Essex, England. In Peterlee the abstract artist Victor Pasmore was appointed part of the design team resulting in the Apollo Pavilion. Peterlee is a New town in County Durham, England. Founded in 1948, the town is named after Peter Lee, a prominent local Miner Edwin John Victor Pasmore ( 3 December 1908 – 23 January 1998) was a British artist and architect Washington New Town was provided with a community theatre and art gallery. The concrete cows in Milton Keynes resulted from another 'town artist' commission and have gone on to become a recognised landmark. Glenrothes led the way in Scotland being the first new town to appoint a town artist in 1968. Glenrothes is a former new town situated in the heart of Fife, in east central Scotland. A massive range of artworks (around 132 in total) ranging from concrete hippos to bronze statues, dancing children, giant flowers, a dinosaur, a horse and chariot and crocodiles, to name but a few, were created. Town artists appointed in Glenrothes include David Harding and Malcolm Roberston.

The only new towns in Wales have been Newtown and Cwmbran. Newtown (Y Drenewydd is the largest Town in the County of Powys, Mid Wales with a Population of 12783 (2001 Cwmbran (Cwmbrân is a New town in Wales within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire, and within the modern County borough of Cwmbran was established to provide new employment in the south eastern portion of the South Wales Coalfield. The South Wales Coalfield is a large region of South Wales that is rich with Coal deposits The town is perhaps most widely known now for its international sports stadium and shopping centre. Cwmbran Stadium is a multi-use Stadium in Cwmbran, Wales. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Cwmbran Cwmbran Shopping Centre (sometimes Cwmbran Shopping) is said to be the largest individual shopping centre in Wales.

In the 1990s an experimental "new town" developed by The Prince of Wales to use very traditional or vernacular architectural styles was started at Poundbury in Dorset. Poundbury is an experimental New town — or more correctly a new Village — on the outskirts of Dorchester in the County of Dorset Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast

In Northern Ireland, Craigavon in County Armagh was a successful town commenced and built in 1966 outside of Belfast, although entire blocks of flats and shops laid empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Craigavon is a town in County Armagh, Northern Ireland, consisting mainly of residential development County Armagh ( Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish - from the height of Macha) is a county in Ulster in the north east of Ireland Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. The area, which now has a population exceeding 50,000 is mostly a dormitory town for Belfast.

See also: Town and Country Planning in the United Kingdom

United States

In the early history of the USA, planned communities were quite common: St. Augustine, planned in 1565, Jamestown, New Haven, Philadelphia, Williamsburg, and Annapolis are examples of this trend. See Development control in the United Kingdom for an explanation of how planning control is exercised in the UK The United States of America —commonly referred to as the St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States. Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14 1607 Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Williamsburg is a city located on the Virginia Peninsula in the Hampton Roads region in southeastern Virginia Annapolis is the capital of the US state of Maryland, as well as the County seat of Anne Arundel County. Washington, DC; Jackson, Mississippi; Columbus, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Raleigh, North Carolina; Columbia, South Carolina; Madison, Wisconsin; Salt Lake City, Utah; Tallahassee, Florida; and Austin, Texas are unusual, having been carved out of the wilderness to serve as capital cities. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Raleigh (pronounced rah-lee) is the Capital of the State of North Carolina and the county seat of Wake County, USA North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Columbia is the state capital and largest city in the US state of South Carolina. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Madison is the capital of the US state of Wisconsin and the County seat of Dane County. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Salt Lake City is the Capital and the most populous city of the U The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. (Some other such cities are Brasília, Brazil; Canberra, Australia; Islamabad, Pakistan; and Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire. Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The District of Yamoussoukro is the official Capital city of Côte d'Ivoire. Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a )

Pullman, now incorporated into Chicago's South side, was a world-renowned company town founded by the industrialist George M. Pullman in the 1880s. History Historic Pullman was built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his eponymous Railroad car company the Pullman Palace Car Company. George Mortimer Pullman ( March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American inventor and industrialist In Beaver County, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh, American Bridge Company founded Ambridge, Pennsylvania in 1905 as a company town for American Bridge; American Bridge is still based near Ambridge today in nearby Coraopolis, Pennsylvania. Beaver County is a County located in the US state of Pennsylvania. The American Bridge Company is a privately held Civil engineering firm specializing in the construction and renovation of Bridges and other large civil engineering Ambridge is a borough in Beaver County in western Pennsylvania, incorporated in 1905 and named after the American Bridge Company. A company town is a Town or City in which all Real estate, Buildings (both residential and commercial) Utilities Coraopolis is a borough in Allegheny County in the US state of Pennsylvania. Riverside, Illinois, Radburn, New Jersey, and Kansas City, Missouri's Country Club District are other early examples of planned communities. Riverside is an affluent suburban village in Cook County, Illinois, a significant portion of which is included in Riverside Landscape Architecture District Radburn is an unincorporated New town located within Fair Lawn, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages The Country Club District is the name of a group of Neighborhoods comprising a historic upscale residential district in Kansas City, Missouri, and Kohler Company created a planned village of the same name, which incorporated in 1912. The Kohler Company is a manufacturing company in Kohler Wisconsin Kohler is a village in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, along the Sheboygan River. In 1918, the Aluminum Company of America built the town of Alcoa, Tennessee for the employees of the nearby aluminum processing plant. Alcoa Inc ( is the world's third largest producer of Aluminum, behind Rio Tinto Alcan and Rusal. Alcoa is a city in Blount County, Tennessee, United States, south of Knoxville. Arthurdale, West Virginia, a federally funded New Deal community, was Eleanor Roosevelt's project to ease the burden of the Great Depression on coal miners. Arthurdale is an unincorporated community in Preston County, West Virginia, United States. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962

During World War II, the Manhattan Project built several planned communities to provide accommodations for scientists, engineers, industrial workers and their families. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb These communities, including Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Richland, Washington and Los Alamos, New Mexico were necessary because the laboratories and industrial plants of the Manhattan Project were built in isolated locations to ensure secrecy. Oak Ridge is an incorporated City in Anderson and Roane Counties in East Tennessee, USA, about 25 miles northwest of Richland is a city in Benton County in the southeastern part of the U Los Alamos (Los Álamos meaning "The Cottonwoods quot is a Townsite and Census-designated place (CDP in Los Alamos County, Even the existence of these towns was a military secret, and the towns themselves were closed to the public until after the war.

The Levittowns -- in Long Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey (now known as Willingboro, NJ -- typified the planned suburban communities of the 1950s and early 1960s. Willingboro is a Township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States and a suburb of Philadelphia. California's Rohnert Park is another example of a planned city (built at the same time as Levittown) that was marketed to attract middle-class people into an area only populated with farmers with the phrase, "A Country Club for the middle class. Rohnert Park is a city in Sonoma County, California, United States, located approximately north of San Francisco. "

Many other places, such as Orange County, California, the Conejo Valley in Ventura County, Valencia in Los Angeles County, as well as Phoenix, Arizona and Northern Arizona also have many master planned communities following the housing boom in the 1960s, which is when the fathers of Scottsdale, Arizona foresaw a huge amount of growth in Arizona. Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. The Conejo Valley is a region spanning both southeastern Ventura County and northwestern Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States Ventura County is a county in the southern part of the US state of California ( Southern California) Valencia is a Planned community located in Los Angeles County California in the northwestern corner of the Santa Clarita Valley, adjacent to Los Angeles County is a county in California and is by far the most populous county in the United States. Phoenix (ˈfiːˌnɪks O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdo, Northern Arizona is dominated by the Colorado Plateau, the southern border of which in Arizona is called the Mogollon Rim. Scottsdale ( O'odham Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ; Yaqui Eskatel) is a city in the eastern part of Maricopa County, Arizona, Some of those communities include Anaheim Hills, Rossmoor, Irvine, Ladera Ranch, Mission Viejo, and Talega, Thousand Oaks, Westlake Village, Newbury Park, Valencia in California, and Marley Park, Talking Rock Ranch, McCormick Ranch, Rio Verde, Tartesso and Verrado in Arizona. Anaheim Hills is a planned community encompassing the eastern portions of the city of Anaheim, in Orange County, California. Rossmoor is a planned Census-designated place and actively incorporating community located in Orange County California. Irvine ( is an incorporated city in Orange County California, United States Ladera Ranch is an unincorporated Planned community located in south Orange County California just outside the city limits of San Juan Capistrano "Talega" redirects here For the disputed town with that name in the Iberian Peninsula see Táliga. Thousand Oaks, commonly referred to as "TO" by residents is a city in southeastern Ventura County, California, in the United States. Westlake Village is a community which straddles the Ventura and Los Angeles County line encompassing all of the area surrounding the lake at The community of Newbury Park, California is located in the western portion of the City of Thousand Oaks and Casa Conejo, an unincorporated area Valencia is a Planned community located in Los Angeles County California in the northwestern corner of the Santa Clarita Valley, adjacent to Marley Park is a planned residential community in Surprise Arizona. Talking Rock Ranch is a master planned community in Prescott Arizona and is located just minutes from Prescott McCormick Ranch, located in Scottsdale Arizona, can today be recognized as one of the largest planned residential communities in Arizona Rio Verde is a Census-designated place (CDP in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. VerradomainstreetloftsJPG|thumb|200px|View of some of the Main Street Lofts apartments above the ground-floor retail space]] Verrado is a Master-planned community located in In the Conejo Valley, which is the in East County Area of Ventura County, all cities were master planned. Most notably, the Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park, and Westlake Village area was master planned by the Janss Investment Company, which was also responsible for the development of Westwood Village, part of the Westside in Los Angeles. Westwood is a district in western Los Angeles, California, United States. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Valencia is an area that is a master planned community that incorporated into the City of Santa Clarita, developed and planned by the Newhall Land and Farming Company. Santa Clarita can refer to Santa Clarita California Santa Clarita Valley The Newhall Land and Farming Company is a Land management company based in Valencia, California, United States. About 25% of Orange County is composed of various master planned communities, much of which was done by the Irvine Company, and since 1990, 85% of all developments in Orange County and a slightly smaller amount of communities in Arizona were part of a master planned community. The Irvine Company is a privately held Real estate development company based in Newport Beach, Orange County California. 75% of all resales today in the Phoenix area are homes in master planned communities, and 80% of all new home construction permits issued by Arizona building departments are master planned communities. These communities provide functionality to the precious land left in the area, as well as the ability to create a housing-business-transportation-open space balance.

During the Florida land boom of the 1920s in Southern Florida, the communities of Coral Gables, Opa-Locka, and Miami Springs, now suburbs of Miami, Florida, were incorporated as fully planned "themed" communities which were to reflect the architecture and look of Spain, Arabia, and Mexico respectably, and are now considered some of the first modern planned communities in the United States. Coral Gables (sometimes referred to as The Gables) is a City in Miami-Dade County, Florida, southwest of Miami, in the United Opa-locka is a City located in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Miami Springs is a city located in Miami-Dade County, Florida.

In the United States, suburban growth in the Sunbelt states has also coincided with the growth of such Master Planned Communities within already established suburban cities. Texas was very much at the forefront of this trend, where master-planned communities gained much popularity. Dallas-area community Las Colinas, in the city of Irving, was one of the first such examples of a master-planned community "city-within-a-city. Las Colinas is a developed area in the Dallas suburb of Irving Texas. Irving (pronounced 'er-ving' is a city located in the US state of Texas within Dallas County. " First developed in 1973, Las Colinas is a 12,000-acre master planned community located within the city of Irving, and it is still growing. In 2006, residents approved changes to various deed restrictions to allow even more dense, urban mixed-use and residential construction. Peachtree City, Georgia is another example. Peachtree City ( Zip code 30269 is a city in Fayette County, Georgia, United States.

The era of the modern planned city began in 1963 with the creation of Reston in western Fairfax County, Virginia, which was begun just a year before Columbia in Howard County, Maryland. Reston is an internationally known Planned community whose goal was to revolutionize post-World War II concepts of land use and residential/corporate development in Fairfax County is a county in Northern Virginia, in the United States. Columbia is a Census-designated place and planned community in Howard County, Maryland, United States. Howard County is a County located in the central part of the U In more recent years, New Urbanism has set the stage for new cities, with places like the idyllic Seaside, Florida, and Disney's new town of Celebration, Florida. New Urbanism is an American Urban design movement that arose in the early 1980s Seaside is an unincorporated Master-planned community on the Florida panhandle roughly midway between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Celebration Florida is a Census-designated place and an unincorporated master-planned community in Osceola County in the U In recent years, new towns such as Mountain House, California, have added a new wrinkle to the movement: to prevent conurbation with nearby cities, they have imposed strict growth boundaries, as well as automatic "circuit breakers" that place moratoriums on residential development if the number of jobs per resident in the town falls below a certain value. Mountain House is an unincorporated Planned community in the foothills of the Diablo Range along the western boundary of San Joaquin County, A conurbation is an Urban area or Agglomeration comprising a number of Cities, large Towns and larger urban areas that through Population (The proposed new town of Centennial, on the Tejon Ranch halfway between Los Angeles and Bakersfield, will incorporate such restrictions in order to minimize the commuter load on severely congested I-5). Tejon Ranch Company is the largest private landowner in California. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Interstate 5 (I-5 is the main Interstate highway on the West Coast of the United States, paralleling the Pacific Ocean from Canada to Mexico With energy prices steadily increasing and anti-sprawl sentiments gaining currency, it is likely that most future new towns will be along "smart growth" and New Urbanist lines. Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its Suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in the center of a city to avoid Urban sprawl; and advocates compact

Mel Graham, the nephew of evangelist Billy Graham, is planning a new town in an undeveloped area of Chester County, South Carolina. William Franklin Graham Jr KBE (born November 7 1918 better known as Billy Graham, is an evangelist and an Evangelical Christian Chester County is a County located in the US state of South Carolina. The community, expected to be called "Montrose," will be developed along three miles of Interstate 77, and have its own exit off the highway. Interstate 77 (abbreviated I-77) is an Interstate highway in the eastern United States. The proposed location of Montrose is midway between Charlotte, North Carolina and Columbia, South Carolina, and when finished, its population will most likely exceed some already-existing towns in the two major areas, such as Gastonia, Concord and Rock Hill. Columbia is the state capital and largest city in the US state of South Carolina. Gastonia is a city in North Carolina, United States. It is the County seat of Gaston County. Concord (kän-kord is a city in the US state of North Carolina. Rock Hill is the largest city in York County South Carolina, and a Satellite city of Charlotte North Carolina

Mountain House is a new city built in western San Joaquin county on the edge of the San Francisco Bay Area in the early 2000s to provide affordable housing for Silicon Valley commuters, although the need dissipated after the dot com bust, however enthusiastic developers and zealous county officials continued the construction regardless. Mountain House is an unincorporated Planned community in the foothills of the Diablo Range along the western boundary of San Joaquin County, The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, or the Bay, is a geographically and ethnically diverse metropolitan region that surrounds the Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed " affordable " to a group of people within a specified For the valley nicknamed "Silicone Valley" see San Fernando Valley.

Griffin Park is a new traditional town in Greenville County, planned to grow to more than 20,000 people over 20 years . Greenville County is a County located in the state of South Carolina, United States. It will not be incorporated. The town will be based around the Southern Connector. Adjacent cities include Mauldin and Simpsonville. Mauldin is a city in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States. Simpsonville is a city in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States and a suburb of Greenville. The town will be the first in South Carolina's upstate region to use smart growth. [2]

Highlands Ranch, Colorado is one of the United States' largest planned communities. Highlands Ranch is a Census-designated place (CDP in Douglas County, Colorado, United States. With a population over 80,000 it is one of the largest cities in Colorado. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. However, it still remains unincorporated.

See also

• List of planned cities
• Arcology
• Arcosanti
• Cardus and decumanus in Roman coloniae. This is a list of planned cities (sometimes known as planned communities or New towns by country There is some dispute over whether this article should document both the meaning of this term as used in popular fiction as well as its technical meaning in the field of architecture or Arcosanti is an experimental town that began construction in 1970 in central Arizona, 70 miles (110 km north of Phoenix, at, elevation 3732 feet (1130 In Ancient Roman City planning, a cardo or cardus was a north-south-oriented street in cities military camps and coloniae Sometimes called In Roman city planning, a decumanus was an east-west-oriented road in a Roman city Castra (military camp or colonia. A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it
• Company town
• Garden city movement
• Gated Community
• Grid plan
• Homeowners Association
• Housing estate
• Model village
• Newtown
• New towns in the United Kingdom
• Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
• Private Community
• Shannon Town
• Urban planning
• Urban planner
• urban planners, list of
• Utopia

References

External links

• European New Town Platform
• Town and Country Planning Association (formerly the Garden Cities Association)
• The Alicia Patterson Foundation: Dissappointing New Towns of Great Britain
• Movie: New Towns in Scotland
• UK Model Villages, Garden Cities and New Towns (this links to a Keyhole Markup Language file that opens in Google Earth to see aerial photos of the places. Google Earth is a Virtual globe program that was originally called Earth Viewer and was created by Keyhole Inc, a company acquired by Google in 2004 )

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