| New Zealand Aotearoa (Māori) |
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| Anthem: "God Defend New Zealand" "God Save the Queen"1 |
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| Capital | Wellington |
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| Largest city | Auckland2 | |||||
| Official languages | English (98%)3 Māori (4. The flag of New Zealand is a defaced Blue Ensign with the Union Flag in the canton and four red stars with white borders to the right The Coat of Arms of New Zealand is the official symbol of New Zealand. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's " God Defend New Zealand " is one of the National anthems of New Zealand, together with " God Save the Queen " "God Save the Queen", or "God Save the King", is an anthem used in a number of Commonwealth realms It is the National Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the New Zealanders are those people who are inhabitants of New Zealand. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory New Zealand English ( NZE, en-NZ) is the form of the English language used in New Zealand. 2%)3 NZ Sign Language (0. New Zealand Sign Language or NZSL is the main language of the deaf community in New Zealand. 6%)3 |
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| Demonym | New Zealander, Kiwi (colloquial) | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Head of State | HM Queen Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Governor-General | Anand Satyanand | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Helen Clark | ||||
| Independence | from the United Kingdom | |||||
| - | Dominion | 26 September 19074 | ||||
| - | Statute of Westminster | 11 December 1931 (adopted 25 November 1947 ) | ||||
| - | Constitution Act 1986 | 13 December 1986 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 268,680 km² (75th) 103,738 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 2. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place New Zealanders are those people who are inhabitants of New Zealand. KIWI (1029 FM, "Radio Lobo" is a commercial Radio station located in McFarland California, broadcasting to the Bakersfield California For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is TalkCommonewalth realm.--> New Zealand For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The Governor-General of New Zealand (Te Kawana Tianara o Aotearoa is the representative of the Sovereign in right of New Zealand (currently Queen Anand "Satch" Satyanand, PCNZM, QSO (born 22 July 1944) is the Governor-General of New Zealand. The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's Head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950 is the 37th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand. The independence of New Zealand occurred gradually over the twentieth century by a series of Royal Proclamations, Imperial Conferences and Acts The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Constitution Act 1986 is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's Constitution. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here Surface areas between 100000 km² and 1000000 km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 1 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | December 2007 estimate | 4,252,0005 (122nd (2007)) | ||||
| - | 2006 census | 4,143,2796 | ||||
| - | Density | 15/km² (204th) 39/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2008 IMF estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $117. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 696 billion7 (58th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $27,785 (28th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2008 IMF estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $128. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita 071 billion8 (53rd) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $30,234 (27th) | ||||
| Gini (1997) | 36. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 2 (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 943 (high) (19th) | |||||
| Currency | New Zealand dollar (NZD) |
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| Time zone | NZST9 (UTC+12) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | NZDT (UTC+13) | ||||
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| Internet TLD | .nz10 | |||||
| Calling code | +64 | |||||
| 1 "God Save the Queen" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and vice-regal occasions. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The New Zealand dollar ( sign: $; code: NZD) is the Currency of New Zealand. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established History On 2 November 1868, New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed nationally and was perhaps the first country to do so Daylight saving time ( DST History On 2 November 1868, New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed nationally and was perhaps the first country to do so A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E [1][2] 2 Auckland is the largest urban area; Auckland City is the largest incorporated city. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country This article is about the City of Auckland a part of the whole metropolitan area of Auckland. 3 Percentages do not add to 100% because some people speak more than one language. They exclude unusable responses and those who spoke no language (e. g. too young to talk). [3] 4 There is a multitude of dates that could be considered to mark independence (see Independence of New Zealand). The independence of New Zealand occurred gradually over the twentieth century by a series of Royal Proclamations, Imperial Conferences and Acts 5 Estimated resident population of New Zealand on 31 December 2007 National Population Estimates: December 2007 quarter 6 New Zealand census 2006 final figures, including overseas visitors. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [1]PDF (370 KB) 7 IMF GDP PPP Report for selected countries. 8 IMF GDP report for selected countries. 9 The Chatham Islands have a separate time zone, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand. The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory 10 The territories of Niue, the Cook Islands and Tokelau have their own cctlds, .nu, .ck and .tk respectively. Niue (niːˈʔuːeɪ/ /ˈnjuːeɪ in English is an Island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. Tokelau (ˈtoʊkəlaʊ is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral Atolls in the South Pacific Ocean. |
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New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two large islands (the North Island and the South Island) and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. New Zealand consists of a large number of Islands The two main islands which are much larger than the rest and where most of the population lives are the North Island The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory The indigenous Māori named New Zealand Aotearoa, which is usually translated into English as The Land of the Long White Cloud. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue, which are self-governing but in free association; Tokelau; and the Ross Dependency (New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica). The Realm of New Zealand is the territory in which the Queen in right of New Zealand is head of state The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. Niue (niːˈʔuːeɪ/ /ˈnjuːeɪ in English is an Island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. An associated state is the minor partner in a formal free relationship between a political territory with a degree of statehood and a (usually larger nation for which no other specific Tokelau (ˈtoʊkəlaʊ is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral Atolls in the South Pacific Ocean. The Ross Dependency comprises an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. This is an alphabetical list of Antarctic territories and territorial claims.
New Zealand is notable for its geographic isolation, situated about 2000 km (1250 miles) southeast of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Tasman Sea is the large body of water between Australia and New Zealand, some 2000 Kilometres (1250 Miles across For the former North American fur-trading district see New Caledonia (Canada, and for the Scottish colony in Panama see Darien scheme. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles During its long isolation New Zealand developed a distinctive fauna dominated by birds, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and the mammals they introduced. The biodiversity of New Zealand, a large Pacific Archipelago, is one of the most unusual on Earth, due to its long isolation from other Continental New Zealand 's short human history has resulted in a number of serious plant and animal pests
The population is mostly of European descent, with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority. The term New Zealand European refers to New Zealand residents of European descent who identify as New Zealand Europeans rather than some more specific European The indigenous peoples of Oceania are those peoples identified as Indigenous peoples, as per the modern global definition of the term Asians and non-Maori Polynesians are also significant minorities, especially in the cities. Asian or Asiatic is a Demonym for people from Asia. However the use of the term varies by country and person often referring to people from a particular After the local government reforms of 1989 the term "city" began to take on two meanings in New Zealand. Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the Head of State and, in her absence, is represented by a non-partisan Governor-General. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II TalkCommonewalth realm.--> New Zealand Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The Governor-General of New Zealand (Te Kawana Tianara o Aotearoa is the representative of the Sovereign in right of New Zealand (currently Queen The Queen 'reigns but does not rule. ' She has no real political influence, and her position is essentially symbolic. Political power is held by the democratically elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership of the Prime Minister, who is the Head of Government. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The Parliament of New Zealand consists of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives and until 1951 the New Zealand Legislative Council The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's Head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State
Contents |
Etymology
It is unknown whether Māori had a name for New Zealand as a whole before the arrival of Europeans, although they referred to the North Island as Te Ika a Māui (the fish of Māui) and the South Island as Te Wai Pounamu (the waters of greenstone) or Te Waka o Aoraki (the canoe of Aoraki). New Zealand place-names derive mostly from Māori and from British sources The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. Māori mythology, Māui is a Culture hero famous for his exploits and his trickery Te Wai Pounamu is the Māori name for New Zealand's South Island which is also sometimes referred to as Te Waka a Maui (The canoe of Maui referring to [4] Until the early 20th century, the North Island was also referred to as Aotearoa (colloquially translated "land of the long white cloud");[5] in modern Māori usage, this name refers to the whole country. Aotearoa is also commonly used in this sense in New Zealand English. New Zealand English ( NZE, en-NZ) is the form of the English language used in New Zealand.
The first European name for New Zealand was Staten Landt, the name given to it by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who in 1642 became the first European to see the islands. Abel Janszoon Tasman ( 1603 - October 10 1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and Merchant. Tasman assumed it was part of a southern continent connected with land discovered in 1615 off the southern tip of South America by Jacob Le Maire. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Jacob Le Maire (c 1585 Antwerp - December 22 1616, at sea was a Dutch mariner who circumnavigated the earth in 1615-16 The name New Zealand originated with Dutch cartographers, who called the islands Nova Zeelandia, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. [6] No-one is certain exactly who first coined the term, but it first appeared in 1645 and may have been the choice of cartographer Johan Blaeu. Joan Blaeu ( September 23, 1596 &ndash May 28, 1673) was a Dutch Cartographer. [7] British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English There is no connection to the Danish Zealand. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Zealand (also Sealand Danish: Sjælland;) is the largest Island (7031 km² of Denmark (excluding Greenland
History
New Zealand is one of the most recently settled major land masses. The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship The first settlers of New Zealand were Eastern Polynesians who came to New Zealand, probably in a series of migrations, sometime between around AD 800 and 1300. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over [4] Over the next few centuries these settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. The population was divided into Iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which would co-operate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. A hapū is a division of a Māori Iwi ( Tribe)&mdashoften translated as 'subtribe' Distinguish from Corporation. Cooperation, co-operation, or coöperation is the process of working or acting together At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their own distinct Moriori culture. Moriori are the indigenous people of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language, Wharekauri in the Māori language [8][9]
The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Abel Janszoon Tasman ( 1603 - October 10 1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and Merchant. [10] Several of the crew were killed by Māori and no Europeans returned to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook's voyage of 1768–71. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and [10] Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost all of the coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. The history of whaling is very extensive stretching back for Millennia. Sealing redirects here for other uses see Sealing (disambiguation. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water. On occasion, Europeans traded goods for sex. [11] Māori agriculture and warfare were transformed by the potato and the musket, although the resulting Musket Wars died out once the tribal imbalance of arms had been rectified. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae A musket is a muzzle -loaded Smoothbore Long gun, which is intended to be fired from the shoulder The Musket Wars were a series of battles fought between various tribal groups of Māori in the early 1800s primarily on the North Island in New Zealand From the early nineteenth century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Māori population, who had become disillusioned with their indigenous faith by the introduction of Western culture. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin
Becoming aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and increasing interest in the territory by the French, the British government sent William Hobson to New Zealand to claim sovereignty and negotiate a treaty with Māori. The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori: Tiriti o Waitangi) is a Treaty first signed on February 6, 1840, by representatives of the British Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at Captain William Hobson RN ( 26 September 1792 – 10 September 1842) was the first Governor of New Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself [i] The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori: Tiriti o Waitangi) is a Treaty first signed on February 6, 1840, by representatives of the British The Bay of Islands is an area in the Northland region of the North Island of New Zealand. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The drafting was done hastily and confusion and disagreement continues to surround the translation. The Treaty is regarded as New Zealand's foundation as a nation and is revered by Māori as a guarantee of their rights. Hobson initially selected Okiato as the capital in 1840, before moving the seat of government to Auckland in 1841. Okiato or Old Russell is a small holiday spot in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, seven km south of present-day Russell. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country
Under British rule, the islands of New Zealand had been part of the colony of New South Wales. In 1840 New Zealand became its own dominion, which signalled increasing numbers of European settlers particularly from the British Isles. Immigration to New Zealand began with Polynesian settlement to New Zealand, then uninhabited in the thirteenth century At first, Māori were eager to trade with the 'Pakeha', as they called them, and many iwi (tribes) became wealthy. New Zealand European Pākehā are New Zealanders of predominantly European ancestry In New Zealand society iwi (iwi form the largest everyday Social units in Māori populations. As settler numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the New Zealand Land Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss of much Māori land. The New Zealand Wars, sometimes called the Land Wars and also once called the Māori Wars, were a series of conflicts that took place in New Zealand The detail of European settlement and the acquisition of land from Māori remain controversial.
Representative government for the colony was provided for by the passing of the 1852 New Zealand Constitution Act by the United Kingdom. Major Gustavus Ferdinand von Tempsky ( 15 February 1828 - 7 September 1868) was an Prussian adventurer artist newspaper The New Zealand Wars, sometimes called the Land Wars and also once called the Māori Wars, were a series of conflicts that took place in New Zealand The 1st New Zealand Parliament met for the first time in 1854. The 1st New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. In 1856 the colony became effectively self-governing with the grant of responsible government over all domestic matters other than native policy. Power in this respect would be transferred to the colonial administration in the 1860s. In 1863 Premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution that the capital transfer to a locality in Cook Strait, apparently due to concern the South Island could form a separate colony. Alfred Domett, CMG ( 20 May, 1811 &ndash 2 November, 1887) was an English colonial statesman and Poet. Cook Strait is a Strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand. Commissioners from Australia (chosen for their neutral status) advised Wellington as suitable because of its harbour and central location, and parliament officially sat there for the first time in 1865. Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the In 1893, the country became the first nation in the world to grant women the right to vote. In 1907, New Zealand became an independent Dominion and a fully independent nation in 1947 when the Statute of Westminster (1931) was ratified, although in practice Britain had ceased to play any real role in the government of New Zealand much earlier than this. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo As New Zealand became more politically independent it became more dependent economically; in the 1890s, refrigerated shipping allowed New Zealand to base its entire economy on the export of meat and dairy products to Britain. Dunedin (1876&ndash82 was the first ship to complete a truly successful transport of refrigerated meat Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk.
New Zealand was an enthusiastic member of the British Empire, fighting in the Boer War, World War I and World War II and supporting Britain in the Suez Crisis. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: the United Kingdom declared war on Germany at the start of the First World War, the New Zealand government followed without hesitation despite its geographic World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh The country was very much a part of the world economy and suffered as others did in the Great Depression of the 1930s. The world economy can be evaluated in various ways depending on the model used and this valuation can then be represented in various ways (for example in 2006 US dollars) The depression led to the election of the first Labour government, which established a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy. The First Labour Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 1935 to 1949 This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party
New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II. The most contentious phrase from the Treaty of Waitangi, tino rangatiratanga has become something of a rallying cry for proponents of Māori Sovereignty Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself However, some social problems were developing; Māori had begun to move to the cities in search of work and excitement rather than the traditional rural way of life. Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect many or all members of a Society and are considered to be problems controversies related to Moral values A Māori protest movement would eventually form, criticising Eurocentrism and seeking more recognition of Māori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi, which they felt had not been fully honoured. Although New Zealand today is widely regarded internationally as having good relations with its indigenous Māori peoples compared to the indigenous relations of other settler societies Eurocentrism is the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective with an implied belief either consciously or subconsciously in the preeminence of European (and Māori culture is the culture of the Māori of New Zealand, and Eastern Polynesian people and forms a distinctive part of New Zealand culture In 1975 a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty and in 1985 it was enabled to investigate historic grievances. The Waitangi Tribunal (Māori Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti) is a New Zealand permanent commission of inquiry established by an Act of Parliament in In common with all other developed countries, social developments accelerated in the 1970s and social and political mores changed. By the 1970s, the traditional trade with Britain was threatened because of Britain's membership of the European Economic Community. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 Great economic and social changes took place in the 1980s under the 4th Labour government largely led by Finance Minister Roger Douglas, and commonly referred to as "Rogernomics. The Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 26 July 1984 to 2 November 1990 The finance minister is a Cabinet position in a Government. A minister of Finance (also called financial affairs the treasury the economy or economic Sir Roger Owen Douglas (born 5 December 1937) a New Zealand politician formerly served as a senior Cabinet minister The term Rogernomics, a Portmanteau of "Roger" and "economics" was created by analogy with Reaganomics to describe the economic policies "
Politics
Government
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand
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New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The politics of New Zealand takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Monarchy. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II TalkCommonewalth realm.--> New Zealand Anand "Satch" Satyanand, PCNZM, QSO (born 22 July 1944) is the Governor-General of New Zealand. The Governor-General of New Zealand (Te Kawana Tianara o Aotearoa is the representative of the Sovereign in right of New Zealand (currently Queen Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950 is the 37th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand. The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's Head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which [12] Although it has no codified constitution, the Constitution Act 1986 is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's constitutional structure. The constitution of New Zealand consists of a collection of statutes ( Acts of Parliament) Treaties Orders-in-Council, Letters patent, decisions of the The Constitution Act 1986 is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's Constitution. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state and is titled Queen of New Zealand under the Royal Titles Act 1974. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state TalkCommonewalth realm.--> New Zealand The Royal Titles Act 1974 changed the New Zealand title of the monarch of New Zealand to 'Elizabeth the Second By the Grace of God Queen of New Zealand and Her other Realms She is represented by the Governor-General, whom she appoints on the exclusive advice of the Prime Minister. The Governor-General of New Zealand (Te Kawana Tianara o Aotearoa is the representative of the Sovereign in right of New Zealand (currently Queen The current Governor-General is Anand Satyanand. Anand "Satch" Satyanand, PCNZM, QSO (born 22 July 1944) is the Governor-General of New Zealand.
The Governor-General exercises the Crown's prerogative powers, such as the power to appoint and dismiss ministers and to dissolve Parliament, and in rare situations, the reserve powers. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of Government, a reserve power is a power that may be exercised by the Head of state without the The Governor-General also chairs the Executive Council, which is a formal committee consisting of all ministers of the Crown. The Executive Council of New Zealand is the body which legally serves the functions of the Cabinet. Members of the Executive Council are required to be Members of Parliament, and most are also in Cabinet. The New Zealand Cabinet functions as the policy and decision-making body of the Executive branch within the New Zealand government system Cabinet is the most senior policy-making body and is led by the Prime Minister, who is also, by convention, the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition. The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's Head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in A parliamentary leader is chosen in Canadian politics to lead their caucus in a legislative body whether it be the House of Commons or a provincial legislature The current Prime Minister is Helen Clark, the leader of the Labour Party. Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950 is the 37th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand. The New Zealand Labour Party is a New Zealand political party
The New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber, the House of Representatives, which usually seats 120 Members of Parliament. The Parliament of New Zealand consists of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives and until 1951 the New Zealand Legislative Council Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber The New Zealand House of Representatives is the Legislature of New Zealand. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Parliamentary general elections are held every three years under a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional. Members of New Zealand 's House of Representatives, commonly called " Parliament " normally gain their parliamentary seats through nationwide general Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is an ' additional member ' The 2005 General Election created an 'overhang' of one extra seat, occupied by the Māori Party, due to that party winning more seats in electorates than the number of seats its proportion of the party vote would have given it. The 2005 New Zealand general election took place on 17 September 2005 and determined the composition of the 48th New Zealand Parliament. Overhang seats can arise in elections under the traditional (i The Māori Party, a Political party in New Zealand based around Māori citizens formed around Tariana Turia, a former Labour Party
Since 17 October 2005, Labour has been in formal coalition with Jim Anderton, the Progressive Party's only MP. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. James Patrick Anderton, usually known as Jim Anderton (born 21 January 1938) is leader of the Progressive Party, a Political party The Progressive Party is a Political party in New Zealand. It is presently the junior partner in the governing coalition being somewhat to the left of In addition to the parties in formal coalition, New Zealand First and United Future provide confidence and supply in return for their leaders being ministers outside cabinet. New Zealand First is a Political party in New Zealand. It has had members in the New Zealand House of Representatives since 1993 United Future New Zealand is a New Zealand Political party. As of 2008 it has two members of the New Zealand Parliament – party leader Peter Dunne In a Parliamentary democracy confidence and supply are required for a Government to hold power A further arrangement has been made with the Green Party, which has given a commitment not to vote against the government on confidence and supply. The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand is a Political party in the New Zealand parliament. A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or Loss of supply occurs where a government in a Parliamentary democracy using the Westminster System or a system derived from it is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer Since early 2007, Labour has also had the proxy vote of Taito Phillip Field, a former Labour MP. Proxy voting and delegated voting are procedures for the Delegation to another member of a Voting body of that member's power to vote in his absence Taito Phillip Hans Field, a New Zealand Politician, is currently the Member of Parliament (MP for Mangere. These arrangements assure the government of a majority of seven MPs on confidence votes.
The Leader of the Opposition is National Party leader John Key. The Leader of the Opposition in New Zealand is the politician who at least in theory commands the support of the non-government bloc of members in the New Zealand The New Zealand National Party ("National" or "the Nats" currently forms the second-largest (in terms of parliamentary seats Political party John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) is a New Zealand politician and member of the New Zealand House of Representatives, representing The ACT party and the Māori Party are also in opposition. The New Zealand political party ACT New Zealand (commonly known as "Act" and pronounced to rhyme with "fact" though internal image-makers push the phrase The Māori Party, a Political party in New Zealand based around Māori citizens formed around Tariana Turia, a former Labour Party The Greens, New Zealand First and United Future each vote against the government on some legislation. The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand is a Political party in the New Zealand parliament. New Zealand First is a Political party in New Zealand. It has had members in the New Zealand House of Representatives since 1993 United Future New Zealand is a New Zealand Political party. As of 2008 it has two members of the New Zealand Parliament – party leader Peter Dunne
The highest court in New Zealand is the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which was established in 2004 following the passage of the Supreme Court Act 2003. The Supreme Court of New Zealand is the highest court in the land and the Court of last resort in New Zealand, having formally come into existence at the beginning The act also abolished the option to appeal to the Privy Council in London. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is one of the highest courts in the United Kingdom, established by the Judicial Committee Act 1833 London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The current Chief Justice is Dame Sian Elias. Dame Sian Seerpoohi Elias, GNZM, QC (born March 13 1949) is the Chief Justice of New Zealand, and is therefore the most New Zealand's judiciary also includes the Court of Appeal; the High Court, which deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters at the trial level and with appeals from lower courts and tribunals; and subordinate courts. The Court of Appeal of New Zealand, located in Wellington, is New Zealand ’s principal intermediate Appellate court. The High Court of New Zealand was established in 1841 and known as the Supreme Court until 1980
New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land have been occupied simultaneously by women: Queen Elizabeth II, Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright, Prime Minister Helen Clark, Speaker of the House of Representatives Margaret Wilson and Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias were all in office between March 2005 and August 2006 (also of note New Zealand's largest listed company: Telecom New Zealand had a woman - Theresa Gattung as its CEO at the time). For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription Dame Silvia Rose Cartwright, PCNZM, DBE, QSO ( née Poulter (born November 7 1943) was New Zealand 's second Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950 is the 37th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand. In New Zealand the Speaker of the House of Representatives is the individual who chairs the country's legislative body the New Zealand House of Representatives The New Zealand House of Representatives is the Legislature of New Zealand. Margaret Wilson (born 20 May 1947) a New Zealand politician currently serves as Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives. The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth or other countries with an Anglo-Saxon justice system based on English Dame Sian Seerpoohi Elias, GNZM, QC (born March 13 1949) is the Chief Justice of New Zealand, and is therefore the most Telecom New Zealand () is a Wellington, New Zealand -based Telephone company and through its subdivision Xtra, an Internet service Theresa Gattung, a New Zealand -based Businesswoman served as Chief executive of Telecom New Zealand, the largest company on New Zealand's stock
Foreign relations and the military
New Zealand maintains a strong profile on environmental protection, human rights and free trade, particularly in agriculture. The foreign relations of New Zealand are oriented chiefly toward developed democratic nations and emerging Pacific economies The New Zealand Defence Force consists of three services the New Zealand Army; the Royal New Zealand Navy; and the Royal New Zealand Air Force The military history of New Zealand is an aspect of the History of New Zealand that spans several hundred years Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture
New Zealand is a member of the following geopolitical organisations: APEC, East Asia Summit, Commonwealth of Nations, OECD and the United Nations. The East Asia Summit (EAS is a forum held annually by leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region New Zealand was a founding member of the United Nations (UN in 1945 at the 1945 San Francisco Conference New Zealand has signed up to a number of free trade agreements, of which the most important are the China-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement & Closer Economic Relations with Australia. New Zealand is party to several Free trade agreements (FTAs worldwide Closer Economic Relations ( CER) is a Free trade agreement between the governments of New Zealand and Australia.
For its first hundred years, New Zealand followed the United Kingdom's lead on foreign policy. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, Prime Minister Michael Savage proclaimed, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand". A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The New Zealand politician Michael Joseph Savage ( March 23, 1872 – March 27, 1940) became the first Labour After the war, however, the United States exerted an increased influence on culture and the New Zealand people gained a clearer sense of national identity. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered New Zealand joined with Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty in 1951, and later fought alongside the United States in both the Korean and the Vietnam Wars. The Australia New Zealand United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the Military alliance which binds Australia and New Zealand-United States relations refers to international relations between New Zealand and the United States of America. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia In contrast, the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests following the Suez Crisis, and New Zealand was forced to develop new markets after the UK joined the EEC in 1973. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 [13]
New Zealand has traditionally worked closely with Australia, whose foreign policy followed a similar historical trend. The High Commission of New Zealand in London is housed in a building located in The Haymarket, London, off Pall Mall. In turn, many Pacific Islands such as Western Samoa have looked to New Zealand's lead. The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20000 to 30000 Islands (the exact number has yet to be precisely determined Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands Archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean The American influence on New Zealand was weakened by the disappointment with the Vietnam War, the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior by France, and by disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Opération Satanique, was an operation by the "action" branch of the French foreign
While the ANZUS treaty was once fully mutual between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, this is no longer the case. New Zealand-United States relations refers to international relations between New Zealand and the United States of America. New Zealand-United States relations refers to international relations between New Zealand and the United States of America. In February 1985, New Zealand refused nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships access to its ports. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. New Zealand became a Nuclear-free zone in June 1987, the first Western-allied state to do so. A nuclear-free zone is an area where Nuclear weapons (see Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone) and/or Nuclear power is banned Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) [14][15][16] In 1986 the United States announced that it was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. New Zealand-United States relations refers to international relations between New Zealand and the United States of America. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987 prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry into New Zealand waters of nuclear armed or propelled ships. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone Disarmament and Arms Control Act is a New Zealand law passed by the Fourth Labour Government in 1987 "to establish in New This legislation remains a source of contention and the basis for the United States' continued suspension of treaty obligations to New Zealand. New Zealand-United States relations refers to international relations between New Zealand and the United States of America.
Within New Zealand, there have been various wars between iwi, and between the British settlers and iwi. In New Zealand society iwi (iwi form the largest everyday Social units in Māori populations. New Zealand has fought in the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency (and committed troops, fighters and bombers to the subsequent confrontation with Indonesia), the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U It has also sent a unit of army engineers to help rebuild Iraqi infrastructure for one year during the Iraq War. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign As of 2008, New Zealand forces are still active in Afghanistan.
The New Zealand Defence Force has three branches: the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The New Zealand Defence Force consists of three services the New Zealand Army; the Royal New Zealand Navy; and the Royal New Zealand Air Force New Zealand Army ( Maori: Ngāti Tumatauenga, "Tribe of the God of war" is the land Armed force of the New Zealand military The Royal New Zealand Navy ( RNZN) (Maori Te Taua Moana, The Sea Army) is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. The Royal New Zealand Air Force ( RNZAF) is the air arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. New Zealand considers its own national defence needs to be modest; it dismantled its air combat capability in 2001. National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty Air power redirects here for electrical and mechanical energy supplied by air movement see Wind power New Zealand has contributed forces to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, including those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran/Iraq border, Bougainville, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Autonomous Region of Bougainville, also known as North Solomons, is an Autonomous region in Papua New Guinea and is the largest of the East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands [17]
Local government and external territories
The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces. The Realm of New Zealand is the territory in which the Queen in right of New Zealand is head of state The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. Territorial authorities are the second tier of Local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. Provinces in New Zealand were used from 1841 until the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on November 1, 1876. These were abolished in 1876 so that government could be centralised, for financial reasons. As a result, New Zealand has no separately represented subnational entities such as provinces, states or territories, apart from its local government. Examples of administrative divisions English terms In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence areas of relatively low mean population The spirit of the provinces, however, still lives on, and there is fierce rivalry exhibited in sporting and cultural events. Since 1876, local government has administered the various regions of New Zealand. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. In 1989, the government completely reorganised local government, implementing the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities which are constituted under the revised Local Government Act 2002 (New Zealand). The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. Territorial authorities are the second tier of Local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. The Local Government Act 2002 of New Zealand is an Act of New Zealand 's Parliament that defines Local Government in New Zealand. In 1991, the Resource Management Act 1991 replaced the Town and Country Planning Act as the main planning legislation for local government. The Resource Management Act (RMA is a significant and at times controversial Act of Parliament passed in 1991 in New Zealand.
Today, New Zealand has twelve regional councils for the administration of regional environmental and transport matters and seventy-three territorial authorities that administer roading, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. The territorial authorities are sixteen city councils, fifty-seven district councils, and the Chatham Islands County Council. A city council is a form of Local government, usually covering a City or other Urban area, such as a Town. A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a County. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) and the Chatham Islands County Council also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regional council districts, and a few of them straddle regional council boundaries.
The regions are (asterisks denote unitary authorities): Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne*, Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu-Wanganui, Wellington, Marlborough*, Nelson*, Tasman*, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, Southland, Chatham Islands*. The Realm of New Zealand is the territory in which the Queen in right of New Zealand is head of state The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. Geography Northland is located in what is often referred to by New Zealanders as the Far North, or because of its mild climate The Winterless North. Geography On the mainland the region extends from the mouth of the Kaipara Harbour in the north across the southern stretches of the North Auckland Peninsula History According to local Māori traditions, the Bay of Plenty was the landing point of several migration canoes that brought Māori settlers to New Zealand For other uses of Gisborne see Gisborne (disambiguation. Gisborne (Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa is the name of a unitary authority in New Zealand Geography The region is situated on the east coast of the North Island. Geography and people Taranaki is situated on the west coast of the North Island surrounding the volcanic peak Geography Administration The region is comprised by all or parts of ten separate Districts. Governance The official Wellington Region as administered by the Wellington Regional Council (under the brand-name "Greater Wellington" covers the conurbation around the Geography Marlborough's geography can be roughly divided into four sections History Early settlement Settlement of Nelson began about 1100 years ago by Māori Coverage Tasman District is a large area at the top western side of the South Island of New Zealand Naming To New Zealanders the term 'The Coast' generally refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and 'Coasters' to those that live there The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains History See also History of Otago The Otago Settlement sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, materialised in March 1848 with the arrival of the first Southland (Murihiku is the name of New Zealand 's southernmost region and is also the name of a district within that region The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory
As a major South Pacific nation, New Zealand has a close working relationship with many Pacific Island nations, and continues a political association with the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20000 to 30000 Islands (the exact number has yet to be precisely determined The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. Niue (niːˈʔuːeɪ/ /ˈnjuːeɪ in English is an Island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. Tokelau (ˈtoʊkəlaʊ is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral Atolls in the South Pacific Ocean. New Zealand operates Scott Base in its Antarctic territory, the Ross Dependency. Scott Base may also refer to Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The Ross Dependency comprises an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. Other countries also use Christchurch to support their Antarctic bases and the city is sometimes known as the "Gateway to Antarctica".
Geography and environment
New Zealand comprises two main islands (called the North and South Islands in English, Te Ika a Maui and Te Wai Pounamu in Māori) and a number of smaller islands located near the centre of the water hemisphere. Physical geography New Zealand has two main islands in Oceania located in the South Pacific Ocean at. New Zealand consists of a large number of Islands The two main islands which are much larger than the rest and where most of the population lives are the North Island The water hemisphere, sometimes but not always capitalised as the Water Hemisphere, is the hemisphere on the Earth containing the largest area of water The North and South Islands are separated by the Cook Strait, which is 20km wide at its narrowest point. Cook Strait is a Strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The total land area, 268,680 square kilometres (103,738 sq mi), is a little less than that of Italy and Japan, and a little more than the United Kingdom. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The country extends more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) along its main, north-north-east axis, with approximately 15,134 km (9,404 mi) of coastline. The most significant of the smaller inhabited islands include Stewart Island/Rakiura; Waiheke Island, in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf; Great Barrier Island, east of the Hauraki Gulf; and the Chatham Islands, named Rēkohu by Moriori. Waiheke Island is in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand and is located about 17 The Hauraki Gulf is a Coastal feature of the North Island of New Zealand. Great Barrier Island (often colloquially just The Barrier) is a large Island of New Zealand, situated 100 km to the north-east of central The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory Moriori are the indigenous people of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language, Wharekauri in the Māori language The country has extensive marine resources, with the seventh-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1. Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ) is a seazone over which a State has special rights over the exploration and use of marine 5 million sq mi), more than 15 times its land area. [18]
The South Island is the largest land mass of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3754 metres (12,320 ft). The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. Not to be confused with Land mass. A landmass is a large continuous area of land. The Southern Alps is a Mountain range which runs along the western side of the South Island of New Zealand. There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) in the South Island. The North Island is less mountainous than the South, but is marked by volcanism. The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. The highest North Island mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 m / 9,177 ft), is an active cone volcano. Mount Ruapehu, or just Ruapehu, is an active Stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the production of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy and the The Last Samurai. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 The Last Samurai is a 2003 Drama film / War film directed and co-produced by Edward Zwick, who also co-wrote the Screenplay based on
The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates. Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere The Pacific Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean. The Indo-Australian Plate is a major Tectonic plate that includes the continent of Australia and surrounding Ocean, and extends northwest to include the New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a continent nearly half the size of Australia that is otherwise almost completely submerged. Zealandia (ziːˈlæːndiə also known as Tasmantis or the New Zealand continent, is a nearly submerged Continent or Microcontinent that For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectonic movements began to pull Zealandia apart forcefully, with this now being most evident along the Alpine Fault and in the highly active Taupo volcanic zone. Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere The Alpine Fault is a Geological fault, known as a right-lateral strike-slip fault that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand 's South Island. The Taupo Volcanic Zone is a highly active volcanic area in the North Island of New Zealand.
New Zealand is culturally and linguistically part of Polynesia, and constitutes the south-western anchor of the Polynesian Triangle. The Southern Alps is a Mountain range which runs along the western side of the South Island of New Zealand. The North Auckland Peninsula, frequently referred to simply as the Northland Peninsula, is located in the far north of the North Island of New Zealand Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over The Polynesian Triangle is a region of the Pacific Ocean anchored by three island groups Hawai‘i, Easter Island (Rapa Nui and New Zealand
The latitude of New Zealand (ranging from approximately 34 to 47°S) corresponds closely to that of Italy in the Northern Hemisphere. However, its isolation from continental influences and exposure to cold southerly winds and ocean currents gives the climate a much milder character. The climate throughout the country is mild and temperate, mainly maritime, with temperatures rarely falling below 0 °C (32 °F) or rising above 30 °C (86 °F) in populated areas. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 Temperature maxima and minima throughout the historical record are 42. In Mathematics, maxima and minima, known collectively as extrema, are the largest value (maximum or smallest value (minimum that 4 °C (108. 3 °F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and -21. Rangiora is a rural town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is the largest town in north Canterbury and the seat of the Waimakariri The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains 6 °C (-6. 9 °F) in Ophir, Otago. Ophir is a lowly populated locality in Central Otago, New Zealand, located between Alexandra and Ranfurly beside the Manuherikia River History See also History of Otago The Otago Settlement sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, materialised in March 1848 with the arrival of the first [19] Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to semi-arid (Köppen BSh) in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Naming To New Zealanders the term 'The Coast' generally refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and 'Coasters' to those that live there The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. A Semi-arid climate or steppe climate generally describes climatic regions that receive low annual Rainfall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in The Mackenzie Basin (popularly and traditionally known as the Mackenzie Country) is an elliptical Intermontane basin, located in the Mackenzie The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of The North Auckland Peninsula, frequently referred to simply as the Northland Peninsula, is located in the far north of the North Island of New Zealand Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year; Auckland, the wettest, receives almost twice that amount. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average in excess of 2000 hours of sunshine per annum. The southern and south-western parts of South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1400–1600 sunshine hours per annum; whilst the northern and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive approximately 2400–2500 sunshine hours per annum. [20]
Biodiversity
Because of its long isolation from the rest of the world and its island biogeography, New Zealand has extraordinary flora and fauna, descended from Gondwanan wildlife or since arriving by flying, swimming or being carried across the sea [21]. The biodiversity of New Zealand, a large Pacific Archipelago, is one of the most unusual on Earth, due to its long isolation from other Continental The Pōhutukawa ( Metrosideros excelsa) is a coastal evergreen Tree of the Myrtle family that produces a brilliant display of red flowers made up of Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time. In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago About 80% of New Zealand's flora is endemic, including 65 endemic genera. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic [22] The two main types of forest are those dominated by podocarps and/or the giant kauri, and in cooler climates the southern beech. Podocarpaceae is a large family of mainly Southern Hemisphere Conifers with 18-19 genera and about 170-200 species of Evergreen Trees and Agathis australis, commonly known as the kauri, is a coniferous Tree found north of 38°S in the northern districts of New Zealand Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of about 35 Species of Trees and shrubs native to the temperate oceanic The remaining vegetation types in New Zealand are grasslands of tussock and other grasses, usually in sub-alpine areas, and the low shrublands between grasslands and forests. Tussock, referred to as " Bunch grass " in some countries is the common name for a number of Grass species
Until the arrival of humans, 80% of the land was forested. KIWI (1029 FM, "Radio Lobo" is a commercial Radio station located in McFarland California, broadcasting to the Bakersfield California A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria Until 2006, it was thought, barring three species of bat (one now extinct), there were no non-marine native mammals. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands However, in 2006, scientists discovered bones that belonged to a long-extinct, unique, mouse-sized land animal in the Otago region of the South Island. History See also History of Otago The Otago Settlement sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, materialised in March 1848 with the arrival of the first [23]. New Zealand's forests were inhabited by a diverse range of megafauna, including the flightless moas (now extinct), four species of kiwi, the kakapo and the takahē, all endangered by human actions. Megafauna are species of large Animals ( Greek μεγας large + modern Latin fauna animal Flightless birds are birds which lack the ability to fly relying instead on their ability to run or swim and are thought to have evolved from their flying ancestors The Moa were ten species (in six genera of flightless Birds endemic to New Zealand. KIWI (1029 FM, "Radio Lobo" is a commercial Radio station located in McFarland California, broadcasting to the Bakersfield California The Kakapo ( Māori: kākāpō, meaning night parrot) Strigops habroptilus (from the Greek strix, genitive The Takahē or South Island Takahē, Porphyrio hochstetteri is a Flightless bird indigenous to New Zealand and belonging to the rail family Unique birds capable of flight included the Haast's eagle, which was the world's largest bird of prey (now extinct), and the large kākā and kea parrots. Haast's Eagle ( Harpagornis moorei) was a massive now extinct Eagle that once lived on the South Island of New Zealand. Birds of prey are Birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing using their keen senses especially vision The Kākā, Nestor meridionalis, is a Parrot endemic to the forests of New Zealand. The Kea ( Nestor notabilis) is a species of Parrot (family Psittacidae) found in forested and alpine regions of the South Island of New Zealand Parrots are birds of the roughly 350 Species in 85 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes, found in most warm and tropical regions Reptiles present in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and living fossil tuatara. Skinks are the most diverse group of Lizards They make the family Scincidae which shares the superfamily or infraorder Scincomorpha with several other Geckos are small to average sized Lizards belonging to the family Gekkonidae which are found in warm climates throughout the world Living fossil is an informal term for any living Species (or Clade) of organism which appears The tuatara is a reptile endemic to New Zealand which though it resembles most lizards is actually part of a distinct lineage order Sphenodontia. There are four endemic species of primitive frogs. Leiopelmatidae, or New Zealand primitive frogs, belong to the Suborder Archaeobatrachia; their conservative morphology distinguishes theirs as There are no snakes and there is only one venomous spider, the katipo, which is rare and restricted to coastal regions. A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings The katipo or red katipo ( Latrodectus katipo) is an endangered, venomous spider native to New Zealand. However, there are many endemic species of insects, including the weta, one species of which may grow as large as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world. Weta are around 70 Insect Species endemic to the New Zealand Archipelago. The House Mouse ( Mus musculus) is one of the most numerous species of the genus Mus commonly termed a Mouse.
New Zealand has suffered a high rate of extinctions, including the moa species, the huia, laughing owl and flightless wrens (which formerly occupied the roles elsewhere occupied by mice). The Moa were ten species (in six genera of flightless Birds endemic to New Zealand. The Huia, ( Heteralocha acutirostris, was a Species of New Zealand Wattlebird endemic to the North Island of New Zealand The Laughing Owl ( Sceloglaux albifacies) also known as Whēkau or the White-faced Owl, was an endemic Owl found in New Zealand This is due to human activities such as hunting and pressure from introduced feral animals, such as weasels, stoats, cats, goats, deer and brushtailed possums. A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state Weasels are Mammals in the genus Mustela of the Mustelidae family. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The Common Brushtail Possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula, from the Greek for "furry tailed" and the Latin for "little fox" is the largest Five indigenous vascular plant species are now believed to be extinct, including Adam's mistletoe and a species of forget-me-not. [24]
However, New Zealand has led the world in island restoration projects where offshore islands are cleared of introduced mammalian pests and native species are reintroduced. The ecological restoration of islands, or island restoration, is the application of the principles of Ecological restoration to Islands and island groups In Ecology, an indigenous Species is an Organism which is native to a given region or Ecosystem. Several islands located near to the three main islands are wildlife reserves where common pests such as possums and rodents have been eradicated to allow the reintroduction of endangered species to the islands. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation A more recent development is the mainland ecological island. An Ecological Island is not necessarily an Island surrounded by water but is an area of land isolated by natural or artificial means from the surrounding land where
Economy
New Zealand has a modern, prosperous, developed economy with an estimated nominal Gross domestic product (GDP) of US$128. The Economy of New Zealand is a Market economy which is greatly dependent on international trade mainly with Australia, the United States, The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country The Sky Tower is an observation and telecommunications Tower located on the corner of Victoria and Federal Streets in the Auckland CBD, Auckland City The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors 1 billion (as of 2008). The country has a relatively high standard of living with an estimated GDP per capita of US$30,234 in 2008 which is comparable to Southern Europe; e. The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population g. Spain US$33,385, but lower than the United States at US$46,820. [25] Since 2000 New Zealand has made substantial gains in median household income. Highlights Most people (90% live in a state where the median household income is US$38000 New Zealand, along with Australia, largely escaped the early 2000s recession that impacted upon most other advanced countries. The Early 2000s Recession was felt in mostly Western countries affecting the European Union mostly during 2000 and 2001 and the United States mostly in
New Zealanders have a high level of life satisfaction as measured by international surveys; this is despite lower GDP per-head levels than many other OECD countries. The country was ranked 20th on the 2006 Human Development Index and 15th in The Economist's 2005 world-wide quality-of-life index. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London [26] The country was further ranked 1st in life satisfaction and 5th in overall prosperity in the 2007 Legatum Institute prosperity index. [27][28] In addition, the 2007 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland 5th place and Wellington 12th place in the world on its list. The World's Most Livable Cities is an informal name given to any List of cities as they rank on a reputable annual survey of living conditions. [29]
The tertiary sector is the largest sector in the economy (68. 8% of GDP), followed by the secondary sector (26. 9% of GDP) and the primary sector (4. 3% of GDP). [30]
New Zealand is a country heavily dependent on trade, particularly in agricultural products. Exports account for around 24% of its output,[30] which is a relatively high figure (it is around 50% for many smaller European countries). Output in Economics is the total value of all of the goods and services produced in an entity's economy [ii] This makes New Zealand particularly vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing and forestry. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation These make up about half of the country's exports. Its major export partners are Australia 20. 5%, US 13. 1%, Japan 10. 3%, China 5. 4%, UK 4. 9% (2006). [30]
Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's economy. Tourism in New Zealand is the country's biggest 'export' earner with two million tourists visiting per year Tourism contributes $12. 8 billion (or 8. 9%) to New Zealand’s total GDP and supports nearly 200,000 full-time equivalent jobs (9. Full-time equivalent (FTE is a way to measure a worker's involvement in a project or a student's enrollment at an educational institution 9% of the total workforce in New Zealand). [31] Tourists to New Zealand are expected to increase at a rate of 4% annually up to 2013. [31]
Recent trends
Historically New Zealand enjoyed a high standard of living which relied on its strong relationship with the United Kingdom, and the resulting stable market for its commodity exports. Milford Sound ( Piopiotahi in Māori) is a Fiord in the south west of New Zealand 's South Island, within Fiordland New Zealand's economy was also built upon on a narrow range of primary products, such as wool, meat and dairy products. High demand for these products - such as the New Zealand wool boom of 1951 created sustained periods of economic prosperity. The The New Zealand Wool Boom of 1951 was one of the greatest Economic booms in the history of New Zealand, and the direct result of US policy in the 1950&ndash53 However, in 1973 the United Kingdom joined the European Community which effectively ended this particularly close economic relationship between the two countries. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 During the 1970's other factors such as the oil crises undermined the viability of the New Zealand economy; which for periods before 1973 had achieved levels of living standards exceeding both Australia and Western Europe. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' [33] But these events led to a protracted and very severe economic crisis, during which living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand was the lowest in per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank. Per capita income means how much each individual receives in monetary terms of the yearly income generated in the country The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic [34]
Since 1984, successive governments have engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring, transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist and regulated economy to a liberalised free-trade economy. Macroeconomics is a branch of Economics that deals with the performance structure and behavior of a national or regional Economy as a whole Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions These changes are commonly known as Rogernomics and Ruthanasia after Finance Ministers Roger Douglas and Ruth Richardson. The term Rogernomics, a Portmanteau of "Roger" and "economics" was created by analogy with Reaganomics to describe the economic policies Ruthanasia, a Portmanteau of Ruth and Euthanasia, is the pejorative name (typically used by opponents given to the period of free-market The Minister of Finance is a senior figure within the Government of New Zealand. Sir Roger Owen Douglas (born 5 December 1937) a New Zealand politician formerly served as a senior Cabinet minister Ruth Richardson (born December 13 1950) served as New Zealand 's Minister of Finance from 1990 to 1993 and is known for her strong pursuit A recession began after the 1987 share market crash and caused unemployment to reach 10% in the early 1990s. In financial markets Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19, 1987, when Stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 However the economy recovered and New Zealand’s unemployment rate is now the second lowest of the twenty-seven OECD nations with comparable data (3. 7%). [35]
The current government's economic objectives are centred on pursuing free-trade agreements and building a "knowledge economy". A trade pact is a wide ranging Tax tariff and trade pact that often includes Investment guarantees The knowledge economy is a term that refers either to an economy of knowledge focused on the production and management of knowledge in the frame of economic constraints On April 7th 2008, New Zealand and China signed the New Zealand China Free Trade Agreement, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [36] Ongoing economic challenges for New Zealand include a current account deficit of 7. In Economics, the current account is one of the two primary components of the Balance of payments, the other being the Capital account. 9% of GDP,[37] slow development of non-commodity exports and tepid growth of labour productivity. New Zealand has experienced a series of "brain drains" since the 1970s[38], as well educated youth leaving permanently for Australia, Britain or the United States. A brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity "Kiwi lifestyle" and family/whanau factors motivates some of the expatriates to return, while career, culture, and economic factors tend to be predominantly 'push' components, keeping these people overseas. Whānau is a Māori-language word for extended Family. Other meanings though less commonly used in English are to give birth, or genus [39] In recent years, however, a brain gain brought in educated professionals from poor countries, as well as Europe, as permanent settlers. A brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity [40][41]
Agriculture
Agriculture has been and continues to be the main export industry in New Zealand. In the year to June 2007, dairy products accounted for 21% ($7. 5 billion) of total merchandise exports,[42] and the largest company of the country, Fonterra, a dairy cooperative, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade. Fonterra is a Multinational New Zealand company and New Zealand's largest company by turnover [43] Other agricultural items were meat 13. 2%, wood 6. 3%, fruit 3. 5% and fishing 3. 3%. New Zealand also has a thriving wine industry. New Zealand wine is largely produced in ten major wine growing regions spanning latitudes 36° to 45° South and extending 1600 km (1000 miles
Livestock are rarely housed, but feeding of small quantities of supplements such as hay and silage can occur, particularly in winter. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Grass growth is seasonal, largely dependent on location and climatic fluctuations but normally occurs for between 8-12 months of the year. Stock are grazed in paddocks, often with moveable electric fencing around the farm. An electric fence is a barrier that uses Electric shocks to deter animals or people from crossing a boundary Lambing and calving are carefully managed to take full advantage of spring grass growth.
Demography
New Zealand has a population of about 4. 2 million,[iv] of which approximately 78% identify with European ethnic groups. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. New Zealanders of European descent are collectively known as Pākehā; this term generally refers to New Zealanders of European descent but some Māori use it to refer to all non-Māori New Zealanders. New Zealand European Pākehā are New Zealanders of predominantly European ancestry [44] Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, although there has been significant Dutch, Dalmatian,[45] Italian, and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa. The term New Zealand European refers to New Zealand residents of European descent who identify as New Zealand Europeans rather than some more specific European The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa [46] According to the 2001 census projections, by 2021 European children will make up 63% of all New Zealand children, compared with 74% in 2001. [47] The birthrate is very high for a first-world country. The birthrate as of February 2008 was 2. 2 per woman, compared to approximately 2 for the previous 30 years, with the total number of births higher than at any point since 1961. The life expectancy of a child born in 2008 was 81. 9 years for a girl, and 77. 9 years for a boy. [48]
Indigenous Māori people are the largest non-European ethnic group, accounting for 14. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. 6% of the population in the 2006 census. While people could select more than one ethnic group, slightly more than half (53%) of all Māori residents identified solely as Māori. [49] People identifying with Asian ethnic groups account for 9. Asian or Asiatic is a Demonym for people from Asia. However the use of the term varies by country and person often referring to people from a particular 2% of the population, increasing from 6. 6% in the 2001 census, while 6. 9% of people are of Pacific Island origin. The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20000 to 30000 Islands (the exact number has yet to be precisely determined [50]
While the demonym is New Zealander, New Zealanders informally call themselves Kiwi or Kiwis. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Kiwi is the nickname used internationally for people from New Zealand, as well as being a relatively common self-reference
New Zealand is also a predominantly urban country, with 72. 2% of the population living in 16 main urban areas and more than half living in the four largest cities of Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country Hamilton ( Kirikiriroa in Māori) is the centre of New Zealand 's fourth largest Urban area, and is the country's seventh largest City Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand [51]
New Zealand immigration policy is relatively open; its government is committed to increasing its population by about 1% annually. Immigration to New Zealand began with Polynesian settlement to New Zealand, then uninhabited in the thirteenth century In 2004–05, a target of 45,000 was set by the New Zealand immigration Service. [52] Twenty three percent of the population was born overseas, one of the highest rates anywhere in the world. At present, immigrants from the United Kingdom and Ireland constitute the largest single group, accounting for 29% of those born overseas but immigrants are drawn from many nations, and increasingly from East Asia (mostly China, but with substantial numbers also from Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong). Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders [53]
| New Zealand religious beliefs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christianity | 56% | |||
| No religion | 35% | |||
| Others | 5% | |||
According to the 2006 census, Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand, held by 55. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Religion in New Zealand was originally dominated by Māori religion in the days before the European colonization. 6% of the population, a decrease from 60. 6% at the 2001 census. Another 34. 7% indicated that they had no religion, up from 29. 6% in 2001, and 5% affiliated with other religions. The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism and Methodism. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Catholic Church in New Zealand is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Roman curia in The Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand (PCANZ is the main Presbyterian church in New Zealand. The Methodist Church of New Zealand - Te Hahi Weteriana O Aotearoa is a Methodist denomination headquartered in Christchurch, New Zealand There are also significant numbers who identify themselves with Pentecostal and Baptist churches and with the LDS (Mormon) church. Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism The Baptist Union of New Zealand is an association of Baptist churches in the country of New Zealand. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known The New Zealand-based Ratana church has adherents among Māori. The Ratana movement is a Māori Religion and pan- tribal Political movement founded by Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana in early 20th century According to census figures, other significant minority religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. New Zealanders are those people who are inhabitants of New Zealand. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Islam in New Zealand has grown with inward immigration to that country [54][55]
Until 1987, English was New Zealand's only official language, and remains predominant in most settings; Māori became an official language under the 1987 Māori Language Act and New Zealand Sign Language under the 2006 New Zealand Sign Language Act. The Māori Language Act 1987 was a piece of Legislation passed by the New Zealand Parliament. New Zealand Sign Language or NZSL is the main language of the deaf community in New Zealand. New Zealand Sign Language or NZSL is the main language of the deaf community in New Zealand. [56] The two official languages are the most widely spoken; English by 98% of the population and Māori by 4. 1%. [3] Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2. 3%),[v] and French, Hindi, Yue and Northern Chinese are also widely spoken. [55][3]
New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%,[30] and 14. 2% of the adult population has a bachelor's degree or higher. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and [57] For 30. 4% of the population, some form of secondary qualification is their highest, while 22. 4% of New Zealanders have no formal qualification. [57]
Culture
Overview
Much of contemporary New Zealand culture is derived from British roots. The culture of New Zealand is a synthesis of home-grown and imported cultures New Zealand art is visual art created in New Zealand or by New Zealanders. the Māori mythology of some tribes Kupe was involved in the Polynesian discovery of New Zealand The culture of New Zealand is a synthesis of home-grown and imported cultures See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands It also includes significant influences from American, Australian and Māori cultures, along with those of other European cultures and – more recently – non-Māori Polynesian and Asian cultures. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over The culture of Asia is the artificial aggregate of the Cultural heritage of many nationalities, societies, Religions and Ethnic groups Large festivals in celebration of Diwali and Chinese New Year are held in several of the larger centres. Diwali, or Deepavali, (also called Tihar and Swanti in Nepal (Markiscarali is a major Indian and Nepalese festival and a significant Chinese New Year is the most important of the Traditional Chinese holidays. The world's largest Polynesian festival, Pasifika, is an annual event in Auckland. Pasifika is a Pacific Islands -themed festival held annually in Western Springs, Auckland City, New Zealand. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country Cultural links between New Zealand and the United Kingdom and Ireland are maintained by a common language, sustained migration from the United Kingdom and Ireland, and many young New Zealanders spending time in the United Kingdom/Ireland on their "overseas experience" (OE). Overseas experience (OE is a New Zealand term for an extended overseas working holiday The music and cuisine of New Zealand are similar to that of Britain and the United States, although both have some distinct New Zealand and Pacific qualities. New Zealand music is a vibrant expression of the Culture of New Zealand. New Zealand cuisine is the cuisine of New Zealand. It accepted derives from various sources most especially British and Māori in the early days the
Māori culture has undergone considerable change since the arrival of Europeans; in particular the introduction of Christianity in the early 19th century brought about fundamental change in everyday life. Māori culture is the culture of the Māori of New Zealand, and Eastern Polynesian people and forms a distinctive part of New Zealand culture Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Personal life (or everyday life or human existence) is the course of an individual Human 's life especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices Nonetheless the perception that most Māori now live similar lifestyles to their Pākehā neighbours is a superficial one. New Zealand European Pākehā are New Zealanders of predominantly European ancestry In fact, Māori culture has significant differences, for instance the important role which the marae and the extended family continues to play in communal and family life. A marae (in New Zealand Māori, Cook Islands Maori, Tahitian) malae (in Tongan) malae (in Samoan and As in traditional times, karakia are habitually performed by Māori today to ensure the favorable outcome of important undertakings, but today the prayers used are generally Christian. Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of personal identity, and Māori kinship roles resemble those of other Polynesian peoples. Identity is an Umbrella term used throughout the Social sciences to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete separate entity Hawaiian kinship (also referred to as the Generational system) is a kinship system used to define Family. As part of the resurgence of Māori culture that came to the fore in the late 20th century, the tradition-based arts of kapa haka (song and dance), carving and weaving are now more widely practiced, and the architecture of the marae maintains strong links to traditional forms. The term Kapa haka ( kapa meaning 'rank' or 'row' and haka refers to a 'Maori war dance' is commonly known in Aotearoa as 'Maori Performing Arts' or the Māori also value their connections to Polynesia, as attested by the increasing popularity of waka ama (outrigger canoe racing), which is now an international sport involving teams from all over the Pacific. Outrigger canoeing is a Sport in which an Outrigger canoe ( vaʻa, waʻa, and waka ama in Tahitian, Hawaiian, This article discusses flatwater racing (sprint and marathon racing, competitive forms of Canoeing and Kayaking on more or less flat water
Te Reo Māori
Use of the Māori language (Te Reo Māori) as a living, community language remained only in a few remote areas in the post-war years, but is currently undergoing a renaissance,[58] thanks in part to Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels. Māori Television is a New Zealand TV station broadcasting programmes that make a significant contribution to the revitalisation of Te reo and [59] This is the only nationwide television channel to have the majority of its prime-time content delivered in Māori, primarily because only 4% of the population speak Te Reo Maori. The term television channel generally refers to either a Television station or its cable / satellite counterpart (both outlined below Prime Time is the major News analysis current affairs and Politics programme broadcast on Radio Telefís Éireann in Ireland [3] However, partly in recognition of the importance of Māori culture to New Zealand, the language was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987. [58]
Movies
Although films have been made in New Zealand since the 1920s, it was only from the 1970s that New Zealand films began to be produced in significant numbers. New Zealand cinema can refer to films made by New Zealand -based production companies in New Zealand New Zealand cinema can refer to films made by New Zealand -based production companies in New Zealand Films such as Sleeping Dogs and Goodbye Pork Pie achieved local success and launched the careers of actors and directors including Sam Neill, Geoff Murphy and Roger Donaldson. Sleeping Dogs is a 1977 Film based on the book Smith's Dream by C Goodbye Pork Pie is a 1981 (international release Film directed by Geoff Murphy and written by Geoff Murphy and Ian Mune. Sam Neill, DCNZM, OBE (born 14 September 1947 is a New Zealand film and television actor Geoff Murphy (born 12 October 1938 became a key New Zealand filmmaker during the renaissance of New Zealand cinema that began in the last half of the 1970s Roger Donaldson (born 15 November 1945 is an Australian-born New Zealand film producer, director and writer who has made numerous successful movies In the early 1990s, New Zealand films such as Jane Campion's Academy Award-winning film The Piano, Lee Tamahori's Once Were Warriors and Peter Jackson's Heavenly Creatures began to garner international acclaim. Jane Campion (born 30 April 1954 in Wellington, New Zealand is an Academy Award -winning Film maker. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Piano is a 1993 Film about a mute pianist and her daughter set during the mid-19th century in a rainy muddy frontier New Zealand backwater Lee Tamahori, born 17 June 1950 in Wellington, New Zealand, is best known as a Film director, although he got his start as a commercial Once Were Warriors is 1994 film based on New Zealand author Alan Duff 's bestselling 1990 first novel of the same name. Peter Robert Jackson, CNZM (born 31 October 1961 is a three-time Academy Award -winning New Zealand director producer and writer best known for directing Heavenly Creatures is an acclaimed 1994 drama directed by Peter Jackson and written with his partner Fran Walsh. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Jackson filmed The Lord of the Rings film trilogy in New Zealand, using a mostly New Zealand crew and many New Zealand actors in minor parts. The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 Whale Rider, originally a novel by Witi Ihimaera, was produced in 2002 and received recognition from various festivals and awards. Whale Rider is a 2002 film directed by Niki Caro, based on the 1987 novel The Whale Rider by New Zealand Māori author Professor Witi Tame Ihimaera-Smiler DCNZM QSM (born 7 February, 1944) generally known as Witi Ihimaera, is a New Zealand Many non-New Zealand productions, primarily from Hollywood but also from Bollywood, have been made in New Zealand. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India
Media
The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Foreign ownership refers to the complete or majority ownership/control of a Business or resource in a Country by individuals who are not citizens of that [iii] The Broadcasting Standards Authority and the New Zealand Press Council can investigate allegations of bias and inaccuracy in the broadcast and print media. The Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA Te Mana Whanonga Kaipāho is a New Zealand Crown Entity created by the Broadcasting Act 1989 to develop and The New Zealand Press Council is a Non Governmental Organisation which exists to uphold standards in the New Zealand Print media and promote freedom of Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view This combined with New Zealand's libel laws means that the New Zealand news media is fairly tame by international standards, but also reasonably fair and impartial. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public Impartiality is a principle of Justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of Bias, Prejudice New Zealand television is dominated by American and British programming, with a small number of Australian and New Zealand shows.
Sports
Sport has a major role in New Zealand's culture, with the unofficial national sport of rugby union being particularly influential. Sport in New Zealand largely reflects its British colonial heritage The All Blacks are New Zealand's national team in Rugby union, the country's National sport. A haka is a traditional Dance form of the Māori of New Zealand. The France national rugby union team represents France in Rugby union. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Other popular participatory sports include cricket, bowls, netball, soccer, golf , swimming and tennis. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Bowls (also known as Lawn Bowls or Lawn Bowling) is a precision Sport in which the goal is to roll slightly radially asymmetrical Balls Netball is a non-contact team Sport similar to and derived from Basketball. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) [60] New Zealand has strong international teams in several sports including rugby union, netball, cricket, rugby league, and softball. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Softball is a team Sport popular especially in the United States. New Zealand also does traditionally well in the sports of rowing, yachting and cycling. GB coxless pair of Toby Garbett & Rick Dunn at Henley Royal Regatta 2004 Yachting is an activity involving boats It may be racing Sailing boats cruising to distant shores or day-sailing along a coast Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles The country is internationally recognised for performing well on a medals-to-population ratio at Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The Commonwealth Games is a multinational Multi-sport event. Held every four years it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. [61][62]
Rugby union, which is commonly referred to as simply rugby in New Zealand, is closely linked to the country's national identity. Rugby union is the unofficial National sport of New Zealand. Rugby as it is generally referred to by New Zealanders is an integral part of The national rugby team, the All Blacks, have the best win to loss record of any national team,[63] and are well known for the haka (a traditional Māori challenge) that they perform before the start of international matches. The All Blacks are New Zealand's national team in Rugby union, the country's National sport. The All Blacks, the international Rugby union Team of New Zealand, perform a Haka ( Māori traditional dance This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. [64] New Zealand is also well known for its extreme sports and adventure tourism. Extreme sport (also called action sport and adventure sport) is a media term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent Adventure travel is a type of Tourism involving Exploration or Travel to remote exotic and possibly hostile areas where the traveler should "expect [65] Its reputation in extreme sports extends from the establishment of the world's first commercial bungee jumping site at Queenstown in the South Island of New Zealand in November 1988;[66] its roots in adventure tourism can be traced all the way back to Sir Edmund Hillary, the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Bungee jumping is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic cord Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE (20 July 1919 &ndash 11 January 2008 was a New Zealand mountaineer and explorer Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in
See also
References
Notes
- ^i :From 1788 until 1840 the islands of New Zealand were formally part of New South Wales; see animated map of Australian states and territories.
- ^ii :For example see Finland
- ^iii :New Zealand's dominant media organisations are TVNZ (two free-to-air television channels); MediaWorks NZ (two free-to-air channels and a radio network); Fairfax Media (numerous newspapers and magazines); APN News & Media (several newspapers and radio stations); and Sky Network Television (a pay TV network and a free-to-air TV station). Television New Zealand (TVNZ is a state-owned television broadcasting corporation in New Zealand. Free-to-air (FTA Television (TV and Radio broadcasts are sent unencrypted and may be received via any suitable receiver Free-to-view MediaWorks NZ is a company based in New Zealand and listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange. A radio network is a network system which distributes programming to multiple stations simultaneously or slightly delayed for the purpose of extending total Fairfax Media Limited, is one of Australia's largest diversified media companies This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. SKY Network Television Limited () often trading as SKY is a New Zealand pay Television service A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and Video to Television receivers in a particular area
- ^iv :An online population clock is accessible via Statistics New Zealand at http://www.stats.govt.nz/populationclock.htm.
- ^v :Of the 85,428 people that replied they spoke Samoan in the 2006 Census, 57,828 lived in the Auckland region. [55]
Citations
- ^ New Zealand's National Anthems. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ a b c d Language spoken (total responses) for the census usually resident population count, 2006. Statistics New Zealand (2006-12-21). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ a b Mein Smith (2005) pg 6.
- ^ King (2003) pg 41.
- ^ Wilson, John (2007-09-21). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Tasman’s achievement. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Mackay (1986) pg 52–54.
- ^ Clark (1994) pg 123–135
- ^ Davis, Denise (2007-09-11). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Moriori The impact of new arrivals. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ a b Mein Smith (2005), pg 23.
- ^ King (2003) pg 122.
- ^ Over the course of her reign The Queen has been a regular visitor to New Zealand, paying 10 visits. The Monarchy Today. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ Patman (2005) pg 8.
- ^ Lange (1990).
- ^ Dewes, Kate. Legal challenges to nuclear weapons from AOTEAROA/NewZealand. disarmsecure. org. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ Green, Robert. The Naked Nuclear Emperor — Debunking Nuclear Deterrence. disarmsecure. org. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ New Zealand Defence Force Overseas Operations. nzdf. mil. nz (2008-01-22). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ (2005) Offshore Options: Managing Environmental Effects in New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the ISBN 0-478-25916-6.
- ^ Summary of New Zealand climate extremes. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (2004). The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, commonly abbreviated to NIWA and known in the Māori language as Taihoro Nukurangi, is a Crown Research Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ Mean monthly sunshine hours (XLS). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, commonly abbreviated to NIWA and known in the Māori language as Taihoro Nukurangi, is a Crown Research
- ^ Lindsey (2000) pg 14.
- ^ NZPCN (2006). New Zealand indigenous vascular plant checklist. ISBN 0-473-11306-6. Written by P. J. de Lange, J. W. D. Sawyer and J. R. Rolfe
- ^ Tiny Bones Rewrite Textbooks, first New Zealand land mammal fossil. University of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 2007-05-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ NZPCN (2006). New Zealand indigenous vascular plant checklist. ISBN 0-473-11306-6. Written by P. J. de Lange, J. W. D. Sawyer and J. R. Rolfe
- ^ 5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. IMF. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index (PDF). The World in 2005 4. The Economist. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ "Kiwis world's most satisfied", National Business Review, 5 July 2007. The National Business Review (or NBR) is a weekly New Zealand Newspaper aimed at the business sector Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
- ^ The 2007 Legatum Prosperity Index. LIGD. prosperity. org. Retrieved on 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
- ^ Highlights from the 2007 Quality of Living Survey. Mercer (2007-04-07). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- ^ a b c d The World Factbook - New Zealand. CIA (2007-11-15). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Retrieved on 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
- ^ a b Key Tourism Statistics (PDF). Ministry of Tourism (February 2008). Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- ^ Milford Sound tops list of travellers destinations (url). www. stuff. co. nz (2008-05-01). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2008-05-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
- ^ 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand - standard of living comparison table
- ^ Up from down under; National Review article
- ^ 20 most requested statistics
- ^ Fran O'Sullivan with NZPA. "Trade agreement just the start - Clark", The New Zealand Herald, 7 April 2008. The New Zealand Herald is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ NZPA. "December quarter current account deficit better than expected", The New Zealand Herald, 27 March 2008. The New Zealand Herald is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Davenport (2004).
- ^ Inkson (2004).
- ^ Winkelmann (2000).
- ^ Bain (2006) pg 44.
- ^ New Zealand External Trade Statistics (PDF) p 9. Statistics New Zealand (June 2007). Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions (from the official company website. Accessed 2008-02-20. )
- ^ Ranford, Jodie. 'Pakeha', Its Origin and Meaning. maorinews. com. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ Walrond (2007).
- ^ New Zealand Peoples. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand is an Online encyclopedia created by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage of the New Zealand Government. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ Projections Overview. Statistics New Zealand (2007-12-04). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ "New Zealand's birth rate at 44-year high", 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ Māori Ethnic Population / Te Momo Iwi Māori. QuickStats About Māori, Census 2006. Statistics New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official Retrieved on 2007-03-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
- ^ Cultural diversity. 2006 Census QuickStats National highlights. Statistics New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official Retrieved on 2007-03-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ Subnational population estimates June 2007. Statistics New Zealand (2007-06-30). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ Hoadley, Stephen (2004). "Our immigration policy: rationality, stability, and politics: Stephen Hoadley discusses New Zealand's approach to the vexed question of immigration controls". New Zealand International Review 29 (2): 14.
- ^ For the percentages: QuickStats About Culture and Identity - Birthplace and people born overseas. 2006 Census. Statistics New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
For further detail within East Asia: Birthplace for the census usually resident population count, 2006 (XLS). Classification counts, 2006 Census. Statistics New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official Retrieved on 2007-03-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. - ^ Quick Stats About culture and Identity— 2006 Census (PDF). Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ a b c Religious Affiliation (XLS). 2006 Census Table 28. Statistics New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official Retrieved on 2007-09-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire.
- ^ New Zealand Sign Language Act. Office for Disability Issues. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ a b Educational attainment of the population (xls). Education Counts (2006). Retrieved on 2008-02-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ a b Māori Language Week - Te Wiki o Te Reo Maori (from the 'nzhistory. net. nz' website, operated by the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Accessed 2008-02-22. )
- ^ Te Reo. Māori Television.
- ^ Top sports and physical activities. sparc. org. nz (2007-10-17). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ ABS medal tally: Australia finishes third. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004-08-30). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ Per Capita Olympic Medal Table. users. skynet. be/hermandw/olymp/. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ Zavos (2007).
- ^ The Haka. tourism. net. nz. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ Bain (2006), pg 69.
- ^ Kawarau Bridge Bungee. bungy. co. nz. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
Sources
- Allan, H. H. (1982) Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons, Flora of New Zealand Volume I. This page relates to the indigenous flora of New Zealand. New Zealand 's Geographical isolation has meant the Country has developed a unique variety Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
- Bain, Carolyn (2006). New Zealand. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1741045355.
- Clark, R. (1994) Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed. ) (1994), The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press. The University of Auckland (Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau is New Zealand 's largest University.
- Davenport, Sally. "Panic and panacea: brain drain and science and technology human capital policy" Research Policy 33 (2004) 617–630. Accessed 2007-04-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- Jackson, Duncan J. R. (2005). "Exploring the Dynamics of New Zealand's Talent Flow". New Zealand Journal of Psychology Vol.
- Inkson, K (2004). "The New Zealand Brain Drain: Expatriate views". University of Auckland Business Review 6 (2): 29–39.
- King, Michael (2003). Michael King, OBE ( December 15, 1945 &ndash March 30, 2004) was a widely respected New Zealand popular historian The Penguin History of New Zealand. New Zealand: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143018674.
- Lange, David (1990). David Russell Lange, ONZ, CH (who pronounced his name ˈlɒŋi long-ee) (4 August 1942 – 13 August 2005 served as Prime Minister of New Zealand Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way. New Zealand: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140145192.
- Lindsey, Terence & Morris, Rod (2000), Collins Field Guide to New Zealand Wildlife, HarperCollins (New Zealand) Limited
- Mackay, D. (1986) The Search For The Southern Land. In Fraser, B. (Ed. ) (1986), The New Zealand Book Of Events. Auckland: Reed Methuen.
- Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). A Concise History of New Zealand. Australia: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521542286.
- Robert G. Patman (2005). Globalisation, Sovereignty, and the Transformation of New Zealand Foreign Policy (PDF). Working Paper 21/05 8. Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- Walrond, Carl (2007-09-21). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Dalmatians. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand is an Online encyclopedia created by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage of the New Zealand Government. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- Winkelmann, R. (2000). "The labour market performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s". Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the Market and dynamics for labour. The International Migration Review 33: 33–58. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- Zavos, Spiro. "How to beat the All Blacks", The Sun Herald (supplement), 2007-09-02, p. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. 54.
Further reading
- David Bateman, ed. Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia (2005)
- Keith Sinclair and Raewyn Dalziel. Sir Keith Sinclair KBE ( December 5, 1922 &mdash June 20, 1993) was a Poet and noted A History of New Zealand (2000)
- A. H. McLintock, ed. Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3 vol (1966)
- New Zealand Official Yearbook (annual)
External links
- Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- New Zealand Plant Conservation Network website for information about the indigenous flora and species of introduced weed and animal pest
- Ministry for Culture and Heritage - includes information on flag, anthems and coat of arms
- New Zealand Government portal
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding New Zealand
- New Zealand weather
- NZHistory.net.nz New Zealand history website
- New Zealand in Profile 2007, by Statistics New Zealand
- Tourism New Zealand
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