City of New York
Flag Seal
Nickname: The Big Apple, Gotham, The City That Never Sleeps, The Capital of The World (Novum Caput Mundi), The Empire City, The City So Nice They Named It Twice. The flag of New York City is a vertical tricolor of Blue, White, and orange charged in the center bar with municipal seal The Seal of the City of New York, adopted in an earlier form in 1686 bears the legend SIGILLUM CIVITATIS NOVI EBORACI which means simply "The Seal of the A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. The Big Apple is a nickname or Moniker for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J Caput Mundi is a Latin phrase taken to mean " Capital of the World.
Location in the state of New York
Coordinates: 40°43′N 74°00′W / 40.717, -74
Country	United States
State	New York
Boroughs	The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island
Settled	1624
Government
- Mayor	Michael Bloomberg (I)
Area
- City	468. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York Staten Island (ˌstætənˈaɪlənd is a borough of New York City situated primarily on the island of the same name New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City. The Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City. Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman and the Mayor of New York City. In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 9 sq mi (1,214. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 4 km²)
- Land	304. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 1000 km2 and 10000 km2 8 sq mi (789. 4 km²)
- Water	165. 6 sq mi (428. 8 km²)
- Urban	3,352. 6 sq mi (8,683. 2 km²)
- Metro	6,720 sq mi (17,405 km²)
Elevation	33 ft (10 m)
Population (2006)[1]
- City	8,214,426
- Density	27,282/sq mi (10,533/km²)
- Urban	18,498,000
- Metro	18,818,536
- Demonym	New Yorker
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
Area code(s)	212, 718, 917, 347, 646
Website: www.nyc.gov

New York City (officially The City of New York) is the most populous city in the United States, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−5 is the Time offset used in the North American Eastern Time Zone during Standard time and in the North American Central Time Zone during Daylight saving time ( DST The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−4 is the Time offset used in the Atlantic Standard Time Zone in Canada in winter and the North American Eastern Time Zone during A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The New York metropolitan area, often referred to as the Tri-State Area, is the most populous Metropolitan area in the United States and is also one Founded as a commercial trading post by the Dutch in 1625, it has been the largest city in the United States since 1790, and was the first capital under the Constitution. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Located on one of the world's finest natural harbors, New York is one of the world's major centers of commerce and finance. New York Harbor, a geographic term refers collectively to the rivers bays and tidal estuaries near the mouth of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated New York also exerts global influence in media, politics, education, entertainment, arts, fashion and advertising. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency See also Entertainment (disambiguation and The Entertainer (disambiguation Entertainment is an activity designed to give people The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand The city is also a major center for international affairs, hosting the headquarters of the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

New York City comprises five boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island within five counties, respectively: The Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and Richmond. In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York Staten Island (ˌstætənˈaɪlənd is a borough of New York City situated primarily on the island of the same name With over 8. 2 million residents within an area of 304. 8 square miles (789. 43 km²),^[2][3] New York City is the most densely populated major city in the United States. ^[4][5][6]

Many of the city's neighborhoods and landmarks are known around the world. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Liberty Enlightening the World (La liberté éclairant le monde commonly known as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté was presented American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, has been a dominant global financial center since World War II and is home to the New York Stock Exchange. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the Empire State Building and the twin towers of the World Trade Center. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco Skyscraper in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan

New York is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art, abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting, and hip hop,^[7] punk,^[8] salsa, and Tin Pan Alley in music. The Harlem Renaissance was named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke in 1925 Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. The New York School (synonymous with abstract expressionist painting was an informal group of American Poets painters Dancers and Musicians Hip hop is a Subculture, which is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, and Afrika Bambaattaa Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Latin American Caribbean genre that is popular across Latin America and among Latinos abroad Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection of New York City -centered music publishers and Songwriters who dominated the popular It is the home of Broadway theater. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located

In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in the city and 36% of its population was born outside the United States. Foreign Born is an American folk rock band They began in San Francisco during the late summer months of 2003 but soon relocated to Los Angeles. ^[9][10] With its 24-hour subway and constant bustling of traffic and people, New York is sometimes called "The City That Never Sleeps. The New York City Subway is a Rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency " Other nicknames include the "Big Apple" and "Gotham. The Big Apple is a nickname or Moniker for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J Gotham (ˈɡoʊtəm "goat-um" is a village in Nottinghamshire, England, south of Nottingham and north-east of Kegworth. "^[11]

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Environment 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Boroughs 4 Culture and contemporary life 4.1 Entertainment and performing arts 4.2 Tourism 4.3 Media 4.4 Accent 4.5 Sports 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Government 8 Crime 9 Education 10 Transportation 11 Sister cities 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

History

Main article: History of New York City

The region was inhabited by about 5,000 Lenape Native Americans at the time of its European discovery in 1524^[12] by Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, who called it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême). The shannon (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans were in the 17th century organized bands of Native American peoples with shared cultural and linguistic Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Giovanni da Verrazzano (c 1485 &ndash c 1528 was an Italian Explorer of North America, in the service of the French crown. New Angoulême (Nouvelle-Angoulême was the name given to New York City in 1524 by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano after Francis I of France, King ^[13] European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur. New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City. Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (legend, now disproved, says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads). The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. Peter Minuit (1589 &ndash August 5, 1638) was a Walloon from Wesel, today North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, then part of ^[14][15] In 1664, the English conquered the city and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James ^[16] At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War the Dutch gained control of Run (a much more valuable asset at the time) in exchange for the English controlling New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. The Second Anglo-Dutch War was fought between England and the United Provinces from 4 March, 1665 until 31 July, 1667. Run is one of the smallest Islands of the Banda Islands which are a part of Indonesia. By 1700, the Lenape population was diminished to 200. ^[17]

New York City grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( ^[18] The city emerged as the theater for a series of major battles known as the New York Campaign during the American Revolutionary War. The New York and New Jersey campaign was a series of battles in the American Revolutionary War between British forces under General Sir William Howe In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Continental Congress met in New York City and in 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Federal Hall, located at 26 Wall Street in New York City, was the first capitol of the United States of America and the site of George Washington ^[19] By 1790, New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə

In the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration and development. The Lower East Side is a Neighborhood in the southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar A visionary development proposal, the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the 1819 opening of the Erie Canal connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 was a proposal by the New York State Legislature adopted in 1811 for the orderly development and sale of the land of Manhattan between The Erie Canal is a popular canal in New York state from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, approximately 360 miles connecting the Great Lakes ^[20] Local politics fell under the domination of Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish immigrants. Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party Political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably A political machine is an unofficial system of a political organization based on Patronage, the Spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control and longstanding ^[21] Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which became the first landscaped park in an American city in 1857. Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually A significant free-black population also existed in Manhattan, as well as in Brooklyn. Slaves had been held in New York through 1827, but during the 1830s New York became a center of interracial abolitionist activism in the North.

Anger at military conscription during the American Civil War (1861–1865) led to the Draft Riots of 1863, one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The New York Draft Riots (July 11 to July 16 1863 known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination ^[22] In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. ^[23] The opening of the New York City Subway in 1904 helped bind the new city together. The New York City Subway is a Rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. However, this development did not come without a price. In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. The General Slocum was a Steamship launched in 1891 She caught fire and burned to the water line in New York 's East River on June 15 In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City on March 25, 1911, was the largest Industrial disaster in the history of the city of New The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union was once one of the largest labor unions in the United States, one of the first U ^[24]

In the 1920s, New York City was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. See also Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or simply Midtown, is an area of Manhattan, New York City home to world-famous commercial Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa See also Second Great Migration (African American The Great Migration was the movement of approximately seven million African-Americans out of the By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the era of Prohibition, coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing skyscrapers. The Harlem Renaissance was named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke in 1925 In the United States, the term Prohibition refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the sale manufacture and transportation of alcohol for consumption A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper New York City became the most populous city in the world in 1948, overtaking London, which had reigned for over a century. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello LaGuardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance. LaGuardia redirects here For the airport see LaGuardia Airport. Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party Political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably ^[25]

Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom and the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term New York emerged from the war unscathed and the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendance as the world's dominant economic power, the United Nations headquarters (completed in 1950) emphasizing New York's political influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitating New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The United Nations Headquarters is a distinctive complex in New York City that has served as the headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1950 Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. ^[26] In the 1960s, New York suffered from economic problems, rising crime rates and racial tension, which reached a peak in the 1970s.

In the 1980s, resurgence in the financial industry improved the city's fiscal health. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the By the 1990s, racial tensions had calmed, crime rates dropped dramatically, and waves of new immigrants arrived from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy and New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census. Silicon Alley is a nickname for an area with a concentration of Internet and New media companies in Manhattan, New York City.

The city was one of the sites of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the World Trade Center. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The Freedom Tower will be built on the site and is scheduled for completion in 2012 at the latest. 1 World Trade Center, or the Freedom Tower, is the main building of the new World Trade Center complex currently under construction in Lower Manhattan in ^[27]

Geography

Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York Harbor

New York City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The Northeast is a region of the United States. As defined by the U New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D ^[28] The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Much of New York is built on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.

The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. For the Magazine, see Hudson Valley (magazine New York Bay is the collective term for the marine areas surrounding the entrance of the Hudson River into the Atlantic Ocean. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. Troy is a City in New York, US, and the County seat of Rensselaer County. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open ^[29] The Hudson separates the city from New Jersey. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The East River, actually a tidal strait, flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The East River is a tidal Strait in New York City. It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end Long Island Sound is an Estuary of the Atlantic Ocean and various Rivers in the United States that lies between the coast of Connecticut The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates Manhattan from the Bronx. See also Geography and environment of New York City The Harlem River is a navigable tidal Strait in New York City, USA that

The city's land has been altered considerably by human intervention, with substantial land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices One involves creating new land from sea- or riverbeds the other refers to restoring an area to a more natural state (such as after Reclamation is most notable in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the Battery Park City is a 92 acre (04 km² Planned community at the southwestern tip of Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States. ^[30] Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, particularly in Manhattan. ^[31]

The city's land area is estimated at 304. 8 square miles (789. 43 km²). ^[2][3] New York City's total area is 468. 9 square miles (1,214. 4 km²). 159. 88 square miles (414. 09 km²) of this is water and 321 square miles (831 km²) is land. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which at 409. Todt Hill 410 ft (125 m is a small Mountain ridge on Staten Island New York. 8 feet (124. 9 m) above sea level is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean ^[32] The summit of the ridge is largely covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt. For other uses of Greenbelt and Green belt see Green belt (disambiguation. ^[33]

Climate

Although it is not in the subtropics and its winters are cold, New York has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification) because the coldest month's average temperatures are not low enough for persistent snow cover. Humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa or Cwa) is a climate zone characterized by hot humid summers and chilly to mild winters The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist New York City has cold winters but the city's coastal position keeps temperatures slightly warmer than inland regions, helping to moderate the amount of snow which averages 25 to 35 inches (63. 5 to 88. 9 cm) each year. ^[34] New York City has a frost-free period lasting an average of 199 days between seasonal freezes. ^[34] Spring and autumn in New York City are erratic, and can range from cold and snowy to hot and humid, although they can also be cold or cool and rainy. Summer in New York City is hot and humid, with temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher recorded on average 18 to 25 days each summer. ^[34] Though not usually associated with hurricanes, New York City is susceptible to them, notably the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane which flooded southern Manhattan, and the New England Hurricane of 1938, which brushed the eastern end of the city. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was one of two known hurricanes that have made landfall on what is now modern New York City The New England Hurricane of 1938 (or Great New England Hurricane or Long Island Express or simply The Great Hurricane of 1938) was the first major The city's long-term climate patterns have been affected by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, a 70-year-long warming and cooling cycle in the Atlantic that influences the frequency and severity of coastal storms in the region. The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO is a mode of natural variability occurring in the North Atlantic Ocean and which has its principle expression in the Sea surface ^[35]

Weather averages for New York
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Record high °F (°C)	70 (21)	72 (22)	80 (27)	87 (31)	97 (36)	100 (38)	102 (39)	100 (38)	99 (37)	85 (29)	81 (27)	70 (21)
Average high °F (°C)	36 (2)	40 (4)	48 (9)	58 (14)	68 (20)	77 (25)	83 (28)	81 (27)	74 (23)	63 (17)	52 (11)	42 (6)
Average low °F (°C)	23 (-5)	24 (-4)	32 (0)	42 (6)	53 (12)	63 (17)	68 (20)	66 (19)	58 (14)	47 (8)	38 (3)	28 (-2)
Record low °F (°C)	-4 (-20)	-3 (-19)	5 (-15)	18 (-8)	34 (1)	44 (7)	49 (9)	47 (8)	38 (3)	27 (-3)	14 (-10)	0 (-18)
Precipitation inches (mm)	3. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 69 (93. 7)	2. 94 (74. 7)	4. 08 (103. 6)	4. 06 (103. 1)	4. 48 (113. 8)	3. 45 (87. 6)	4. 17 (105. 9)	4. 05 (102. 9)	4. 05 (102. 9)	3. 50 (88. 9)	4. 00 (101. 6)	3. 86 (98)
Source: [36]

Environment

Main article: Environmental issues in New York City

Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in United States and gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the national average was in the 1920s. See also Environmental issues in the United States Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size density abundant public transportation ^[37] New York City's high rate of transit use saved 1. 8 billion gallons of oil in 2006; New York saves half of all the oil saved by transit nationwide. ^[38] The city's population density, low automobile use and high transit utility make it among the most energy efficient cities in the United States. ^[39] New York City's greenhouse gas emissions are 7. 1 metric tons per person compared with the national average of 24. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. 5. ^[40] New Yorkers are collectively responsible for one percent of the nation's total greenhouse gas emissions^[40] though comprising 2. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared 7% of the nation's population. The average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used by a resident of San Francisco and nearly one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of Dallas. ^[41]

In recent years the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. Large amounts of concentrated pollution in New York City lead to high incidence of asthma and other respiratory conditions among the city's residents. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are ^[42] The city government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing. ^[43] New York has the largest clean air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis. A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle Compressed Natural Gas (CNG is a Fossil fuel substitute for Gasoline (petrol Diesel, or Propane Fuel. ^[44] The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. Massachusetts v Environmental Protection Agency, 549 US 497 (2007 is a U The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Green building is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings use resources — Energy, Water, and Materials — while reducing building Hearst Tower in New York City, New York is located at 300 West 57th Street, 959 8th Avenue, near Columbus Circle. ^[45]

New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. The Catskill Mountains (also known as simply the Catskills) a natural area in New York State northwest of New York City and southwest of Albany A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, ^[46] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration process, New York is one of only five major cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use ^[47]

Cityscape

Architecture

Main article: Architecture in New York City

The building form most closely associated with New York City is the skyscraper that saw New York buildings shift from the low-scale European tradition to the vertical rise of business districts. See also Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or simply Midtown, is an area of Manhattan, New York City home to world-famous commercial The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco Skyscraper in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street The building form most closely associated with New York City is the Skyscraper (a pioneering urban form first used in Chicago) that saw New York buildings A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper New York City has about 5671 skyscrapers, with 48 completed building over 200m, the most in the world. ^[48] Surrounded mostly by water, the city's residential density and high real estate values in commercial districts saw the city amass the largest collection of individual, free-standing office and residential towers in the world. A tower block, block of flats, or apartment block, is a multi-unit High-rise Apartment building. ^[49]

New York has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles. Brownstone is a brown Triassic Sandstone which was once a popular Building material. These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing able to be read from street level several hundred feet below. The Woolworth Building, at 57 stories is one of the oldest—and one of the most famous— Skyscrapers in New York City. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The New York City 1916 Zoning Resolution was a measure adopted primarily to stop massive buildings such as the Equitable Building (Manhattan from preventing light and air from A setback, sometimes called step-back is a step-like recession in a Wall. ^[50] The Art Deco design of the Chrysler Building (1930), with its tapered top and steel spire, reflected the zoning requirements. Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco Skyscraper in New York City, located on the east side of Manhattan at the intersection of 42nd The building is considered by many historians and architects to be New York's finest building, with its distinctive ornamentation such as replicas at the corners of the 61st floor of the 1928 Chrysler eagle hood ornaments and V-shaped lighting inserts capped by a steel spire at the tower's crown. ^[51] A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its facade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The International style was a major Architectural style of the 1920s and 1930s The Seagram Building is a Skyscraper in New York City, located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in The Condé Nast Building (2000) is an important example of green design in American skyscrapers. The Condé Nast Building, officially 4 Times Square, is a modern Skyscraper in Times Square in Midtown Manhattan. Sustainable design (also referred to as "green design" "eco-design" or "design for environment" is the art of designing physical objects the built environment ^[45]

The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. Brownstone is a brown Triassic Sandstone which was once a popular Building material. In Architecture and City planning, a terrace(d or row house or townhouse (though the latter term can also refer to Patio houses Historically in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in many other countries a townhouse (or a "house in town" was a residence of a peer or member of the ^[52] Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. The Great New York Fire destroyed the New York Stock Exchange and most of the buildings on the southeast tip of Manhattan around Wall Street on December ^[53] Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built from its own limestone bedrock, New York has always drawn its building stone from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of textures and hues. ^[54] A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the presence of wooden roof-mounted water towers. A water tower, watershed, or elevated water tower is a large elevated water storage container In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could burst municipal water pipes. ^[55] Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, including Jackson Heights in Queens, which became more accessible with expansion of the subway. The garden city movement is an approach to Urban planning that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom Jackson Heights is a Neighborhood in north-western portion of the borough of Queens in New York City, USA. ^[56]

Boroughs

Main articles: Borough (New York City) and Neighborhoods of New York City

New York City is comprised of five boroughs, an unusual form of government used to administer the five constituent counties that make up the city. In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city The Neighborhoods of New York City are located within "The Five Boroughs". In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city ^[57] Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.

• The Bronx (Bronx County: Pop. 1,373,659)^[58] is New York City's northernmost borough, the site of Yankee Stadium, home of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City. The original Yankee Stadium is a Stadium located in The Bronx in New York City. The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the borough of The Bronx, in New York City, New York. A housing cooperative is a legal entity—usually a Corporation —that owns Real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings Co-op City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world ^[59] Except for a small piece of Manhattan known as Marble Hill, the Bronx is the only section of the city that is part of the United States mainland. marble_hill_manhattan_mappng|right|thumb]] Marble Hill is the northernmost section of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States It is home to the Bronx Zoo, the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States, which spans 265 acres (107. This article is about the zoo for the TV series see The Bronx Zoo (TV series; for the book "The Bronx Zoo" about the Yankees see Sparky Lyle, its 2 hectares) and is home to over 6,000 animals. ^[60] The Bronx is the birthplace of rap and hip hop culture. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and Hip hop is a Subculture, which is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, and Afrika Bambaattaa ^[7]

• Brooklyn (Kings County: Pop. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. 2,528,050)^[58] is the city's most populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods and a unique architectural heritage. These are the Neighborhoods of Brooklyn, one of five boroughs of New York City, USA It is also the only borough outside of Manhattan with a distinct downtown area. The borough features a long beachfront and Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country. Coney Island is a Peninsula, formerly an island in southernmost Brooklyn, New York City, USA with a Beach on the Atlantic Ocean ^[61]
• Manhattan (New York County: Pop. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York 1,620,867)^[58] is the most densely populated borough and home to most of the city's skyscrapers, as well as Central Park. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually The borough is the financial center of the city and contains the headquarters of many major corporations, the United Nations, as well as a number of important universities, and many cultural attractions, including numerous museums, the Broadway theatre district, Greenwich Village, and Madison Square Garden. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, and known colloquially as The Garden, has been the name of four Arenas in New York City. Manhattan is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the See also Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or simply Midtown, is an area of Manhattan, New York City home to world-famous commercial Upper Manhattan denotes the more northerly region of the New York City Borough of Manhattan. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park and the East River. The Upper West Side is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center
• Queens (Queens County: Pop. 2,270,338)^[58] is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,^[62] and may overtake Brooklyn as the city's most populous borough due to its growth. Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, today the borough is largely residential and middle class. It is the only large county in the United States where the median income among black African Americans, approximately $52,000 a year, is higher than that of White Americans. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa ^[63] Queens is the site of Shea Stadium, the home of the New York Mets, and annually hosts the U. William A Shea Municipal Stadium, usually shortened to Shea Stadium or just Shea (ʃeɪ̪ is a Stadium located in the New York City borough "Mets" redirects here For the medical term see Metastasis. S. Open tennis tournament. Additionally, it is home to New York City's two major airports, LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport. LaGuardia Airport (ləˈɡwɑɹdiə is an airport located in Queens County on Long Island in the The City of New York. John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19
• Staten Island (Richmond County: Pop. Staten Island (ˌstætənˈaɪlənd is a borough of New York City situated primarily on the island of the same name 481,613)^[58] is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan via the free Staten Island Ferry. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is a double-decked Suspension bridge that connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New The Staten Island Ferry is a passenger Ferry service operated by the New York City Department of Transportation that runs between Manhattan and Staten The Staten Island Ferry is one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City as it provides unsurpassed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and lower Manhattan. Liberty Enlightening the World (La liberté éclairant le monde commonly known as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté was presented Ellis Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor Located in central Staten Island, the 25 km² Greenbelt has some 35 miles (56 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city. Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt encompasses seven city parks. The F. D. R. Boardwalk along South Beach is two and one-half miles long, which is the fourth largest in the world.

Culture and contemporary life

Main article: Culture of New York City

"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather", the writer Tom Wolfe has said of New York City. The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration the city's size and variety and its status as the cultural capital of the United States The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, Thomas Kennerly Wolfe Jr (born March 2, 1931 in Richmond, Virginia) known as Tom Wolfe, is a Best-selling ^[64] Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The Harlem Renaissance was named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke in 1925 The city was the epicenter of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. Hip hop is a Subculture, which is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, and Afrika Bambaattaa The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The punk subculture is based around Punk rock. It emerged from the larger Rock music scene in the mid-to-late-1970s in the United Kingdom, the United Hardcore punk (now usually referred to as simply hardcore) is a subgenre of Punk rock that originated in North America in the late 1970s Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. Prominent indie rock bands coming out of New York in recent years include The Strokes, Interpol, The Bravery, Scissor Sisters, and They Might Be Giants. Indie rock is genre of Alternative rock that primarily exists in the independent Underground music scene Interpol is an American Alternative rock band formed in 1997 in New York City. The Bravery is an American rock band from New York City that consists of Sam Endicott, John Conway Anthony Burulcich Michael Zakarin The Scissor Sisters is a Grammy Award -nominated American band that formed in 2001 They Might Be Giants (commonly abbreviated to TMBG) is an American Alternative rock band which began as a duo of John Flansburgh and John

Entertainment and performing arts

Main article: Music of New York City

The city is also important in the American film industry. The music of New York City is a diverse and important field in the world of music no American city has as central a place in music history as New York City The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. Manhatta (1920), the nation's first avant-garde film, was filmed in the city. Manhatta ( 1921) is a short Documentary film which revels in the haze rising from city smoke stacks Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard ^[65] Today, New York City is the second largest center for the film industry in the United States. The city has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. ^[66] The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA is a United States federally funded and donation assisted program that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence ^[66] Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. Carnegie Hall (generally ˌkɑrnɨgi ˈhɔːl is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City located at 881 Seventh Avenue, occupying the east The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began showcasing a new stage form that came to be known as the Broadway musical. Broadway, as the name implies is a wide avenue in New York City. Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance.

Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Edward Harrigan (October 26 1844 – June 6 1911 was an American actor playwright theatre manager and Composer. George Michael Cohan ( July 3, 1878 &ndash November 5, 1942) was a United States Entertainer, Playwright, Today these productions are a mainstay of the New York theatre scene. The city's 39 largest theatres (with more than 500 seats) are collectively known as "Broadway," after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square theatre district. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Broadway, as the name implies is a wide avenue in New York City. Times Square is a major intersection in Manhattan, New York City at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West ^[67]

The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, which includes Jazz at Lincoln Center, the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Opera, the New York Philharmonic, the New York City Ballet, the Vivian Beaumont Theatre, the Juilliard School and Alice Tully Hall, is the largest performing arts center in the United States. Jazz at Lincoln Center 2 by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|Peter Jay Sharp arcade]] Jazz at Lincoln Center (JLC is a constituent of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Inc The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. New York State Theater by David Shankbonejpg|thumb| New York State Theater]] The New York City Opera (NYCO is based in Philip Johnson 's New York State The New York Philharmonic is the oldest active Symphony Orchestra in the United States, organized during 1842 New York State Theater by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|300px| New York State Theater]] New York City Ballet ( NYCB) is a Ballet company founded in 1948 by The Vivian Beaumont Theater is a theater in New York City in the United States. The Juilliard School, located in New York City, is a world renowned Performing arts conservatory. The Alice Tully Hall is a concert hall that is part of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City. Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park and 1,200 free concerts, dance, and theater events across all five boroughs in the summer months. SummerStage is New York's premiere outdoor concert venue in Central Park ( New York City) founded in 1986 by the Central Park Conservancy its management was transferred ^[68]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in New York City

See also: List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City

Tourism is important to New York City, with about 40 million foreign and American tourists visiting each year. Tourism in New York City includes nearly 44 million foreign and American tourists each year New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites many of which are internationally known Tourism in New York City includes nearly 44 million foreign and American tourists each year ^[69] Major destinations include the Empire State Building, Ellis Island, Broadway theatre productions, museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and other tourist attractions including Central Park, Washington Square Park, Rockefeller Center, Times Square, the Bronx Zoo, New York Botanical Garden, luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues, and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village, the Tribeca Film Festival, and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco Skyscraper in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street Ellis Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually See Washington Square Park (disambiguation Washington Square Park is one of the best-known of New York City 's 1700 public Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City. Times Square is a major intersection in Manhattan, New York City at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West This article is about the zoo for the TV series see The Bronx Zoo (TV series; for the book "The Bronx Zoo" about the Yankees see Sparky Lyle, its The New York Botanical Garden also known as The NYBG is one of the premier Botanical gardens in the United States, located in New York City. New York's Village Halloween Parade is an annual Holiday Parade and street pageant presented the night of every Halloween ( October Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan The TriBeCa Film Festival was founded in 2002 by Jane Rosenthal and Robert De Niro in a response to the September 11 2001 attacks on the World Trade The Statue of Liberty is a major tourist attraction and one of the most recognizable icons of the United States. ^[70] Many of the city's ethnic enclaves, such as Jackson Heights, Flushing, and Brighton Beach are major shopping destinations for first and second generation Americans up and down the East Coast. Jackson Heights is a Neighborhood in north-western portion of the borough of Queens in New York City, USA. Flushing, founded in 1645 is a neighborhood in the north central part of the City of New York borough of Queens, ten miles (16 km east of Manhattan BrightonCOOPsJPG|thumb|Newly built luxury condos on Brighton Beach]]BrightonSchool1438

New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. Jewish and Italian immigrants have made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style pizza. A bagel is a bread product, traditionally made of Yeasted Wheat dough in the form of a roughly hand-sized ring which is first boiled in water and then baked Cheesecake is a large family of sweet Cheese -based Custard pies Cheesecakes are generally made with soft fresh cheeses New York-style pizza is a common style of Pizza, originating from New York City. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafels and kebabs standbys of contemporary New York street food, although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare. Falafel (فلافل; פלאפל also known in Egypt and Sudan as ta'meya Arabic طعمية is a fried ball or patty made from Spiced Fava Kebab (also transliterated as kabab, kabob, kibob, kebhav, kephav) refers to a variety of meat dishes in Middle Eastern ^[71] The city is also home to many of the finest haute cuisine restaurants in the United States. Haute cuisine (literally "high cooking" in French) or grande cuisine refers to the cooking of the grand restaurants and hotels of ^[72]

New York City has over 28,000 acres (113 km²) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (22 km) of public beaches. Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually ^[74] This parkland is augmented by thousands of acres of Gateway National Recreation Area, part of the National Park system, that lie within city boundaries. Gateway National Recreation Area is a 26607 acre (10767 km² National Recreation Area in the New York City metropolitan area. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The National Park System The Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, the only wildlife refuge in the National Park System, alone is over 9,000 acres (36 km²) of marsh islands and water taking up most of Jamaica Bay and included. See also Geography and environment of New York City Jamaica Bay is a Lagoon that lies in the shadow of New York City 's skyscrapers and is adjacent Manhattan's Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, is the most visited city park in the United States with 30 million visitors each year — 10 million more than Lincoln Park in Chicago, which is 2nd. Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually Frederick Law Olmsted ( April 25, 1822 &ndash August 28, 1903) was an American landscape designer and father of American Calvert Vaux ( December 20, 1824 – November 19, 1895) was an architect and landscape designer Lincoln Park is a 1200 acre (49 km² 1875 mi² park along Chicago Illinois ' lakefront facing Lake Michigan. ^[73] Prospect Park in Brooklyn, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, has a 90 acre (36 hectare) meadow. Prospect Park is a 585 acre (24 km² public Park in the New York City borough of Brooklyn located between Park Slope, Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, ^[75] Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, the city's third largest, was the setting for the 1939 World's Fair and 1964 World's Fair. Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, often referred to as Flushing Meadow Park or Flushing Meadows Park, is located in northern Queens, New York City The 1939-40 New York World's Fair, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair) was one of the largest The 1964/1965 New York World's Fair was the third major World's Fair to be held in New York City

Media

Main article: Media in New York City

New York is a global center for the television, advertising, music, newspaper and book publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America (followed by Los Angeles, Chicago, and Toronto). The media of New York City are internationally influential and include some of the most important newspapers largest publishing houses most prolific television studios and Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario ^[77] Some of the city's media conglomerates include Time Warner, the News Corporation, the Hearst Corporation, and Viacom. Time Warner Inc ( is the world's largest media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered in New York City. News Corporation (often abbreviated to News Corp) (,,) is one of the world's largest media conglomerate companies by Market capitalisation Hearst Communications Inc is a privately-held American -based Media conglomerate based in the Hearst Tower in New York City, USA Viacom ( ( short for " Vi deo & A udio Com munications" is an American Media conglomerate with various worldwide interests Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks are headquartered in New York. An advertising agency or ad agency is a service Business dedicated to creating planning and handling Advertising (and sometimes other forms of promotion ^[78] Three of the "Big Four" record labels are also based in the city, as well as in Los Angeles. The music industry is the business of Music. Although it encompasses the activity of many music-related businesses and organizations it is currently dominated by the "big One-third of all American independent films are produced in New York. An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several ^[79] More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city^[79] and the book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. ^[80]

Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include The New York Daily News and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually The city also has a major ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. ^[81] El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. El Diario la Prensa is the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in New York City, and the oldest Spanish-language daily in the United States ^[82] The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African-American newspaper. The New York Amsterdam News is a weekly Newspaper geared for the African-American community of New York City. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper. This article is about a New York newspaper For the Ottawa Hills Ohio magazine see The Village Voice of Ottawa Hills. An alternative newspaper is a type of Newspaper that eschews comprehensive coverage of general news in favor of opinionated Reviews and columns

The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City. The four major American broadcast networks, ABC, CBS, FOX and NBC, are all headquartered in New York. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Many cable channels are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO and Comedy Central. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. Comedy Central is an American Cable television and Satellite television channel that carries predominantly Comedy programming In 2005, there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City. ^[83]

New York is also a major center for non-commercial media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. Public-access television in the United States is a form of Citizen media, similar to Canada's community channels Australia's community television Manhattan Neighborhood Network (MNN is a Non-profit organization that broadcasts programming on four Public access stations in Manhattan, New York ^[84] WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary provider of national PBS programming. WNET, channel 13 is a television station licensed to Newark New Jersey. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. ^[85] The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, nyctv, that produces several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods, as well as city government. NYC TV - sometimes branded in lowercase text as nyctv - is the brand name of the broadcast service run by NYC Media Group, a wholly-owned subsidiary of New York

Accent

The New York City area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. The New York dialect of the English language is spoken by most European Americans and some non-European Americans who were raised in New York City and It is often considered to be one of the most recognizable accents within American English. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. ^[86] The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working class people of European American descent, and the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect. A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants ^[87]

The traditional New York area accent is non-rhotic, so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city as "New Yawk. English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups the rhotic (ˈroʊtɪk and non-rhotic, depending on when the sound typically represented "^[87] There is no [ɹ] in words like park [pɔːk] (with vowel raised due to the low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, and coffee and the often homophonous [ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American. General American is an accent of American English within American English General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American

In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" both become a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St. ) and "terlet" (toilet). ^[87] The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family was a good example of a speaker who had this feature. } Archibald "Archie" Bunker was a Fictional character in the long-running and top-rated American television Sitcom All in the Family All in the Family is an American Situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12 1971 to April This particular speech pattern is no longer very prevalent. ^[87]

Sports

Main article: Sports in New York City

New York City has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues, each of which also has its headquarters in the city. Sports in New York City have a long and distinguished history The original Yankee Stadium is a Stadium located in The Bronx in New York City. The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the borough of The Bronx, in New York City, New York.

New York is one of the few areas of the United States where baseball, rather than football, remains the most popular sport. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with There have been fourteen World Series championship series between New York City teams, in matchups called Subway Series. For other events named "World Series" see World Series (disambiguation. The Subway Series is a series of Major League Baseball games played between teams based in New York City. New York is one of only five metro areas (Chicago, Washington-Baltimore, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Yankees and the New York Mets, who compete in six games every regular season. The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the borough of The Bronx, in New York City, New York. "Mets" redirects here For the medical term see Metastasis. The Yankees have enjoyed 26 world titles, while the Mets have taken the Series twice. The city also was once home to the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants) and the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers). The San Francisco Giants are a Major League Baseball team based in, that currently play in the National League West Division. The San Francisco Giants are a Major League Baseball team based in, that currently play in the National League West Division. The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles California, USA The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles California, USA Both teams moved to California in 1958. There are also two minor league baseball teams in the city, the Staten Island Yankees and Brooklyn Cyclones. Part of the History of baseball series Minor league baseball is a hierarchy of Professional baseball leagues in North The Staten Island Yankees are a minor league Baseball team located in Staten Island, New York. The Brooklyn Cyclones are a minor league Baseball team in the Short-Season A classification New York - Penn League, affiliated with the New York

The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Jets and New York Giants (officially the New York Football Giants), although both teams play their home games in Giants Stadium in nearby New Jersey. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. The New York Jets are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area. The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York City suburb of East Rutherford New Jersey. Giants Stadium, is the home Stadium for the New York Giants and New York Jets football teams of the NFL, and the Red Bull New New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

The New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League. The New York City Marathon ( ING New York City Marathon for Sponsorship reasons is a major annual marathon (42 The New York Rangers are a professional Ice hockey team based in New York, New York, United States. The National Hockey League ( NHL) is a professional Ice hockey league composed of 30 teams in North America

In soccer, New York is represented by the Major League Soccer side, Red Bull New York. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Major League Soccer ( MLS) is the top-flight professional Soccer league in the United States and Canada with 14 teams 13 in the U Red Bull New York is an American professional soccer organization based in New Jersey that fields a team in Major League Soccer called the The "Red Bulls" also play their home games at the Giants Stadium in New Jersey. Giants Stadium, is the home Stadium for the New York Giants and New York Jets football teams of the NFL, and the Red Bull New

The city's National Basketball Association team is the New York Knicks and the city's Women's National Basketball Association team is the New York Liberty. The New York Liberty is a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA team based in New York City. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The National Invitation Tournament (NIT is a men's college Basketball tournament operated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. ^[88] Rucker Park in Harlem is a celebrated court where many professional athletes play in the summer league. Rucker Park is a Basketball court in the New York City borough of Manhattan, located at 155th Street and Frederick Douglass Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center

As a global city, New York supports many events outside these sports. The US Open Tennis tournament is one of the oldest tennis championships in the world first contested in 1881 Queens is host of the U. S. Tennis Open, one of the four Grand Slam tournaments. The four Grand Slam tournaments are the most important Tennis events of the year The New York City Marathon is the world's largest, and the 2004-2006 runnings hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006. The New York City Marathon ( ING New York City Marathon for Sponsorship reasons is a major annual marathon (42 ^[89] The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. The Millrose Games is an annual indoor athletics meet (track and field held on the first Friday in February in New York City's Madison Square Garden since 1914 The Wanamaker Mile is an event held annually at the Millrose Games in New York City 's Madison Square Gardens. Boxing is also a very prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.

Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in working class Italian, German, and Irish neighborhoods in the 1930s. Stickball is a Street game related to Baseball, usually formed as a pick-up game in large cities in the Northeastern United States (especially Stickball is still commonly played, as a street in The Bronx has been renamed Stickball Blvd. as tribute to New York's most known street sport. In recent years several amateur cricket leagues have emerged with the arrival of immigrants from South Asia and the Caribbean. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Street hockey, football, and baseball are also commonly seen being played on the streets of New York. New York City is often called "The World's Biggest Urban Playground," as street sports are commonly played by people of all ages. ^[90]

Economy

Main article: Economy of New York City

New York City is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the world economy (along with London and Tokyo). The economy of New York City is the largest regional economy in the United States and the second largest city economy in the world The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. ^[91] The city is a major center for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States. The New York metropolitan area had an estimated gross metropolitan product of $952. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central ---- Gross metropolitan product (GMP is one of several measures of the size of the Economy of a Metropolitan area. 6 billion in 2005, the largest regional economy in the United States. ^[92] The city's economy accounts for the majority of the economic activity in the states of New York and New Jersey. ^[92] Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including 44 Fortune 500 companies. Please do not add the complete list of fortune 500 companies The list is copyrighted by Fortune which makes money by selling the content ^[93] New York is also unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. ^[94]

New York City is home to some of the nations—and the world's—most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for $510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m²) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. Park Avenue (formerly Fourth Avenue) is a wide boulevard that carries north and southbound traffic in New York City Borough of Manhattan Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[95]

Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business in the United States and is home to the highest concentration of the city's skyscrapers. See also Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or simply Midtown, is an area of Manhattan, New York City home to world-famous commercial Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States, and is home to The New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, representing the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. The NASDAQ (acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American Stock exchange. ^[96] Financial services account for more than 35% of the city's employment income. ^[97] Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was $802. 4 billion in 2006. ^[98] The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1. The Time Warner Center is a mixed-use skyscraper developed by The Related Companies in New York City. 1 billion in 2006. ^[98]

The city's television and film industry is the second largest in the country after Hollywood. Times Square is a major intersection in Manhattan, New York City at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West ^[99] Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries. ^[100] High-tech industries like bioscience, software development, game design, and internet services are also growing, bolstered by the city's position at the terminus of several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines. A transatlantic telephone cable is a Submarine communications cable that carries telephone traffic under the Atlantic Ocean. ^[101] Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities.

Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products. ^[102] The food-processing industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city. ^[103] Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents, many of them immigrants who speak little English. Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with $234 million worth of exports each year. ^[103]

Demographics

New York City Compared

2000 Census	NY City	NY State	U. S.
Total population	8,008,278[58]	18,976,457	281,421,906
Population, percent change, 1990 to 2000	+9. 4%	+5. 5%	+13. 1%
Population density	26,403/sq mi	402/sq mi	80/sq mi
Median household income (1999)	$38,293	$43,393	$41,994
Bachelor's degree or higher	27%	27%	29%
Foreign born	36%	20%	11%
White	45%	68%	75%
White (non-Hispanic)	37%	62%	67%
Black	28%	16%	12%
Hispanic (any race)	27%	15%	11%
Asian	10%	6%	4%

Main article: Demographics of New York City

New York is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 2007 population of 8,274,527 (up from 7. The demographics of New York City depict a uniquely large and ethnically diverse Metropolis, the largest city in the United States, with 3 million in 1990). ^[58] This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. Over the last decade the city's population has been increasing and demographers estimate New York's population will reach between 9. 2 and 9. 5 million by 2030. ^[104]

New York's two key demographic features are its population density and cultural diversity. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Cultural diversity encompasses the cultural differences that exist between people such as language dress and traditions and the way societies organize themselves their conception of The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km²) makes it the most densely populated American municipality with a population above 100,000. ^[105] Manhattan's population density is 66,940 people per square mile (25,846/km²), highest of any county in the United States. ^[106][107]

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1790	33,131		—
1800	60,515		82. 7%
1810	96,373		59. 3%
1820	123,706		28. 4%
1830	202,589		63. 8%
1840	312,710		54. 4%
1850	696,490		122. 7%
1860	813,669		16. 8%
1870	942,292		15. 8%
1880	1,206,299		28%
1890	1,515,301		25. 6%
1900	3,437,202		126. 8%
1910	4,766,883		38. 7%
1920	5,620,048		17. 9%
1930	6,930,446		23. 3%
1940	7,454,995		7. 6%
1950	7,891,957		5. 9%
1960	7,781,984		−1. 4%
1970	7,894,862		1. 5%
1980	7,071,639		−10. 4%
1990	7,322,564		3. 5%
2000	8,008,288		9. 4%
Population 1790 — 1990[108]

New York City is exceptionally diverse. Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for immigrants; the term melting pot was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are The Lower East Side is a Neighborhood in the southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Today, 36% of the city's population is foreign-born. ^[10] Among American cities, this proportion is exceeded only by Los Angeles and Miami. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West ^[107] While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few nationalities, in New York no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest countries of origin for modern immigration are the Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Guyana, Mexico, Ecuador, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, and Russia. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ^[109] About 170 languages are spoken in the city. ^[9]

The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel; Tel Aviv proper (non-metro/within municipal limits) has a smaller population than the Jewish population of New York City proper, making New York the largest Jewish community in the world. American Jews, or Jewish Americans For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel About 12% of New Yorkers are Jewish or of Jewish descent and roots. ^[110] It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's Indian Americans,^[111] and the largest African American community of any city in the United States. Indian Americans are Americans who are of Indian ancestry The U African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa

The five largest ethnic groups as of the 2005 census estimates are: Puerto Ricans, Italians, West Indians, Dominicans and Chinese. Puerto Ricans in the United States (also referred to as the "Puerto Rican Diaspora," " Nuyorican " "Stateside Puerto Ricans" "mainland An Italian American is an American of Italian descent and/or dual citizenship The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting A Dominican American (also Dominican-York) is an American who has ancestry from the Dominican Republic (not to be mistaken for Dominicans from the Commonwealth Chinese Americans ( Chinese: 华裔美国人 are Americans of Chinese descent ^[112] The Puerto Rican population of New York City is the largest outside of Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans have both immigrated and migrated to New York. The first group of Puerto Ricans moved to New York in the mid 19th Century when Puerto Rico was a Spanish ^[113] Italians emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early twentieth century. The Irish, the sixth largest ethnic group, also have a notable presence; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes inherited from Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish high king of the fifth century A. Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánach are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in Ireland. Irish American The Irish community is one of New York's major and important ethnic groups and has been a significant proportion of the city's population since the waves of immigration in the Niall Noígíallach ( Old Irish "having nine Hostages quot pronounced /niː'əl noɪ'jiːəlax/ was an Irish king the Eponymous ancestor D. ^[114]

New York City has a high degree of income disparity. In 2005 the median household income in the wealthiest census tract was $188,697, while in the poorest it was $9,320. ^[115] The disparity is driven by wage growth in high income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. In 2006 the average weekly wage in Manhattan was $1,453, the highest and fastest growing among the largest counties in the United States. ^[116] The borough is also experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under age 5 living in Manhattan grew by more than 32%. ^[117]

Home ownership in New York City is about 33%, much lower than the national average of 69%. ^[118] Rental vacancy is usually between 3% and 4. 5%, well below the 5% threshold defined to be a housing emergency and used to justify the continuation of rent control and rent stabilization. Rent control in New York refers to Rent control and rent stabilization programs in New York State, USA. About 33% of rental units are rent-stabilized. Finding housing, particularly affordable housing, in New York City can be more than challenging. ^[119]

Government

Main article: Government of New York City

Since its consolidation in 1898, New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a "strong" mayor-council form of government. The government of New York City is organized under the City Charter and provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The Manhattan Municipal Building, at 1 Centre Street in New York City, is a 40-story building built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 A metropolitan municipality is a type of Municipality established in some countries to serve a Metropolitan area. The Mayor-Council government system sometimes called the Mayor-Commission government system is one of two variations of Government used for the most part in modern The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U. S. cities. In New York City, the central government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. The mayor and councillors are elected to four-year terms. The Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City. A councillor or councilor ( Cllr, Coun, Clr or Cr for short is a member of a Local government council such as a The New York City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber ^[120] The mayor and councilors are limited to two four-year terms.

The mayor is Michael Bloomberg, a former Democrat and current independent elected as a Republican in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 with 59% of the vote. Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman and the Mayor of New York City. ^[121] He is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health policy. In his second term he has made school reform, poverty reduction, and strict gun control central priorities of his administration. ^[122] Together with Boston mayor Thomas Menino, in 2006 he founded the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets. Thomas Michael Menino (born December 27, 1942) is the mayor of Boston Massachusetts, United States and the city's first The Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition is a coalition of Mayors from 225 different United States cities, with a stated goal of "making the public safer Gun politics is a set of legal issues surrounding the ownership use and regulation of firearms as well as safety issues related to firearms both through their direct use and through "^[123] The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. 66% of registered voters in the city are Democrats. ^[124] New York City has not been won by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since 1924. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city. A party platform, also known as a Manifesto, is a list of the principles which a Political party supports in order to appeal to the general public for the purpose

New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. New York City Hall is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan between Broadway, Park Row and The ZIP code is the system of Postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and John Kerry. The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park and the East River. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator ^[125] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11. Taxation in the United States is a complex system which may involve payment to at least four different levels of government and many methods of taxation 4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back. ^[126]

Located near City Hall are the courthouse for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (S The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. Jacob K Javits Federal Office Building at 26 Federal Plaza in the Civic Center Manhattan, New York City is a 40+ story structure which houses many federal government Manhattan also hosts the NY Appellate Division, First Department. The New York Supreme Court Appellate Division is the intermediate Appellate court in New York State. Brooklyn hosts the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, and NY Appellate Division, Second Department. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York is the federal district court whose jurisdiction comprises the entirety of Long Island The New York Supreme Court Appellate Division is the intermediate Appellate court in New York State. As with any county, each Borough has a branch of the New York Supreme Court and other New York State courts. The Supreme Court of the State of New York is New York State 's Trial court, and is of General jurisdiction. As the host of the United Nations, New York City is home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 122 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulate offices. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[127]

Crime

Main article: Crime in New York City

In the 1980s, crime rates spiked and in the early 1990s as the crack epidemic hit the city, but by the mid 1990s and early 21st century crime rates had greatly subsided and since the year 2005 the city had the lowest crime rate of the 25 largest U. Crime in New York City has been a concern of residents since the 19th century The crack epidemic refers to a six year period between 1984 and 1990 in the United States during which there was a huge surge in the use of Crack cocaine in major S cities. By 2002 New York City had about the same crime rate as Provo, Utah and was ranked 197th in overall crime among the 216 U. Provo is a city in and the County seat S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005 and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. ^[128] In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1963. ^[129] In 2007 New York City recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963. List of countries by homicide rate Homicide ( Latin homicidium, homo human being + caedere to cut kill refers to the act of killing another

Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on what explains the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the New York City Police Department, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. See also New York City Police Department CompStat —or COMPSTAT—(short for COMPuter STATistics or COMParative STATistics is the name given to the New York City Fixing Broken Windows Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities by George L Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes. ^[130]

Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. The 40 Thieves &mdash likely named after Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves &mdash was the first organized Street gang in New York 's history The Roach Guards were an Irish street Gang in the New York City 's Five Points during the early 19th century Five Points (or The Five Points) was a notorious Slum centered on the intersection of Anthony (now Worth Orange (now Baxter Mulberry (still the same name Cross The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia dominated by the Five Families. The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century The Five Families are the five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have dominated Organized crime in New York City since the 1930s Gangs including the Black Spades also grew in the late 20th century. Gangsters redirects here For the computer game see Gangsters (video game. The Black Spades was one of the largest and most violent black street gangs in New York City during the 1970s ^[131]

Education

Main article: Education in New York City

The city's public school system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest in the United States. Education in New York City is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions Fordham University is a private University in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. The New York City Department of Education ( NYCDOE) is the branch of municipal government in New York City that manages the city's public school system About 1. 1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools. ^[132] There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city, including some of the most prestigious private schools in the United States. ^[133] Though it is not often thought of as a college town, there are about 594,000 university students in New York City, the highest number of any city in the United States. A college town or university town is a community (often literally a Town, but possibly a small or medium sized City, or in some cases a Neighborhood ^[134] In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. ^[135] Public postsecondary education is provided by the City University of New York, the nation's third-largest public university system, and the Fashion Institute of Technology, part of the State University of New York. The City University of New York (CUNY Acronym ˈkjuːni is the public University system of New York City. The Fashion Institute of Technology ( FIT) is a State University of New York college of art and design located in New York City, New York New York City is also home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, The New School, and Yeshiva University. Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college founded in 1889 Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art (commonly referred to simply as The Cooper Union or Cooper Union) is a privately-funded college in Fordham University is a private University in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. This is about the university in New York; for other uses see New School (disambiguation. Yeshiva University is a private Jewish University in New York City whose first component was founded in 1886. The city has dozens of other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University,The Juilliard School and The School of Visual Arts. The Juilliard School, located in New York City, is a world renowned Performing arts conservatory. The School of Visual Arts ( SVA) is an Art school in Manhattan New York City and is one of the nation's leading independent Colleges of art and

Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions. ^[136] The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. S. cities. ^[137] Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Weill Cornell Medical College. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC is a Cancer treatment and research institution founded in 1884 as the New York Cancer Hospital. The Rockefeller University is a private University which focuses primarily on basic research in the biomedical fields and offers graduate and postgraduate education The State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, better known as SUNY Downstate Medical Center, is an academic medical center and is the only one of its kind For the engineering company see AECOM The Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECOM is a graduate school of Yeshiva University This page is about a medical school in New York For other uses please see Mount Sinai (disambiguation Mount Sinai School of Medicine The Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, formerly named the Joan and Sanford I

The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island. The New York Public Library ( NYPL) is one of the leading public libraries of the world and is one of America's most significant Research libraries. ^[138] Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, which is the nation's second largest public library system, and Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn. The Queens Borough Public Library, also known as the Queens Library is the Public library for the Borough of Queens and one of three library The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL is the Public library system of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. ^[138] The New York Public Library has several research libraries, including the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is part of the New York Public Library.

New York City also features many of the most elite and exclusive private schools in the country. These schools include Brearley School, Dalton School, Spence School, The Chapin School, Nightingale-Bamford School, Convent of the Sacred Heart on the Upper East Side of Manhattan; Collegiate School and Trinity School on the Upper West Side of Manhattan; Horace Mann School, Ethical Culture Fieldston School, and Riverdale Country School in Riverdale, Bronx; and Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn. The Brearley School is an all-girls' Private school in New York City, USA. The Dalton School, originally called the Children's University School, is a private University-preparatory school on New York City 's Upper East The Spence School is an all-girls independent school in New York City, founded in 1892 by Clara B The Chapin School, founded by Maria Bowen Chapin is a private School for Girls located in Manhattan, New York City, USA. The Nightingale-Bamford School is an independent all-female University-preparatory school founded in 1920 by Frances Nicolau Nightingale and Maya Stevens Bamford Convent of the Sacred Heart is the oldest independent all-girls school in Manhattan The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park and the East River. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York Collegiate School is a Private school for boys in New York City and lays claim to being the oldest School in the United States. Trinity School is a private, preparatory, Co-educational Day school for grades K-12 located in New York City, USA The Upper West Side is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River The Horace Mann School is an independent College preparatory school in New York City. The Ethical Culture Fieldston School, known as Fieldston is a private "independent" school in New York City and a member of the Ivy Preparatory Riverdale Country School is a co-educational independent college-preparatory day school in New York City. Riverdale (population approximately 45000 according to the 2000 U Saint Ann's School is a private school in New York City known for its strength in the arts as well as academics Some of New York City's renowned public secondary schools, often considered the best in the nation, include: Hunter College High School, Stuyvesant High School, The Bronx High School of Science, Brooklyn Technical High School, Bard High School Early College, Townsend Harris High School, and LaGuardia High School. For other uses of the acronym HCHS, see HCHS (disambiguation. Stuyvesant High School ( IPA: /ˈstаɪvɛsənt/ commonly referred to as Stuy ( IPA: /ˈstаɪ/ is a New York City Public high school The Bronx High School of Science (commonly called Bronx Science, Bronx Sci, or just Science, and officially known as H Brooklyn Technical High School, commonly called Brooklyn Tech or just Tech, and also administratively as High School 430, is a New York City Bard High School Early College (BHSEC is an alternative public Secondary school in New York City that allows five to six hundred highly motivated Townsend Harris High School is a public magnet High school for the Humanities in the borough of Queens in New York City. Fiorello H LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, also officially known as "H

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in New York City

Public transit is overwhelmingly the dominant form of travel for New Yorkers. "Grand Central Station" redirects here For other uses see Grand Central. ^[139] About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs. ^[140][141] This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. ^[139] New York is the only city in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car (in Manhattan, more than 75% of residents do not own a car; nationally, the percentage is 8%). The following is a list of United States cities of 100000+ inhabitants with the 50 highest percentages of households without Automobiles according to data from the 2000 Census ^[139] According the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of about one full week a year getting to work (an average of 38. 4 minutes per day), making it the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. ^[142]

The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by the number of stations in operation, with 468. The New York City Subway is a Rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway It is the third-largest when measured by annual ridership (1. 5 billion passenger trips in 2006). ^[140] New York's subway is also remarkable because nearly all of the system remains open 24 hours per day (though in some cases with significant differences in routings from the daytime network), in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including London, Paris, Washington, DC, and Tokyo. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The transportation system in New York City is extensive and complex. It includes the longest suspension bridge in North America,^[143] the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel,^[144] more than 12,000 yellow cabs,^[145] an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan, and a ferry system connecting Manhattan to various locales within and outside the city. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is a double-decked Suspension bridge that connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New The Holland Tunnel is a highway Tunnel under the Hudson River connecting the island of Manhattan in New York City with Jersey The Roosevelt Island Tramway is an Aerial tramway in New York City that spans the East River and connects Roosevelt Island to Manhattan Roosevelt Island, formerly known as Welfare Island, and before that Blackwell's Island, is a narrow island in the East River of New York

New York City's public bus fleet and commuter rail network are the largest in North America. John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 MTA Bus Company is a service of MTA Regional Bus Operations used on routes previously controlled by the New York City Department of Transportation ^[140] The rail network, which connects the suburbs in the tri-state region to the city, has more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. The Tri-State Region is commonly used in the area surrounding New York City to unambiguously refer to the greater metropolitan area. ^{[140][146][147]} The commuter rail system converges at the two busiest rail stations in the United States, Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station. "Grand Central Station" redirects here For other uses see Grand Central. Pennsylvania Station (commonly known as “Penn Station”) is the major intercity rail station and a major Commuter rail hub in New York City ^[148]

New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the United States. ^[149] The area is served by three major airports, John F. Kennedy International, Newark Liberty International and LaGuardia, with plans for a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, NY, to be taken over and enlarged by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (which administers the other three airports), as a "reliever" airport to help cope with increasing passenger volume. John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 Newark Liberty International Airport, first named Newark Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international Airport within the LaGuardia Airport (ləˈɡwɑɹdiə is an airport located in Queens County on Long Island in the The City of New York. For the military use of this facility see Stewart Air National Guard Base Stewart International Airport is located west of Newburgh The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ( PANYNJ) is a bi-state Port district, established in 1921 (as the Port of New York Authority) through 100 million travelers used the three airports in 2005 and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation. ^[150] Outbound international travel from JFK and Newark accounted for about a quarter of all U. S. travelers who went overseas in 2004. ^[151]

New York's high rate of public transit use, 120,000 daily cyclists^[152] and many pedestrian commuters makes it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. The New York City Subway is a Rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency The following is a list of United States cities of 100000+ inhabitants with the 50 highest rates of Public transit commuting to work according to data from the 2006 American The following is a list of United States cities of 100000+ inhabitants with the 50 highest rates of pedestrian commuting according to data from the 2000 Census. ^[37] Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. ^[153]

To complement New York's vast mass transit network, the city also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, that link New York City to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwest Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. In the United States, Parkways are defined as follows A type of road A broad landscaped thoroughfare especially: one from which trucks and New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Westchester County is a primarily Suburban county located in the U Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Because these highways serve millions of suburban residents who commute into New York, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour. Commuting is the process of Travelling between one's place of residence and regular place of work Rush hour at Shinjuku 02JPG|thumb|right|250px|Rush hour at Shinjuku Station, Yamanote Line]] A rush hour or peak hour is a part of the day during which The George Washington Bridge is considered one of the world's busiest bridges in terms of vehicle traffic. The George Washington Bridge (known informally as the GW Bridge, the GWB, the GW, or the George) is a Suspension bridge spanning ^[154]

Despite New York's reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street and Madison Avenue are also used as shorthand in the American vernacular for national industries located there; those being the theater, finance, and advertising organizations, respectively.

Sister cities

New York City has ten sister cities,^[155] nine of which are through the city's membership in Sister Cities International (SCI). Sister Cities International is a Non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and fostering Town twinning, especially between cities in the United States ^[156] The date section indicates the year in which the city was twinned with New York City.

Country	City	County/District/Region/State	Date
Japan	Tokyo	Tokyo Prefecture	1960
China	Beijing	Beijing	1980
Egypt	Cairo	Cairo Governorate	1982
Spain	Madrid	Comunidad de Madrid	1982
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	Distrito Nacional	1983
Hungary	Budapest	Pest County	1992
Italy	Rome	Lazio	1992
Israel	Jerusalem	Jerusalem District	1993
United Kingdom	London	England	2001
South Africa	Johannesburg	Gauteng	2003

References

Further reading

• Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace (1998), Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, Oxford University Press. Edwin G Burrows (born in 1943 is a Professor of History at Brooklyn College, and is the Pulitzer Prize winning Mike Wallace is an American historian He is currently the director of the Gotham Center for New York City History. Gotham A History of New York City to 1898 is a nonfiction book written by Edwin G
• Anthony Burgess (1976). Anthony Burgess (February 25 1917 — November 22 1993 was an English Novelist, Critic, Composer, Librettist, Poet New York, Little, Brown & Co. New York is a work of travel and observation by Anthony Burgess.
• Federal Writers' Project (1939). The Federal Writers' Project (FWP was a United States federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. The WPA Guide to New York City, The New Press (1995 reissue).
• Kenneth T. Jackson (ed. Kenneth Terry Jackson (born 1939 is a Professor of History and Social sciences at Columbia University. ) (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale University Press. The Encyclopedia of New York City is a comprehensive reference book on New York City.
• Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar (eds. ) (2005), Empire City: New York Through the Centuries, Columbia University Press.
• Lankevich, George L. (1998). American Metropolis: A History of New York City. NYU Press. ISBN 0814751865.  
• E. B. White (1949). Elwyn Brooks "E B" White ( July 11, 1899 – October 1 1985) was an American writer Here is New York, Little Bookroom (2000 reissue).
• Colson Whitehead (2003). Colson Whitehead is a New York -based Novelist. In 2002 he received a MacArthur Fellowship, often referred to as the MacArthur "Genius" grant The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts, Doubleday.
• E. Porter Belden (1849). New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of its Present Condition, and an Estimate of its Future Increase, New York, G. P. Putnam. from Google Books. Google Book Search is a tool from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans OCRs, and stores in its digital database

External links

• NYC.gov - official website of the city
• NYCvisit.com - Official tourism website of New York City
• New York City travel guide from Wikitravel
• New York City at the Open Directory Project

• New York City is at coordinates 40°43′N 74°00′W / 40.71, -74.00 (New York City)Coordinates: 40°43′N 74°00′W / 40.71, -74.00 (New York City)
• NYCityMap - Interactive Map of New York City - includes subway stations and entrances
• A Map and Timeline of many of the events mentioned in this article

Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.

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