- This article refers to the New World wood warbler family of birds, the Parulidae. For the Eurasian species Phylloscopus sibilatrix, see Wood Warbler. This article refers to the Eurasian leaf warbler For American wood warblers see New World warbler.
The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. The Common Yellowthroat, ( Geothlypis trichas) is a New World warbler. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink Frank Alexander Wetmore ( June 18, 1886 &ndash December 7, 1978) was an American Ornithologist and avian Paleontologist Vermivora is a genus of New World Warblers Species Bachman's Warbler, Vermivora bachmanii Extinct Parula is a small genus of New World warblers which breed in North and South America. Dendroica is a genus of Birds of the New World Warbler family Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Whistling Warbler ( Catharopeza bishopi) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Black-and-white Warbler, Mniotilta varia, is a small New World warbler. The American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla, is a New World warbler. The Prothonotary Warbler ( Protonotaria citrea) is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Worm-eating Warbler ( Helmitheros vermivorus) is a small New World warbler. Swainson's Warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii, is a small Species of New World warbler. The genus Seiurus consists of three species of Bird in the New World warbler family Parulidae Oporornis is a small genus of New World warblers which breed in North America. The yellowthroats are New World warblers in the genus Geothlypis. UserPolbot. --> The Green-tailed Warbler ( Microligea palustris) also known as the Green-tailed Ground Warbler UserPolbot. --> Teretistris is a genus of Bird in the Parulidae family The Semper's Warbler ( Leucopeza semperi) is an extremely rare or possibly extinct New World Warbler which is endemic to Saint Lucia. Wilsonia is a small genus of New World warblers which breed in North America. The Red-faced Warbler ( Cardellina rubrifrons) is a species of New World warbler. Ergaticus is a genus of New World warblers endemic to Mexico and Guatemala. The Whitestarts are tropical New World warblers in the genus Myioborus. The Fan-tailed Warbler, Euthlypis lachrymosa, is an New World Warbler in the Monotypic Genus Euthlypis that lives along the Basileuterus is a genus of New World warblers best represented in Central and South America. The Wrenthrush Zeledonia coronata is a species of New World warbler that is endemic to Costa Rica and western Panama. The Yellow-breasted Chat ( Icteria virens) is a large Songbird, formerly considered the most atypical member of the New World warbler family though the UserPolbot. --> Granatellus is a genus of Bird traditionally placed in the family Parulidae, although UserPolbot. --> The White-winged Warbler ( Xenoligea montana) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. They are not related to the Old World warblers (Sylviidae) or the Australian warblers. The " Old World Warblers " family Sylviidae are a family of small Passerine Bird species the names sylviid warblers The large and diverse Passerine bird family Pardalotidae includes the Pardalotes Scrubwrens Thornbills Gerygones and allies
Most are arboreal, but some, like the Ovenbird and the two waterthrushes, are more terrestrial. Arboreal is a word meaning "related to or resembling trees" Ovenbirds are also the Furnariidae family of Neotropical Suboscines specifically the tribe Furnarini which The genus Seiurus consists of three species of Bird in the New World warbler family Parulidae Most members of this family are insectivores. An insectivore is a type of carnivore with a diet that consists chiefly of Insects and similar small creatures
It is likely that this group originated in northern Central America, which remains with the greatest diversity and numbers of species. From thence they spread north during the interglacial periods, mainly as migrants, returning to the ancestral region in winter. Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability Two genera, Myioborus and Basileuterus seem to have colonised South America early, perhaps before the two continents were linked, and provide most warbler species of that region. The Whitestarts are tropical New World warblers in the genus Myioborus. Basileuterus is a genus of New World warblers best represented in Central and South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
Many migratory species, particularly those breeding further north, have distinctive male plumage at least in the breeding seaon, since males need to reclaim territory and advertise for mates each year. This tendency is particularly marked in the large genus Dendroica. Dendroica is a genus of Birds of the New World Warbler family Parulidae In contrast, resident tropical species, which pair for life, show little if any sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species.
There are of course exceptions. The Seiurus waterthrushes and Ovenbird are strongly migratory, but have identical male and female plumage, whereas the mainly tropical and sedentary yellowthroats are dimorphic. The genus Seiurus consists of three species of Bird in the New World warbler family Parulidae The genus Seiurus consists of three species of Bird in the New World warbler family Parulidae Ovenbirds are also the Furnariidae family of Neotropical Suboscines specifically the tribe Furnarini which The yellowthroats are New World warblers in the genus Geothlypis.
The Granatellus chats also show sexual dimorphism, but due to recent genetic work may soon be moved into the family Cardinalidae (New World buntings and cardinals). The Cardinals or Cardinalidae are a family of Passerine Birds found in North and South America.
All the warblers are fairly small. The smallest species is the Lucy's Warbler (Vermivora luciae), at about 6. Lucy's Warbler, Vermivora luciae, is the smallest New World warbler found in North America, measuring a mere 4 5 grams and 10. 6 cm (4. 2 inches). By far the largest species is the Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens), at 27 grams and 19 cm (7. The Yellow-breasted Chat ( Icteria virens) is a large Songbird, formerly considered the most atypical member of the New World warbler family though the 5 inches).
The migratory species tend to lay larger clutches of eggs, typically up to six, since the hazards of their journeys mean that many individuals will have only one chance to breed. In contrast, two eggs is typical for many tropical species, since the chicks can be provided with better care, and the adults are likely to have further opportunities for reproduction.
The scientific name for the family, Parulidae, originates from the fact that Linnaeus in 1758 named the Northern Parula as a tit, Parus americanus, and, as taxonomy developed, the genus name was modified first to Parulus and then the current Parula. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for The tits, chickadees, and titmice comprise Paridae, a large family of small Passerine Birds which occur in the Northern hemisphere Parula is a small genus of New World warblers which breed in North and South America. The family name, of course, derives from that genus.
Systematics
There are a number of issues in the taxonomy and systematics of the Parulidae.
- Sibley and Ahlquist have suggested that the family be merged with the Emberizidae as a subfamily Parulinae. The Emberizidae are a large family of Passerine Birds They are seed-eating Birds with a distinctively shaped bill The Olive Warbler, however would be removed from the group as the only member of the separate subfamily Peucedramimae. The Olive Warbler, Peucedramus taeniatus, is a small Passerine Bird, the only member of the family Peucedramidae
- The New World warblers are closely related to the tanagers, and some species like the conebills Conirostrum and the Bananaquit have been placed into either group by different authorities. The tanagers are a family, Thraupidae, of birds in the order Passeriformes. Typical conebills are the Tanager Genus Conirostrum. They are small tanagers (9 - 14cm found in the forests of South America The Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola, is a Passerine Bird first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Certhia Currently, the conebills are normally placed in Thraupidae and the Bananaquit in its own family. The tanagers are a family, Thraupidae, of birds in the order Passeriformes.
- Green-tailed Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, the Granatellus chats and White-winged Warbler, are other species where there have been questions as to whether they should be considered as warblers or tanagers. UserPolbot. --> The Green-tailed Warbler ( Microligea palustris) also known as the Green-tailed Ground Warbler The Yellow-breasted Chat ( Icteria virens) is a large Songbird, formerly considered the most atypical member of the New World warbler family though the UserPolbot. --> The White-winged Warbler ( Xenoligea montana) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae
- The Pardusco, Nephelornis oneilli is also of uncertain affinities
Genera and species
- Genus Parula (gutturalis and superciliosa paraphyletic with Vermivora)
- Genus Dendroica
- Yellow Warbler, Dendroica petechia
- Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pensylvanica
- Magnolia Warbler, Dendroica magnolia
- Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina
- Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica caerulescens
- Yellow-rumped Warbler, Dendroica coronata
- Black-throated Gray Warbler, Dendroica nigrescens
- Golden-cheeked Warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia
- Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens
- Townsend's Warbler, Dendroica townsendi
- Hermit Warbler, Dendroica occidentalis
- Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca
- Yellow-throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica
- Olive-capped Warbler, Dendroica pityophila
- Grace's Warbler, Dendroica graciae
- Adelaide's Warbler, Dendroica adelaidae
- Barbuda Warbler, Dendroica subita
- St. Lucia Warbler, Dendroica delicata
- Pine Warbler, Dendroica pinus
- Kirtland's Warbler, Dendroica kirtlandii
- Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor
- Vitelline Warbler, Dendroica vitellina
- Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum
- Bay-breasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea
- Blackpoll Warbler, Dendroica striata
- Cerulean Warbler, Dendroica cerulea
- Plumbeous Warbler, Dendroica plumbea
- Arrow-headed Warbler, Dendroica pharetra
- Elfin-woods Warbler, Dendroica angelae
- Genus Myioborus (often, more accurately, named as whitestarts, as they have conspicuous white, not red, feathers on the tail sides)
- Painted Redstart, Myioborus pictus
- Slate-throated Redstart, Myioborus miniatus
- Tepui Redstart, Myioborus castaneocapillus
- Brown-capped Redstart, Myioborus brunniceps
- Yellow-faced Redstart, Myioborus pariae
- White-faced Redstart, Myioborus albifacies
- Saffron-breasted Redstart, Myioborus cardonai
- Collared Redstart, Myioborus torquatus
- Spectacled Redstart, Myioborus melanocephalus
- Golden-fronted Redstart, Myioborus ornatus
- White-fronted Redstart, Myioborus albifrons
- Yellow-crowned Redstart, Myioborus flavivertex
- Genus Basileuterus
- Gray-and-gold Warbler, Basileuterus fraseri
- Two-banded Warbler, Basileuterus bivittatus
- Golden-bellied Warbler, Basileuterus chrysogaster
- Choco Warbler, Basileuterus chlorophrys
- Pale-legged Warbler, Basileuterus signatus
- Citrine Warbler, Basileuterus luteoviridis
- Black-crested Warbler, Basileuterus nigrocristatus
- Gray-headed Warbler, Basileuterus griseiceps
- Santa Marta Warbler, Basileuterus basilicus
- Gray-throated Warbler, Basileuterus cinereicollis
- White-lored Warbler, Basileuterus conspicillatus
- Russet-crowned Warbler, Basileuterus coronatus
- Golden-crowned Warbler, Basileuterus culicivorus
- Three-banded Warbler, Basileuterus trifasciatus
- White-bellied Warbler, Basileuterus hypoleucus
- Rufous-capped Warbler, Basileuterus rufifrons
- Golden-browed Warbler, Basileuterus belli
- Black-cheeked Warbler, Basileuterus melanogenys
- Pirre Warbler, Basileuterus ignotus
- Three-striped Warbler, Basileuterus tristriatus
- White-rimmed Warbler, Basileuterus leucoblepharus
- White-striped Warbler, Basileuterus leucophrys
- Flavescent Warbler, Basileuterus flaveolus
- Buff-rumped Warbler, Basileuterus(Phaeothlypis) fulvicauda
- Neotropical River Warbler, Basileuterus(Phaeothlypis) rivularis
Incertae sedis
- Semper's Warbler, Leucopeza semperi (possibly related to Teretistris and if so not a parulid)
References
- Curson, Quinn and Beadle, 1994. The Pardusco ( Nephelornis oneilli) is a species of Tanager that is endemic to woodland near the timberline in the Andes Bachman's Warbler ( Vermivora bachmanii) was a small Passerine Bird that inhabited the swamps and lowland forests of the southeast United States The Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus, is a fairly common New World warbler, 11 The Golden-winged Warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera, is a New World warbler, 11 The Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina, is a New World warbler. The Orange-crowned Warbler ( Vermivora celata) is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Nashville Warbler, Vermivora ruficapilla, is a small Songbird in the New World warbler family Virginia's Warbler, Vermivora virginiae, is a species of New World warbler. The Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis, is a New World warbler. Lucy's Warbler, Vermivora luciae, is the smallest New World warbler found in North America, measuring a mere 4 In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all The Flame-throated Warbler, Parula gutturalis, is a small New World warbler. The Crescent-chested Warbler ( Parula superciliosa) is a small New World Warbler. The Northern Parula, Parula americana, is a small New World warbler. The Tropical Parula, Parula pitiayumi, is a small New World warbler. The Yellow Warbler ( Dendroica petechia) is a New World warbler. The Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pensylvanica, is a New World warbler. The Magnolia Warbler, Dendroica magnolia, is a New World warbler. The Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina, is a small New World warbler. The Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica caerulescens, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family Four closely related North American bird forms—the eastern Myrtle Warbler (ssp coronata) its western counterpart Audubon's Warbler (ssp group The Black-throated Gray Warbler ( Dendroica nigrescens) is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Golden-cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia is an Endangered species that breeds in Central Texas, from Dallas County southwestward along the The Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Townsend's Warbler, Dendroica townsendi, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Hermit Warbler, Dendroica occidentalis is a small perching Bird. The Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca, is a small New World warbler. The Yellow-throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica, is a small New World warbler. UserPolbot. -->The Olive-capped Warbler ( Dendroica pityophila) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae Grace's Warbler, Dendroica graciae, is a small perching Bird and a species of New World warbler. Adelaide's Warbler ( Dendroica adelaidae) is a Bird endemic to the Archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Dendroica UserPolbot. -->The Barbuda Warbler ( Dendroica subita) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The St Lucia Warbler ( Dendroica delicata) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Pine Warbler, Dendroica pinus, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family Kirtland's Warbler, Dendroica kirtlandii, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family ( Parulidae) named after The Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family UserPolbot. -->The Vitelline Warbler ( Dendroica vitellina) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Bay-breasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea, is a New World warbler. The Blackpoll Warbler, Dendroica striata, is a New World warbler. The Cerulean Warbler, Dendroica cerulea, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family UserPolbot. --> The Plumbeous Warbler ( Dendroica plumbea) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Arrowhead Warbler ( Dendroica pharetra) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Elfin-woods Warbler ( Dendroica angelae) or Reinita de Bosque Enano ( Spanish name) is a Bird endemic to the UserPolbot. -->The Whistling Warbler ( Catharopeza bishopi) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Black-and-white Warbler, Mniotilta varia, is a small New World warbler. The American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla, is a New World warbler. The Prothonotary Warbler ( Protonotaria citrea) is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Worm-eating Warbler ( Helmitheros vermivorus) is a small New World warbler. Swainson's Warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii, is a small Species of New World warbler. In Phylogenetics, a Taxon is polyphyletic ( Greek for "of many races" if the trait its members have in common evolved separately in different Ovenbirds are also the Furnariidae family of Neotropical Suboscines specifically the tribe Furnarini which The Northern Waterthrush ( Seiurus noveboracensis) is one of the larger New World warblers It breeds in the northern part of North America in Canada The Louisiana Waterthrush, Seiurus motacilla, is a New World warbler. The Kentucky Warbler, Oporornis formosus, is a small species of New World warbler. The Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Mourning Warbler, Oporornis philadelphia, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The MacGillivray's Warbler, Oporornis tolmiei, is a small species of New World warbler. The Common Yellowthroat, ( Geothlypis trichas) is a New World warbler. The Belding's Yellowthroat, Geothlypis beldingi, is a New World warbler. The Altamira Yellowthroat, Geothlypis flavovelata, is a New World warbler. The Bahama Yellowthroat, Geothlypis rostrata, is a New World warbler. UserPolbot. -->The Olive-crowned Yellowthroat ( Geothlypis semiflava) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Black-polled Yellowthroat ( Geothlypis speciosa) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Masked Yellowthroat, Geothlypis aequinoctialis, is a New World warbler. UserPolbot. -->The Grey-crowned Yellowthroat ( Geothlypis poliocephala) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Hooded Yellowthroat ( Geothlypis nelsoni) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Hooded Warbler, Wilsonia citrina, is a New World warbler. The Wilson's Warbler, ( Wilsonia pusilla) is a New World warbler. The Canada Warbler, Wilsonia canadensis, is a small 13 cm long Songbird of the New World warbler family The Red-faced Warbler ( Cardellina rubrifrons) is a species of New World warbler. The Red Warbler ( Ergaticus ruber) is a small passerine endemic to the highlands of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec The Pink-headed Warbler Ergaticus versicolor is an endemic New World warbler found in the southwestern highlands of Guatemala and the highlands of The Painted Redstart, Myioborus pictus, is a species of New World warbler. UserPolbot. -->The Slate-throated Redstart ( Myioborus miniatus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Tepui Redstart ( Myioborus castaneocapilla) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Brown-capped Redstart ( Myioborus brunniceps) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. --> The Paria Whitestart ( Myioborus pariae) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The White-faced Whitestart ( Myioborus albifacies) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Guaiquinima Whitestart ( Myioborus cardonai) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Collared Redstart, Myioborus torquatus, is a tropical New World warbler endemic to the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama. UserPolbot. -->The Spectacled Redstart ( Myioborus melanocephalus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Golden-fronted Redstart ( Myioborus ornatus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The White-fronted Whitestart ( Myioborus albifrons) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Yellow-crowned Redstart ( Myioborus flavivertex) is a species of Bird in the The Fan-tailed Warbler, Euthlypis lachrymosa, is an New World Warbler in the Monotypic Genus Euthlypis that lives along the UserPolbot. -->The Grey-and-gold Warbler ( Basileuterus fraseri) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Two-banded Warbler ( Basileuterus bivittatus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Golden-bellied Warbler ( Basileuterus chrysogaster) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Golden-bellied Warbler ( Basileuterus chrysogaster) is a species of Bird in the The Pale-legged Warbler ( Basileuterus signatus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae family UserPolbot. --> The Citrine Warbler ( Basileuterus luteoviridis) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Black-crested Warbler ( Basileuterus nigrocristatus) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. --> The Grey-headed Warbler ( Basileuterus griseiceps) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Santa Marta Warbler ( Basileuterus basilicus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Grey-throated Warbler ( Basileuterus cinereicollis) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The White-lored Warbler ( Basileuterus conspicillatus) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Russet-crowned Warbler ( Basileuterus coronatus) is a species of Bird in the The Golden-crowned Warbler, Basileuterus culicivorus, is a small New World warbler. UserPolbot. -->The Three-banded Warbler ( Basileuterus trifasciatus) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. --> The White-bellied Warbler ( Basileuterus hypoleucus) is a species of Bird in the The Rufous-capped Warbler ( Basileuterus rufifrons) is a New World warbler native from Mexico south to much of Central America, rarely occurring UserPolbot. -->The Golden-browed Warbler ( Basileuterus belli) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Black-cheeked Warbler ( Basileuterus melanogenys) is a New World warbler which is a resident breeding Bird endemic to the mountains of central and southern UserPolbot. -->The Pirre Warbler ( Basileuterus ignotus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Three-striped Warbler ( Basileuterus tristriatus) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The White-browed Warbler ( Basileuterus leucoblepharus) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The White-striped Warbler ( Basileuterus leucophrys) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Flavescent Warbler ( Basileuterus flaveolus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Buff-rumped Warbler ( Basileuterus fulvicauda) is a New World warbler which is a resident breeding Bird from Honduras south to northwestern UserPolbot. -->The Neotropical River Warbler ( Phaeothlypis rivularis) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. --> The Green-tailed Warbler ( Microligea palustris) also known as the Green-tailed Ground Warbler UserPolbot. -->The Yellow-headed Warbler ( Teretistris fernandinae) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Oriente Warbler ( Teretistris fornsi) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Semper's Warbler ( Leucopeza semperi) is an extremely rare or possibly extinct New World Warbler which is endemic to Saint Lucia. The Wrenthrush Zeledonia coronata is a species of New World warbler that is endemic to Costa Rica and western Panama. The Yellow-breasted Chat ( Icteria virens) is a large Songbird, formerly considered the most atypical member of the New World warbler family though the UserPolbot. --> The Red-breasted Chat ( Granatellus venustus) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae The Cardinals or Cardinalidae are a family of Passerine Birds found in North and South America. UserPolbot. --> The Grey-throated Chat ( Granatellus sallaei) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Rose-breasted Chat ( Granatellus pelzelni) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. --> The White-winged Warbler ( Xenoligea montana) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae New World Warblers. 252 p. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6
- Lovette, I. J. and E. Bermingham. 2002. What is a wood-warbler? Molecular characterization of a monophyletic Parulidae. The Auk. 119(3): 695-714. PDF fulltext
External links
Bibliography
- Dunn, Jon. 1997. A field guide to warblers of North America. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , x, 656 p. : ill. (some col. ), col. maps ; 19 cm.
- Morse, Douglass H. 1989. American warblers : an ecological and behavioral perspective. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, xii, 406 p. : ill. , maps.
- Harrison, Hal H. 1984. Wood warblers’ world. New York : Simon and Schuster, 335 p. , 24 p. of plates : ill. (some col. ) ; 25 cm.
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