Citizendia

New Latin
Spoken in:Europe
Language extinction:developed into Recent Latin by the 20th century
Language family:Indo-European
 Italic
  Latino-Faliscan
   New Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-1:la
ISO 639-2:lat
ISO 639-3:lat
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch The Latino-Faliscan languages are a group of languages that belong to the Italic language family of the Indo-European languages. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

New Latin (or Neo-Latin) is a post-medieval version of Latin, used approximately in the period 1600–1900. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Contents

Extent

Classicists use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the use of the Latin language for any purpose, scientific or literary, after the Renaissance (for which purpose they often use the date 1600), although, for example, the editors of I Tatti Renaissance Library call their Renaissance Latin language texts Neo-Latin as well. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The I Tatti Renaissance Library is a book series published by the Harvard University Press, which aims to present important works Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries particularly The end of the New Latin period is unspecified, but Latin as a regular vehicle of communicating ideas became rare after the first few decades of the 19th century, and by 1900 it survived primarily in International Scientific Vocabulary cladistics and systematics. International Scientific Vocabulary (or ISV) is a form of vocabulary comprising scientific and specialized words whose language of origin may or may not be certain but which Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of Life on the planet Earth both past and present and the relationships among living things through time The term "New Latin" came into widespread use towards the end of the 1890s among linguists and scientists. The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the " Mauve Decade" because William Henry Perkin 's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices

At the beginning of the period, Latin was a universal school subject, and indeed, the pre-eminent subject for elementary education in Western Europe and those places which shared its culture. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' All universities required Latin proficiency (obtained in local grammar schools) to obtain admittance as a student. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects

New Latin was, at least in its early days, an international language used throughout Catholic and Protestant Europe, as well as in the colonies of the major European powers. As an auxiliary language to the local vernaculars, it appeared in a wide variety of documents, ecclesiastical, legal, diplomatic, academic, and scientific. While a text written in English, French, or Spanish at this time might be understood by a significant cross section of the learned, only a Latin text could be certain of finding someone to interpret it anywhere between Lisbon and Helsinki.

Notable scientific works in New Latin since 1600

Other notable works in Neo-Latin include:

Latin in this period came to be regarded as a medium for "serious" and learned expression; this view left little room for the use of Latin as a literary medium, for poetry, or for creative fiction (outside of translations made by ethnographers and folklorists). One of the last writers of any significant literary reputation to have written a large body of purely literary work in Latin was John Milton, better known for his English poetry. John Milton ( 9 December, 1608 – 8 November, 1674) was an English Poet, Prose Polemicist and However, some lighter pieces were produced in Neo-Latin, for instance Johannes Kepler's scientific fantasy Somnium (1634) and Ludvig Holberg's satire Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (1741) [6]. Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer Somnium ( Latin for The Dream) is a fantasy written between 1620 and 1630 by Johannes Kepler in which a student of Tycho Brahe is transported Ludvig Holberg Baron of Holberg ( December 3, 1684 – January 28, 1754) was a writer essayist philosopher historian and playwright born in

Other, later, authors, including Max Beerbohm and Arthur Rimbaud, have written Latin verse, but these texts have been either school exercises or occasional pieces. Sir Henry Maximilian Beerbohm ( August 24, 1872 &ndash May 20, 1956) was an English parodist and caricaturist. "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ

Abandonment

The reasons for the abandonment of Latin as the primary international intellectual language varied, and it is difficult to pinpoint a single cause, especially since there was no sharp cutoff, but rather a slow diminuendo occupying the greater part of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Although Latin was supreme as an international language in the 17th century, in the early decades of the 18th century its place as a language of international diplomacy came to be taken by French, due to the commanding presence in Europe of the France of Louis XIV. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent At the same time, some (like King Frederick William I of Prussia) were dismissing Latin as a useless accomplishment, unfit for a man of practical affairs. Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I ( August 14, 1688 &ndash May 31, 1740) of the House of Hohenzollern, was the King As the 18th century progressed, the extensive literature in Latin being produced at the beginning slowly contracted, until by 1800 it was only a trickle.

Nonetheless, Latin held a place of educational pre-eminence until the second half of the nineteenth century, when its value was increasingly questioned; in the twentieth century, educational philosophies such as that of John Dewey dismissed its relevance. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose process nature and ideals of Education. John Dewey (October 20 1859 &ndash June 1 1952 was an American Philosopher, Psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have Nevertheless, throughout this period Ecclesiastical Latin continued to maintain its position of pre-eminence in the Roman Catholic Church. Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) is the Latin dialect as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies

Among the possible causes of the final abandonment of Latin as the primary international intellectual language were:

With attempts to bring non-classical vocabulary into Latin condemned as barbarous, and the natural tendency of amateur Latin writers to approximate the syntax and style of their native tongue condemned as solecism, it was easier for writers to use their own languages and avoid condemnation for imperfect Latin. Disappointment with the levels of proficiency achieved in Latin by education was a frequently expressed theme. This perceived level of failure was in fact related to the exclusive teaching of classical Latin as an object of antiquarian study, and the use of classical norms rather than looser or contemporary usage as the standard to which written and spoken Latin should aspire. An antiquarian or antiquary is one concerned with Antiquities or things of the past As Latin came to be less used outside the schoolroom, many Latin students went on to forget most of the Latin they had once known.

Relics

Among the lasting inheritances of New Latin is the system of binomial nomenclature and classification of living organisms devised by Carolus Linnaeus; the need for apt names within an (at least superficially) Latin structure continues to drive the development of new Latin or quasi-Latin vocabulary today. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for [1] Another continuation is the use of Latin names for the surface features of planets and planetary satellites (planetary nomenclature), originated in the mid-17th century for selenographic toponyms. Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature is a system of uniquely identifying features on the surface of a Planet or Natural satellite so that the features Selenography is the study of the surface and physical features of the Moon.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ For instance, the scientific name of the shearwater genus Puffinus is a New Latin loanword derived from the English term "puffin" for some entirely unrelated seabirds. Shearwaters are medium-sized long-winged Seabirds There are more than 20 Species of shearwaters a few larger ones in the genus Calonectris A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Puffinus is a Genus of Seabirds in the order Procellariiformes A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Puffin describes any of four Auk species (or alcids) in the Bird genus Fratercula (Latin little brother — probably a reference Seabirds are Birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment Puffinus shearwaters were usually called mergus in Classical Latin. This was a catchall term for seabirds, which in New Latin became the genus name for another unrelated group of birds. Mergus is the Genus of the typical mergansers, fish-eating Ducks in the Seaduck subfamily (Merginae

See also

External links


Ages of Latin
v • d • e
—75 BC   75 BC – 200   200 – 900   200 – 1300   1300 – 1600   1600 – 1900  1900 – present
Old Latin   Classical Latin   Vulgar Latin   Medieval Latin   Renaissance Latin  New Latin   Recent Latin
See also: History of Latin, Latin literature, Vulgar Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin, Romance languages, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Old Latin (also called Early Latin or Archaic Latin) refers to the Latin language in the period before the age of Classical Latin; that is all Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries particularly Latin is a member of the family of Italic languages, and its alphabet the Latin alphabet, emerged from the Old Italic alphabets which Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language remains an enduring legacy of the culture of Ancient Rome. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) is the Latin dialect as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum ( CIL) is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin Inscriptions It forms an authoritative source

Dictionary

New Latin

-proper noun

  1. The Latin language spoken and written after the Middle Ages, including Renaissance Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin, and Contemporary Latin.
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