New England

Political history
Chartering as Plymouth Council for New England	1620-11-03[1]. The Plymouth Council for New England was the name of a 17th century English Joint stock company that was granted a royal charter to found colonial settlements Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina.
Formation as United Colonies of New England	1643
Formation as Dominion of New England	1686
New York formally incorporated into the Dominion of New England	1688-08-11[2]
As a result of the Glorious Revolution, Bostonians imprisoned the royal governor and others loyal to King James II, thereby ending the Dominion of New England. The United Colonies of New England, commonly known as the New England Confederation, was a political and military alliance of the British The Dominion of New England in America (1686-1689 was a short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Dominion of New England in America (1686-1689 was a short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union The Dominion of New England in America (1686-1689 was a short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America	1689-04-18[3][4]
Regional statistics
Largest city	Boston
U.S. States	Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont
Area  - Total	71,991. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 8 mi² (186,458. 8 km²)
Population  - Total (2006)  - Density	14,269,989[5] 198. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 2 people/mi² (87. 7 people/km²)

New England is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country, consisting of the modern states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. ^[6]

In one of the earliest English settlements in the New World, English Pilgrims fleeing religious persecution in Europe first settled in New England in 1620, in the colony of Plymouth. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth or The Old Colony) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691 In the late 18th century, the New England colonies would be among the first North American British colonies to demonstrate ambitions of independence from the British Crown, although they would later oppose the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

In the 19th century, it played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States, hosted the first pieces of American literature and philosophy, was home to the beginnings of free public education, and was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the North American Industrial Revolution. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the ^[7]

Contents 1 History 1.1 The Virginia Companies compete 1.2 Plymouth Council for New England 1.3 New England Confederation 1.4 Dominion of New England 1.5 Region of the United States 2 Geography and climate 3 Population 3.1 Southern New England 3.2 Coastal New England 3.3 Urban New England 4 Economy 5 Politics 5.1 New England and political thought 5.2 Contemporary politics 5.2.1 Electoral impact 5.3 Government 5.3.1 Town meetings 5.3.2 Notable laws 6 Education 6.1 Colleges and universities 6.2 Private and independent secondary schools 6.3 Public education 6.4 Academic journals and press 7 Health 8 Culture 8.1 Cultural roots 8.2 Accents 8.3 Social activities and music 8.4 Media 8.5 Literature 8.6 Sports 8.6.1 Professional and semi-professional sports teams in New England 9 Notable places 9.1 Historic 9.2 Recreational 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links

History

Main article: History of New England

New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian-speaking Native Americans including the Abenaki, the Penobscot, and the Wampanoag. This article presents the History of New England, the oldest clearly-defined region of the United States unique among U The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America The Flag of New England can be any number of banners used to represent Massachusetts or the New England colonies In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Abenaki ( or Abnaki) are a Tribe of Native American and First Nations people belonging to the Algonquian peoples The Penobscot (Panawahpskek are a sovereign people indigenous to what is now Maritime Canada and the Northeastern United States, particularly Maine. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire and Vermont, as well as parts of Québec and western Maine. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Their principal town was Norridgewock, in present-day Maine. The Norridgewock were a band of the Abenaki ("People of the Dawn" Native Americans / First Nations, an Eastern Algonquian The Penobscot were settled along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Penobscot River is 350 mi (563 km long making it the second longest river in the U The Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Martha's Vineyard (adjoining the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an Island off the US east coast to the south of Cape Cod, both

Compared to other North American settlements, New England was sparsely populated and densely forested, leading European settlers to believe North America was a "virgin land. "^[9]

The Virginia Companies compete

On April 10, 1606, King James I of England issued a chartered the two Virginia Companies, of London and Plymouth, respectively. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The Virginia Company refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I in 1606 with the purposes of establishing These were privately-funded proprietary ventures, and the purpose of each was to claim land for England, trade, and return a profit. ^[10] Competition between the two companies grew to where their potential New World territory overlapped, and would be finalized based upon results.

The London Company was authorized to make settlements from North Carolina to New York (31 to 41 degrees North Latitude). The Virginia Company of London successfully established the Jamestown Settlement in May, 1607. The London Company (also called the Charter of the Virginia Company of London) was an English Joint stock company established by royal charter by The James Settlement was the first permanent English settlement in North America. After a tenuous start, several strains of tobacco were developed as a profitable export by colonist John Rolfe. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. John Rolfe (c 1585 &ndash 1622 was one of the early English settlers of North America.

Main article: Jamestown, Virginia

Contemporaneously, the Popham Colony was planted by the Virginia Company of Plymouth. Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14 1607 The Popham Colony (also known as the Sagadahoc Colony) was a short-lived English colonial settlement in North America that was founded in 1607 and The Plymouth Company (the Plymouth Adventurers, also called the Virginia Company of Plymouth or simply Virginia Bay Company) was an English Unlike the Jamestown Settlement, it was not initially successful, and was abandoned after one year, though would later be revived. The Virginia Company of Plymouth's charter included land extending as far as present-day northern Maine. ^[11] Captain John Smith, exploring the shores of the region in 1614, named the region "New England"^[12] in his account of two voyages there, published as A Description of New England. Captain Sir John Smith (c January 1580– June 21 1631) Admiral of New England was an English Soldier, Sailor

Plymouth Council for New England

The name "New England" was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620, when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint stock company established to colonize and govern the region. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company The Plymouth Council for New England was the name of a 17th century English Joint stock company that was granted a royal charter to found colonial settlements A joint stock company (JSC is a type of business entity it is a type of Corporation or Partnership. ^[13] Shortly afterwards, in December 1620, a permanent settlement was established at present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts by the Pilgrims, English religious separatists arriving via Holland. Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of The Massachusetts Bay Colony, which would come to dominate the area, was established in 1628 with its major city of Boston established in 1630. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America

Banished from Massachusetts, Roger Williams led a group south, and founded Providence, Rhode Island in 1636. Roger Williams ( December 21, 1603 &ndash April 1, 1683) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of Religious On March 3 of the same year, the Connecticut Colony was granted a charter, and established its own government. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian At this time, Vermont was yet unsettled, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were governed by Massachusetts. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

New England Confederation

In these early years, relationships between colonists and Native Americans alternated between peace and armed skirmishes. Six years after the bloodiest of these, the Pequot War, in 1643 the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut joined together in a loose compact called the New England Confederation (officially "The United Colonies of New England"). The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1636-1637 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth or The Old Colony) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691 The New Haven Colony was an English colonial venture in present-day Connecticut in North America from 1637 to 1662. The Colony of Connecticut was an English colony that became the U The United Colonies of New England, commonly known as the New England Confederation, was a political and military alliance of the British The confederation was designed largely to coordinate mutual defense against possible wars with Native Americans, the Dutch in the New Netherland colony to the west, the Spanish in the south, and the French in New France to the north, as well as to assist in the return of runaway slaves. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The confederation lost its influence when Massachusetts refused to commit itself to a war against the Dutch. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

The first coins struck in the Colonies, prompted by a shortage of change, were the New England coins produced by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review The first series was a simple design including "NE" on the obverse and the various denominations on the reverse. Other series included the "Willow," "Oak," and "Pine Tree. " The "Pine Tree" coinage was the last type in the series, struck by coiner John Hull. Although the majority were dated 1652, it is generally acknowledged that production spanned about thirty years, despite the disapproval of King Charles II. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ^[14]

Dominion of New England

Main article: Dominion of New England

In 1686, King James II, concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies, including their self-governing charters, open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and increasing military power, established the Dominion of New England, an administrative union comprising all of the New England colonies. The Dominion of New England in America (1686-1689 was a short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James The English Navigation Acts were a series of Laws which restricted the use of foreign Shipping and trade between England (later the Kingdom of Great The Dominion of New England in America (1686-1689 was a short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America On 1688-08-11, the provinces of New York and New Jersey, seized from the Dutch in 1664, and confirmed on 1673-09-12, were added^[2]. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation The Province of New York (1664-1776 (Provincie New York resulted from the capture of the Dutch Republic colony of Provincie Nieuw-Nederland by the The Province of New Jersey was an English Colony that existed within the boundaries of the current U Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the The union, imposed from the outside and contrary to the rooted democratic tradition of the region, was highly unpopular among the colonists.

Nevertheless, those two present states are reckoned as "greater New England" in a social or cultural context, as that is where Yankee colonists expanded to, before 1776. Indeed, the identity in that era changed once one moved to Pennsylvania, as the Pennamite-Yankee War attests to. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Pennamite-Yankee War (or Wars is the name given to fighting which occurred between 1769 and 1799 between settlers from Connecticut who claimed the land along the North Branch Colonists from New England proper in that era, were rather well received in the Mohawk Valley and on Long Island in New York. The Mohawk Valley ( Yenęˀná•ˀna•č in Tuscarora) region of the U Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches To this day, the cultural legacy of New England is easy to detect by the vast majority of other Americans.

After the Glorious Revolution in 1689, Bostonians imprisoned the Royal Governor and other sympathizers of King James II on 1689-04-18, thus defacto ending the Dominion Of New England^[3][4]. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. The charters of the colonies were significantly modified after this change in English politics, with the appointment of Royal Governors to nearly every colony. An uneasy tension existed between the Royal Governors, their officers, and the elected governing bodies of the colonies. The governors wanted unlimited authority, and the different layers of locally elected officials would often resist them. In most cases, the local town governments continued operating as self-governing bodies, just as they had before the appointment of the Royal Governors. This tension culminated itself in the American Revolution, boiling over with the breakout of the American War of Independence in 1776. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots"

Region of the United States

The colonies were now formally united as newly-formed states in a larger (but not yet federalist) union United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

In the 18th century and the early 19th century, New England was still considered to be a very distinct region of the colony and country, as it is today. During the War of 1812, there was a limited amount of talk of secession from the Union, as New England merchants, just getting back on their feet, opposed the war with their greatest trading partner - Great Britain. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 ^[15] The Hartford Convention of 1814 considered secession, but failed to act on it. The Hartford Convention was an event in 1814-1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England 's opposition to the war reached Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

For the remainder of the Antebellum period, New England remained distinct. Politically, it often went against the grain of the rest of the country. Massachusetts and Connecticut were among the last refuges of the Federalist Party, and when the Second Party System began in the 1830s, New England became the strongest bastion of the new Whig Party - the Whigs were usually dominant throughout New England, except in the more Democratic Maine and New Hampshire. The Whig Party was a Political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Many of the leading statesmen - including most prominently Daniel Webster - hailed from the region. Daniel Webster (January 18 1782 &ndash October 24 1852 was a leading American Statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. New England was also distinct in other ways. It was, as a whole, the most urbanized part of the country (the 1860 Census showed that 32 of the 100 largest cities in the country were in New England), as well as the most educated. Many of the major literary and intellectual figures produced by the United States in the Antebellum period were New Englanders, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth, Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, and others. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer John Greenleaf Whittier (December 17 1807 &ndash September 7 1892 was an influential American Quaker Poet and ardent advocate of the abolition of Slavery George Bancroft (October 3 1800 &ndash January 17 1891 was an American Historian and Statesman who was prominent in promoting Secondary education William Hickling Prescott (May 4 1796 &ndash January 29 1859 was an American Historian, known for his books The History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic

New England was also an early center of the industrial revolution. Towns like Lawrence and Lowell, Massachusetts became famed as centers of the textile industry. Lawrence is a city in Essex County Massachusetts, United States on the Merrimack River. Lowell is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA. As of the 2000 census the city had a total population of 105167

New England and areas settled from New England, like Upstate New York, Ohio's Western Reserve and the upper midwestern states of Michigan and Wisconsin, also proved to be the center of the strongest abolitionist sentiment in the country. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Prominent abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were New Englanders, and the region was also home to prominent anti-slavery politicians like John Quincy Adams, Charles Sumner, and John P. Hale. William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer Wendell Phillips ( 29 November 1811 &ndash 2 February 1884) was an American Abolitionist, advocate for Native Americans John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Charles Sumner (January 6 1811 &ndash March 11 1874 was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. John Parker Hale ( March 31, 1806 &ndash November 19, 1873) was an American politician and lawyer from New Hampshire When the anti-slavery Republican Party was formed in the 1860s, all of New England, including areas which had previously been strongholds for both the Whig and the Democratic Parties, became strongly Republican, as it would remain until the early 20th century, when immigration would begin to turn the formerly solidly Republican states of Lower New England towards the Democrats.

Aside from the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, or "New Scotland," New England is the only North American region to inherit the name of a kingdom in the British Isles. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan New England has largely preserved its regional character, especially in its historic places. Its name is a reminder of the past, as many of the original English-Americans have migrated further west. Today, the region is more ethnically diverse, having seen waves of immigration from Ireland, Québec, Italy, Portugal, Asia, Latin America, Africa, other parts of the United States, and elsewhere. In the political arena the term diversity (or diverse is used to describe political entities (neighborhoods cities nations student bodies etc Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The enduring European influence can be seen in the region, from Massachusetts' use of traffic rotaries to the bilingual French and English towns of northern Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire, as innocuous as the sprinkled use of British spelling, and as obvious as the region's heavy prevalence of English town and county names, and its unique, often non-rhotic coastal dialect reminiscent of southeastern England. A roundabout is a type of Road junction at which Traffic enters a one-way stream around a central island American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences. English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups the rhotic (ˈroʊtɪk and non-rhotic, depending on when the sound typically represented

New England is the traditional center of ethnic English ancestry and culture in the United States. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The only place in the U. S. outside New England with a significant majority English ethnicity is Utah-Eastern Idaho—the traditional core of the Jello Belt region, whose proportion of English Americans is actually higher today than New England, with Utah being the most English of U. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Eastern Idaho is a generic term used to describe areas of Idaho which lie east of the Magic Valley region The Mormon Corridor is a term for the areas of the Western North America that were settled between 1850 and approximately 1865 by members of The Church of English Americans (occasionally known as Anglo -Americans although this may have a wider cultural meaning are Citizens of the United States whose ancestry S. states with 29. 0% English ancestry, followed by New England states Maine with 21. 5% and Vermont with 18. 4%. This population is contrastingly far more conservative than modern New England and is mainly LDS in religion, but its substratal cultural character is largely reminiscent of both early 19th century New England and Victorian England (due to later direct handcart immigration). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities "CARTS" redirects here For the transportation system see Capital Area Rural Transportation System, or Chautauqua CARTS.

See also: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

Geography and climate

New England's long rolling hills, mountains, and jagged coastline are a consequence of retreating ice sheets thousands of years ago. The coast of the region, extending from southwestern Connecticut to northeastern Maine, is dotted with lakes, hills, swamps, and sandy beaches. Further inland are the Appalachian Mountains, extending through Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. Among them, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire is Mount Washington, which at 1,917 m (6,288 ft), is the highest peak in the northeast United States. The White Mountains are a Mountain range that covers about a quarter of the state of New Hampshire and a small portion of western Maine in the Mount Washington is the highest peak in the Northeastern United States at. It is also the site of the highest recorded wind speed on Earth. ^[16] Vermont's Green Mountains, which become the Berkshire Hills in western Massachusetts, are smaller than the White Mountains. The Green Mountains are a Mountain range in the US state of Vermont. Please note that this article on the Berkshires is about a geologic and cultural region in the United States for other uses see Berkshire (disambiguation Valleys in the region include the Connecticut River Valley and the Merrimack Valley. The Connecticut River Valley stretches from the New Hampshire and Quebec border to Long Island Sound on the Connecticut coast The Merrimack Valley is the area surrounding the Merrimack River in northeastern Massachusetts.

The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 km (407 mi), emptying into the Long Island Sound. The Connecticut River is the largest River in New England, flowing south from the Connecticut Lakes in northern New Hampshire, along the border Long Island Sound is an Estuary of the Atlantic Ocean and various Rivers in the United States that lies between the coast of Connecticut Lake Champlain, wedged between Vermont and New York, is the largest lake in the region, followed by Moosehead Lake (Maine), Lake Winnipesaukee (New Hampshire), Quabbin Reservoir (Massachusetts), and Candlewood Lake (Connecticut). Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States Moosehead Lake is the largest Lake in the US state of Maine. Situated in the Longfellow Mountains in the Maine Highlands Region the lake Lake Winnipesaukee is the largest Lake in New Hampshire. It is approximately 21 miles (34 km long (northwest-southeast and from one to nine miles (1 The Quabbin Reservoir is the largest Body of water in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and was built between 1930 and 1939 Candlewood Lake, 84 sq mi (218 km² is located in Western Connecticut.

Weather patterns are highly variable and climate varies throughout the region. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont have a humid continental short summer climate, with cooler summers and long, cold winters. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, have a humid continental long summer climate, with hot summers and cold winters. Owing to thick deciduous forests, fall in New England brings bright and colorful foliage, which comes earlier than in other regions, attracting tourism. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. ^[17] Springs are generally wet and cloudy. Average rainfall generally ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 mm (40 to 60 in) a year, although the northern parts of Vermont and Maine see slightly less, from 500 to 1,000 mm (20 to 40 in). Snowfall can often exceed 2,500 mm (100 in) annually. As a result, the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire are popular destinations in the winter, with numerous commercial ski resorts. ^[18][19]

Population

In 2000, the total population of New England was 13,922,517, roughly twice its 1910 population of 6,552,681. ^[20] If New England were one state, its population would rank 5th in the nation, behind Florida. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Its land area, at 62,808. 96 sq mi (162,672. 45 km²), would rank 21st, behind Washington and ahead of Georgia. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The region's average population density is 221. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 66 inhabitants/sq mi (85. 59/km²), although a great disparity exists between its northern and southern portions, as noted below. It is much greater than that of the United States as a whole (79. 56/sq mi) or even just the contiguous 48 states (94. 48/sq mi).

Southern New England

Three quarters of New England's population and most of its major cities are concentrated in its three southernmost states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Their combined population density is 786. 83/sq mi, compared to northern New England's 63. 56/sq mi (2000 census). The most populous state is Massachusetts, and the most populous city is Massachusetts' political and cultural capital, Boston. Western Massachusetts and Northwestern Connecticut are less densely populated than the rest of Southern New England. Western Massachusetts is a loosely defined geographical region of the U

Coastal New England

The coastline is more urban than western New England, which is typically rural, even in urban states like Massachusetts. This characteristic of the region's population is due mainly to historical factors; the original colonists settled mostly on the coastline of Massachusetts Bay. Massachusetts Bay is one of the large bays of the Atlantic Ocean that form the distinctive shape of the coastline of the U The only New England state without access to the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont, is also the least populated. After nearly 400 years, the region still maintains, for the most part, its historical population layout.

New England's coast is dotted with urban centers, such as Portland, Portsmouth, Boston, New Bedford, Fall River, Newport, Providence, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford as well as smaller cities, like Newburyport, Gloucester, Biddeford, Bath, Rockland, and New London. Portland is the largest city in the US state of Maine and the County seat of Cumberland County. Portsmouth is a City in Rockingham County, New Hampshire in the United States. Newport is a city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about 30 miles (48 km south of Providence Stamford is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Newburyport is a small coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, 38 miles (61 km northeast of Boston. This article is about Gloucester Massachusetts USA there are other places called Gloucester Gloucester (ˈglɒstɚ) is a city on Biddeford is a city in York County, Maine, United States. It is the largest city in the county and is the 6th largest in the State Bath is a city in Sagadahoc County, Maine, in the United States. Rockland is a city in Knox County, Maine, in the United States. New London is a seaport city and a Port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States

Urban New England

Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis, a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington, D.C.. Northeastern_United_States#The_Northeast_as_a_megalopolis BosWash (also referred to as BoWash, BosNYwash, the Northeast Corridor, the Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The region includes three of the four most densely populated states in the United States; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. This article is a list of the 50 US States ordered by Population density.

The Boston metropolitan area, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4. Worcester (ˈwʊstɚ is a City in the state of Massachusetts in the United States of America. Greater Boston is the area of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts surrounding the city of Boston Massachusetts. 4 million. ^[21] The most populous cities are as of 2000 Census(2006 estimates in parenthesis):^[22]

1. Boston, Massachusetts: 589,141^[23] (590,763)
2. Providence, Rhode Island: 173,618 (175,255)
3. Worcester, Massachusetts: 172,648 (175,454)
4. Springfield, Massachusetts: 152,082 (151,176)
5. Bridgeport, Connecticut: 139,529 (137,912)
6. Hartford, Connecticut: 124,558 (124,512)
7. New Haven, Connecticut: 123,626 (124,001)
8. Stamford, Connecticut: 117,083 (119,261)
9. Waterbury, Connecticut: 107,271 (107,251)
10. Manchester, New Hampshire: 107,006 (109,497)
11. Lowell, Massachusetts: 105,167 (103,229)
12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 101,355 (101,365)

During the 20th century, urban expansion in regions surrounding New York City has become an important economic influence on neighboring Connecticut, parts of which belong to the New York Metropolitan Area. Worcester (ˈwʊstɚ is a City in the state of Massachusetts in the United States of America. Springfield is a City in and the County seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Stamford is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Manchester is the largest city in the US state of New Hampshire and the largest city of northern New England, an area composed of Vermont, Lowell is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA. As of the 2000 census the city had a total population of 105167 Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. The New York metropolitan area, often referred to as the Tri-State Area, is the most populous Metropolitan area in the United States and is also one The US Census Bureau groups Fairfield, New Haven and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut together with New York City, and other parts of New York and New Jersey as a combined statistical area. Named after the extremely large area of salt-marshes and swamps both on the coast and inland Fairfield County is located in the southwestern corner of the U New Haven County is located in the south central part of the U Litchfield County is located in the northwestern corner of the U The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Table of United States Combined Statistical AreasThe United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB defines micropolitan and metropolitan statistical areas. ^[24]

Economy

Several factors contribute to the uniquenesses of the New England economy. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area The region is geographically isolated from the rest of the United States, and is relatively small. It has a climate and a supply of natural resources such as granite, lobster, and codfish, that are different from many other parts of the country. Its population is concentrated on the coast and in its southern states, and its residents have a strong regional identity. America's textile industry began along the Blackstone River with the Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island,^[25] and was duplicated at similar sources of water power such as Woonsocket, Rhode Island, Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and Lawrence, Massachusetts. The Blackstone River is a River in the US states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Pawtucket (pronounced Pa-TUCK-et is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. Uxbridge was settled in 1662 and incorporated in 1727 at Suffolk, then Worcester Co Lawrence is a city in Essex County Massachusetts, United States on the Merrimack River. Exports consist mostly of industrial products, including specialized machines and weaponry, built by the region's educated workforce. In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons About half of the region's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. This, when combined with instruments, chemicals, and transportation equipment, makes up about three-quarters of the region's exports. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Granite is quarried at Barre, Vermont, guns made at Springfield, Massachusetts, boats at Groton, Connecticut and Bath, Maine, and hand tools at Turners Falls, Massachusetts. Barre is a town in Washington County, Vermont, United States. Springfield is a City in and the County seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Groton is a town located on the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut, United States. Bath is a city in Sagadahoc County, Maine, in the United States. Turners Falls is a Census-designated place in the town of Montague in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Insurance is a driving force in and around Hartford, Connecticut.

New England also exports food products, ranging from fish to lobster, cranberries, Maine potatoes, and maple syrup. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Maple syrup is a sweetener made from the sap of Maple trees In Canada and the United States it is most often eaten with waffles and pancakes The service industry is also highly important, including tourism, education, financial and insurance services, plus architectural, building, and construction services. The U.S. Department of Commerce has called the New England economy a microcosm for the entire United States economy. The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting Economic growth ^[26]

As of May 2006, the unemployment rate in New England was 4. 5%, below the national average. Vermont, with the lowest of the six states, had a rate of 3%. The highest was Rhode Island, with 5. 5%. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with the lowest rate, 2. Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|Table of United States Core Based Statistical AreasIn the United States, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB has produced 5%, was Burlington-South Burlington, in Vermont; the MSA with the highest rate, 7. Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of 9%, was Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, in Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire. Lawrence is a city in Essex County Massachusetts, United States on the Merrimack River. ^[27]

New England is home to two of the ten poorest cities (by percentage living below the poverty line) in the United States: the state capital cities of Providence, Rhode Island and Hartford, Connecticut. ^[28] These cities have struggled as manufacturing, their traditional economic mainstay, has declined. ^[29]

With its rocky soil and climate, New England is not a strong agricultural region. Some New England states, however, are ranked highly among U. S. states for particular areas of production. Maine is ranked ninth for aquaculture,^[30] Vermont fifteenth for dairy products,^[31] and Connecticut and Massachusetts seventh and eleventh for tobacco, respectively. Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including Molluscs Crustaceans and aquatic plants Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ^[32][33] Cranberries are grown in the Cape Cod - Plymouth area, and blueberries in Maine. As of 2005, the inflation-adjusted combined GSPs of the six states of New England was $623. Gross state product (or gross regional product) is a measurement of the economic output of a state or Province. 1 billion, with Massachusetts contributing the most, and Vermont the least. ^[34]

Politics

The early European settlers of New England were English Protestants fleeing religious persecution. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. This, however, did not prevent them from establishing colonies where religion was legislated to an extreme, and where those who deviated from the established doctrine were persecuted greatly. The early history of much of New England is marked by religious intolerance and harsh laws. In the beginning, there was no separation of church and state in these places, and the activities of the individual were severely restricted. Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate ^[35] This contrasts sharply with the strong separation of church and state upon which Rhode Island was founded. Providence had no public burial ground and no Common until the year 1700 (64 years after its founding) because religious and government institutions were so rigorously kept distinct. The North Burial Ground is a Cemetery in Providence Rhode Island, dating to 1700 ^[36]

New England and political thought

During the colonial period and the early years of the American republic, New England leaders like John Hancock, John Adams, and Samuel Adams joined those in Philadelphia and Virginia to assist and lead the newly-forming country. Samuel Adams ( – October 2 1803 was an American Statesman, Politician, Writer and political philosopher, brewer This article concerns Patriots in the American Revolution. For other uses see Patriot (disambiguation. John Hancock ( October 8 1793 was a Massachusetts merchant and prominent patriot of the American Revolution. John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. Samuel Adams ( – October 2 1803 was an American Statesman, Politician, Writer and political philosopher, brewer Daniel Webster was influential in expressing the political views of many New-Englanders in the early 19th century. Daniel Webster (January 18 1782 &ndash October 24 1852 was a leading American Statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. At the time of the American Civil War, New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the Midwest, which had long since abolished slavery, united against the Confederate States of America, ending the practice in the United States. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Henry David Thoreau, iconic New England writer and philosopher, made the case for civil disobedience and individualism, and has been adopted by the anarchist tradition. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Benjamin Tucker, of Massachusetts, was a proponent of individualist anarchism. Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective A modern example of this individualist spirit is the Free State Project in New Hampshire, and The Second Vermont Republic in Vermont. The Free State Project (FSP is a plan to have 20000 individuals move to a single state in the United States, with the intent of influencing local Second Vermont Republic (SVR is a Secessionist group within the U

While modern New England is known for its liberal tendencies, Puritan New England was highly intolerant of any deviation from strict social norms. During the 1960s civil rights era, Boston brewed with racial tension over school busing to end de facto segregation of its public schools. ^[37]

Eight presidents of the United States have been born in New England, however only five are usually affiliated with the area. They are, in chronological order: John Adams (Massachusetts), John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts), Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire), Chester A. Arthur (born in Vermont, affiliated with New York), Calvin Coolidge (born in Vermont, affiliated with Massachusetts), John F. Kennedy (Massachusetts), George H. W. Bush (born in Massachusetts, affiliated with Texas) and George W. Bush (born in Connecticut, affiliated with Texas). John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Franklin Pierce (November 23 1804 &ndash October 8 1869 was an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States, serving from 1853 to Chester Alan Arthur (October 5 1829 &ndash November 18 1886 was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.

Ten of the Speakers of the United States House of Representatives have been elected from New England. They are, in chronological order: Theodore Sedgwick (5th Speaker, Massachusetts), Joseph Bradley Varnum (7th Speaker, Massachuetts), Robert Charles Winthrop (22nd Speaker, Massachusetts), Nathaniel Prentice Banks (25th Speaker, Massachusetts), James G. Blaine (31st Speaker, Maine), Thomas Brackett Reed (36th and 38th, Maine), Frederick Gillett (42nd, Massachusetts), Joseph William Martin, Jr. (49th and 51st, Massachusetts), John McCormack (53rd, Massachusetts) and Tip O'Neill (55th, Massachusetts). Theodore Sedgwick ( May 9, 1746 - January 24, 1813) a Delegate, a Representative, and a United States Senator Joseph Bradley Varnum ( January 29, 1751 – September 21, 1821) was a U Robert Charles Winthrop ( Boston Massachusetts, May 12, 1809 &ndash Boston Massachusetts, November 16, 1894) was Nathaniel Prentice (or Prentiss Banks ( January 30, 1816 September 1, 1894) was an American Politician and Soldier James Gillespie Blaine ( January 31, 1830 &ndash January 27, 1893) was a U Thomas Brackett Reed, ( October 18, 1839 &ndash December 7, 1902) occasionally ridiculed as Czar Reed, was a U Frederick Huntington Gillett ( October 16, 1851 &ndash July 31, 1935) was an American politician during the early 20th century Joseph William Martin Jr ( November 3, 1884 - March 6, 1968) was a Republican Congressman and Speaker of the House John McCormack (14 June 1884 &ndash 16 September 1945 was a world-famous Irish Tenor and recording artist celebrated for his performances of the Operatic Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr ( December 9, 1912 &ndash January 5, 1994) was an American politician.

Contemporary politics

The dominant party in New England has been the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. In every New England state, both legislative houses have a majority of Democratic representatives. Democrats hold half of New England's governor's positions: Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. While the governors of Connecticut, Vermont and Rhode Island are Republicans, the legislatures have veto-overriding Democratic super-majorities. ^[38][39][40]

Due to the liberal lean of the region, the state Republican parties and the elected Republican officials have been more politically and socially moderate than the national Republican Party, including Congressman Christopher Shays of Connecticut, Senators Susan Collins and Olympia Snowe of Maine as well as Governors Donald Carcieri (RI), Jodi Rell (CT) and Jim Douglas (VT). Christopher H Shays (born October 18 1945) is an American politician has been a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7 1952, in Caribou Maine) is the junior U Olympia Jean Bouchles Snowe McKernan (born February 21, 1947) is the senior United States Senator from Maine. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean James H "Jim" Douglas (born June 21, 1951) is an American politician from the U Republican Senators John Sununu and Judd Gregg of New Hampshire have been moderate-to-conservative, but this is reflective of New Hampshire being the most conservative state in the region, as New Hampshire, prior to the 2006 election, had the only Republican-controlled legislature in New England. John Sununu is the name of two US politicians John H Sununu, Governor of New Hampshire (1983-1989 and White House Chief of Staff for George H Judd Alan Gregg (born February 14 1947) is a former Governor of New Hampshire and current United States Senator serving as Ranking

Electoral impact

The smallest geographically, in population and politically, New England has fewer electoral votes than any other region. Except for one instance, its electoral votes have never made a difference in a presidential election since 1860. The region either voted for the loser or for the winner, when the electoral vote was overwhelming. The one exception was in the close election of 1960 when Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island voted for Kennedy. Collectively, New England has as many electoral votes (34) as Texas. This is a list of states of the United States by population (with inhabited non-state jurisdictions included for comparison as of July 1, 2007, according to the The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. However, electoral votes in the United States are counted by state, not by region.

In the 2000 presidential election, Democratic candidate Al Gore carried all of the New England states except for New Hampshire, and in 2004, John Kerry, a New Englander himself, won all six New England states. The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator ^[41] In both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, every congressional district with the exception of New Hampshire's 1st district were won by Gore and Kerry respectively. New Hampshire's first congressional district covers the southeastern part of New Hampshire. In the 2008 presidential election, the Democratic candidate, Barack Obama, has consistently polled as the winner in New England states by a large margin except in New Hampshire. The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled for Tuesday November 4 2008 will be the 56th consecutive ^[42][43]

Government

Town meetings

Main article: Town meeting

A derivative of meetings held by church elders, town meetings were and are an integral part of governance of many New England towns. A town meeting is a meeting where the population of an entire geographic area is invited to participate in a gathering often for a political administrative or legislative purpose A town meeting is a meeting where the population of an entire geographic area is invited to participate in a gathering often for a political administrative or legislative purpose The New England town is the basic unit of local government in each of the six New England states At such meetings, any citizen of the town may discuss issues with other members of the community and vote on them. This is the strongest example of direct democracy in the United States today, and the form of dialogue has been adopted under certain circumstances elsewhere, most strongly in the states closest to the region, such as New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Such a strong democratic tradition was even apparent in the early 19th century, when Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in Democracy in America that in

New England, where education and liberty are the daughters of morality and religion, where society has acquired age and stability enough to enable it to form principles and hold fixed habits, the common people are accustomed to respect intellectual and moral superiority and to submit to it without complaint, although they set at naught all those privileges which wealth and birth have introduced among mankind. De la démocratie en Amérique (published in two volumes the first in 1835 and the second in 1840 is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville In New England, consequently, the democracy makes a more judicious choice than it does elsewhere.

James Madison, a critic of town meetings, however, wrote in Federalist No. 55 that, regardless of the assembly, "passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason. James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob. "^[44] Today, the use and effectiveness of town meetings, as well as the possible application of the format to other regions and countries, is still discussed by scholars. ^[45]

Notable laws

New England abolished the death penalty for crimes like robbery and burglary in the 19th century, before much of the rest of the United States did. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. New Hampshire and Connecticut are the only New England states that allow capital punishment,^[46] although New Hampshire currently has no death row inmates and has not held an execution since 1939. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Death row is a term that refers to the section of a Prison that houses individuals awaiting execution. Connecticut held an execution in 2005, the first in New England since 1960, when Connecticut last executed a prisoner. ^[47]

Vermont was the first state to allow civil unions between same sex couples, and Massachusetts was the first state to allow same-sex marriage. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same In 2005, Connecticut also began to allow civil unions. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. In 2008, some form of same-sex unions will be in all New England states except Rhode Island, though the state does recognize Massachusetts marriages for its residents. ^[48]

In 2006, Massachusetts adopted a health care reform that requires nearly all state residents obtain health insurance. Massachusetts health care reform law was enacted in 2006 It requires nearly every resident of Massachusetts to obtain health insurance coverage ^[49]

Education

Colleges and universities

New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States. The first such institution, subsequently named Harvard College, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, to train preachers, in 1636. Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. Yale University was founded in New Haven, Connecticut in 1701, and awarded the nation's first graduate (Ph. D. ) degree in 1861. Brown University, the first college in the nation to accept students of all religious affiliations and third-oldest institution of higher learning, was founded in Providence, Rhode Island in 1764. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. Dartmouth College was founded five years later in Hanover, New Hampshire with the mission of educating the local American Indian population as well as English youth. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U Hanover is a town along the Connecticut River in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

In addition to four out of eight Ivy League schools, New England also contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), four of the original seven sisters are in New England, the bulk of institutions identified as the Little Ivies, and is the home to the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts. The Ivy League is an Athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The Seven Sisters are seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically women's colleges. Little Ivies is a colloquialism referring to a group of small selective American colleges and universities however it does not denote any official organization The Five Colleges comprises four liberal arts colleges and one University in the Connecticut River Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts

See also: the lists of colleges for each state:
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The following is a list of Colleges and universities in the U The following is a list of Colleges and universities in the U The following is a list of Colleges and universities in the U This is a list of colleges and universities in the US state of New Hampshire. This is a list of colleges and universities in the US state of Rhode Island, Colleges and universities defined as being so listed by the Rhode Island Board This is a list of colleges and universities in the US state of Vermont.

Private and independent secondary schools

At the pre-college level, New England is home to a number of prominent American independent schools (also known as private schools). An independent school is a school which is not dependent upon national or local Government for financing its operation and is instead operated by tuition charges gifts and For the film of this title see Private School (film. Private schools, or Independent schools are Schools not administered The concept of the elite "New England prep school" (preparatory school) and the "preppy" lifestyle is an iconic part of the region's image. Preppy, also spelled preppie, is a chiefly North American adjective or noun traditionally used in relation to northeastern private University-preparatory schools

See the list of private schools for each state:
Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.

Public education

New England states fund their public schools well, with expenditures per student, and teacher salaries above the national median. As of 2005, the National Education Association ranked Connecticut with the highest-paid teachers in the country. The National Education Association ( NEA) is the largest professional organization in the United States, representing Public school Teachers and Massachusetts and Rhode Island ranked eighth and ninth, respectively. Every state but New Hampshire is in the top ten for educational spending per student. ^[50] Boston Latin School is the oldest public high school in America. The Boston Latin School is a public exam school founded on April 23 1635, in Boston, Massachusetts, making it the Several signers of the Declaration of Independence attended Boston Latin. ^[51]

Academic journals and press

New England is home to several prominent academic journals and publishing companies, including The New England Journal of Medicine, Harvard University Press, and Yale University Press. The New England Journal of Medicine ( N Engl J Med or NEJM) is an English-language Peer-reviewed Medical journal published Harvard University Press ( HUP) is a Publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in Academic publishing. Yale University Press is a book Publisher founded in 1908. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remained Also, many of its institutions lead the open access alternative to conventional academic publication, including MIT, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Maine. Open access ( OA) is free immediate permanent full-text Online access for any user web-wide to digital scientific and scholarly material primarily The University of Connecticut ( Connecticut or UConn) is the State of Connecticut 's Land-grant university. The University of Maine, established in 1865 is the Flagship University of the University of Maine System. The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston publishes the New England Economic Review. This article is under the building's alternate name For a complete article please see Federal Reserve Bank Building (Boston The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, commonly ^[52]

Health

The six states ranked within the top thirteen "healthiest states" in 2007. ^[53] In 2008 they all placed within the top eleven states.

Culture

See also: Notable New Englanders

New England has a history of shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by waves of immigration from Europe. All of the following people were born in New England or spent a significant portion of their life in New England making them a well-known figure in the region A cultural divide, however, also exists between urban New Englanders living along the densely-populated coastline and rural New Englanders in western Massachusetts, Northwestern Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, where population density is low. ^[54]

Connecticut has two cultural and demographic trends: the southwestern part of the state is largely suburban, alongside the cities Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury, Stamford, and Danbury, and as part of the New York metropolitan area, is influenced by New York City. The New York metropolitan area, often referred to as the Tri-State Area, is the most populous Metropolitan area in the United States and is also one The City of New York The remainder of the state, is culturally similar to neighboring Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Residents of this area are often referred to as "Swamp Yankees. Swamp Yankee is a colloquialism that has a variety of meanings "^[55] An example of Connecticut's cultural dichotomy can be found in residents' allegiance to sports teams. A dichotomy is any splitting of a whole into exactly two non-overlapping parts Western Connecticut residents tend to support New York teams, unlike the rest of the state who tend to be loyal to Boston teams. ^[56] Television broadcasts in Hartford and New Haven typically give equal coverage to sports teams from both Boston and New York.

Cultural roots

The first European colonists of New England were focused on maritime affairs such as whaling and fishing, rather than more continental inclinations such as surplus farming. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. Whaling is the hunting of Whales and dates back to at least 6000 BC For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. The term surplus is used in Economics for several related quantities Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture One of the older American regions, New England has developed a distinct cuisine, dialect, architecture, and government. New England cuisine is a type of American cuisine found in New England, in the northeastern region of the United States. The Boston accent is found not only in the city of Boston Massachusetts itself but also much of eastern Massachusetts A connected farm is an architectural design common in the New England Region of the United States and England and Wales in the United Kingdom New England cuisine is known for its emphasis on seafood and dairy; clam chowder, lobster, and other products of the sea are among some of the region's most popular foods, such as New Haven's famous white clam pizza. Clam chowder is any of several Chowders containing Clams and Broth.

See also: Cuisine of New England

Accents

The often-parodied Boston accent (see Mayor Quimby of The Simpsons) is native to the region. New England cuisine is a type of American cuisine found in New England, in the northeastern region of the United States. A parody (ˈpɛɹədiː US, [ˈpaɹədiː] UK) in contemporary usage is a work created to mock comment on or poke fun at an original work its subject The Boston accent is found not only in the city of Boston Massachusetts itself but also much of eastern Massachusetts Joseph Fitzgerald O'Mally Fitzpatrick O'Donnell The Edge "Joe" Quimby, a Many of its most stereotypical features (such as r-dropping and the so-called broad A) are believed to have originated in Boston from the influence of south-eastern British English, which shares those features. English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups the rhotic (ˈroʊtɪk and non-rhotic, depending on when the sound typically represented Trap-bath split The trap-bath split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in southern varieties of English English (including Received Pronunciation British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the While at one point Boston accents were most strongly associated with the so-called "Eastern Establishment" and Boston's upper class, today the accent is predominantly associated with blue-collar natives as exemplified by movies like Good Will Hunting. The Establishment is a Pejorative term used to refer to the traditional Ruling class Elite and the structures of society that they control Boston Brahmins, also called the First Families of Boston and cold roast Boston, are the class of New Englanders who claim hereditary and cultural descent Good Will Hunting is a 1997 film directed by Gus Van Sant and written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, both of whom star in the The Boston accent and accents closely related to it cover eastern Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, though there is of course significant dialect variation within this area.

Also found in New England is the distinctively conservative dialect of Rhode Island (parodied by Peter Griffin and Lois Griffin of Family Guy). A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Peter Griffin is a Fictional character and the Protagonist of the animated television series Lois Griffin (née Pewterschmidt) is a Fictional character from the animated series Family Guy. Family Guy is an animated American television sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane that airs on Fox and regularly on other This particular accent resembles the Boston accent in being non-rhotic, but resembles the New York dialect in (unlike Boston) avoiding the caught-cot merger by raising the phoneme of caught to the vicinity of [oə]. The New York dialect of the English language is spoken by most European Americans and some non-European Americans who were raised in New York City and Father-bother merger The father-bother merger is a merger of the Early Modern English vowels /ɑː/ and /ɒ/ that occurs in almost all varieties of North American English

The accent family of western New England (most of Connecticut, western Massachusetts, and Vermont) differs sharply from the Boston accent to its east and the New York accent to its southwest, but is thought to be closely related to the so-called Inland North accent of the Great Lakes region due west of it, to which western New England contributed many early settlers. The New York dialect of the English language is spoken by most European Americans and some non-European Americans who were raised in New York City and The Inland North dialect of American English is spoken in a region that includes the cities along the Erie Canal and south of the Great Lakes, as well as The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border.

Social activities and music

Bars and pubs, especially those with Irish themes, are popular social venues. A bar (also called a Pub or Tavern) is a business that serves drinks especially Alcoholic beverages such as beer liquor and mixed drinks for consumption Closer to Boston, musicians from Ireland often tour pubs, playing traditional Irish folk music, usually with a singer, a fiddler, and a guitarist. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous A guitarist is a Musician who plays the Guitar. Guitarists may perform solo pieces or play with ensembles and bands of a wide variety of genres This area also has thriving hardcore, punk, and indie rock music scenes. Hardcore punk (now usually referred to as simply hardcore) is a subgenre of Punk rock that originated in North America in the late 1970s Indie rock is genre of Alternative rock that primarily exists in the independent Underground music scene Surf rock was pioneered by Dick Dale of Quincy, Massachusetts, and the Pixies, of Boston, influenced the grunge movement of the 1990s. Surf rock is a style of music that originated in the USA that mixes elements of Surf music and Rock music, and partially due to the number of Mexican Dick Dale (born Richard Anthony Monsour on May 4, 1937, in Boston, Massachusetts) is a Surf rock guitarist, Quincy is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Pixies are an American Alternative rock band formed in Boston Massachusetts in 1986 Dropkick Murphys, from Quincy, Massachusetts, mix hardcore and punk music with Irish music in a style known as Celtic Punk. Dropkick Murphys are a Celtic punk band formed in Quincy, Massachusetts, U Quincy is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Celtic punk is Punk rock mixed with traditional Celtic music. Also, both Boston and New Haven have had a big influence on ska musicians from the Northeast. Ska ( pronounced /ska/ or in Jamaican Patois /skja/ is a Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and which was the precursor

In much of rural New England, particularly Maine, Acadian and Québécois culture also dominate the region's music and dance. Contra dancing and country square dancing are popular throughout New England, usually backed by live Irish, Acadian, or other folk music. Contra dance (also contradance, contra-dance and other variant spellings refers to several Folk dance styles in which couples dance in two facing lines Square dance is a Folk dance with four couples (eight dancers arranged in a square with one couple on each side beginning with Couple 1 facing away from the music and going This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French

Traditional knitting, quilting and rug hooking circles in rural New England have become less common; church, sports, and town government are more typical social activities. "Knit" redirects here See also KNIT and Knitted fabric. Quilting is a Sewing method done either by hand by Sewing machine, or by a longarm quilting system Traditional rug hooking is a craft where Rugs are made by pulling loops of Yarn or fabric through a stiff woven base such as Burlap, Linen Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively A town meeting is a meeting where the population of an entire geographic area is invited to participate in a gathering often for a political administrative or legislative purpose New Englanders of all ages also enjoy ice cream socials. Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined These traditional gatherings are often hosted in individual homes or civic centers; larger groups regularly assemble at special-purpose ice cream parlors that dot the countryside. Ice cream parlors are places that sell Ice cream and Frozen yogurt to consumers In fact, New England leads the country in ice cream consumption per capita. ^[57][58]

In the United States, Candlepin bowling is essentially confined to New England, an activity invented there in the 19th century. Candlepin bowling is a variation of Bowling that is played primarily in several New England states and in the Canadian Maritime provinces of New Brunswick ^[59]

Media

New England has several regional broadcasting companies, including New England Cable News (NECN) and the New England Sports Network (NESN) as well as the national cable sports broadcaster Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) in Bristol, Connecticut. New England Cable News, known on-air as "NECN", is a regional cable Television network serving the New England region of the The New England Sports Network, or NESN, is a regional Cable television network that covers the six New England states except Fairfield County Connecticut ESPN, originally an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, is an American Cable television network dedicated to Bristol is a city located in Hartford County Connecticut, USA, 20 miles (32 km southwest of Hartford The former is the largest regional news network in the United States, broadcasting to more than 3. 2 million homes in all of the New England states. Its studios are located in Newton, Massachusetts, outside of Boston, although it maintains bureaus in Manchester, New Hampshire; Hartford, Connecticut; Worcester, Massachusetts; Portland, Maine; and Burlington, Vermont. The City of Newton in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, is an important residential Suburb of Boston, which abuts it on the east Manchester is the largest city in the US state of New Hampshire and the largest city of northern New England, an area composed of Vermont, Worcester (ˈwʊstɚ is a City in the state of Massachusetts in the United States of America. Portland is the largest city in the US state of Maine and the County seat of Cumberland County. Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of ^[60]

The New England Sports Network covers New England sports teams throughout the region, save for Fairfield County, Connecticut. ^[61]

While most New England cities have daily newspapers, the Boston Globe and New York Times are distributed widely throughout the region. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England,

Literature

New England has been the birthplace of many American authors and poets. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born near Boston. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, where he famously lived, for some time, by Walden Pond, on Emerson's land. Concord is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. Walden Pond is a 102-foot (31 m deep Pond, 61 acres in area and around located in Concord Massachusetts, in the United States Nathaniel Hawthorne, romantic era writer, was born in historical Salem; later, he would live in Concord at the same time as Emerson and Thoreau. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Emily Dickinson lived most of her life in Amherst, Massachusetts. Amherst is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States in the Connecticut River valley Henry W. Longfellow was from Portland, Maine. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, According to many reports, the famed Mother Goose, the author of fairy tales and nursery rhymes was originally a person named Elizabeth Foster Goose or Mary Goose who lived in Boston. Mother Goose is a well-known figure in the Literature of Fairy tales and Nursery rhymes Mother Goose is best known in the United States, in the Poets James Russell Lowell, Amy Lowell, and Robert Lowell, a Confessionalist poet and teacher of Sylvia Plath, were all New England natives. James Russell Lowell (February 22 1819 – August 12 1891 was an American Romantic poet critic editor and Diplomat. Amy Lawrence Lowell ( February 9, 1874 — May 12, 1925) was an American Poet of the Imagist school from Brookline Robert Lowell (March 1 1917&ndashSeptember 12 1977 born Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV, was an American Poet whose works confessional in nature Confessional poetry trafficks in intimate and sometimes unflattering information about details of the poet's personal life such as in poems about illness sexuality and despondence Sylvia Plath (October 27 1932 &ndash February 11 1963 was an American Poet, Novelist and Short story Writer. Anne Sexton, also taught by Lowell, was born and died in Massachusetts. Anne Sexton ( November 9, 1928, Newton Massachusetts — October 4, 1974, Weston Massachusetts) born Anne Gray Much of the work of Nobel Prize laureate Eugene O'Neill is often associated with the city of New London, Connecticut where he spent many summers. Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16 1888–November 27 1953 was a Nobel -prize winning American playwright New London is a seaport city and a Port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States The 14th U. S. Poet Laureate Donald Hall, a New Hampshire resident, continues the line of renowned New England poets. A Poet Laureate is a Poet officially appointed by a government and is often expected to compose poems for State occasions and other government events Donald Hall (born September 20, 1928) is an American Poet and the 14th U Noah Webster, the Father of American Scholarship and Education, was born in West Hartford, Connecticut. Noah Webster (October 16 1758 &ndash May 28 1843 was an American Lexicographer, textbook author Spelling reformer word enthusiast and editor "West Hartford" redirects here For the unincorporated community in Vermont, see West Hartford, Vermont. Pulitzer Prize winning poets Edwin Arlington Robinson, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Robert P. T. Coffin were born in Maine. The Pulitzer Prize in Poetry has been presented since 1922 for a distinguished volume of original verse by an American author Edwin Arlington Robinson ( December 22, 1869 &ndash April 6, 1935) was an American Poet, who won three Pulitzer Edna St Vincent Millay ( February 22, 1892 &ndash October 19, 1950) was an American lyrical poet and playwright and the first Robert Peter Tristram Coffin ( March 18, 1892 – January 20, 1955) was a writer poet and professor at Wells College (1921-1934 The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Poets Stanley Kunitz and Elizabeth Bishop were both born in Worcester, Massachusetts. Stanley Jasspon Kunitz /'kjunɪts/ ( July 29, 1905 – May 14, 2006) was an American Poet who served two years (1974&ndash1976 Elizabeth Bishop ( February 8, 1911 &ndash October 6, 1979) was an American Poet and Writer from Worcester Worcester (ˈwʊstɚ is a City in the state of Massachusetts in the United States of America. Pulitzer Prize winning poet Galway Kinnell was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Galway Kinnell (born February 1st 1927 in Providence Rhode Island) is one of the most influential American poets of the latter half of the 20th century Oliver La Farge was a New Englander of French and Narragansett descent, won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, the predecessor to the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, in 1930 for his book Laughing Boy. Oliver Hazard Perry La Farge ( 19 December 1901 - 2 August 1963) was an American writer and anthropologist perhaps best known The Pulitzer Prize for the Novel was a prize awarded between 1918 and 1947 The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction has been awarded since 1948 for distinguished fiction by an American author preferably dealing with American life Laughing Boy is a 1929 novel by Oliver La Farge about the clash between American culture and that of the southwestern Native American John P. Marquand grew up in Newburyport, Massachusetts. John Phillips Marquand ( November 10, 1893 – July 16, 1960) was a 20th-century American novelist Newburyport is a small coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, 38 miles (61 km northeast of Boston. Novelist Edwin O'Connor, who was also known as a radio personality and journalist, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his novel The Edge of Sadness. Edwin O'Connor ( 29 July 1918 - 23 March 1968) was an American radio personality journalist and novelist who won the Pulitzer The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction has been awarded since 1948 for distinguished fiction by an American author preferably dealing with American life The Edge of Sadness is a Novel by the American author Edwin O'Connor. Pulitzer Prize winner John Cheever, a novelist and short story writer, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts set most of his fiction in old New England villages based on various South Shore towns around his birthcity. John Cheever ( May 27, 1912 &ndash June 18, 1982) was an American Novelist and Short story Writer Quincy is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. E. Annie Proulx was born in Norwich, Connecticut. Norwich known as "The Rose of New England" is a city in and formerly county seat (when there were county seats in the state of New London County, Connecticut David Lindsay-Abaire won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 2007 for his play Rabbit Hole was raised in Boston. David Lindsay-Abaire is a Pulitzer Prize winning American Playwright, best known for Fuddy Meers and for the 2007 Pulitzer Prize The Pulitzer Prize for Drama was first awarded in 1918 From 1918 to 2006 the Drama Prize was unlike the majority of the other Pulitzer Prizes during these years the Rabbit Hole is a play by David Lindsay-Abaire commissioned by South Coast Repertory and first presented at its Pacific Playwrights Festival reading

Ethan Frome, written in 1911 by Edith Wharton, is set in turn-of-the-century New England, in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts. Ethan Frome is a novel that was released in 1911 by the Pulitzer Prize -winning American author Edith Wharton. Edith Wharton ( January 24 1862 &ndash August 11 1937) was an American Novelist, Short story Writer Like much literature of the region, it plays off themes of isolation and hopelessness. New England is also the setting for most of the gothic horror stories of H. P. Lovecraft, who lived his life in Providence, Rhode Island. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Howard Phillips Lovecraft ( August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of horror, fantasy Real New England towns such as Ipswich, Newburyport, Rowley, and Marblehead are given fictional names such as Dunwich, Arkham, Innsmouth, Kingsport, and Miskatonic and then featured quite often in his stories. Ipswich is a coastal town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Newburyport is a small coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, 38 miles (61 km northeast of Boston. Rowley is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Marblehead is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Lovecraft had an immense appreciation for the New England area, and when he had to re-locate to New York City, he longed to return to his beloved native land.

The region has also drawn the attention of authors and poets from other parts of the United States. Mark Twain found Hartford to be the most beautiful city in the United States and made it his home, and wrote his masterpieces there. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist He lived directly next door to Harriett Beecher Stowe, a local whose most famous work is Uncle Tom's Cabin. Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14 1811 – July 1 1896 was an American Author and Abolitionist, whose Novel Uncle Tom's Cabin Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life Among the Lowly is an anti- Slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. John Updike, originally from Pennsylvania, eventually moved to Ipswich, Massachusetts, which served as the model for the fictional New England town of Tarbox in his 1968 novel Couples. John Hoyer Updike (born March 18 1932 in Reading, Pennsylvania) is an American Novelist, Poet, Short story The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Ipswich is a coastal town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Robert Frost was born in California, but moved to Massachusetts during his teen years and published his first poem in Lawrence; his frequent use of New England settings and themes ensured that he would be associated with the region. Robert Lee Frost (March 26 1874 &ndash January 29 1963 was an American Poet. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Lawrence is a city in Essex County Massachusetts, United States on the Merrimack River. Arthur Miller, a New York City native, used New England as the setting for some of his works, most notably The Crucible. Arthur Asher Miller (October 17 1915 &ndash February 10 2005 was an American Playwright and Essayist. The City of New York The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play based upon the events in 1692, which led to the Salem Witch Trials, a series of hearings before Herman Melville, originally for New York City, bought the house now known as Arrowhead in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and while he lived there he wrote his greatest novel Moby-Dick. Herman Melville (August 1 1819 &ndash September 28 1891 was an American novelist Short story writer Essayist and poet Moby-Dick is an 1851 Novel by Herman Melville. The story tells the adventures of the wandering sailor Ishmael and his voyage on the whaleship Poet Maxine Kumin was born in Philadelphia, currently resides in Warner, New Hampshire. Maxine Kumin (born 1925 is an American Poet and Author. Life Born in Philadelphia, Kumin the daughter of Jewish parents Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Warner is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. Pulitzer Prize winning poet Mary Oliver was born in Maple Heights, Ohio has lived in Provincetown, Massachusetts for the last forty years. Mary Oliver (b September 10, 1935) is an American Poet. Life Oliver was born to Edward William and Helen M Maple Heights is a suburban Cleveland city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. Provincetown is a town located at the extreme tip of Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. Charles Simic who was born in Belgrade, Serbia (at that time Yugoslavia) grew up in Chicago and lives in Strafford, New Hampshire, on the shore of Bow Lake and is the professor emeritus of American literature and creative writing at the University of New Hampshire. Charles Simic (ˈtʃ​͡ɑːɻls ˈʂimitɕ​͡ born Dušan Simić, May 9, 1938 in Belgrade, Serbia) is a Serbian Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Strafford is a town in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. Bow Lake is a water body located in Strafford and Rockingham counties in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Strafford The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America. Creative writing is considered to be any writing Fiction or Non-fiction, that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, Journalistic, University of New Hampshire ( UNH) is a public university in the University System of New Hampshire (USNH United States. Pulitzer Prize winning novelist and short story writer Steven Millhauser, who was born in New York City and short story Eisenheim the Illusionist was adapted into the 2006 film was raised in Connecticut. Steven Millhauser (born 3 August, 1943) is an American Novelist and Short story writer The City of New York The Illusionist is a 2006 Period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and starring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.

More recently, Stephen King, born in Portland, Maine, has used the small towns of his home state as the setting for much of his horror fiction, with several of his stories taking place in or near the fictional town of Castle Rock. Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Musician, Columnist, Portland is the largest city in the US state of Maine and the County seat of Cumberland County. Just to the south, Exeter, New Hampshire was the birthplace of best-selling novelist John Irving and Dan Brown, author of The Da Vinci Code. Exeter is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. John Winslow Irving (born March 2, 1942 as John Wallace Blunt Jr Dan Brown (born June 22 1964 is an American Author of Thriller fiction, best known for the 2003 bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code The Da Vinci Code is a controversial mystery / detective Novel by US author Dan Brown, published in 2003 by Doubleday Rick Moody has set many of his works in southern New England, focusing on wealthy families of suburban Connecticut's Gold Coast and their battles with addiction and anomie. Rick Moody (born Hiram Frederick Moody III, October 18 1961) is an American Novelist and Short story writer best known for Gold Coast is a region of the state of Connecticut, United States that roughly corresponds to the labor market area of the city of Stamford. Derek Walcott, a playwright and poet, who won Nobel Prize for Literature in 1992, teaches poetry at Boston University. Derek Alton Walcott (born January 23, 1930) is a West Indies poet playwright writer and visual artist who writes mainly in English. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred For similarly-named academic institutions see Education in Boston MA. Pulitzer Prize winner Cormac McCarthy, whose novel No Country for Old Men was made into the Academy Award for Best Picture winning film in 2007, was born in Providence (although he moved to Tennessee when he was a boy). Cormac McCarthy, born Charles McCarthy (born July 20, 1933 in Providence Rhode Island) is an American Novelist and No Country for Old Men is a 2005 Novel by American author Cormac McCarthy. The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working No Country for Old Men is a 2007 crime [[thriller (genre| thriller film]] adapted for the screen and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, starring

Largely on the strength of its local writers, Boston was for some years the center of the U. S. publishing industry, before being overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century. The City of New York Boston remains the home of publishers Houghton Mifflin and Pearson Education, and was the longtime home of literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly. Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. Pearson Education is an international publisher of textbooks and other educational material such as multimedia learning tools The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 Merriam-Webster is based in Springfield, Massachusetts. Merriam-Webster, which was originally the G & C Merriam Company of Springfield Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books Springfield is a City in and the County seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Yankee, a magazine for New Englanders, is based in Dublin, New Hampshire. Yankee is a Magazine published by Yankee Publishing Inc of Dublin, New Hampshire. Dublin is a town in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States.

Sports

Main article: Sports in New England

Two popular American sports were invented in New England. Two popular American sports were invented in New England. Basketball was invented by James Naismith in Springfield Massachusetts, in 1891 Basketball was invented by James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m James A Naismith (November 6 Springfield is a City in and the County seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. ^[62] Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet William G Morgan (1870-1942 was the inventor of Volleyball, originally called "Mintonette" ^[63]

Professional and semi-professional sports teams in New England

Most New Englanders tend towards support of the local professional sports teams: the Boston Red Sox, the New England Patriots (based in Foxborough, Massachusetts), the Boston Celtics, the Boston Bruins and the New England Revolution (also based in Foxborough). The Boston Red Sox are a Professional baseball team based in Boston Massachusetts, and are the reigning (2007 World Series Champions. The New England Patriots, commonly called the " Pats " by sports writers and fans are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston Foxborough is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, approximately 22 miles (35 km southwest of Boston and 18 miles (29 km The Boston Celtics are an American professional Basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts, playing in the Atlantic Division of the The Boston Bruins are a professional Ice hockey team based in Boston Massachusetts. The New England Revolution, nicknamed the Revs, is a professional soccer club based in Foxborough Massachusetts, that participates in Major League In the southwestern part of the state, many Connecticut residents support the New York Yankees and other New York based professional sports teams, both due to geographical proximity and the high rate of southwestern Connecticut residents with business or employment ties to New York City. The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the borough of The Bronx, in New York City, New York. Hartford had a professional NHL hockey team from 1972 through 1997 called the Hartford Whalers (more affectionately known locally as "The Whale"). The Hartford Whalers were an American professional Ice hockey team based in Hartford Connecticut. However, in 1997, the owner moved the team to North Carolina (changing the name to the Carolina Hurricanes) for financial reasons. The Carolina Hurricanes are a professional Ice hockey team based in Raleigh, North Carolina. There are also numerous minor league baseball and hockey teams based in larger cities such as the Pawtucket Red Sox (baseball), the Worcester Tornadoes (baseball) and the Worcester Sharks (hockey), the Lowell Spinners (baseball) and the Lowell Devils (hockey), the Portland Sea Dogs (basebal), the Nashua Pride (baseball), the Portland Pirates (hockey), and others.

The region also has a rich heritage in high school and college athletics. Thanksgiving day high school football rivalries date back to the 19th century, and the Harvard-Yale rivalry ("The Game") is the oldest active rivalry in college football. The Game (always capitalized is a title given to several US College football rivalry games but most particularly the annual contest between Harvard The Boston Marathon, run on Patriot's Day every year, is a New England cultural institution and the oldest annual marathon in the world. The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon sporting event hosted by the city of Boston, Massachusetts Patriots' Day (sometimes spelled Patriot's Day or Patriots Day) is a Civic holiday commemorating the anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord While the race offers far less prize money than many other marathons, and the infamous Newton hills have helped ensure that no world record has been set on the course since 1947, the race's difficulty and long history make it one of the world's most prestigious marathons. The City of Newton in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, is an important residential Suburb of Boston, which abuts it on the east ^[64]

Notable places

Historic

New England features many of the oldest cities and towns in the country. The following places are replete with historic buildings, parks, and streetscapes (following the coast from New Haven):

• New Haven, Connecticut
• Hartford, Connecticut
• Providence, Rhode Island
• Newport, Rhode Island
• Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Boston and its surrounding area
• Salem, Massachusetts
• Gloucester, Massachusetts
• Newburyport, Massachusetts
• Portsmouth, New Hampshire
• Portland, Maine

Recreational

The Appalachian Mountains run through northern New England which make for excellent skiing. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine are home to various ski resorts.

Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts are popular tourist destinations for their small town charm and beaches. Cape Cod (or simply the Cape to most New Englanders is a Peninsula nearly coextensive with Barnstable County Massachusetts and forming the easternmost Martha's Vineyard (adjoining the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an Island off the US east coast to the south of Cape Cod, both All have restrictive zoning laws to prevent sprawl and overdevelopment.

Acadia National Park, off the coast of Maine, preserves most of Mount Desert Island and includes mountains, an ocean shoreline, woodlands, and lakes. Acadia National Park preserves much of Mount Desert Island, and associated smaller islands off the Atlantic coast of Maine. Mount Desert Island, in Hancock County, Maine, is the largest Island off the coast of Maine.

Additionally, the coastal New England states are home to many oceanfront beaches.

The financial magazine Money, in a 2006 survey entitled "Best Places to Live," ranked several New England towns and cities in the top one hundred. Money is a Time Inc Personal finance magazine Its first issue was published in October 1972 In Connecticut, Fairfield was ranked ninth, while Stamford was ranked forty-sixth. Fairfield is a town located in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Stamford is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. In Maine, Portland ranked eighty-ninth. Portland is the largest city in the US state of Maine and the County seat of Cumberland County. In Massachusetts, Newton was ranked twenty-second. The City of Newton in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, is an important residential Suburb of Boston, which abuts it on the east In New Hampshire, Nashua, a past number one, was ranked eighty-seventh. Nashua is a city in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, USA. As of the 2000 census Nashua had a total population of 86605 making it the second largest In Rhode Island, Cranston was ranked seventy-eighth, while Warwick was ranked eighty-third. Cranston, once known as Pawtuxet is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. Warwick is a city in Kent County, Rhode Island, United States. ^[66]

See also: Beaches of New England

See also

• New France
• New Netherland
• New England Planters
• Extreme points of New England
• Amusement parks in New England
• Beaches of New England
• Boston accent
• New England town
• Yankee
• Swamp Yankee
• Mammals of New England
• Vegetation of New England

Notes

References

• Adams, James Truslow. The Founding of New England (1921)
• Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923)
• Adams, James Truslow. New England in the Republic, 1776–1850 (1926)
• Andrews, Charles M. The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths (1919), short survey.
• Axtell, James, ed. The American People in Colonial New England (1973), new social history
• Black, John D. The rural economy of New England: a regional study (1950
• Brewer, Daniel Chauncey. Conquest of New England by the Immigrant (1926).
• Conforti, Joseph A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2001)
• Dwight, Timothy. Travels Through New England and New York (circa 1800) 4 vol. (1969) Online at: vol 1; vol 2; vol 3; vol 4
• Hall, Donald, foreword, Feintuch, Burt and Watters, David H. , editors, Encyclopedia of New England (2005)
• Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (1998)
• Lilly, Lamberth. History of New England (1847)
• Lockridge, Kenneth A. A New England Town: The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636–1736 (1985), new social history
• McPhetres, S. A. A political manual for the campaign of 1868, for use in the New England states, containing the population and latest election returns of every town (1868)
• Palfrey, John Gorham. History of New England (5 vol 1859–90)
• Zimmerman, Joseph F. The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action (1999)
• NEW YORK: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries; John H. Long, Editor; Compiled by Kathryn Ford Thorne; A Project of the Dr. William M. Scholl Center for Family and Community History; The new Berry Library; Simon & Schuster; 1993.
• Contributors: U. S. Census Bureau. "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"PDF (1. 06 MB). Retrieved May 11, 2005
• The Washington Post, Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage
• The Guardian, Movers and Shakers

External links

• Political
  • New England Governors Conference
  • New England Confederation Alliance
• Historic
  • New England Articles of Confederation
  • Charter of New England
  • Historic First Parish Cemetery and Old Burial Yard
• Maps
  • Historic USGS Maps of New England & NY
  • Map of New England. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. From the 1871 Atlas of Massachusetts by Walling and Gray. Click on image to get VERY large image.
• Miscellaneous
  • Flag of New England
  • New England Music Archive
  • National Network of Libraries of Medicine - New England Region
  • Hartford-Springfield Economic Partnership

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