Neuropsychology is an interdisciplinary branch of psychology and neuroscience that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors. A brain-computer interface (BCI sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal Traumatic brain injury (TBI also called intracranial injury, occurs when Physical trauma injures the Brain. Anatomical regions of the brain are listed vertically following hierarchies that are standard in Neuroanatomy. Clinical neuropsychology is a sub-specialty of clinical Psychology that specialises in the diagnostic assessment and treatment of patients with Brain injury or Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrate underlying Cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates The human brain controls the Central nervous system (CNS by way of the Cranial nerves and Spinal cord, the Peripheral nervous system (PNS Neuroanatomy is the science for localizing function in the Human brain. Neurophysiology (from Greek grc νεῦρον neuron, "nerve" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία Phrenology (from Greek: φρήν phrēn, "mind" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" is a defunct field of study once The human brain controls the Central nervous system (CNS by way of the Cranial nerves and Spinal cord, the Peripheral nervous system (PNS Wikipedia articles related to Brain Function Visual system Auditory system Olfactory system Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake Attention is the Cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes ( cognitive process) leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives The executive system is a theorized Cognitive system in Psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes In the Philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is a Language that is spoken or written in phonemic-alphabetic or phonemically-related In the fields of Neuropsychology, Personal development and Education, Learning is one of the most important Mental function of humans In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information Gross motor coordination addresses the Gross motor skills walking running climbing jumping crawling lifting one's head sitting up etc In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Planning in Organizations and Public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a Plan; and the psychological process of Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions problem solving has been defined as higher-order Cognitive Thought and thinking are mental forms and Processes respectively ("thought" is both David Joseph Bohm ( December 20 1917, Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania – October 27 1992, London) was an American António Rosa Damásio, GOSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɐ'maziu (ɐ̃'tɔniu dɐ'maziu (b Phineas P Gage (July 9? 1823 – May 21? 1860 was a railroad worker now remembered for his incredible survival of a Traumatic brain injury which destroyed one or both of Norman Geschwind (1926-1984 can be considered the father of modern Behavioral neurology in America Elkhonon Goldberg (b 1946 Riga, Latvia) is a Neuropsychologist and Cognitive neuroscientist known for his work in hemispheric specialization Donald Olding Hebb ( July 22, 1904 &ndash August 20, 1985) was a Canadian Psychologist who was influential in the area of Neuropsychology Kenneth M Heilman is an American Behavioral neurologist. Biography Early life and career Kenneth Heilman was born and raised in Brooklyn Muriel Deutsch Lezak is an American neuropsychologist best known for her book Neuropsychological Assessment, widely accepted as the standard in the field Benjamin Libet ( April 12, 1916 - July 23, 2007) was a researcher in the Physiology department of the University of California Rodolfo R Llinás (b Bogotá, Colombia in 1934 is the Thomas and Suzanne Murphy Professor of Neuroscience and Chairman of the department of Physiology & Neuroscience Alexander Romanovich Luria Александр Романович Лурия ( July 16, 1902 - August 14, 1977) was a famous Soviet Dr Brenda Milner CC FRS (born 15 July 1918, Manchester England) has contributed extensively to the research literature Karl H Pribram (born February 25, 1919 in Vienna Austria) is a professor at Georgetown University and George Mason University Oliver Wolf Sacks, CBE (born July 9, 1933, London is a British Neurologist residing in the United States who has written popular books about Roger Wolcott Sperry ( August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was a neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and Nobel laureate who KC (Also known as Patient KC) is a famous patient in Neuropsychology who suffers from Anterograde amnesia and temporally graded Retrograde amnesia Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular Brain structure or pathway The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, or simply the Bender-Gestalt test, is a Psychological test first developed by child Neuropsychiatrist Lauretta The Benton Visual Retention Test (or simply Benton Test) is an individually administered test for ages 8-adult that measures Visual perception and Visual memory The Clinical Dementia Rating or CDR is a numeric scale used to quantify the severity of Symptoms of Dementia (i A Continuous Performance Task/Test, or CPT, is a Psychological test which measures a person's sustained and selective Attention and impulsivity The Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS, sometimes also known as the Glasgow Coma Score is a neurological scale which aims to give a reliable objective The Hayling and Brixton tests are Neuropsychological tests of Executive function created by psychologists Paul W The lexical decision task is a procedure used in many Psychology and Psycholinguistics experiments The mini-mental state examination ( MMSE) or Folstein test is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to assess Cognition. Demonstration Say aloud the colors of each of these words as fast Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS is a general test of intelligence ( IQ) published in February 1955 as a revision of the Wechsler - Bellevue test The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST is a Neuropsychological test of "set-shifting" i A Johari window is a cognitive psychological tool created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955 in the United States used to help people better understand Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The term neuropsychology has been applied to both lesion studies of humans and animals and efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients). [1]
It is scientific in its approach and shares an information processing view of the mind with cognitive psychology and cognitive science. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Information processing is the change (processing of Information in any manner detectable by an observer. Cognitive psychology is a branch of Psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving memory and language Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior
It is one of the more eclectic of the psychological disciplines, overlapping at times with areas such as neuroscience, philosophy (particularly philosophy of mind), neurology, psychiatry and computer science (particularly by making use of artificial neural networks). Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single Paradigm or set of assumptions but instead draws upon multiple theories styles or ideas to Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Philosophy of mind is the branch of Philosophy that studies the nature of the Mind, Mental events Mental functions mental properties Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their An artificial neural network (ANN, often just called a "neural network" (NN is a Mathematical model or Computational model based on Biological neural
In practice neuropsychologists tend to work in academia (involved in basic or clinical research), clinical settings (involved in assessing or treating patients with neuropsychological problems – see clinical neuropsychology), forensic settings (often assessing people for legal reasons or court cases or working with offenders, or appearing in court as expert witness) or industry (often as consultants where neuropsychological knowledge is applied to product design or in the management of pharmaceutical clinical-trials research for drugs that might have a potential impact on CNS functioning). Clinical neuropsychology is a sub-specialty of clinical Psychology that specialises in the diagnostic assessment and treatment of patients with Brain injury or
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Approaches
Experimental neuropsychology is an approach which uses methods from experimental psychology to uncover the relationship between the nervous system and cognitive function. Experimental psychology approaches Psychology as one of the natural sciences investigates it using the experimental method. The majority of work involves studying healthy humans in a laboratory setting, although a minority of researchers may conduct animal experiments. Human work in this area often takes advantage of specific features of our nervous system (for example that visual information presented to a specific visual field is preferentially processed by the cortical hemisphere on the opposite side) to make links between neuroanatomy and psychological function. The term visual field is sometimes used as a Synonym to Field of view, though they do not designate the same thing The cerebral cortex is a structure within the Brain that plays a key role in Memory, Attention, perceptual Awareness, Thought, Neuroanatomy is the science for localizing function in the Human brain.
Clinical neuropsychology is the application of neuropsychological knowledge to the assessment (see neuropsychological test and neuropsychological assessment), management and rehabilitation of people who have suffered illness or injury (particularly to the brain) which has caused neurocognitive problems. Clinical neuropsychology is a sub-specialty of clinical Psychology that specialises in the diagnostic assessment and treatment of patients with Brain injury or Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular Brain structure or pathway Neuropsychological assessment was traditionally carried out to assess the extent of impairment to a particular skill and to attempt to locate an area of the brain which may have been damaged Rehabilitation of sensory and Cognitive function typically involves methods for retraining Neural pathways or training new neural pathways to regain or improve neurocognitive Neurocognitive is a term used to describe Cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular areas Neural pathways or cortical networks in In particular they bring a psychological viewpoint to treatment, to understand how such illness and injury may affect and be affected by psychological factors. Clinical neuropsychologists typically work in hospital settings in an interdisciplinary medical team, although private practice work is not unknown.
Cognitive neuropsychology is a relatively new development and has emerged as a distillation of the complementary approaches of both experimental and clinical neuropsychology. Cognitive neuropsychology is a branch of Neuropsychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the Brain relates to specific psychological It seeks to understand the mind and brain by studying people who have suffered brain injury or neurological illness. One model of neuropsychological functioning is known as functional localization. This is based on the principle that if a specific cognitive problem can be found after an injury to a specific area of the brain, it is possible that this part of the brain is in some way involved. However, there may be reason to believe that the link between mental functions and neural regions is not so simple. An alternative model of the link between mind and brain, such as parallel processing, may have more explanatory power for the workings and dysfunction of the human brain. Parallel processing is also another term for Parallel computing. Yet another approach investigates how the pattern of errors produced by brain-damaged individuals can constrain our understanding of mental representations and processes without reference to the underlying neural structure. A more recent but related approach is cognitive neuropsychiatry which seeks to understand the normal function of mind and brain by studying psychiatric or mental illness. Cognitive neuropsychiatry is a sub-discipline of Psychology and Psychiatry that aims to understand Mental illness and Psychopathology in terms Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as
Connectionism is the use of artificial neural networks to model specific cognitive processes using what are considered to be simplified but plausible models of how neurons operate. Connectionism is an approach in the fields of Artificial intelligence, Cognitive psychology / Cognitive science, Neuroscience and Philosophy An artificial neural network (ANN, often just called a "neural network" (NN is a Mathematical model or Computational model based on Biological neural Once trained to perform a specific cognitive task these networks are often damaged or 'lesioned' to simulate brain injury or impairment in an attempt to understand and compare the results to the effects of brain injury in humans.
Functional neuroimaging uses specific neuroimaging technologies to take readings from the brain, usually when a person is doing a particular task, in an attempt to understand how the activation of particular brain areas is related to the task. Functional neuroimaging is the use of Neuroimaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function often with a view to understanding the relationship between activity in Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/ Pharmacology of the Brain In particular, the growth of methodologies to employ cognitive testing within established functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques to study brain-behavior relations is having a notable influence on neuropsychological research. Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI is a type of specialized MRI scan Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI is a type of specialized MRI scan
In practice these approaches are not mutually exclusive and most neuropsychologists select the best approach or approaches for the task to be completed.
Methods and tools
- The use of standardized neuropsychological tests. Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular Brain structure or pathway These tasks have been designed so the performance on the task can be linked to specific neurocognitive processes. Neurocognitive is a term used to describe Cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular areas Neural pathways or cortical networks in These tests are typically standardized, meaning that they have been administered to a specific group(s) of individuals before being used in individual clinical cases. Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. The data resulting from standardization are known as normative data. After these data have been collected and analyzed, they are used as the comparative standard against which individual performances can be compared. Examples of neuropsychological tests include: the Weschler Adult Memory Scale (WMS), the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and the Wescheler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Other tests include the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, the Boston Naming Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Benton Visual Retention Test, and the Controlled Oral Word Association. (The Woodcock Johnson and the Nelson-Denny are not a neuropsychological tests per se. They are psycho-educational batteries of tests used to measure an individual's intra-disciplinary strengths and weakness in specific academic areas (writing, reading and arithmetic)).
- The use of brain scans to investigate the structure or function of the brain is common, either as simply a way of better assessing brain injury with high resolution pictures, or by examining the relative activations of different brain areas. Such technologies may include fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography), which yields data related to functioning, as well as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CAT (or CT) (Computed Axial Tomography), which yields structural data. Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI is a type of specialized MRI scan Positron emission tomography ( PET) is a Nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the Computed tomography (CT is a Medical imaging method employing Tomography.
- The use of electrophysiological measures designed to measure the activation of the brain by measuring the electrical or magnetic field produced by the nervous system. Electrophysiology (from Greek grc ἥλεκτρον ēlektron, "amber" the [[Electron#Etymology|etymology of "electron"]] grc φύσις This may include EEG (Electroencephalography) or MEG (Magneto-encephalography). Magnetoencephalography ( MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the Magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the
- The use of designed experimental tasks, often controlled by computer and typically measuring reaction time and accuracy on a particular tasks thought to be related to a specific neurocognitive process. Neurocognitive is a term used to describe Cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular areas Neural pathways or cortical networks in An example of this is the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).
See also
Related lists
External links
- The National Academy of Neuropsychology a professional society that includes clinicians, scientist-practitioners, and researchers interested in neuropsychology
- The International Neuropsychological Society, "a multi-disciplinary non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing communication among the scientific disciplines which contribute to the understanding of brain-behavior relationships. Behavioral neurology is a subspecialty of Neurology that studies the neurological basis of behavior memory and cognition the impact of neurological damage and disease upon Brain fitness grew out of the study of Neuropsychology and is the science of maintaining and training cognitive abilities Clinical neuropsychology is a sub-specialty of clinical Psychology that specialises in the diagnostic assessment and treatment of patients with Brain injury or See also Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT) is an umbrella-term for psychotherapeutic systems that deal with cognitions interpretations Cognitive neuropsychiatry is a sub-discipline of Psychology and Psychiatry that aims to understand Mental illness and Psychopathology in terms Cognitive neuropsychology is a branch of Neuropsychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the Brain relates to specific psychological Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrate underlying Cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates Cognitive psychology is a branch of Psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving memory and language Comparative Neuropsychology refers to an approach used for understanding human Brain functions Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT is a psychological method developed by Marsha M Neurocognitive is a term used to describe Cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular areas Neural pathways or cortical networks in Neuropsychiatry is the branch of Medicine dealing with Mental disorders attributable to diseases of the Nervous system. Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular Brain structure or pathway Neurophysiology (from Greek grc νεῦρον neuron, "nerve" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system Nonviolent Communication (NVC is a process developed by Marshall Rosenberg and others which people use to communicate with greater Compassion and clarity Philosophy of mind is the branch of Philosophy that studies the nature of the Mind, Mental events Mental functions mental properties Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The Doctor of Psychology (PsyD degree is a Professional doctorate, which is earned through one of two established training models for Clinical Psychology. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ( REBT) is a comprehensive active-directive philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses DSc ScD SD, or DrSc are common abbreviations for the Latin Scientiæ Doctor, meaning Doctor of Science. Introducing Psychology Introducing Psychology "
- Division 40 of the American Psychological Association (Clinical Neuropsychology), "a scientific and professional organization of psychologists interested in the study of brain-behavior relationships, and the clinical application of that knowledge to human problems. "
- Neuropsychology Central
- Clinical neuropsychology
- History of neuropsychology as a timeline.
- a cup of neuropsychology? selective resources about brain-behavior relations from Anthony H. Risser, Ph. D.
- brainblog.
- The American Board of Pediatric Neuropsychology. Board certifying body for practicing Pediatric Neuropsychologists and is the only board certifying body specific to pediatric neuropsychology.
- Biological Psychology Links
- International Institute for Neuropsychological Research Not-for-profit institute aimed at supporting neuropsychological research internationally
- The Philadelphia Neuropsychology Society founding society of the Neuropsychology journal, serving neuropsychologists in the Philadelphia area
- Neuropsychological Assessment in Schools – from the Education Resources Information Center Clearinghouse on Tests Measurement and Evaluation, Washington DC
- The American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology Board certifying body for practicing Clinical Neuropsychologists. The Education Resources Information Center ( ERIC) sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES of the U Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D ABCN is a member of the American Board of Professional Psychology
Notes
- ^ Posner, M. I. & DiGirolamo, G. J. (2000) Cognitive Neuroscience: Origins and Promise,Psychological Bulletin, 126:6, 873-889.
Further reading
- Arnold, M. B. (1984). Memory and the Brain. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Attix, D. K. & Welsh-Bohmer, K. A. (2006). Geriatric Neuropsychology. The Guilford Press: New York.
- Beaumont, J. G. (1983). Introduction to Neuropsychology. Guilford Publications Inc. ISBN 0-89862-515-7
- Beamont, J. G. , Kenealy, P. M. , & Rogers, M. J. C. (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Neuropsychology. Malden, Massachusetts,Blackwell Publishers.
- Bush, S. S. & Martin, T. A. (2005). Geriatric Neuropsychology: Practice Essentials. Taylor & Francis Group: New York.
- Cabeza, R. & Kingstone, A. (eds. ) (2001) Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging and Cognition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
- Christensen, A-L. (1975) Luria's Neuropsychological Investigation. New York: Spectrum Publications.
- David, A. S. et al. (eds. ) (1997). The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia: Brain Damage, Behaviour, and Cognition Series, East Sussex,UK, Psychology Press.
- Hannay, H. J. (1986). Experimental Techniques in Human Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Hartlage, L. C. & Telzrow, C. F. (1985) The Neuropsychology of Individual Differences. New York: Plenum Press.
- Kertesz, A. (ed. ) (1994). Localization and Neuroimaging in Neuropsychology. Academic Press: New York.
- Kolb, B. , & Wishaw, I. Q. (2003). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (5th edition). Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6
- Levin, H. S. , Eisenberg, H. M. & Benton, A. L. (1991) Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Lezak, M. D. , Howieson, D. B. , & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment (4th ed. ). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Loring, D. W. (ed. ) (1999). INS Dictionary of Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Llinas, R (2001) "I of the Vortex". Boston, MIT Press.
- Luria, A. R. (1973). The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology.
- Luria, A. R. (1976). Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
- Luria, A. R. (1979). The Making of Mind: A Personal Account of Soviet Psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
- Luria, A. R. (1980). Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books.
- Luria, A. R. (1982). Language and Cognition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Luria, A. R. (1987). The Mind of a Mnemonist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Luria, A. R. & Tsvetkova, L. S. (1990) The Neuropsychological Analysis of Problem Solving. Orlando: Paul M. Deutsch Press.
- McCarthy, R. A. & Warrington, E. K. (1990). Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Clinical Introduction. New York: Academic Press.
- Mesulam, M-M. (2000). Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology – 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Miller, B. L. & Cummings, J. L. (1999) The Human Frontal Lobes. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Rains, G. D. (2002). Principles of Human Neuropsychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
- Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T. (eds. ) (2002) Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Tarter, R. E. , Van Thiel, D. H. & Edwards, K. L. (1988) Medical Neuropsychology: The Impact of Disease on Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
- Heilbronner, R. L. (2005) Forensic Neuropsychology Casebook. New York, London. The Guilford Press.
Dictionary
neuropsychology
-noun
- A branch of neurology and of psychology that investigates the physiological basis of psychological processes
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