Neural tube
Transverse section of half of a chick embryo of forty-five hours' incubation. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species The dorsal (back) surface of the embryo is towards the top of this page, while the ventral (front) surface is towards the bottom. (Neural tube is in green. )
Chick embryo of thirty-three hours' incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect (30x magnification).
Gray's	subject #7 50
Carnegie stage	10
Precursor	Neural groove
Gives rise to	Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Dorlands/Elsevier	t_21/12827267

Antibody stain against Neurofilament (green) and Ki 67 (red) in a Mouse embryo 12. the Animal cell ( Embryology Ontogeny Phylogeny Ovum In Embryology, Carnegie stages are a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the Vertebrate Embryo. Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development Between the Neural folds is a shallow median groove the neural groove. Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group 5 days after fertilization. The cells expressing neurofilaments are in the dorsal root ganglions shown in green while proliferating cells are in the ventricular zone in the neural tube and colored red.

In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. Between the Neural folds is a shallow median groove the neural groove. In front of the Primitive streak two longitudinal ridges caused by a folding up of the ectoderm make their appearance one on either side of the middle line Vestigiality describes homologous characters of Organisms which have lost all or most of their original function in a species through

Development

There are 2 ways in which the neural tube develops: Primary neurulation and Secondary neurulation. Neurulation is a part of Organogenesis in Vertebrate Embryos Steps of neurulation include the formation of the Dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual Neurulation is a part of Organogenesis in Vertebrate Embryos Steps of neurulation include the formation of the Dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual

• In primary neurulation, the cells of the neural plate invaginate and pinch off to form the tube. In human Embryology, formation of neural plate is the first step of Neurulation.

• In secondary neurulation, the cells of the neural plate form a cord-like structure that migrates inside the embryo and hollows to form the tube.

Each organism uses primary and secondary neurulation to varying degrees.

• Neurulation in fish proceeds only via the secondary form. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two

• In avian species the caudal regions of the tube develop using secondary neurulation and the anterior regions develop by primary neurulation.

• In mammals, a similar pattern is observed where secondary neurulation begins around the 35th somite. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands A somite is a division of the body of an animal In vertebrates this is mainly discernible in the embryo stage in arthropods it is a characteristic of a hypothetical ancestor

Structure

There are four subdivisions of the neural tube that will each eventually develop into distinct regions of the central nervous system: The prosencephalon, the mesencephalon, the rhombencephalon and the spinal cord. In the Anatomy of the Brain of Vertebrates, the prosencephalon (or forebrain) is the Rostral -most (forward-most portion of the In biological anatomy the mesencephalon (or midbrain) comprises the Tectum (or corpora quadrigemini Tegmentum, the ventricular mesocoelia (or "iter" The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the Central nervous system in Vertebrates. The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected

• The prosencephalon further goes on to develop into the telencephalon (the forebrain or cerebrum) and the diencephalon (the optic vesicles and hypothalamus). The telencephalon (tɛlɛnˈsɛfəlɒn cerebrum, or forebrain is the most Anterior or especially in humans most Dorsal region of the The telencephalon (tɛlɛnˈsɛfəlɒn cerebrum, or forebrain is the most Anterior or especially in humans most Dorsal region of the The diencephalon (or interbrain is the region of the Brain that includes the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Prethalamus or The Eyes begin to develop as a pair of Diverticula from the lateral aspects of the Forebrain. The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis
• The mesencephalon develops into the midbrain. In biological anatomy the mesencephalon (or midbrain) comprises the Tectum (or corpora quadrigemini Tegmentum, the ventricular mesocoelia (or "iter"
• The rhombencephalon develops into the metencephalon (the pons and cerebellum) and the myelencephalon (the medulla oblongata). The metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the Central nervous system. The pons (sometimes pons Varolii after Costanzo Varolio) is a structure located on the Brain stem. The cerebellum ( Latin: "little brain" is a region of the Brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception The myelencephalon is a developmental categorization of a portion of the Central nervous system. The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the Brainstem. It deals with autonomic functions such as breathing and blood pressure

The neural tube, for a short time is open both cranially and caudally. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species These openings, called neuropores, close during the fourth week in the human. Improper closure of the neuropores can result in neural tube defects such as anencephaly or spina bifida. A neural tube defect will occur in human Embryos if there is an interference with the closure of the Neural tube that occurs around the 28th day after Fertilization Anencephaly is a Cephalic disorder that results from a Neural tube defect that occurs when the cephalic (head end of the neural tube fails to close usually between Spina bifida ( Latin: "split spine" is a developmental Birth defect involving the Neural tube: incomplete closure of the Embryonic neural

The dorsal part of the neural tube contains the alar plate, which is primarily associated with sensation. In Anatomy, the dorsum is the upper side of animals that typically run fly or swim in a horizontal position and the back side of animals (like humans that walk upright The alar plate (or alar lamina) is a neural structure in the embryonic nervous system part of the dorsal side of Neural tube, that involves the communication of general In Psychology, sensation is the first stage in the biochemical and neurologic events that begins with the impinging of a stimulus upon the receptor cells of a The ventral part of the neural tube contains the basal plate, which is primarily associated with motor (ie, muscle) control. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the

See also

• Neural tube defects

External links

• Swiss embryology (from UL, UB, and UF) iperiodembry/carnegie03
• Embryology at UNSW Notes/week3_5
• Diagram at embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
• Diagram at brainviews.com

This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. A neural tube defect will occur in human Embryos if there is an interference with the closure of the Neural tube that occurs around the 28th day after Fertilization Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development The University of Lausanne (in French: Université de Lausanne) or UNIL in Lausanne, Switzerland was founded in 1537 as a school of The University of Berne is a University in the Swiss capital of Berne. The University of Fribourg (Université de Fribourg Universität Freiburg is a University in the city of Fribourg, Switzerland. The University of New South Wales, also known as UNSW or colloquially as New South, is a University situated in Kensington, a suburb in The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body (or Gray's Anatomy as it has commonly been shortened is an English-language Human anatomy Textbook As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant.