The Neumark (listen ), also known as the New March (Polish: Nowa Marchia) or East Brandenburg (German: Ostbrandenburg (help·info)), was a region of the Prussian province of Brandenburg, Germany, located east of the Oder River. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state } The Province of Brandenburg (Provinz Brandenburg was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815 to 1946 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Oder (known in Czech and Polish as Odra) is a River in Central Europe.
Known as the Lubusz Land while part of medieval Poland, the territory later known as the Neumark was acquired by the German Margraviate of Brandenburg during the High Middle Ages. Lubusz Land, ( Polish: ziemia lubuska, German: Land Lebus, Czech: Lubušsko) is a historical region in Poland The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg was a major Principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 As Brandenburg-Küstrin, the Neumark was an independent state of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation from 1535-1571, after which it was restored to the Electors of Brandenburg. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in It became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 and part of the German Empire in 1871. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification After World War I the entirely ethnic German Neumark remained inside the new Weimar Republic of Germany. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933
The majority of the Neumark was placed under Polish administration in 1945 after World War II; its expelled German population was replaced largely with Poles. The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the Forced migration and Ethnic cleansing of German nationals ( Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Most of the Polish territory is part of Lubusz Voivodeship, while the northern towns Choszczno (Arnswalde), Myślibórz (Soldin), and Chojna (Königsberg in der Neumark) are in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Lubusz Voivodeship (also known as Lubusz Province or by its Polish name of województwo lubuskie or simply Lubuskie) is a voivodeship (province Choszczno (Arnswalde is a Town (population around 16173 in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. Myślibórz (Soldin is a town in north-west Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Chojna (Königsberg in der Neumark Latin: Regiomontanus Neomarchicus) is a small town in western Poland in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship Some territory near Cottbus, administratively part of Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt (Oder) (coterminous with the Neumark) after the Congress of Vienna, remains in Germany. Cottbus ( Lower Sorbian: Chóśebuz) is a City in Brandenburg, Germany, situated around 125 km southeast of Berlin on the The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich
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Location
The Neumark was bordered in the west and the south by the Oder, in the north by Pomerania, and in the east by Poland (later by Provinz Posen). The Province of Posen (Provinz Posen Prowincja Poznańska was a province of Prussia from 1848-1918 and as such part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 the whole The Warta and Noteć Rivers and their swamp regions also dominated the landscape of the region. The Warta (Warthe Varta is a River in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river The Noteć ( German: Netze, Latin: Natissis) is a River in central Poland with a length of 388 km (7th longest and a basin At the time of the Neumark's greatest territorial extent (at the end of the 17th century), the region included the districts and towns of Königsberg in der Neumark (Chojna), Soldin (Myślibórz), Landsberg an der Warthe (Gorzów), Friedeberg (Strzelce), Arnswalde (Choszczno), Dramburg (Drawsko), Schivelbein (Świdwin), and Crossen an der Oder (Krosno). Chojna (Königsberg in der Neumark Latin: Regiomontanus Neomarchicus) is a small town in western Poland in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship Myślibórz (Soldin is a town in north-west Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Gorzów Wielkopolski (abbreviated Gorzów Wlkp; Landsberg an der Warthe is a city in western Poland, on the Warta river with 125780 inhabitants (2005 Strzelce Krajeńskie (Friedeberg is a town in Poland, in Lubusz Voivodeship. Choszczno (Arnswalde is a Town (population around 16173 in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. Drawsko Pomorskie (Dramburg is a Town in northwestern Poland, with 17440 inhabitants Świdwin (Schivelbein is a Town in Middle Pomerania, northwestern Poland with 16240 inhabitants (2005 Not to be confused with Krosno in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship Krosno Odrzańskie (Crossen an der Oder is a city on the east
History
Archeology
In the Bronze Age the area which became the Neumark was included within the Lusatian culture. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age ( 1300 BC - 500 BC) in eastern Germany, most of Poland In the Iron Age it was included within the Jastorf culture, identified sometimes with Germanic or Celtic tribes. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. The Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe ( 5th / 4th century BC - 1st century BC) designates the earliest part of the Iron Age in Scandinavia The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts
As its inhabitants moved westward, the region became depopulated during the Migration Period. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name After 500 AD the area was gradually repopulated by West Slavic tribes and was known as a forest borderland between Pomerania and Great Poland. The West Slavs are Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages. Greater Poland or Great Poland, Polish Wielkopolska (Großpolen Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland According to the Bavarian Geographer's description, the future Neumark region was inhabited by the Miloxi, who had 47 settlements between the Oder and Poznań. The Bavarian Geographer (Geographus Bavarus is a conventional name given by Jan Potocki in 1796 to the author of an anonymous Medieval The Oder (known in Czech and Polish as Odra) is a River in Central Europe. Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland
Middle Ages
The region came under the sovereignty of the first Polish state during the 10th century rule of Mieszko I and Bolesław I, Dukes of the Polans. In the first centuries of its existence the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christendom, created a strong Central European Life In 965 Mieszko married Dobrawa (Dobrava Dubrawka daughter of Boleslav I, Duke of Bohemia. The Polans (also known as Polanes, Polanians or Polians; Polanie were a West Slavic tribe inhabiting the Warta river basin [1] The later Neumark territory was incorporated as the Lubusz Land and was thinly populated with Poles by the beginning of the 13th century. Lubusz Land, ( Polish: ziemia lubuska, German: Land Lebus, Czech: Lubušsko) is a historical region in Poland The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland.
The Ascanian Margraves of Brandenburg, starting with Albert the Bear, aspired to extend their dominion east of the Oder. The House of Ascania (Askanier was a Dynasty of German rulers Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " Albert the Bear (Albrecht der Bär c 1100&ndash18 November 1170 was the first Margrave of Brandenburg (as Albert I from 1157 to his death and was briefly Duke They had gained a foothold east of the river by 1242 and in 1252 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Archbishopric of Magdeburg purchased the Lubusz Land. The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg was a major Principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was a Roman Catholic Archdiocese within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1253 they founded Frankfurt an der Oder as a river crossing and staging point for further expansion easward. Frankfurt (Oder is a City in Brandenburg, Germany, located on the Oder River on the German- Polish border directly opposite the [2] Through land purchases, marriage pacts, and services to Poland's Piast dynasty, the Ascanians extended their territory eastward to the Drawa River and northward to the Parsęta River. Piast dynasty is the name used since the 17th century for Polish Royal Dynasty that ruled Poland from its beginnings as Duchy ruled by Mieszko Drawa is a River in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Notec river (near Krzyz Wielkopolski) with a length of 186 kilometres (20th longest Parsęta (Persante is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 132 kilometres and the basin area of 3151 km² For instance, the Polish castellany of Zantoch, an important base and crossing point over the Warta near its junction with the Noteć, was sought by Pomerania. A castellany was a District administered by a Castellan. Castellanies appeared during the Middle Ages and in most current States are now replaced Santok (Zantoch is a Village in Poland, Lubusz Voivodeship, Gorzów Wielkopolski County. To relieve himself of the trouble of maintaining the fortress, Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland granted the castellany to Margrave Conrad as a dowry for his daughter Konstancja. Przemysł I ( June 5 1220 / June 4 1221 &ndash June 4, 1257) was a duke of Greater Poland. Greater Poland or Great Poland, Polish Wielkopolska (Großpolen Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland This article lists the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg during the period of time that Brandenburg was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire To safeguard the region Margrave John I founded the town of Landsberg an der Warthe in 1257. Gorzów Wielkopolski (abbreviated Gorzów Wlkp; Landsberg an der Warthe is a city in western Poland, on the Warta river with 125780 inhabitants (2005 The Templars sold Soldin to the Ascanians in 1261, and the town began to become a center for the region. Myślibórz (Soldin is a town in north-west Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Beginning in the 1230s, Low German-speaking colonists from the Holy Roman Empire began settling north and south of the Warta and Noteć Rivers upon the initiative of Pomeranian and Polish lords (see Ostsiedlung). Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Warta (Warthe Varta is a River in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river The Noteć ( German: Netze, Latin: Natissis) is a River in central Poland with a length of 388 km (7th longest and a basin This article covers the medieval eastward migrations of Germans The lords invited members of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller to establish monasteries, in whose surroundings settlements began to develop. The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. To fortify the borderland Pomeranian and Polish dukes built castles in the north, around which settlements also grew.
Most of the colonists who settled in Brandenburg's new eastern territory came from Magdeburg or the Altmark ("Old March"). Magdeburg ( Low Saxon: Meideborg ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐx the Capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany See German tanker Altmark for the ship named after Altmark and Stary Targ for a Polish Pomeranian village Unlike in the rest of Brandenburg where the Ascanians settled knights in open villages, the margraves began constructing castles in their land east of the Oder to guard against Poland. [3] The Slavic inhabitants of the region were gradually Germanized. Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is either the spread of the German language, people and culture either by force or Assimilation Because the new Terra trans Oderam, or "land across the Oder", was an extension of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it became known as the Neumark ("New March") after the middle of the 15th century. The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg was a major Principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806
With the extinction of the Ascanian line in 1320 Brandenburg's interest in the Neumark decreased. Neither the margraves of the Wittelsbach (1323-1373) or Luxembourg dynasties concerned themselves with developing their eastern-most territory further. The Wittelsbach family is a European Royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria. The House of Luxembourg was a mediæval Luxembourgian noble family The political vacuum allowed Poland to reassert its influence in the area, while robber barons terrorized the populace. The term robber baron (Raubritter dates back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries originally referring to certain Feudal Lords
Teutonic Knights
The Neumark was pawned to the Teutonic Knights in 1402 and passed completely to their control in 1429, although the Order neglected the region as well. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. After the Teutonic Knights' defeat in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410, the future Grand Master Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg used the Neumark as a staging ground for an army of German and Hungarian mercenaries which he later used against the forces of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, allowing the Order to retain much of its territory in the First Peace of Thorn in 1411. The Battle of Grunwald (or 1st Battle of Tannenberg) took place on 15 July 1410 with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg (1370 &ndash December 15, 1423) was the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The (First Peace of Thorn (1411 was like the Second Peace of Thorn (1466, a Peace treaty between allied Poland and Lithuania fom [4]
The Knights' mismanagement led to their pawning of the Neumark back to Brandenburg in 1454/1455, by then led by Elector Frederick II of the Hohenzollern dynasty. This article is about Frederick II of Brandenburg See Frederick II for other rulers Frederick II (Friedrich II After Frederick completed the reacquisition of Neumark in 1463 for 40,000 guilder, the region belonged to Brandenburg for the following centuries, with the exception of the time between 1535-1571. Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch gulden — from Old Dutch for 'golden' Frederick II wrote for his successors "that the said land, the New Mark, shall belong to German territory and to the worshipful Electorate of the Mark of Brandenburg, with which it was incorporated at the institution of the Electorate, and shall so remain, and shall never pass to those who speak not the German tongue". [5]
Brandenburg-Küstrin
After the death of Elector Joachim I Nestor in 1535, Brandenburg's territory west of the Oder (the Kurmark) went to his older son Joachim II, while the Neumark went to his younger son John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin. Joachim I Nestor ( 21 February 1484 – 11 July 1535) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1499-1535 Joachim II Hector (Joachim II Hector or Hektor; 13 January 1505 &ndash 3 January 1571) was a Prince-elector of the John began ruling the Neumark as an independent entity and consolidating the land. An enthusiastic supporter of the Protestant Reformation, John succeeded in converting the Neumark to Lutheranism and confiscating church property. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther He lived frugally and acquired wealth for his treasury through usury and hiring out mercenary companies. Usury (ˈjuːʒəri comes from the Medieval Latin usuria, "interest" or "excessive interest" from the Latin usura "interest" A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by
The division of Brandenburg resulted in trade wars between the brothers, as Crossen and Landsberg competed with the Kurmark's Frankfurt for mercantile primacy. A trade war refers to two or more Nations raising or creating Tariffs or other Trade barriers on each other in retaliation for other trade barriers The two margraves eventually compromised to the economic expense of Stettin. The brothers also reconciled out of concern for their territories during the Schmalkaldic War. The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League
In 1548 John's administration was moved from Soldin to Küstrin. Kostrzyn nad Odrą ( Küstrin) is a Town in western Poland, at the confluence of the Oder and Warta rivers on the border with With the death of both brothers within ten days of each other in 1571, the Neumark became reunited with the Kurmark under Joachim II's son, John George. John George (Johann Georg 11 September 1525 &ndash 8 January 1598) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg [3]
Brandenburg-Prussia
In 1618 East Brandenburg became part of Brandenburg-Prussia after the electors' inheritance of the Duchy of Prussia. Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen was a German Monarchy established by the Personal union between the Duchy of Prussia and the The Duchy of Prussia or Ducal Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen Prūsijos kunigaikštystė Prusy Książęce was a Duchy in the eastern part of Prussia from During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), the Neumark was ravaged by both Swedish and Imperial troops who plundered and burnt the land, while plague epidemics in 1626 and 1631 killed much of the populace. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Sweden was between 1611 and 1718 one of the Great powers of Europe The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as While occupied by Swedish troops the region had to contribute 60,000 talers and 10,000 Wispel of rye. The Thaler (or Taler or Tolar) was a Silver Coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred Years Its name lives on Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop
Kingdom of Prussia
After the creation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, the situation in the Neumark began to improve. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising King Frederick I initiated new waves of colonization. Biography Born in Königsberg, he was the third son of Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg by his father's first marriage to Louise Henriette Many of the new settlers were French Hugenots forced to flee from religious persecution in France. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The textile industry also began to develop in the Neumark. The Seven Years' War caused the region to regress in its development, as high contributions were exacted from the population for the war effort and the Neumark was the setting for battles such as at Kunersdorf. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths The Battle of Kunersdorf was Frederick the Great's most devastating defeat Under King Frederick II, increased land reclamation and economic consolidation resulted from the drainage of the Warta and Notec areas. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the
The reorganization of Prussia after the territorial changes resulting from the Vienna Congress in 1815 changed the political makeup of the Neumark. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The districts of Dramburg and Schivelbein and the northern part of Landkreis Arnswalde with the town of Nörenberg were reassigned to the Province of Pomerania. Ińsko (Nörenberg is a town in Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. For the present-day Polish provinces see Pomeranian Voivodeship and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The Neumark's remaining territory was incorporated into the newly created Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt (Oder) of the Province of Brandenburg. A Regierungsbezirk is a type of government region of Germany, a subdivision of certain federal states ( ''Bundesländer'') Frankfurt (Oder is a City in Brandenburg, Germany, located on the Oder River on the German- Polish border directly opposite the } The Province of Brandenburg (Provinz Brandenburg was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815 to 1946
Germany
With the creation of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871, the Neumark became part of a unified German state with the rest of Brandenburg. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification In the Weimar Republic's National Assembly of 1 November 1919, the majority of the region voted for the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Neumark populace mostly voted for the German National People's Party in the elections for the German Reichstag on 20 May 1928, with a small island of SDP voters. The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei DNVP was a national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the Reichstag vote of December 1924 1,900 votes were cast for the Polish Peasant Party out of a population of 570,000. The Polish People's Party ( Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, PSL also translated as Polish Peasant(s Party) is a Political party in Poland. In 1925 the Neumark had 3,500 Polish-speakers. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. [6] In the Reichstag vote of 6 November 1932, the Nazi Party won the election in the region. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 [7]
When the province of Posen-West Prussia was dissolved in 1938, the Neumark was expanded to include the districts of Schwerin and Meseritz, although the districts of Arnswalde and Friedeberg were reassigned to Pomerania. The border province of Posen-West Prussia (Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen was a province of the Free State of Prussia. According to the 1939 census, the Neumark had a population of 645,000 residents, including 3,000 non-Germans. [6] The dialect spoken in much of the territory was Neumärkisch, a variation of the East Low German dialect Brandenburgisch. East Low German is a group of Low German dialects spoken in Northeast Germany as well as by minorities in northern Poland. Brandenburgisch is a Dialect spoken in Germany in the area around Berlin.
Infrastructure before 1945
The Neumark region was always marked by its agriculture and forestry. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. The medium-sized towns were mostly Ackerbürgerstädte, or farmer-citizen-towns. The textile industry became prominent in the 19th century. With the construction of modern roadways, the Fernverkehrstraße 1 (an arterial road from Berlin to Königsberg), and the Preußische Ostbahn ("Prussian Eastern Railroad"), the Neumark also began to develop industrially. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. The Prussian Eastern Railway (Preußische Ostbahn was the Railway in the eastern Kingdom of Prussia until 1918 Such development was primarily geared toward agricultural needs and was concentrated near the cities of Landsberg and Küstrin, and the Neumark did not become nearly as industrialized or densely-populated as other German areas such as the Ruhr Area, Saxony, or Upper Silesia. The Ruhr Area, ( German Ruhrgebiet, colloquial Ruhrpott, Kohlenpott or Revier) is an Urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Upper Silesia (Horní Slezsko Oberschlesien Latin: Silesia Superior; Górny Śląsk Silesian: Gůrny Ślůnsk) is the southeastern part
World War II
Near the end of World War II, the Soviet Red Army reached the Neumark at the end of January 1945. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Because the Red Army had advanced so quickly, the civilian population of the region suffered greatly from warfare and occupying troops because they had not prepared to flee in time. More than 40,000 Neumarkers were killed in action as soldiers. Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other
As the Neumark lay east of the Oder-Neisse line which formed the new border between Allied-controlled Germany and Poland, the region was put under Polish administration after the Potsdam Conference. The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and As a consequence of Germany 's defeat in World War II and the onset of the Cold War, the country was split between the two global blocs in the East and West The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, Germans remaining in the region were expelled and their land and possessions confiscated in accordance with the Polish government's Bierut Decree of March 1946. The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the Forced migration and Ethnic cleansing of German nationals ( Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic A small part of the German population, mostly technicians for the water supply companies, were retained and used for compulsory labour; they were allowed to emigrate to Germany in the 1950s. Older estimates indicated that of the pre-war population of 645,000, only 5,000 of the inhabitants from 1939 remained in the province in 1950. [7]ˈ. [8] According to the Centre Against Expulsions, 40,000 Neumarkers were killed in action as soldiers, 395,000 fled to West or East Germany by 1950, and 208,000 died, disappeared, or were murdered during the course of flight or expulsion by Polish and Soviet troops. The Centre Against Expulsions (Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen ZgV is a planned German documentation centre for Expulsions and Ethnic cleansing, particularly Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state [6]
Poland
The Oder-Neisse line delimiting Germany and Poland split several localities of the region into divided cities:
- Küstrin was separated into Küstrin-Kietz and Kostrzyn nad Odrą,
- Frankfurt an der Oder was split into Frankfurt (Oder) and Słubice,
- Guben was divided into Guben and Gubin,
- Bad Muskau was split into Bad Muskau and Łęknica,
- Forst was divided into Forst and Zasieki,
- Görlitz was separated into Görlitz and Zgorzelec. A divided city is one which as a consequence of political changes or border shifts presently constitutes (or once constituted two separate entities Küstrin-Kietz is a small village located in the German province of Brandenburg. Kostrzyn nad Odrą ( Küstrin) is a Town in western Poland, at the confluence of the Oder and Warta rivers on the border with Frankfurt (Oder is a City in Brandenburg, Germany, located on the Oder River on the German- Polish border directly opposite the Słubice (until 1945 Frankfurter Dammvorstadt is a town in the Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland. Guben is a Town on the Lusatian Neisse river in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. Gubin is a Town in Krosno Odrzańskie County, southwestern Poland. Bad Muskau (ˌbaːt ˈmʊskʰaʊ̯ formerly Muskau, Sorbian: Mužakow) is a Spa town in Upper Lusatia, Germany, being Łęknica (Lugknitz is a town in Poland, in Lubusz Voivodeship, in Żary County. There are several communities that share the name Forst. In Germany Forst (Baden, in Baden-Württemberg Forst (Lausitz, in Zasieki is a small village in the Polish Lubusz Voivodship, located on the Nysa Łużycka river opposite the German city of Forst. Görlitz ( is a town in Germany on the Lusatian Neisse River in the Bundesland Zgorzelec is a town in south-western Poland with 33278 inhabitants (2004
To replace the expelled German population, the former Neumark was resettled, with about 66% of the new population Poles from central Poland and about 33% Poles and Ukrainians from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens After the Soviet invasion of Poland following the corresponding German invasion that marked the start of World War II in 1939 the Soviet Union annexed From 1975-1998 the former Neumark territory was divided between the Voivodeships of Gorzów and Zielona Góra with a small section around Chojna in Szczecin Voivodeship. Gorzów Wielkopolski Voivodeship (województwo gorzowskie was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975 - 1998, superseded Zielona Góra Voivodeship (województwo zielonogórskie was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1950&ndash1998 superseded by Lubusz Szczecin Voivodeship (1 ( Polish: województwo szczecińskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975 Since the reorganization of Polish voivodeships on 1 January 1999, almost all of the former Neumark region lies within Lubusz Voivodeship. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Lubusz Voivodeship (also known as Lubusz Province or by its Polish name of województwo lubuskie or simply Lubuskie) is a voivodeship (province
Notes
This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding German Wikipedia article as of 12 May 2006. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Poland. gov. "Mieszko I and Boleslaw Chrobry (Boleslaus the Brave)". Accessed December 3, 2006. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey. The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton. 1984. ISBN 0-393-30153-2
- ^ a b Koch, H. W. A History of Prussia. Barnes & Noble Books, 1993. ISBN 0-88029-158-3
- ^ Urban, William. The Teutonic Knights. Greenhill Books. 2003. ISBN 1-85367-535-0
- ^ Eulenburg, Herbert, translated by M. M. Bozman. The Hohenzollerns. The Century Co. 1929.
- ^ a b c Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen. History of the German expellees and their homelands. Accessed 12 May 2006. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte. Georg Westermann Verlag. 1963.
- ^ Scheuch, Manfred. Historischer Atlas Deutschland: Vom Frankenreich bis zur Wiedervereinigung. Bechtermünz Verlag. 2001. ISBN 3-8289-0358-4
See also
External links
- 1493 map -Marcha Nova-Neumark
- Map of the Neumark in the Middle Ages
- Administrative history (German)
- Genealogical research (German)
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