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For the Wikipedia guideline, see Wikipedia:Avoid neologisms.

A neologism is a word, term, or phrase that has been recently created (or "coined"), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. A word is a unit of Language that carries meaning and consists of one or more Morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a Phonetic Terminology is the study of terms and their use Terms are Words and Compound words that are used in specific contexts In Grammar, a phrase is a group of Words that functions as a single unit in the Syntax of a sentence. Neologisms are especially useful in identifying inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas that have taken on a new cultural context. An invention is a new form composition of matter device or Process. A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence iDeaS is a Nintendo DS Emulator for Microsoft Windows and Linux, using GTK+. The term e-mail, as used today, is an example of a neologism. Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving

Neologisms are by definition "new", and as such are often directly attributable to a specific individual, publication, period, or event. The term "neologism" was itself coined around 1800, so in the early 19th century, the word "neologism" was itself a neologism. Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

In psychiatry, the term is used to describe the use of words that only have meaning to the person who uses them, independent of their common meaning. Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric It is considered normal in children, but a symptom of thought disorder (indicative of a psychotic mental illness, such as schizophrenia) in adults. In Psychiatry, thought disorder or formal thought disorder is a term used to describe a pattern of disordered language use that is presumed to reflect disordered thinking Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn Use of neologisms may also be related to aphasia acquired after brain damage resulting from a stroke or head injury. Brain damage, or Acquired brain injury, is the destruction or degeneration of Brain cells. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Traumatic brain injury (TBI also called intracranial injury, occurs when Physical trauma injures the Brain. [1] People with autism may also create neologisms. Language development. The terminology [2]

In theology, a neologism is a relatively new doctrine (for example, rationalism). Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 In this sense, a neologist is an innovator in the area of a doctrine or belief system, and is often considered heretical or subversive by the mainstream clergy or religious institution(s).

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Changing culture

Neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures which are rapidly changing, and also in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information. They are often created by combining existing words (see compound noun and adjective) or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word Those which are portmanteaux are shortened. Neologisms can also be created through abbreviation or acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words, or simply through playing with sounds. For the HTML tag see HTML element. An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short" Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name This article is about the poetic technique For the form of ice see Rime ice.

Neologisms often become popular through memetics – by way of mass media, the Internet, word of mouth (including academic discourse, renowned for its jargon, with recent coinages such as Fordism, Taylorism, Disneyfication and McDonaldization now in everyday use). This article is related to the study of self-replicating units of culture not to be confused with Mimetics Memetics is a neo-Darwinian approach "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Word of mouth, is a reference to the passing of Information by verbal means especially recommendations but also general information in an informal person-to-person Fordism, named after Henry Ford, refers to various social theories. Disneyfication (also called Disneyization and McDisneyization) is a Pejorative term which describes the transformation McDonaldization (or McDonaldisation) is a term used by Sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (See also Wiktionary's Neologisms:unstable or Protologism pages for a wiki venue of popularizing newly coined words). Wiktionary (a Portmanteau of Wiki and Dictionary) is a multilingual, Web -based project to create a Free Every word in a language was, at some time, a neologism, ceasing to be such through time and acceptance.

Neologisms often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common usage. Whether a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. Acceptance by linguistic experts and incorporation into dictionaries also plays a part, as does whether the phenomenon described by a neologism remains current, thus continuing to need a descriptor. An "expert" ( is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or Skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly justly It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way. (In some cases, however, strange new words succeed because the idea behind them is especially memorable or exciting; for example, the word 'quiz', which Richard Daly brought into the English language by writing it on walls all around Dublin. ) When a word or phrase is no longer "new", it is no longer a neologism. Neologisms may take decades to become "old", however. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be to no longer be considered a neologism; cultural acceptance probably plays a more important role than time in this regard.

Evolution of neologisms

Newly created words entering a language tend to pass through stages that can be described as:

Sources of neologism

For a list of topically arranged protologisms (very-recently-coined terms), see Wiktionary:List of protologisms by topic.

Science

Words or phrases created to describe new scientific hypotheses, discoveries, or inventions. Examples:

Science fiction

Concepts created to describe new, futuristic ideas. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e A meme (miːm consists of any idea or behavior that can pass from one person to another by learning or imitation A prion (ˈpriːɒn is thought to be an infectious agent that according to current scientific consensus is comprised entirely of a propagated, mis-folded In Agriculture, a beetle bank is a strip of grass or Perennial plants in a field that provide habitat which fosters and provides cover for Examples:

Literature more generally

See "Neologisms in literature" topic below. Hyperspace is a fictional Plot device sometimes used in Science fiction. See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application A Dyson sphere (or shell as it appeared in the original paper is a hypothetical Megastructure originally described by Freeman Dyson. An ansible is a hypothetical machine capable of Superluminal communication and used as a Plot device in Science fiction literature Ringworld is a Hugo and Nebula award-winning 1970 Science fiction novel by Larry Niven, set in his Known Space A replicant is a bioengineered or biorobotic being created in the film Blade Runner (1982 For the open source X-COM remake see Project Xenocide. Xenocide (1991 is the third novel in the Ender's Game The Metaverse is a Virtual world, described in Neal Stephenson 's 1992 Science fiction novel Snow Crash, where humans as avatars

Politics

Words or phrases created to make some kind of political or rhetorical point, sometimes perhaps with an eye to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. In Linguistics, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis ( SWH) (also known as the " Linguistic relativity hypothesis " postulates a systematic relationship Examples:

Popular culture

Words or phrases evolved from mass media content or used to describe popular culture phenomena (these may be considered a variety of slang as well as neologisms). Corporatocracy is a Neologism that describes a Government dominated by corporate influence banks and governments This article is about the term "Islamofascism" See the broader treatment of possible relations between religion and fascism in Clerical fascism and Neofascism Santorum is a sexual Neologism proposed by American humorist and sex-advice columnist Dan Savage in 2003 to "memorialize" then US Republican For the landmark in Târgovişte, see Chindia Tower. Chindia is a Blend that refers to China and India In North American social cultural and political discourse NASCAR dad refers broadly to a Demographic group of white usually middle-aged working-class The 2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies refers to instances of Photojournalism from the 2006 Lebanon War that misrepresented or allegedly misrepresented scenes Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. Examples:

Commerce and advertising

Genericised trademarks. A genericized trademark (also known as a generic trademark or proprietary eponym) is a Trademark or Brand name that has become the colloquial Examples:

Linguistics

Words or phrases created to describe new language constructs. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA (əˌsɛtɨlsælɨˌsɪlɨk ˈæsɨd is a Salicylate drug, often used as an Analgesic to relieve A slow cooker or Crock-Pot (a trademark often used generically is a Countertop electrical cooking appliance that maintains a relatively low temperature (compared A self-service laundry is a facility where Clothes are washed and dried Linoleum is a Floor covering made from solidified Linseed oil (linoxyn in combination with Wood flour or cork dust over a Burlap or Canvas Affluenza is a term used by critics of Consumerism, a Portmanteau of affluence and Influenza. Examples:

Other

Miscellaneous sources. A retronym is a type of Neologism coined for an old object or concept whose original name has come to be used for something else is no longer unique or is otherwise inappropriate A backronym (or bacronym) is a Phrase that is constructed "after the fact" from a previously existing word or Abbreviation, the abbreviation An aptronym is a name aptly suited to its owner Fictional examples of aptronyms include Mr Franklin Pierce Adams ( November 15, 1881, Chicago Illinois – March 23, 1960, New York City New York) was an American A snowclone is a type of Cliché and Phrasal template originally defined as "a multi-use customizable instantly recognizable time-worn quoted or misquoted Examples:

Neologisms in literature

Many neologisms have come from popular literature, and tend to appear in different forms. Most commonly, they are simply taken from a word used in the narrative of a book; a few representative examples are: "grok" (to achieve complete intuitive understanding), from Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein; "McJob", from Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture by Douglas Coupland; "cyberspace", from Neuromancer by William Gibson. To grok (ˈgrɒk is to share the same reality or line of thinking with another physical or conceptual entity Stranger in a Strange Land is a best-selling 1961 Hugo Award -winning Science fiction Novel by Robert A Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. McJob is Slang for a low-paying low-prestige job that requires few skills and offers very little chance of intracompany advancement Generation X Tales for an Accelerated Culture, published by St Douglas Coupland (born December 30, 1961) is a Canadian Novelist. Cyberspace &mdash from the Greek el Κυβερνήτης (el kybernētēs steersman governor pilot or rudder &mdash is the global domain of electro-magnetics accessed Neuromancer is a 1984 novel by William Gibson, notable for being the most famous early Cyberpunk novel and winner of the science-fiction "triple William Ford Gibson (born March 17 1948 is an American - Canadian writer who has been called the "noir prophet" of the Cyberpunk subgenre Sometimes the title of the book will become the neologism, for instance, Catch-22 (from the title of Joseph Heller's novel). Catch-22 is a satirical, historical Novel by the American author Joseph Heller, first published in 1961 Joseph Heller (May 1 1923 – December 12 1999 was an American Satirical novelist Short story writer and playwright Also worthy of note is the case in which the author's name becomes the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as "Orwellian" (from George Orwell, referring to his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four) and "Ballardesque" or "Ballardian" (from J.G. Ballard, author of Crash). The adjective Orwellian describes the situation idea or societal condition that George Orwell identified as being destructive to the welfare of a free-society Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984) by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair) is a 1949 English Novel James Graham Ballard (born 15 November in the International Settlement in Shanghai, China) is a British Novelist and Short Crash is a novel by English author J G Ballard, first published in 1973. Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle was the container of the Bokononism family of nonce words. Kurt Vonnegut Jr (November 11 1922 – April 11 2007 (ˈvɒnəgət was a prolific and genre-bending American Novelist known for works blending Satire, Black For other uses see Cat's cradle (disambiguation. Cat's Cradle is a 1963 Science fiction Novel by Kurt Vonnegut Bokononism is the fictional Religion practiced by many of the characters in Kurt Vonnegut 's novel Cat's Cradle. Another category is words derived from famous characters in literature, such as "quixotic" (referring to the titular character in Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantes), a "scrooge" (from the main character in Dickens's A Christmas Carol), or a "pollyanna" (from Eleanor H. Porter's book of the same name). es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist A Christmas Carol in Prose Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (commonly known as A Christmas Carol) is a Novella by Charles Dickens For other uses see Pollyanna (disambiguation Pollyanna is a best-selling 1913 novel by Eleanor H Eleanor Hodgman Porter ( December 19, 1868 &ndash May 21, 1920) was an American novelist James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, composed in a uniquely complex linguistic style, coined the words monomyth and quark. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Finnegans Wake is a fictional work by James Joyce, published in 1939 In Physics, a quark (kwɔrk kwɑːk or kwɑːrk is a type of Subatomic particle.

Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky" has been called "the king of neologistic poems" because it incorporated dozens of invented words. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (ˈdɒdsən (27 January 1832 &ndash 14 January 1898 better known by the Pen name Lewis Carroll (/ˈkærəl/ was an English " Jabberwocky " is a Poem of Nonsense verse written by Lewis Carroll, originally featured as a part of his novel Through the Looking-Glass The early modern English prose writings of Sir Thomas Browne are the source of many neologisms as recorded by the OED. Sir Thomas Browne ( October 19, 1605 &ndash October 19, 1682) was an English author of varied works which disclose his wide learning The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English

Quotation

"Yesterday's neologisms, like yesterday's jargon, are often today's essential vocabulary. For Wikipedia jargon see WikipediaGlossary. For hacker slang see Jargon File. "
– Academic Instincts, 2001[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ B Butterworth, Hesitation and the production of verbal paraphasias and neologisms in jargon aphasia. A buzzword (also fashion word and vogue word) is a vague Idiom, usually a Neologism, that is common to managerial technical administrative A daffynition ( Portmanteau of daffy and Definition) is a Pun format involving the reinterpretation of an existing word Doublespeak (sometimes double talk) is language constructed to disguise or distort its actual meaning, often resulting in a communication bypass. Theodor Seuss Geisel (ˈsɔɪs ˈɡaɪzəl March 2 1904 – September 24 1991 was an American Writer and Cartoonist, better known by his pen name In Language, both dysphemism (from the Greek dys δύς "mis-" and pheme φήμη "reputation" and cacophemism Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak For Wikipedia jargon see WikipediaGlossary. For hacker slang see Jargon File. Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. A malapropism (also called a Dogberryism) is the substitution of an incorrect word for a word with a similar sound usually to comic effect A nonce word is a Word used only "for the nonce "—to meet a need that is not expected to recur Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people A retronym is a type of Neologism coined for an old object or concept whose original name has come to be used for something else is no longer unique or is otherwise inappropriate Siamese twins (also irreversible binomials, binomials, binomial pairs, freezes) in the context of the English language refers to a A sniglet is a Neologism defined as "any word that doesn't appear in the dictionary but should" In Linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new Word. Brain Lang, 1979
  2. ^ P. J. McKenna, Schizophrenia and Related Syndromes. Page 363.

References

External links

General information

Wiktionary

Indices

Dictionary

neologism

-noun

  1. (linguistics) A word or phrase which has recently been coined; a new word or phrase.
  2. (linguistics) (uncountable) The act or instance of coining, or uttering a new word.
  3. (linguistics) The newly coined, meaningless words or phrases of someone with a psychosis, usually schizophrenia.
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