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| Name, Symbol, Number | neodymium, Nd, 60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | n/a, 6, f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white, yellowish tinge  |
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| Standard atomic weight | 144.242(3) g·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f4 6s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 7. Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Promethium (prəˈmiːθiəm/ /proʊˈmiːθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pm and Atomic number 61 Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 01 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 6. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 89 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1297 K (1024 °C, 1875 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 3347 K (3074 °C, 5565 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 7. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 14 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 289 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 27. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 45 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3 (mildly basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 14 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 533. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 1 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1040 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2130 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 185 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 206 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magnetic ordering | ferromagnetic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (α, poly) 643 nΩ·m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 16. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 5 W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (α, poly) 9. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 6 µm/(m·K) |
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| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 2330 m/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | (α form) 41. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 4 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | (α form) 16. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 3 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | (α form) 31. 8 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | (α form) 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 281 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 343 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 265 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-00-8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Neodymium (pronounced /ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton
Contents |
Notable characteristics
Neodymium, a rare earth metal, is present in Mischmetal to the extent of about 18%. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Mischmetal (from German: Mischmetall - "mixed metals" is an Alloy of Rare earth elements in various naturally-occurring proportions The metal has a bright, silvery metallic luster, however, as one of the more reactive rare earth metals, it quickly tarnishes in air. The tarnishing forms an oxide layer that falls off, which exposes the metal to further oxidation. Although it belongs to "rare earth metals," neodymium is not rare at all. It constitutes 38 ppm of Earth’s crust. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001
Applications
- Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets known - Nd2Fe14B. A neodymium magnet or NIB magnet (a variety of Rare-earth magnet) is a powerful Magnet made of a combination of Neodymium, Iron, and A magnet (from Greek grc μαγνήτης λίθος " Magnesian stone" is a material or object that produces a Magnetic field. A neodymium magnet or NIB magnet (a variety of Rare-earth magnet) is a powerful Magnet made of a combination of Neodymium, Iron, and These magnets are cheaper, lighter, and stronger than samarium-cobalt magnets. Samarium-cobalt magnets are primarily composed of Samarium and Cobalt. Neodymium magnets appear in high-quality products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, Dokodemo Magnets, guitar and bass guitar pick-ups and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. A neodymium magnet or NIB magnet (a variety of Rare-earth magnet) is a powerful Magnet made of a combination of Neodymium, Iron, and For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical Headphones (also known as earphones, earbuds, stereophones, headsets) are a pair of small Loudspeakers or less commonly a single The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The electric bass guitar (also called electric bass, or simply bass; ˈbeɪs as in "base" is a Stringed instrument played primarily with the A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device
- Neodymium is a component of didymium used for coloring glass to make welder's and glass-blower's goggles. Didymium (twin element is a mixture of the elements Praseodymium and Neodymium. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. The sharp absorption bands obliterate the strong sodium emission at 589 nm.
- Neodymium lamps are incandescent lamps containing neodymium in the glass to filter out yellow light, resulting in a whiter light more like sunlight
- Neodymium colors glass in delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm grey. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Light transmitted through such glass shows unusually sharp absorption bands; the glass is used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. An absorption band is a range of Wavelengths (or equivalently frequencies) in the Electromagnetic spectrum which are able to excite a particular Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range compared Neodymium is also used to remove the green colour caused by iron contaminants from glass. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26
- Neodymium salts are used as a colourant for enamels. In a discussion of Material science, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U
- Probably because of similarities to Ca2+, Nd3+ has been reported [1] to promote plant growth. Rare earth element compounds are frequently used in China as fertilizer. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant
- Samarium-neodymium dating is useful for determining the age relationships of rocks and meteorites. Samarium-neodymium dating is useful for determining the age relationships of rocks and meteorites based on decay of a long-lived Sm isotope to a Radiogenic Nd isotope
- Size and strength of volcanic eruption can be predicted by scanning for neodymium isotopes. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Small and large volcanic eruptions produce lava with different neodymium isotope composition. From the composition of isotopes, scientists predict how big the coming eruption will be, and use this information to warn residents of the intensity of the eruption.
- Certain transparent materials with a small concentration of neodymium ions can be used in lasers as gain media for infrared wavelengths (1054-1064 nm), e. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. The active laser medium or gain medium is the source of optical Gain within a Laser. g. Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd:YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate), and Nd:glass. NdYAG ( neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; NdY3Al5O12) is a Crystal that is used as a lasing medium Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride ( NdYLF) is a lasing medium for Arclamp - pumped and diode-pumped Solid-state lasers Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate ( NdYVO4) is a Crystalline material formed by adding Neodymium ions to Yttrium orthovanadate. The current laser at the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), the HELEN 1-TW neodymium-glass laser, can access the midpoints of pressure and temperature regions and is used to acquire data for modeling on how density, temperature and pressure interact inside warheads. For the World War II use of this facility see RAF Aldermaston The Atomic Weapons Establishment ( AWE) is responsible for the HELEN can create plasmas of around 106 K, from which opacity and transmission of radiation are measured. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic
Neodymium glass
Neodymium glass (Nd:Glass) is produced by the inclusion of neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) in the glass melt. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many In daylight or incandescent light neodymium glass appears lavender, but it appears pale blue under fluorescent lighting. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor.
Neodymium glass solid-state lasers are used in extremely high power (terawatt scale), high energy (megajoules) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion. A solid-state laser is a Laser that uses a gain medium that is a Solid, rather than a Liquid such as in Dye lasers or a Gas This page lists examples of the power in Watts produced by various different sources of energy The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity Inertial confinement fusion ( ICF) is a process where Nuclear fusion reactions are initiated by heating and compressing a fuel target typically in the form of Nd:Glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to the third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices. Nonlinear optics (NLO is the branch of Optics that describes the behaviour of Light in nonlinear media, that is media in which the dielectric polarization This article is too short and requires more citations-- please add notices An optical frequency multiplier is a nonlinear optical device in which Photons
Neodymium glass is becoming widely used in incandescent light bulbs, to provide a more "natural" light. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general
Neodymium glass has been patented for use in automobile rear-view mirrors, to reduce the glare at night.
The first commercial use of purified neodymium was in glass coloration, starting with experiments by Leo Moser in November 1927. The resulting "Alexandrite" glass remains a signature color of the Moser glassworks to this day. Neodymium glass was widely emulated in the early 1930s by American glasshouses, most notably Heisey, Fostoria ("wisteria"), Cambridge ("heatherbloom"), and Steuben ("wisteria"), and elsewhere (e. g. Lalique, in France, or Murano). Tiffin's "twilight" remained in production from about 1950 to about 1980. Current sources include glassmakers in the Czech Republic, the USA, and China; Caithness Glass in Scotland has also used the colorant extensively. The sharp absorption bands of neodymium cause the glass color to change under different lighting conditions, being reddish-purple under daylight or yellow incandescent light, but blue under white fluorescent lighting, or greenish under trichromatic lighting. This color-change phenomenon is highly prized by collectors. Neodymium in combination with praseodymium gave Moser's "Heliolite" glass. In combination with gold or selenium, beautiful red colors result, such as Moser's "Royalite" or Tiffin's "Wistaria" or some of the colors achieved by Fenton. Since neodymium coloration depends upon "forbidden" f-f transitions deep within the atom, there is relatively little influence on the color from the chemical environment, so the color is impervious to the thermal history of the glass. However, for the best color, iron-containing impurities need to be minimized in the silica used to make the glass. The same "forbiddenness" of the f-f transitions makes rare earth colorants less intense than those provided by most d-transition elements, so more has to be used in a glass to achieve the desired color intensity. The original Moser recipe used about 5% of neodymium oxide in the glass melt, a sufficient quantity such that Moser referred to these as being "Rare Earth Doped" glasses. Being a strong base, that level of neodymium would have affected the melting properties of the glass, and the lime content of the glass might have had to be adjusted accordingly.
History
Neodymium was discovered by Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist, in Vienna in 1885. Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach ( 1 September 1858 - 4 August 1929) was an Austrian Scientist and Inventor who Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He separated neodymium, as well as the element praseodymium, from a material known as didymium by means of fractional crystallization of the double ammonium nitrate tetrahydrates from nitric acid, while following the separation by spectroscopic analysis; however, it was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Didymium (twin element is a mixture of the elements Praseodymium and Neodymium. Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between Radiation and Matter as a function of Wavelength (λ Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The name neodymium is derived from the Greek words neos, new, and didymos, twin. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Neodymium is frequently misspelled as neodynium. Spelling is the Writing of a Word or words with the necessary letters and Diacritics present in an accepted standard order
Double nitrate crystallization was the means of commercial neodymium purification until the 1950s. The Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash and Chemical Corporation, at one time the largest producer of rare earths in the world, offered neodymium oxide purified in this manner in grades of 65%, 85% and 95% purity, at prices ranging from approximately 2 to 20 dollars per pound (in 1960 dollars). Lindsay was the first to commercialize large-scale ion-exchange purification of neodymium, using the technology developed by Frank Spedding at Iowa State University/Ames Laboratory; one pound of their 99% oxide was priced at $35 in 1960; their 99. 9% grade only cost 5 dollars more. Starting in the 1950s, high purity (e. g. 99+%) neodymium was primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements. Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium The metal itself is obtained through electrolysis of its halide salts. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Currently, most neodymium is extracted from bastnaesite, (Ce,La,Nd,Pr)CO3F, and purified by solvent extraction. The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals Ion-exchange purification is reserved for preparing the highest purities (typically >4N). (When Molycorp first introduced their 98% grade of neodymium oxide in 1965, made by solvent extraction from Mountain Pass California bastnaesite, it was priced at 5 dollars per pound, for small quantities. Lindsay soon discontinued operations. ) The evolving technology, and improved purity of commercially available neodymium oxide was reflected in the appearance of neodymium glass made therefrom, that resides in collections today. Early Moser pieces, and other neodymium glass made in the 1930s, have a more reddish or orange tinge than modern versions, which are more cleanly purple, due to the difficulties in removing the last traces of praseodymium, when the fractional crystallization technology had to be relied on.
Occurrence
Neodymium is never found in nature as the free element; rather, it occurs in ores such as monazite sand ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO4) and bastnäsite ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)(CO3)F) that contain small amounts of all the rare earth metals. In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals Neodymium can also be found in Misch metal; it is difficult to separate it from other rare earth elements. Mischmetal (from German: Mischmetall - "mixed metals" is an Alloy of Rare earth elements in various naturally-occurring proportions
Compounds
Neodymium compounds include
- Halides:NdF3, NdCl3, NdBr3, NdI3
- Oxides:Nd2O3
- Sulfides:NdS, Nd2S3
- Nitrides:NdN
- See also: Category:Neodymium compounds
Isotopes
Naturally occurring Neodymium is composed of 5 stable isotopes, 142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27. Preparation of anhydrous NdCl3 Simple rapid heating of the Hydrate alone may cause small amounts Naturally occurring Neodymium ( Nd) is composed of 5 stable Isotopes 142Nd 143Nd 145Nd 146Nd and 148Nd Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 2% natural abundance), and 2 radioisotopes, 144Nd and 150Nd. In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created In all, 31 radioisotopes of Neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes 144Nd (alpha decay, a half-life (T½) of 2. Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an Atomic nucleus emits an Alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 29×1015 years) and 150Nd (double beta decay, T½ of 7×1018 years). In the process of Beta decay, unstable nuclei decay by converting a Neutron in the nucleus to a Proton and emitting an Electron and an electron All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 11 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 70 seconds. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element also has 13 known meta states with the most stable being 139mNd (T½ 5. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 5 hours), 135mNd (T½ 5. 5 minutes) and 133m1Nd (T½ ~70 seconds).
The primary decay modes before the most abundant stable isotope, 142Nd, are electron capture and positron decay, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Positron emission is a type of Beta decay, sometimes referred to as " beta plus " (&beta+ In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before 142Nd are element Pr (praseodymium) isotopes and the primary products after are element Pm (promethium) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Promethium (prəˈmiːθiəm/ /proʊˈmiːθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pm and Atomic number 61
Precautions
Neodymium metal dust is a combustion and explosion hazard.
Neodymium compounds, like all rare earth metals, are of low to moderate toxicity; however its toxicity has not been thoroughly investigated. Neodymium dust and salts are very irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes, and moderately irritating to skin. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in Breathing the dust can cause lung embolisms, and accumulated exposure damages the liver. In Medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the Body (through circulation Neodymium also acts as an anticoagulant, especially when given intravenously. An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is it stops Blood from clotting
Neodymium magnets have been tested for medical uses such as magnetic braces and bone repair, but biocompatibility issues have prevented widespread application. Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of Biomaterials and in that it is a peculiar word because it would seem that are at least two opposing uses of the same term
See also
Neodymium magnet (NIB or Nd2Fe14B)
References
- Los Alamos National Laboratory - Neodymium
- "The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium and Uranium", by R. A neodymium magnet or NIB magnet (a variety of Rare-earth magnet) is a powerful Magnet made of a combination of Neodymium, Iron, and J. Callow, Pergamon Press 1967.
- Lindsay Chemical Division, American Potash and Chemical Corporation, Price List, 1960.
- "Chemistry of the Lanthanons", by R. C. Vickery, Butterworths 1953.
External links
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