Neoconservatism is a political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the social liberalism, moral relativism, and New Left counterculture of the 1960s. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or This article attempts to confine itself to discussion of relativism in morals and ethics The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or It influenced the presidential administrations of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush, representing a realignment in American politics, and the defection of some liberals to the right side of the political spectrum; hence the term, which refers to being 'new' conservatives. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. ^[1] Neoconservatism emphasizes foreign policy as the paramount responsibility of government, maintaining that America's role as the world's sole superpower is indispensable to establishing and maintaining global order. ^[2]

The term neoconservative was originally used as a criticism against liberals who had "moved to the right". ^[3][4] Michael Harrington, a democratic socialist, coined the usage of neoconservative in a 1973 Dissent magazine article concerning welfare policy. Edward Michael Harrington ( February 24, 1928 &ndash July 31, 1989) was an American democratic socialist, writer political Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation Dissent is a leading intellectual magazine of politics and culture currently edited by Mitchell Cohen and Michael Walzer. ^[5] According to E. J. Dionne, the nascent neoconservatives were driven by "the notion that liberalism" had failed and "no longer knew what it was talking about. Eugene J "EJ" Dionne Jr (born April 23, 1952 in Boston Massachusetts) raised in Fall River Massachusetts, an American "^[1]

The first major neoconservative to embrace the term was Irving Kristol, in his 1979 article "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative. Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920) is an American philospher considered the founder of American neoconservatism. '"^[3] Kristol's ideas had been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited Encounter magazine. Encounter was a Literary magazine, founded in 1953 by poet Stephen Spender and early Neoconservative author Irving Kristol ^[6]. Another source was Norman Podhoretz, editor of Commentary magazine from 1960 to 1995. Norman B Podhoretz (b January 16, 1930) is an American neoconservative theorist and writer for Commentary. By 1982 Podhoretz was calling himself a neoconservative, in a New York Times Magazine article titled "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy". The New York Times Magazine is a supplement to the Sunday The New York Times newspaper ^[7][8]

Prominent neoconservative periodicals are Commentary and The Weekly Standard. Commentary is an American monthly Magazine covering Politics, International affairs, Judaism, and social cultural The Weekly Standard is an American opinion Magazine published 48 times per year Neoconservatives are associated with foreign policy initiatives of think tanks such as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), The Heritage Foundation, and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA). A think tank (also called a policy institute) is an organization institute corporation or group that conducts Research and engages in advocacy in areas such The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI is a conservative Think tank, founded in 1943 The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA is a Washington D

Contents 1 History and origins 1.1 Left-wing past of neoconservatives 1.2 Great Depression and World War II 1.3 Drift away from New Left and Great Society 1.4 1980s 1.5 1990s 1.6 2000s 1.6.1 Administration of George W. Bush 1.6.1.1 Bush Doctrine 1.6.2 2008 Presidential Election 2 Evolution of neoconservative views 2.1 Usage and general views 2.1.1 Usage outside the United States 2.2 Neoconservative views on foreign policy 2.3 Distinctions from other conservatives 2.4 Criticism of the term neoconservative 2.4.1 Antisemitism 3 Criticism 3.1 Imperialism and secrecy 3.2 Conflict with libertarian conservatives 3.3 Friction with paleoconservatism 3.4 Criticism in popular culture 3.4.1 Music 4 Related publications and institutions 4.1 Institutions 4.2 Publications 4.2.1 Magazines with neoconservatives 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 History of neoconservatism 8.2 Who is neoconservative? 8.3 Explanations of neoconservative ideas 8.4 Critiques of neoconservative ideas 8.5 Conservative criticism of neoconservatism 8.6 Neoconservatism, Leo Strauss, and Trotskyism 8.7 Neoconservatism and Jews 9 Documentaries

History and origins

Left-wing past of neoconservatives

Author Michael Lind argues that "the organization as well as the ideology of the neoconservative movement has left-liberal origins". Michael Lind (born on April 23 1962 in Austin Texas is an American Journalist and Historian, currently the John C ^[9] He draws a line from the center-left anti-communist Congress for Cultural Freedom, founded in 1950, to the Committee on the Present Danger (1950-1953, then re-founded in 1976), to the Project for the New American Century (1997), and adds that "European social-democratic models inspired the quintessential neocon institution, the National Endowment for Democracy" (founded 1983). The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF was an anti-communist advocacy group founded in 1950. The Committee on the Present Danger (CPD is an conservative American Foreign policy interest group. The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a US Non-profit organization that was founded in 1983 to promote Democracy by providing cash

The neoconservative desire to spread democracy abroad has been likened to the Trotskyist theory of permanent revolution. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. This article is about the theory See Permanent Revolution (group for the group of the same name and Permanent Revolution (album for the Catch 22 Lind argues that the neoconservatives are influenced by the thought of former Trotskyists such as James Burnham and Max Shachtman, who argued that "the United States and similar societies are dominated by a decadent, postbourgeois 'new class. James Burnham (1905&ndash1987 was an American popular political theorist former Communist activist and Intellectual, known for his work The Managerial Max Shachtman ( September 10 1904 - November 4, 1972) was an American Marxist theorist The New Class is a term to describe the privileged Ruling class of Bureaucrats and Communist party functionaries which typically arises in a Stalinist '" He sees the neoconservative concept of "global democratic revolution" as deriving from the Trotskyist Fourth International's "vision of permanent revolution. The Fourth International ( FI) is a communist international organisation working in opposition to both Capitalism and Stalinism. " He also points to what he sees as the Marxist origin of "the economic determinist idea that liberal democracy is an epiphenomenon of capitalism," which he describes as "Marxism with entrepreneurs substituted for proletarians as the heroic subjects of history. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Economic determinism is the Theory which attributes primacy to the Economic structure over politics in the development of human history. See also Epiphenomenalism, Medicine An epiphenomenon (plural - epiphenomena is a secondary Phenomenon that occurs alongside or in parallel Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian " However, few leading neoconservatives cite James Burnham as a major influence. ^[10]

Critics of Lind contend that there is no theoretical connection between Trotsky's permanent revolution, and that the idea of a global democratic revolution instead has Wilsonian roots. Wilsonianism or Wilsonian are words used to describe a certain type of ideological perspectives on Foreign policy. ^[11] While both Wilsonianism and the theory of permanent revolution have been proposed as strategies for underdeveloped parts of the world, Wilson proposed capitalist solutions, while Trotsky advocated socialist solutions.

Great Depression and World War II

"New" conservatives initially approached this view from the political left. The forerunners of neoconservatism were often liberals or socialists who strongly supported the Allied cause in World War II, and who were influenced by the Great Depression-era ideas of the New Deal, trade unionism, and Trotskyism, particularly those who followed the political ideas of Max Shachtman. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Max Shachtman ( September 10 1904 - November 4, 1972) was an American Marxist theorist A number of future neoconservatives, such as Jeane Kirkpatrick, were Shachtmanites in their youth; some were later involved with Social Democrats USA. Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick ( November 19, 1926  &ndash December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent Shachtmanism is a critical term applied to the form of Marxism associated with Max Shachtman. For the earlier political party see the Social Democratic Party (USA.

Some of the mid-20th century New York Intellectuals were forebears of neoconservatism. The New York Intellectuals were a group of American writers and literary critics based in New York City in the mid-20th century The most notable was literary critic Lionel Trilling, who wrote, "In the United States at this time liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition. Lionel Trilling (born Lionel Mordechai 4 July 1905 &ndash 5 November 1975 was an American Literary critic, author and teacher " It was this liberal vital center, a term coined by the historian and liberal theorist Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., that the neoconservatives would see as threatened by New Left extremism. Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr, born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger ( October 15 1917 &ndash February 28 2007) was a Pulitzer Prize recipient But the majority of vital center liberals remained affiliated with the Democratic Party, retained left-of-center viewpoints, and opposed Republican politicians such as Richard Nixon who first attracted neoconservative support.

Initially, the neoconservatives were less concerned with foreign policy than with domestic policy. Irving Kristol's journal, The Public Interest, focused on ways that government planning in the liberal state had produced unintended harmful consequences. The Public Interest was a quarterly conservative politics and culture journal founded by Irving Kristol in 1965. Norman Podhoretz's magazine Commentary, formerly a journal of the liberal left, had more of a cultural focus, criticizing excesses in the movements for black equality and women's rights, and in the academic left. Through the 1950s and early 1960s the future neoconservatives had been socialists or liberals strongly supportive of the American Civil Rights Movement, integration, and Martin Luther King, Jr.. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader ^[12][13]

The neoconservatives, arising from the anti-Stalinist left of the 1950s, opposed the anti-capitalism of the New Left of the 1960s. The term anti- Stalinist left refers to elements of the political left which have been critical of the policies of Joseph Stalin and of the Political Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a They broke from the liberal consensus of the early post-World War II years in foreign policy, and opposed Détente with the Soviet Union in the late 1960s and 1970s. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Drift away from New Left and Great Society

Initially the views of the New Left were popular with the children of hard-line communists, often Jewish immigrants on the edge of poverty. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Neoconservatives came to dislike the counterculture of the 1960s baby boomers, and what they saw as anti-Americanism in the non-interventionism of the movement against the Vietnam War. Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or Baby boomer is a term used to describe a person who was born during the Post-World War II baby boom between 1946 and 1964 Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility to the people culture or policies of the United States. Nonintervention or non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

As the radicalization of the New Left pushed these intellectuals farther to the right, they moved toward a more aggressive militarism, while becoming disillusioned with President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society domestic programs. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. Academics in these circles, many still Democrats, rejected the Democratic Party's leftward drift on defense issues in the 1970s, especially after the nomination of George McGovern for president in 1972. George Stanley McGovern The influential 1970 bestseller The Real Majority by future television commentator and neoconservative Ben Wattenberg expressed that the "real majority" of the electorate supported economic liberalism but social conservatism, and warned Democrats it could be disastrous to take liberal stances on certain social and crime issues. The Real Majority An Extraordinary Examination of the American Electorate was a 1970 bestselling analysis of United States politics by Ben Wattenberg Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Benjamin J Wattenberg (b August 26, 1933, The Bronx, New York) is an American Neo-conservative commentator and writer ^[14]

Many supported Democratic Senator Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson, derisively known as the Senator from Boeing, during his 1972 and 1976 campaigns for president. Among those who worked for Jackson were future neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz, Doug Feith, Richard Perle and Felix Rohatyn. Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U Douglas J Feith (born July 16 1953 is a Neoconservative who served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy for United States President This is about the conservative official and lobbyist for the liberal author see Rick Perlstein. Felix George Rohatyn (born May 29, 1928 in Vienna Austria) is an American Investment banker known for his role in preventing the bankruptcy In the late 1970s neoconservative support moved to Ronald Reagan and the Republicans, who promised to confront Soviet expansionism.

Michael Lind, a self-described former neoconservative, explained:^[9]

Neoconservatism. Michael Lind (born on April 23 1962 in Austin Texas is an American Journalist and Historian, currently the John C . . originated in the 1970s as a movement of anti-Soviet liberals and social democrats in the tradition of Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, Humphrey and Henry ('Scoop') Jackson, many of whom preferred to call themselves 'paleoliberals. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving ' [After the end of the Cold War]. . . many 'paleoliberals' drifted back to the Democratic center. . . Today's neocons are a shrunken remnant of the original broad neocon coalition. Nevertheless, the origins of their ideology on the left are still apparent. The fact that most of the younger neocons were never on the left is irrelevant; they are the intellectual (and, in the case of William Kristol and John Podhoretz, the literal) heirs of older ex-leftists. William Kristol (born December 23, 1952 in New York City) is an American political analyst and commentator John Podhoretz (born April 18 1961) is an American commentator for a variety of media sources the author of several books on Politics, and

In his semi-autobiographical book, Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea, Irving Kristol cites a number of influences on his own thought, including not only Max Shachtman and Leo Strauss but also the skeptical liberal literary critic Lionel Trilling. Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical Lionel Trilling (born Lionel Mordechai 4 July 1905 &ndash 5 November 1975 was an American Literary critic, author and teacher The influence of Leo Strauss and his disciples on neoconservatism has generated some controversy, with Lind asserting:^[15]

For the neoconservatives, religion is an instrument of promoting morality. Religion becomes what Plato called a noble lie. In politics a noble lie is a Myth or untruth, often but not invariably of a religious nature knowingly told by an Elite to maintain social harmony particularly It is a myth which is told to the majority of the society by the philosophical elite in order to ensure social order. . . In being a kind of secretive elitist approach, Straussianism does resemble Marxism. These ex-Marxists, or in some cases ex-liberal Straussians, could see themselves as a kind of Leninist group, you know, who have this covert vision which they want to use to effect change in history, while concealing parts of it from people incapable of understanding it.

1980s

During the 1970s political scientist Jeane Kirkpatrick criticized the Democratic Party, to which she belonged. Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick ( November 19, 1926  &ndash December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent She opposed the nomination of the antiwar George McGovern in 1972, and accused the Jimmy Carter administration (1977-1981) of applying a double standard in human rights, by tolerating abuses in communist states, while withdrawing support of anti-communist autocrats. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 She joined Ronald Reagan's successful 1980 campaign for president as his foreign policy adviser. She was U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1981 to 1985. The United States Ambassador to the United Nations (full title Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status

During this period, the United States increased its support for anti-communist governments, even going so far as to support some that engaged in human rights abuses, as part of its general hard line against communism. As the 1980s wore on, younger second-generation neoconservatives, such as Elliott Abrams, pushed for a clear policy of supporting democracy against both left and right wing dictators. Elliott Abrams (born January 24, 1948) is an American lawyer who has served in foreign policy positions for two Republican U This debate led to a policy shift in 1986, when the Reagan administration urged Philippines president Ferdinand Marcos to step down amid turmoil over a rigged election. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 Abrams also supported the 1988 Chilean plebiscite that resulted in the restoration of democratic rule and Augusto Pinochet's eventual removal from office. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Through the National Endowment for Democracy, led by another neoconservative, Carl Gershman, funds were directed to the anti-Pinochet opposition in order to ensure a fair election. The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a US Non-profit organization that was founded in 1983 to promote Democracy by providing cash

1990s

During the 1990s, neoconservatives were once again in the opposition side of the foreign policy establishment, both under the Republican Administration of President George H. W. Bush and that of his Democratic successor, President Bill Clinton. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Many critics charged that the neoconservatives lost their raison d'être and influence following the collapse of the Soviet Union. ^[16] Others argue that they lost their status due to their association with the Iran-Contra scandal during the Reagan Administration. The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal which was revealed in November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration.

Neoconservative writers were critical of the post-Cold War foreign policy of both George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, which they criticized for reducing military expenditures and lacking a sense of idealism in the promotion of American interests. They accused these Administrations of lacking both moral clarity and the conviction to pursue unilaterally America's international strategic interests. Moral clarity is a Catch-phrase associated with American political conservatives.

The movement was galvanized by the decision of George H. W. Bush and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to leave Saddam Hussein in power after the first Gulf War in 1991. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer overall in the United States Armed Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Some neoconservatives viewed this policy, and the decision not to support indigenous dissident groups such as the Kurds and Shiites in their 1991-1992 resistance to Hussein, as a betrayal of democratic principles. The 1991 uprisings in Iraq were a series of anti-governmental Intifada ( Rebellions in Southern and Northern Iraq during the aftermath of the

Ironically, some of those same targets of criticism would later become fierce advocates of neoconservative policies. In 1992, referring to the first Gulf War, then United States Secretary of Defense and future Vice President Dick Cheney, said:

I would guess if we had gone in there, I would still have forces in Baghdad today. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death We'd be running the country. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home. . . .

And the question in my mind is how many additional American casualties is Saddam [Hussein] worth? And the answer is not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait, but also when the president made the decision that we'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq.

Within a few years of the Gulf War in Iraq, many neoconservatives were pushing to oust Saddam Hussein. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. On February 19, 1998, an open letter to President Clinton appeared, signed by dozens of pundits, many identified with neoconservatism and, later, related groups such as the PNAC, urging decisive action to remove Saddam from power. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D ^[17]

Neoconservatives were also members of the blue team, which argued for a confrontational policy toward the People's Republic of China and strong military and diplomatic support for Taiwan. Blue Team can represent several things Blue Team, the friendly side in a Wargame / Military simulation, see Red Team Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

In the late 1990s Irving Kristol and other writers in neoconservative magazines began touting anti-darwinist views, in support of intelligent design. Intelligent Since these neoconservatives were largely of secular backgrounds, a few commentators have speculated that this - along with support for religion generally - may have been a case of a noble lie, intended to protect public morality, or even tactical politics, to attract religious supporters. ^[18]

2000s

Administration of George W. Bush

The Bush campaign and the early Bush Administration did not exhibit strong support for neoconservative principles. As a candidate Bush argued for a restrained foreign policy, stating his opposition to the idea of nation-building^[19] and an early foreign policy confrontation with China was handled without the vociferousness suggested by some neoconservatives. For nation-building in the sense of enhancing the capacity of state institutions building state-society relations and also external interventions see State-building ^[20]. Also early in the Administration, some neoconservatives criticized Bush's Administration as insufficiently supportive of Israel, and suggested Bush's foreign policies were not substantially different from those of President Clinton. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[21]

Bush's policies changed dramatically immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks. According to columnist Gerard Baker,^[22]

It took, improbably, the arrival of George Bush in the White House and September 11, 2001, to catapult [neoconservatism] into the public consciousness. When Mr Bush cited its most simplified tenet — that the US should seek to promote liberal democracy around the world — as a key case for invading Iraq, neoconservatism was suddenly everywhere. It was, to its many critics, a unified ideology that justified military adventurism, sanctioned torture and promoted aggressive Zionism.

Bush laid out his vision of the future in his State of the Union speech in January 2002, following the September 11, 2001 attacks. The speech, written by neoconservative David Frum, named Iraq, Iran and North Korea as states that "constitute an axis of evil" and "pose a grave and growing danger. David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas Definition President Bush's exact statement was as follows second goal is to prevent regimes (terrorist that sponsor terror from threatening America or our friends and " Bush suggested the possibility of preemptive war: "I will not wait on events, while dangers gather. I will not stand by, as peril draws closer and closer. The United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons. "^[23][24]

Bush Doctrine

The Bush Doctrine of preemptive war was explicitly stated in the National Security Council text "National Security Strategy of the United States", published September 20, 2002. The Bush Doctrine is a phrase used to describe various related Foreign policy principles of United States president George W The White House National Security Council ( NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering National Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. "We must deter and defend against the threat before it is unleashed. . . even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy's attack. . . The United States will, if necessary, act preemptively. "^[25] Policy analysts noted that the Bush Doctrine as stated in the 2002 NSC document bore a strong resemblance to recommendations originally presented in a controversial Defense Planning Guidance draft written in 1992 by Paul Wolfowitz under the first Bush administration. Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U ^[26]

The Bush Doctrine was greeted with accolades by many neoconservatives. When asked whether he agreed with the Bush Doctrine, Max Boot said he did, and that "I think [Bush is] exactly right to say we can't sit back and wait for the next terrorist strike on Manhattan. Max Boot (born 1969 in Moscow, Russia) American Author, Consultant, Editorialist Lecturer and Military We have to go out and stop the terrorists overseas. We have to play the role of the global policeman. . . But I also argue that we ought to go further. "^[27] Discussing the significance of the Bush Doctrine, neoconservative writer William Kristol claimed: "The world is a mess. William Kristol (born December 23, 1952 in New York City) is an American political analyst and commentator And, I think, it's very much to Bush's credit that he's gotten serious about dealing with it. . . The danger is not that we're going to do too much. The danger is that we're going to do too little. "^[28]

2008 Presidential Election

In November 2008, the United States will hold a presidential election. The presumptive Republican candidate is John McCain. He supports continuing the Iraq War, "the issue that is most clearly identified with the neoconservatives", but the New York Times reports that his foreign policy views combine elements of neoconservatism and the main competing view in conservative circles, pragmatism, also called realism:^[29]

Among [McCain's advisors] are several prominent neoconservatives, including Robert Kagan. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Realism, also known as political realism, in the context of International relations, encompasses a variety of theories and approaches all of which share a belief Robert Kagan (born September 26 1958 in Athens, Greece) is an American Neoconservative political commentator . . Max Boot. Max Boot (born 1969 in Moscow, Russia) American Author, Consultant, Editorialist Lecturer and Military . . John R. Bolton. John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948) is an American public servant who has served in several Republican presidential administrations . . [and] Randy Scheunemann. Randall J Scheunemann (196? is an American lobbyist. He is the President of the Committee

"It may be too strong a term to say a fight is going on over John McCain's soul," said Lawrence Eagleburger. Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (born August 1 1930) is an American Statesman and former career Diplomat, who served briefly as the . . who is a member of the pragmatist camp. . . [but he] said, "there is no question that a lot of my far right friends have now decided that since you can’t beat him, let's persuade him to slide over as best we can on these critical issues. "

Mr. McCain, who is aware of the concerns, told reporters on his campaign plane early this week that he took foreign policy advice from a wide variety of people. . . Mr. McCain has always promoted his reputation for departing from ideological orthodoxy in both foreign and domestic policy. . . he talks to realists like. . . Henry A. Kissinger and. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 . . George P. Shultz. George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U

Evolution of neoconservative views

Usage and general views

The term has been used before, and its meaning has changed over time. Writing in The Contemporary Review (London) in 1883, Henry Dunckley used the term to describe factions within the Conservative Party; James Bryce again uses it in his Modern Democracies (1921) to describe British political history of the 1880s. Henry Dunckley ( December 24, 1823 - June 29, 1896) English journalist was born at Warwick. James Bryce 1st Viscount Bryce, OM, GCVO, FRS, PC, FBA ( May 10, 1838 &ndash January 22, 1922 The German authoritarians Carl Schmitt, who became professor at the University of Berlin in 1933, the same year that he entered the Nazi party (NSDAP), and Arthur Moeller van den Bruck were called "neo-conservatives". Carl Schmitt ( July 11 1888 April 7 1985) was a German Jurist, Political theorist, and professor of Law Arthur Moeller van den Bruck ( April 23, 1876 &ndash May 30, 1925) was a German cultural historian and writer best known for his controversial ^[30] In "The Future of Democratic Values" in Partisan Review, July-August 1943, Dwight MacDonald complained of "the neo-conservatives of our time [who] reject the propositions on materialism, Human Nature, and Progress. Partisan Review was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 Dwight Macdonald (1906-1982 was an American writer editor Social critic, philosopher and political radical " He cited as an example Jacques Barzun, who was "attempting to combine progressive values and conservative concepts. Jacques Martin Barzun (born "

In the early 1970s, democratic socialist Michael Harrington used the term in its modern meaning. He characterized neoconservatives as former leftists — whom he derided as "socialists for Nixon" — who had moved significantly to the right. These people tended to remain supporters of social democracy, but distinguished themselves by allying with the Nixon administration over foreign policy, especially by their support for the Vietnam War and opposition to the Soviet Union. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left They still supported the welfare state, but not necessarily in its contemporary form. This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom.

Irving Kristol remarked that a neoconservative is a "liberal mugged by reality," one who became more conservative after seeing the results of liberal policies. Kristol also claims three distinctive aspects of neoconservatism from previous forms of conservatism: a forward-looking approach drawn from their liberal heritage, rather than the reactionary and dour approach of previous conservatives; a meliorative outlook, proposing alternate reforms rather than simply attacking social liberal reforms; taking philosophical or ideological ideas very seriously. ^[31]

Political philosopher Leo Strauss (1899–1973) was an important intellectual antecedent of neoconservativism. Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical Notably Strauss influenced Allan Bloom, author of the 1987 bestseller Closing of the American Mind. Allan David Bloom (14 September 1930 in Indianapolis Indiana &ndash 7 October 1992 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American Philosopher,

Usage outside the United States

Main article: Neoconservatism (disambiguation)

In other liberal democracies, the meaning of neoconservatism is closely related to its meaning in the United States. The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of Neoconservatives in these countries tend to support the 2003 Invasion of Iraq and similar U. S. foreign policy, while differing more on domestic policy. Examples are:

• Canada, see: Neoconservatism in Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Neoconservatism in Canada is a newer strand of Conservatism found in Canada, alongside the country's more established tradition of Burkean conservatism
• Japan, see: Neoconservatism in Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Neoconservatism in Japan, also known as the neo-defense school, is a term used by Asian media only recently to refer to a Hawkish new Generation
• United Kingdom, see Neoconservatism (disambiguation). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

In countries which are not liberal democracies, the term has entirely different meanings:

• China and Iran, see Neoconservatism (disambiguation). Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Neoconservative views on foreign policy

Historically, neoconservatives supported a militant anticommunism,^[32] tolerated more social welfare spending than was sometimes acceptable to libertarians and paleoconservatives, and sympathized with a non-traditional foreign policy agenda that was less deferential to traditional conceptions of diplomacy and international law and less inclined to compromise principles, even if that meant unilateral action. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and "Social welfare" redirects here For other uses see Welfare A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear is a term for an anti-communist and Anti-authoritarian Unilateralism ("one+side -ism " is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action

The movement began to focus on such foreign issues in the mid-1970s. However, it first crystallized in the late 1960s as an effort to combat the radical cultural changes taking place within the United States. Irving Kristol wrote: "If there is any one thing that neoconservatives are unanimous about, it is their dislike of the counterculture. Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or "^[33] Norman Podhoretz agreed: "Revulsion against the counterculture accounted for more converts to neoconservatism than any other single factor. "^[34] Ira Chernus argues that the deepest root of the neoconservative movement is its fear that the counterculture would undermine the authority of traditional values and moral norms. Because neoconservatives believe that human nature is innately selfish, they believe that a society with no commonly accepted values based on religion or ancient tradition will end up in a war of all against all. Bellum omnium contra omnes, a Latin phrase meaning "the war of all against all" is the description that Thomas Hobbes gives to human existence They also believe that the most important social value is strength, especially the strength to control natural impulses. The only alternative, they assume, is weakness that will let impulses run riot and lead to social chaos. ^[35]

According to Peter Steinfels, a historian of the movement, the neoconservatives' "emphasis on foreign affairs emerged after the New Left and the counterculture had dissolved as convincing foils for neoconservatism. Peter F Steinfels (born in 1941) is an American journalist and educator best known for his writings on religious topics . . The essential source of their anxiety is not military or geopolitical or to be found overseas at all; it is domestic and cultural and ideological. "^[36] Neoconservative foreign policy parallels their domestic policy. They insist that the U. S. military must be strong enough to control the world, or else the world will descend into chaos.

Believing that America should "export democracy", that is, spread its ideals of government, economics, and culture abroad, they grew to reject U. S. reliance on international organizations and treaties to accomplish these objectives. Compared to other U. S. conservatives, neoconservatives take a more idealist stance on foreign policy; adhere less to social conservatism; have a weaker dedication to the policy of minimal government; and in the past, have been more supportive of the welfare state. See also Idealism (disambiguation. Idealism usually refers to the school of thought personified in American diplomatic history by Woodrow Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P Social conservatism is a political or moral ideology that affirms the government's role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or behaviors in the belief that these are what In Civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal Statism, small government, or limited-government Libertarianism None of these qualities are necessary.

Aggressive support for democracies and nation building is additionally justified by a belief that, over the long term, it will reduce the extremism that is a breeding ground for Islamic terrorism. For nation-building in the sense of enhancing the capacity of state institutions building state-society relations and also external interventions see State-building Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society or otherwise claimed to violate Neoconservatives, along with many other political theorists, have argued that democratic regimes are less likely to instigate a war than a country with an authoritarian form of government. Further, they argue that the lack of freedoms, lack of economic opportunities, and the lack of secular general education in authoritarian regimes promotes radicalism and extremism. Consequently, neoconservatives advocate the spread of democracy to regions of the world where it currently does not prevail, notably the Arab nations of the Middle East, communist China and North Korea, and Iran. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Neoconservatives believe in the ability of the United States to install democracy after a conflict, citing the denazification of Germany and installation of democratic government in Japan after World War II. Denazification (Entnazifizierung was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society culture press economy judiciary and politics of any Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This idea guided U. S. policy in Iraq after the removal of the Saddam Hussein regime, when the U. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 S. organized elections as soon as practical. Neoconservatives also ascribe to principal of defending democracies against aggression.

Distinctions from other conservatives

Most neoconservatives are members of the Republican Party. They have been in electoral alignment with other conservatives and served in the same presidential administrations. While they have often ignored ideological differences in alliance against those to their left, neoconservatives differ from traditional or paleoconservatives. Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear is a term for an anti-communist and Anti-authoritarian In particular, they disagree with nativism, protectionism, and non-interventionism in foreign policy, ideologies rooted in American history and exemplified by former Republican paleoconservative Pat Buchanan. Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party Nonintervention or non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Compared with traditional conservatism and libertarianism, which may be non-interventionist, neoconservatism emphasizes defense capability, challenging regimes hostile to the values and interests of the United States, and pressing for free-market policies abroad. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Neoconservatives also believe in democratic peace theory, the proposition that democracies never or almost never go to war with one another. The democratic peace theory (or liberal peace theory or simply the democratic peace) holds that democracies &mdash usually liberal democracies

Neoconservatives disagree with political realism in foreign policy, often associated with Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger. Realism, also known as political realism, in the context of International relations, encompasses a variety of theories and approaches all of which share a belief Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 Though Republican and anti-communist, Nixon and Kissinger made pragmatic accommodation with dictators and sought peace through negotiations, diplomacy, and arms control. They pursued détente with the Soviet Union, rather than rollback, and established relations with the communist People's Republic of China. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Criticism of the term neoconservative

Some of those identified as neoconservative reject the term, arguing that it lacks a coherent definition, or that it was coherent only in the context of the Cold War.

Conservative writer David Horowitz argues that the increasing use of the term neoconservative since the 2003 start of the Iraq War has made it irrelevant:

Neo-conservatism is a term almost exclusively used by the enemies of America's liberation of Iraq. David Joel Horowitz (born January 10, 1939) is an American conservative writer and activist The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign There is no 'neo-conservative' movement in the United States. When there was one, it was made up of former Democrats who embraced the welfare state but supported Ronald Reagan's Cold War policies against the Soviet bloc. Today 'neo-conservatism' identifies those who believe in an aggressive policy against radical Islam and the global terrorists.

The term may have lost meaning due to excessive and inconsistent use. For example, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld have been identified as leading neoconservatives despite the fact that they have been life-long conservative Republicans (though Cheney has supported Irving Kristol's ideas). Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President

Some critics reject the idea that there is a neoconservative movement separate from traditional American conservatism. Traditional conservatives are skeptical of the contemporary usage of the term and dislike being associated with its stereotypes or supposed agendas. Columnist David Harsanyi wrote, "These days, it seems that even temperate support for military action against dictators and terrorists qualifies you a neocon. David Harsanyi is a Libertarian columnist at The Denver Post. "^[37] Jonah Goldberg rejected the label as trite and over-used, arguing "There's nothing 'neo' about me: I was never anything other than conservative. Jonah Jacob Goldberg (born March 21, 1969) is an American syndicated columnist and author "

Antisemitism

Some neoconservatives believe that criticism of neoconservatism is couched in antisemitic stereotypes, and that the term has been adopted by the political left to stigmatize support for Israel. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility In The Chronicle of Higher Education, Robert J. The Chronicle of Higher Education is a Newspaper that represents a source of news information and jobs for college and university faculty and administration Lieber warned that criticism of the 2003 Iraq War had spawned^[38]

a conspiracy theory purporting to explain how [American] foreign policy. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment . . has been captured by a sinister and hitherto little-known cabal. A cabal is a number of people united in some close design usually to promote their private views and interests in a church, State, or other community often A small band of neoconservative (read, Jewish) defense intellectuals. . . has taken advantage of 9/11 to put their ideas over on [Bush]. . . Thus empowered, this neoconservative conspiracy, "a product of the influential Jewish-American faction of the Trotskyist movement of the '30s and '40s" ([Michael] Lind). . . has fomented war with Iraq. . . in the service of Israel's Likud government (Patrick J. Buchanan and [Eric Alterman).

David Brooks derided the "fantasies" of "full-mooners fixated on a. . . sort of Yiddish Trilateral Commission", beliefs which had "hardened into common knowledge. The Trilateral Commission is a private organization established to foster closer cooperation between America Europe and Japan . . In truth, people labeled neocons (con is short for 'conservative' and neo is short for 'Jewish') travel in widely different circles. . . "^[39] Barry Rubin argued that the neoconservative label is used as an antisemitic pejorative:^[40]

First, 'neo-conservative' is a codeword for Jewish. Barry Rubin is a professor at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC in Herzliya, Israel and the Director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA As antisemites did with big business moguls in the nineteenth century and Communist leaders in the twentieth, the trick here is to take all those involved in some aspect of public life and single out those who are Jewish. The implication made is that this is a Jewish-led movement conducted not in the interests of all the, in this case, American people, but to the benefit of Jews, and in this case Israel.

The charges of antisemitism are controversial. As with the contested concept of the new antisemitism, some commentators claim that identifying support of Israel with the Jewish people is itself antisemitic. New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of Antisemitism is on the rise in the 21st century emanating simultaneously from the left, the Right, and For example, Norman Finkelstein says it would be antisemitic "both to identify and not to identify Israel with Jews. Norman Gary Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American political scientist and author whose primary fields of research are the "^[41]

Criticism

The term neoconservative may be used pejoratively by self-described paleoconservatives, Democrats, and by libertarians of both left and right. Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear is a term for an anti-communist and Anti-authoritarian The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the

Critics take issue with neoconservatives' support for aggressive foreign policy. Critics from the left take issue with what they characterize as unilateralism and lack of concern with international consensus through organizations such as the United Nations. Unilateralism ("one+side -ism " is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[42][43][44] Neoconservatives respond by describing their shared view as a belief that national security is best attained by promoting freedom and democracy abroad through the support of pro-democracy movements, foreign aid and in certain cases military intervention. This is a departure from the traditional conservative tendency to support friendly regimes in matters of trade and anti-communism even at the expense of undermining existing democratic systems. Author Paul Berman in his book Terror and Liberalism describes it as, "Freedom for others means safety for ourselves. Paul Berman is an American author and journalist who writes on politics and literature Let us be for freedom for others. "

Imperialism and secrecy

John McGowan, professor of humanities at the University of North Carolina, states, after an extensive review of neoconservative literature and theory that neoconservative are attempting to build an American empire, seen as successor to the British Empire, its aim being to perpetuate a Pax Americana. John McGowan (born 1953 is the Ruel W Tyson Jr Distinguished Professor of the Humanities at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC, North Carolina, or simply Carolina) is a public, Coeducational Research The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Pax Americana ( Latin: "American Peace" describes a period of relative Peace in the Western world since the end of World War II in As imperialism is largely seen as unacceptable by the American public, neoconservatives do not articulate their ideas and goals in a frank manner in public discourse. McGowan states,^[2]

Frank neoconservatives like Robert Kaplan and Niall Ferguson recognize that they are proposing imperialism as the alternative to liberal internationalism. Yet both Kaplan and Ferguson also understand that imperialism runs so counter to American's liberal tradition that it must. . . remain a foreign policy that dare not speak its name. . . While Ferguson, the Brit, laments that Americans cannot just openly shoulder the white man's burden, Kaplan the American, tells us that "only through stealth and anxious foresight" can the United States continue to pursue the "imperial reality [that] already dominates our foreign policy," but must be disavowed in light of "our anti-imperial traditions, and. . . the fact that imperialism is delegitimized in public discourse". . . The Bush administration, justifying all of its actions by an appeal to "national security," has kept as many of those actions as it can secret and has scorned all limitations to executive power by other branches of government or international law.

Conflict with libertarian conservatives

There is also conflict between neoconservatives and libertarian conservatives. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Libertarian conservatives are ideologically opposed to the expansiveness of federal government programs and regard neoconservative foreign policy ambitions with outspoken distrust. They view the neoconservative promotion of preemptive war as morally unjust, dangerous to the preservation of a free society, and against the principles of the Constitution.

Friction with paleoconservatism

Main article: Neoconservative - Paleoconservative Conflict

Disputes over Israel and public policy contributed to a sharp conflict with 'paleoconservatives," starting in the 1980s. Starting in the 1980s two factions in the American Conservative movement began quarrelling with one another Neoconservatives and Paleoconservatives. Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear is a term for an anti-communist and Anti-authoritarian The movement's name ("old conservative") was taken as a rebuke to the neo side. The paleocons view the neoconservatives as "militarist social democrats" and interlopers who deviate from traditional conservatism agenda on issues as diverse as federalism, immigration, foreign policy, the welfare state, abortion, feminism and homosexuality. Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. An Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. All of this leads to a debate over what counts as conservatism.

The paleoconservatives argue that neoconservatives are an illegitimate addition to the conservative movement. Pat Buchanan calls neoconservatism "a globalist, interventionist, open borders ideology. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist "^[45] The open rift is often traced back to a 1981 dispute over Ronald Reagan's nomination of Mel Bradford, a Southerner, to run the National Endowment for the Humanities. Melvin E "Mel" Bradford (1934-March 3 1993 was a conservative political commentator and professor of literature at the University of Dallas. The National Endowment for the Humanities ( NEH) is an independent federal agency of the United States established by the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Bradford withdrew after neoconservatives complained that he had criticized Abraham Lincoln; the paleoconservatives supported Bradford. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal

Criticism in popular culture

Music

• The Rolling Stones' song "Sweet Neo Con", from the A Bigger Bang album (2005), is critical of American Neoconservatism, with references to the Iraq War, Halliburton, George W. Bush, and Condoleezza Rice. " Sweet Neo Con " is a controversial song from the 2005 Rolling Stones album A Bigger Bang. A Bigger Bang is the 22nd studio album by The Rolling Stones. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Halliburton Energy Services ( is a US -based Multinational corporation with operations in more than 70 countries George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States
• The Offspring's 2003 album, Splinter, included the song "Neocon". The Offspring (sometimes referred to simply as Offspring) are a popular and influential American Splinter is the seventh studio Album by American Punk rock band The Offspring, released on December 9, 2003 The song's lyrics, though defiant, are vague. However, it is generally assumed to be referring to George W. Bush, since The Offspring have been critical of him (both vocally and lyrically) in the past.
• Pro-Pain has a song critical of neo-conservatives entitled, "Neo Con". Pro-Pain is a New York -based heavy metal band formed in 1992 by vocalist and bassist Gary Meskil and drummer Dan Richardson.

Related publications and institutions

Institutions American Enterprise Institute Bradley Foundation Foundation for Defense of Democracies Henry Jackson Society Hudson Institute Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs American Israel Public Affairs Committee Project for the New American Century

Publications Commentary Weekly Standard Democratiya Magazines with neoconservatives Front Page Magazine The National Interest National Review Policy Review The Public Interest

See also

Notes

References

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• Tolson, Jay. "The New American Empire?", U.S. News and World Report, January 13, 2003. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D Accessed online September 16 2006.
• Wilson, Joseph. For information about the American political scandal pertaining to Joseph C The Politics of Truth. Carroll & Graf, 2004. ISBN 0-7867-1378-X.
• Woodward, Bob. Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. Plan of Attack, Simon and Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-5547-X.

Further reading

• Chernus, Ira. Monsters To Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin. ISBN 1-59451-276-0.
• Dorrien, Gary. The Neoconservative Mind. ISBN 1-56639-019-2
• Ehrman, John. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs 1945—1994, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-3000-6870-0.
• Friedman, Murray. The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0521545013.
• Gerson, Mark. The Neoconservative Vision. ISBN 1-56833-100-2.
• Heilbrunn, Jacob. Jacob Heilbrunn is an American writer who has written for Commentary, the Atlantic Monthly, and World Affairs (journal among other They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons, Doubleday (January 15, 2008) ISBN 0385511817
• Murray, Douglas. Neoconservatism: Why We Need It. ISBN 1-59403-147-9.
• Smith, Grant F. , ed. Neocon Middle East Policy: The 'Clean Break' Plan Damage Assessment. ISBN 0-9764437-3-2.
• Stelzer, Irwin, ed. Irwin M Stelzer (born 1932) is an American Economist who resides in London. The NeoCon Reader. Grove, 2004. ISBN 0-8021-4193-5.

History of neoconservatism

• History of Neoconservatism at dKos.
• Fischel, Jack R. "The Rise of Neoconservatism", (book review).
• Heilbrunn, Jacob. Jacob Heilbrunn is an American writer who has written for Commentary, the Atlantic Monthly, and World Affairs (journal among other "5 Myths About Those Nefarious Neocons", The Washington Post, February 10, 2008. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
• Lind, Michael. Michael Lind (born on April 23 1962 in Austin Texas is an American Journalist and Historian, currently the John C "How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington", Salon, April 9, 2003.
• "Neocon 101", Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday
• Ross, Benjamin. "Who Named the Neocons?", Dissent, Summer 2007.

Who is neoconservative?

• Boot, Max. Max Boot (born 1969 in Moscow, Russia) American Author, Consultant, Editorialist Lecturer and Military "What the Heck Is a 'Neocon'?". An attempt to deny, in contrast to Kristol, the existence of neoconservatism.
• List of prominent neoconservatives, Sourcewatch. org.
• "Neoconservatism: Key Figures",The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday
• Steigerwald, Bill. "So, what is a 'neocon'?"
• Stelzer, Irwin. "Nailing the neocon myth".
• Selden, Zachary , "Neoconservatives and the American Mainstream". Selden is director of the Defence and Security Committee of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. The North Atlantic Treaty

Explanations of neoconservative ideas

• Kristol, Irving. "The Neoconservative Persuasion".
• "Q&A: Neocon power examined", The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday Max Boot discusses the extent of neoconservative influence.

Critiques of neoconservative ideas

• Fukuyama,,Francis. "After Neoconservatism". Archived copy of original New York Times article. Links to a PDF of the article.
• "Neocons Put on a Surge-Stravaganza", CommonDreams. org News Center, September 8, 2007.
• Peak, Alexander S. "Conservative Socialism", LewRockwell.com. LewRockwellcom (LRC is a widely read 501(c(4 Anarcho-capitalist and Paleolibertarian web magazine operated by Burton Blumert (publisher Libertarian critique of neoconservatism, likening it to socialism.
• RightWeb, International Relations Center. Critical analysis and biographies of neoconservatives.

Conservative criticism of neoconservatism

• Buchanan, Patrick J. "Nation or Notion?"
• Gottfried, Paul. Paul Edward Gottfried (*1941 is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown Pennsylvania, and a Guggenheim recipient "What's In A Name? The Curious Case Of 'Neoconservative'".
• Gottfried, Paul. "Conservatives, Neoconservatives, Paleoconservatives: What Next?".
• Gottfried, Paul. "Strauss & the Straussians".
• Grigg, William Norman. William Norman Grigg ( February 4 1963 –) is a writer of Mexican and Irish descent "Neoconservative fascism", LewRockwell. com. A paleolibertarian critique of neoconservatism, likening it to fascism.
• Ryn, Claes G., "The Ideology of American Empire", Orbis, 47 (2003), 383-397. Claes Gösta Ryn, PhD (born 12 June 1943) is Professor of Politics at The Catholic University of America. Scholarly traditional conservative critique.
• Ryn, Claes G. Strauss & History.
• "Why do NeoCons hate France?", Conservative Times.
• Zmirak, J. P. , "America the Abstraction".

Neoconservatism, Leo Strauss, and Trotskyism

• Balint, Benjamin. "Review of The Truth About Leo Strauss"
• Ben Jelloun, Mohammed. "Wilsonian Or Straussian Post-Cold War Idealism?", Swans. com. A postcolonial-Nietzschean view)
• "Confronting Neoconservatism", Logos, Spring 2004. Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and Several articles on neoconservatism.
• Drury, Shadia. Shadia B Drury (born 1950 is a Canadian academic and Political commentator of Egyptian Christian origin "Leo Strauss and the neoconservatives", Evatt Foundation, September 11, 2004. Claims Strauss inspired the neocon movement.
• Eden, Ami. "Now it's Trotsky's fault?", The Forward. The Forward (פֿאָרווערטס Forverts) is a Jewish-American weekly Newspaper published in New York City. Skeptical look at the existence of a Trotskyist-Neoconservative link.
• King, Bill. "Neoconservatives and Trotskyism" Challenges the view that there is a relation between the neocons and Trotskyism.
• Raimondo, Justin. Justin Raimondo (born Dennis Raimondo on November 18, 1951) is a Paleoconservative / libertarian American Author "Trotsky, Strauss, and the Neocons", Antiwar.com, June 13, 2003. Antiwarcom is an English-language Website containing News and Opinion pieces related to Wars throughout the world from a Libertarian Alleges neoconservatism is a conspiracy inspired by Leo Strauss and Max Shachtman.
• Raimondo, Justin. "The Imperial Delusion", Antiwar.com, 2006. Antiwarcom is an English-language Website containing News and Opinion pieces related to Wars throughout the world from a Libertarian
• Ross, Ben. "George Bush's Philosophers" Left-liberal account of neoconservatism's origins.
• Wald, Alan. "Debate with Michael Lind on neoconservatism and Trotskyism", History News Network.
• Cantsin, Monty, "The Philosophy of Leo Strauss: Oligarchs with Myths". Monty Cantsin is a Multiple-use name that anyone can adopt but has close ties to Neoism. Left-wing account of the neocon development and influence.

Neoconservatism and Jews

• Friedman, Murray. The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0521545013.
• Gorin, Julia. "Blame It on Neo", OpinionJournal, September 23, 2004. OpinionJournalcom was a Website featuring content from the The Wall Street Journal editorial pages "Just because we call ourselves 'neocons', it doesn't mean you can. "
• Lieber, Robert J. . "The Left's Neocon Conspiracy Theory", The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2003-04-29. The Chronicle of Higher Education is a Newspaper that represents a source of news information and jobs for college and university faculty and administration Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Retrieved on 2008-03-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor  
• Lobe, Jim. James R Lobe (born January 4 1949 in Seattle, Washington) is an American Journalist and the Washington Bureau Chief of the international "Attacking Neo-Cons From the Right". Review of America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order, a critique by two center-right authors.
• MacDonald, Kevin B. "Neoconservatism and American Jewry", Occidental Quarterly. Kevin B MacDonald, (born January 24, 1944) is a professor of Psychology at California State University Long Beach, best known for his The Occidental Quarterly is a Journal "devoted to the ethnicracial and cultural heritage that forms the foundation of Western Civilization "

Documentaries

• Adam Curtis. Adam Curtis (born 1955 is a British Television documentary maker who has during the course of his television career worked as a writer producer The Power of Nightmares, BBC. The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, is a BBC Documentary film series written and produced by Archive.

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