This article is part of the Neo-fascism series. This series is linked to the Politics and Elections series

Definition Definitions of fascism Varieties of Neo-fascism Neo-Nazism Third Position White nationalism White supremacy Origins of Neo-fascism Clerical fascism Fascism Nazism Strasserism Alleged neo-fascist parties and movements American Nazi Party Aryan Nations British Movement British National Front British National Party Creativity Movement Deutsche Reichspartei Forza Nuova Fiamma Tricolore Hrisi Avgi International Third Position Italian Social Movement–National Right National Alliance National Democratic Party of Germany National Renaissance Party National Social Front National Socialist Front National Socialist Japanese Workers and Welfare Party National Socialist Movement (United States) National Socialist Party of America Noua Dreaptă (Romania) November 9th Society Official National Front Russian National Unity Social Action Socialist Reich Party SUMKA Union Movement World Union of National Socialists Related Subjects Fascism and ideology Nazi punk White power skinhead Neo-fascism and religion Neo-Nazi groups of the United States Political Soldier Roman salute

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This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions What constitutes a definition of Fascism and fascist Governments is a highly disputed subject that has proved complicated and contentious The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Third Position is the name applied to a nationalist political strand that seeks to emphasise its opposition to both Communism and Capitalism. White nationalism is a political Ideology which advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of national identity for White people, in opposition to White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of Fascism with Theology or religious tradition Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Strasserism refers to the strand of Nazism and Neo-Nazism that called for a more radical mass-action and worker-based form of fascism particularly hostile to The American Nazi Party was an organization formed with the goal of reviving Nazism, this time in the United States of America. Aryan Nation (AN is a White Nationalist Neo-Nazi organization which was founded in the 1970s by Richard Girnt Butler as an arm of the Christian Identity The British Movement ( BM) was a British neo-Nazi political party founded by Colin Jordan in 1968 The British National Front (most commonly called the National Front, and often known as the NF) is a British Political party whose major political The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. The Creativity Movement was a term originally coined by Ben Klassen as a descriptive phrase encompassing all adherents of the religion known as Creativity, whether The Deutsche Reichspartei ( German Reich Party, German Imperial Party or German Empire Party) was a Nationalist Political party New Force ( Forza Nuova, FN is an Italian Far right political party often described as neo-fascist. The Tricolour Flame Social Movement, normally just Tricolour Flame ( Movimento Sociale Fiamma Tricolore, MS-FT is a neo-fascist Italian political Chrysi Avyi (in Greek characters: Χρυσή Αυγή; English translation: Golden Dawn) is a Greek Nationalist political organization in For another party by the name "England First" see England First Party. The Italian Social Movement, later Italian Social Movement–National Right ( Movimento Sociale Italiano–Destra Nazionale, MSI-DN was a neo-fascist The National Alliance is a White nationalist and White separatist Radical political organization The National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands NPD is a German pan-German nationalist and White nationalist political National Renaissance Party was an American Neo-fascist group led by James Hartung Madole. The National Social Front ( Fronte Sociale Nazionale, FSN is an Italian Far right political party The National Socialist Front (Nationalsocialistisk front NSF) is the largest Neo-Nazi Political party in Sweden. The National Socialist Japanese Workers and Welfare Party is a Japanese Political party that campaigns on a platform of National Socialism. This article refers to the American National Socialist Movement; for other organizations see National Socialist Movement. The National Socialist Party of America was an extremist Chicago -based organization founded in 1970 by Frank Collin shortly after he left the National Noua Dreaptă (New Right is an ultra- nationalist organization in Romania, founded in 2000. The November 9th Society ( N9S) is a British neo-Nazi group formed in 1977 by Terry Flynn The Official National Front was the leading movement within the British National Front during the 1980s and stood opposed to the Flag Group. Russian National Unity (RNU "Russkoye Natsionalnoye Edinstvo" (Всероссийское общественное патриотическое движение "Русское Social Action ( Azione Sociale, AS previously known as Freedom of Action ( Libertà d'Azione, LdA is a national-conservative political Socialist Reich Party of Germany ( German: Sozialistische Reichspartei Deutschlands) was a West German political party founded in the aftermath of the SUMKA is an Iranian Neo-Nazi party (otherwise known as Hezb-e Sosialist-e Melli-ye Kargaran-e Iran, Iran National-Socialist Workers Party The Union Movement was a Political party founded in Britain by Oswald Mosley. The World Union of National Socialists was an organisation founded in 1962 as an umbrella group for Neo-Nazi organisations across the globe There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology. The position of fascism on the political spectrum is a point of contention A Nazi punk is a neo-Nazi who is part of the Punk subculture. White power skinheads are a racist, and often also anti-semitic, offshoot of the Skinhead Subculture that originated in Great Britain Neo-fascism and religion refers to debates about the relationships between Neo-fascism and various Religions Some scholars using the term neo-fascism The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Political Soldier is a Political concept associated with the Third Position that played a leading role in Britain's National Front from the late 1970s onwards The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight with palm down For Nazi movements after World War II, see Neo-Nazism

Neo-fascism is a post-World War II ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The term neo-fascist may apply to groups that express a specific admiration for Benito Mussolini and Italian fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes nationalism, anti-immigration policies or, where relevant, nativism (see definition), anti-communism, and opposition to the parliamentary system and liberal democracy. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of Allegations that a group is neo-fascist may be hotly contested, especially if the term is used as a politic epithet. The word fascist is sometimes used to denigrate people institutions or groups that would not describe themselves as ideologically fascist, and that may not fall Some post-World War II regimes have been described as neo-fascist due to their authoritarian nature, and sometimes due to their fascination with fascist ideology and rituals. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics

Latin America's tradition of populism and authoritarian regimes includes the caudillos of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the various military juntas that took power during the Cold War. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political Caudillo is a Spanish ( caudilho in Portuguese word usually used to designate "a political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Most of the juntas were traditional military dictatorships, and some of these regimes provided refuge to former Nazis (such as Adolf Eichmann), and supported neo-fascist movements (e. A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the g. the Argentinian Triple A). The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in

Contents 1 Argentina 2 Bolivia 3 Greece 4 Guatemala 5 Iran 6 Italy 7 Lebanon 8 Turkey 9 United States 10 International networks 11 Footnotes 12 Further reading 13 External links

Argentina

Argentina (1946-1955 and 1973-1974) - Juan Perón admired Mussolini and established his own pseudo-fascist regime, although it has been more often considered a right-wing populist. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina After he died, his third wife and vice-president Isabel Perón was deposed by a military junta, after a short interreign characterized by support to the neo-fascist Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (la Triple A) terrorist group. María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in Videla's junta, which participated in Operation Condor, supported various neo-fascist and right-wing terrorist movements; the SIDE supported Meza Tejada's Cocaine Coup in Bolivia and trained the Contras in Nicaragua. Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion History The Secretariat of Intelligence was created in 1946 when Juan Perón 's first presidency established it by Executive Decree 337/46 under the denomination of The Contras is a label given to the various rebel groups opposing Nicaragua 's FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional Sandinista Junta of National Nicaragua is the largest nation in Central America, but also the least densely populated with a demographic similar in size to its smaller neighbors

Bolivia

The Bolivian Socialist Falange party founded in 1937 played a crucial role in mid-century Bolivian politics. The Bolivian Socialist Falange ( Falange Socialista Boliviana) was a Bolivian party established in the year 1937. Luis García Meza Tejada's regime took power during the 1980 Cocaine Coup in Bolivia with the help of Italian neo-fascist Stefano Delle Chiaie, Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie and the Buenos Aires junta. Luis García Meza Tejada (b August 8, 1932, La Paz, Bolivia) is a former Bolivian dictator The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Klaus Barbie ( October 25, 1913 &ndash September 25, 1991) was an SS - Hauptsturmführer, Soldier Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders That regime has been accused of neo-fascist tendencies and of admiration for Nazi paraphernalia and rituals. Hugo Banzer Suárez, who preceded Tejada, also displayed admiration towards Nazism and fascism. Hugo Banzer Suárez ( May 10, 1926 &ndash May 5, 2002) was a politician military general and President of Bolivia. Since the popular election of Evo Morales, Bolivia has seen a resurgence of far right politics in opposition to his Movement Towards Socialism government, policies, and reforms. Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26 1959 in Orinoca, Oruro) popularly known as Evo (ˈeβo is the President of Bolivia since

Greece

See also Neo-Nazism in Greece

Neo-fascism in Greece has been present in Greek politics since the authoritarian regime of Ioannis Metaxas, though with limited popularity among the public. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία General Ioannis Metaxas (Ιωάννης Μεταξάς ( April 12, 1871 January 29, 1941) was a Greek General and During the 1950s and 1960s, Greek neo-fascists composed extremist fractions, one of which was responsible for the killing of politician Gregoris Lambrakis. Gregoris Lambrakis (Γρηγόρης Λαμπράκης ( April 3 1912 &ndash May 27 1963) was a Greek Politician, In 1967, the Greek military Junta of George Papadopoulos found inspiration in the Metaxas period (Greek fascism) of 1936-1941 and gathered many Greeks of a neo-fascist mentality to power. Georgios Papadopoulos (Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος ( May 5, 1919 June 27, 1999) was the head of the military Coup d'état From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General

A decade after the restoration of democracy in 1974, former Junta leader George Papadopoulos founded and lead the National Political Union, a party supporting, if not neo-fascism, at least authoritarian views and the ideal of "Ellas ton Ellinon Christianon" (Greece of Greek-Orthodox Greeks). Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union The Greek neo-fascists were greatly alienated though, but continued to existed in fringe minority parties, very rarely achieving parliament seats. In the early 80's Nikolaos Michaloliakos, a former Greek Army parachutist and youth leader of the National Political Union founded Hrisi Avgi. Nikolaos G Michaloliakos (Νικόλαος Γ Μιχαλολιάκος (born 1957 is the leader of Hrisi Avgi, a Greek Neo-Nazi Chrysi Avyi (in Greek characters: Χρυσή Αυγή; English translation: Golden Dawn) is a Greek Nationalist political organization in Colonels' Junta in Greece (1967-1974) - This regime was often adjectived as "fascist", even if the regime's nature was not fascist, but military-based, anti-communist, ultra-nationalist and authoritarian. Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. ^[1] The Greek Communist Party in exile proclaimed the junta to be a "monarcho-fascist" instigation of the United States. The Communist Party of Greece (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas) better known by its acronym ΚΚΕ (usually ^[1]

Guatemala

Guatemala (1953-1980s) - Mario Sandoval Alarcón, a self-identified fascist, headed the National Liberation Movement after a coup d'état, supported by the US, overthrew the democratic government of Col. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest Mario Sandoval Alarcón ( May 18, 1923 - April 17, 2003) was a Guatemalan Politician. The National Liberation Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento de Liberación Nacional or MLN was a Guatemala military-backed party formed in 1960 by Mario Jacobo Arbenz. Colonel Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán ( September 14, 1913 &ndash January 27, 1971) was the President of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954 when Sandoval became known as the "godfather of the death squads" during the Guatemalan military's 30-year counter-insurgency campaign and at one point served as Guatemala's vice president.

Iran

Iran (1950-1953) - Under the Iranian National Front, during the regime of Mohammad Mossadegh, attacks on the political left were led by right-wing groups with fascistic elements including the Iranian Nation Party, led by Dariush Forouhar; the Sumka (The National Socialist Iranian Workers Party) led by Dr. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mohammad Mosaddeq ( (, pronounced mosæddeq}} also Mosaddegh or Mossadegh) ( May 19 1882 – 5 March 1967) was a major Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran ( Persian حزب ملت ایران, properly transliterated as Party of the Iranian Nation) also known as Nation Party of Iran Dariush Forouhar (1928-November 1998 was a founder and leader of the Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran (Nation of Iran Party a pan-Iranist opposition party in SUMKA is an Iranian Neo-Nazi party (otherwise known as Hezb-e Sosialist-e Melli-ye Kargaran-e Iran, Iran National-Socialist Workers Party Davud Monshizadeh; and Kabud (Iranian Nazi Party) founded by Habibollah Nobakht.

Italy

Main article: History of Italy as a Republic

Italy was broadly divided into two political blocs following World War II, the Christian Democracy, which remained in power until the 1980s, and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), very strong immediately after the war but which was expulsed from power in May 1947, a month before the Paris Conference on the Marshall Plan, along with the French Communist Party (PCF). After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolini's fascist regime, Italy's history was dominated by the Democrazia Cristiana (DC - Christian-Democrats After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolini's fascist regime, Italy's history was dominated by the Democrazia Cristiana (DC - Christian-Democrats The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Despite attempts in the 1970s towards a "historic compromise" between the PCI and the DC, the PCI didn't take part in the executive power until the 1980s. The term Historic Compromise ( Italian: "compromesso storico") most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats In December 1970, Junio Valerio Borghese attempted, along with Stefano Delle Chiaie, the Borghese Coup which was supposed to install a neo-fascist regime. Prince Junio Valerio Scipione Borghese ( 6 June 1906 &ndash 26 August 1974) was an Italian naval Commander during The Golpe Borghese (also known as " Tora Tora " was allegedly a failed Italian Coup d'état that was planned to take place in the night of 7 Neo-fascist groups took part in various false flag terrorist attacks, starting with the December 1969 Piazza Fontana massacre, for which Vincenzo Vinciguerra was convicted, and usually considered to have stopped with the 1980 Bologna railway bombing. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New The Bologna massacre (Strage di Bologna was a terrorist bombing at the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of August A 2000 parliamentary report from the center-left Olive Tree coalition concluded that "the strategy of tension had been supported by the United States in order to impede the PCI, and, in a lesser measure, the PSI from reaching executive power". A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda The Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI was a democratic socialist / social democratic political party founded in Genoa

Since the 1990s, Alleanza Nazionale, led by Gianfranco Fini, has distanced itself from Mussolini and fascism and made efforts to improve relations with Jewish groups, with most die-hards leaving it; it now seeks to present itself as a respectable rightwing party. National Alliance ( Alleanza Nazionale, AN is a conservative Italian political party. Gianfranco Fini (born January 3 1952 is an Italian Politician, President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and current leader of National Alliance As a result, Alessandra Mussolini, granddaughter of Mussolini, left to form Freedom of Action. Alessandra Mussolini (born December 30 1962 is an Italian Conservative Politician, previously an Actress and model. Social Action ( Azione Sociale, AS previously known as Freedom of Action ( Libertà d'Azione, LdA is a national-conservative political Lega Nord led by Umberto Bossi is primarily a regionalist secessionist movement, but has often been accused of xenophobia and racism; it has presented its goals as a more moderate quest for local autonomy. Lega Nord (Northern League LN whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for Independence of Padania) is an Italian Umberto Bossi (born September 19, 1941) is an Italian politician leader of the Northern League, a party seeking autonomy or In Politics, regionalism is a Political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular Region or group of regions whether traditional or formal Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity

Lebanon

Lebanon (1982-1988) - The right wing Christian Phalangist Party "Kataeb", backed by its own private army and inspired by the Spanish Falangists, was nominally in power in the country during the 1980s but had limited authority over the highly factionalised state, two-thirds of which was controlled by Israeli and Syrian troops. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Lebanese Kataeb Party ( Arabic: الكتائب اللبنانية Kataeb is the Plural of Katiba which is a translation into Arabic of the Greek word For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية

Turkey

Alparslan Türkeş' Grey Wolves movement, the youth organization of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) founded in 1969, claims to be inspired by Italian fascist Giovanni Gentile's "Actual Idealism" theory. Alparslan Türkeş ( November 25, 1917 in Nicosia, Cyprus &ndash April 5, 1997 in Ankara, Turkey Grey Wolves (Bozkurtlar or Idealist Youth (Ülkücü Gençlik is the youth organization of the Turkish Nationalist Movement Party (Milliyetçi Hareket The Nationalist Movement Party (also translated as 'Nationalist Action Party' (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi MHP) is a Nationalist, Conservative Giovanni Gentile (dʒoˈvɑnni dʒenˈtile May 30, 1875 April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo- Hegelian Idealist Actual Idealism was a form of Idealism developed by Giovanni Gentile that grew into a 'grounded' idealism contrasting the Transcendental Idealism of It is a pan-Turkish party which advocates the creation of the Turan, the "Great Turkish Empire", including all Turkic peoples mainly in the successor Central-Asian countries of the former Soviet Union as well as China (the Uyghurs of East Turkestan). Tūrān ( is the ancient Iranian name for Central Asia, literally meaning "the land of the Tur" The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND

Alparslan Türkeş thus went to Baku (Azerbaijan) in 1992 to support Abülfaz Elçibay, who openly described himself as sympathiser of the ultranationalist group, during the presidential election. Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Abülfaz Elçibay, (Əbülfəz Elçibəy June 24, 1938, Nakhchivan – August 22, 2000, Ankara) was an Azerbaijani Once elected as president of Azerbaijan, Elçibay chose as ministry of Interior İsgandar Hamidov, a member of the Grey Wolves who plead for the creation of a Greater Turkey which would include northern Iran and extend itself to Siberia, India and China. The country of Azerbaijan is a Presidential republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the Head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan İsgəndər Məcid oğlu Həmidov (also transliterated as Iskender Majid oglu Hamidov or Iskander Medjid oglu Hamidov) (born April 10, 1948 in Hamidov resigned in April 1993 after having threatened Armenia with a nuclear strike. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani ^[2] The Grey Wolves share a racist and supremacist ideology, and have taken part in murders and other violent attacks, including false flag attacks aimed against the Kurdish PKK. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan or PKK, also called KADEK, Kongra-Gel, and KGK It is listed as a terrorist Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Grey Wolves member who would try to assassinate the Pope John Paul II in May 1981, had for example assassinated Abdi İpekçi, editor of Milliyet newspaper, in 1979. Mehmet Ali Ağca (born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish Assassin, who shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on May 13, History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Abdi İpekçi ( August 9, 1929 – February 1, 1979) was a Turkish Journalist, Intellectual and an activist for Milliyet ( Turkish for " nationality " is a major Turkish Daily newspaper founded in 1950. He escaped from prison with the help of Abdullah Çatlı, who himself has been in contact with Stefano Delle Chiaie among other international terrorists; Türkeş and Çatlı have both been accused of being prominent members of "Counter-Guerrilla", the Turkish branch of Gladio, NATO's stay-behind anti-communist organizations set up during the Cold War officially to counter an eventual Soviet invasion ^[3]. Abdullah Çatlı (1956— November 3, 1996) was a Turkish Ultra-nationalist activist of the " Grey Wolves " a movement of the Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind The North Atlantic Treaty In a stay-behind operation a country places secret operatives or organisations in its own territory for use in the event that the territory is overrun by an enemy Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Grey Wolves are also thought to have carried out various Anti-Armenian activities, including supporting Azeri forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and preventing the showing of Ararat, a film about the Armenian Genocide, in Turkey. Anti-Armenianism (also Anti-Armenism and Anti-Armenian sentiment) is hostility toward or Prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian For the republic see Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh is a Region in the South Caucasus. The Nagorno-Karabakh War refers to the armed conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic Enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh Ararat is a 2002 film directed written and co-produced by Atom Egoyan about the Armenian Genocide, an event that is denied by the ^[4]

United States

See also Neo-Nazism in the United States, New Deal and statism and Fascism and the United States

Groups identified as neo-fascist in the United States generally include neo-Nazi organizations such as the National Alliance and the American Nazi Party. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology. The position of fascism on the political spectrum is a point of contention The National Alliance is a White nationalist and White separatist Radical political organization The American Nazi Party was an organization formed with the goal of reviving Nazism, this time in the United States of America. The presence or absence of elements of fascism in the United States since World War II has been a matter of dispute. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

International networks

In 1951, the New European Order (NEO) neo-fascist Europe-wide alliance was set up to promote Pan-European nationalism. The New European Order (NEO was a neo-fascist Europe -wide alliance set up in 1951 to promote Pan-European nationalism. This article is about those who claim that Europe is or should be a single nation It was a more radical splinter-group of the European Social Movement. The European Social Movement (ESM was a neo-fascist Europe -wide alliance set up in 1951 to promote Pan-European nationalism. The NEO had its origins in the 1951 Malmö conference when a group of rebels led by René Binet and Maurice Bardèche refused to join the European Social Movement as they felt that it did not go far enough in terms of racialism and anti-communism. René Valentin Binet (born October 16, 1913 in Darnétal, Seine-Maritime, died October 16, 1957 in Pontoise) Maurice Bardèche ( October 1 1907, Dun-sur-Auron, Cher &mdash1998 was a French essayist literary and art critic journalist and The European Social Movement (ESM was a neo-fascist Europe -wide alliance set up in 1951 to promote Pan-European nationalism. Racialism is an emphasis on race or racial considerations Racialism entails a belief in the existence and significance of racial categories but not necessarily in a Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and As a result Binet joined with Gaston-Armand Amaudruz in a second meeting that same year in Zurich to set up a second group pledged to wage war on communists and non-white people. Gaston-Armand "Guy" Amaudruz (born December 21, 1920 in Lausanne) is a Swiss neo-fascist political philosopher and Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. ^[5]

Several Cold War regimes and international neo-fascist movements collaborated in operations such as assassinations and false flag bombings. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Stefano Delle Chiaie, involved in Italy's strategy of tension, took part in Operation Condor; organizing the 1976 assassination attempt of Chilean Christian Democrat Bernardo Leighton. Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Bernardo Leighton Guzmán (born on August 16 1909 - died on January 26 1995) was a Chilean Christian Democrat who was targeted ^[6] Vincenzo Vinciguerra escaped to Franquist Spain with the help of the SISMI, following the 1972 Peteano attack, for which he was sentenced to life. Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy ^[7][8] Along with Delle Chiaie, Vinciguerra testified in Rome in December 1995 before judge Maria Servini de Cubria, stating that Enrique Arancibia Clavel (a former Chilean secret police agent prosecuted for crimes against humanity in 2004) and US expatriate DINA agent Michael Townley were directly involved in General Carlos Prats' assassination. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Michael Townley was sentenced in Italy to 15 years of prison for having served as intermediary between the DINA and the Italian neo-fascists. ^[9]

The regimes of Franquist Spain, Augusto Pinochet's Chile and Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay participated together in Operation Condor, which targeted political opponents worldwide. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign During the Cold War, these international operations gave rise to some cooperation between various neo-fascist elements engaged in a "Crusade against Communism". The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents ^[10] Anti-Fidel Castro terrorist Luis Posada Carriles was condemned for the Cubana Flight 455 bombing on October 6, 1976. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan anti- Castro terrorist Cubana Flight 455 was a Cubana flight from Barbados to Jamaica that was brought down by a terrorist attack on October 6, 1976. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. According to the Miami Herald, this bombing was decided on at the same meeting during which it was decided to target Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier, who was assassinated on September 21, 1976. The Miami Herald is a daily Newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company headquartered in Downtown Miami Florida. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar ( April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist Political figure, Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Carriles wrote in his autobiography:

I became conscious that (. . . ) we the Cubans didn't oppose ourselves to an isolated tyranny, nor to a particular system of our fatherland, but that we had in front of us a colossal enemy, whose main head was in Moscow, with its tentacles dangerously extended on all the planet. The battle-field, therefore, was as much on the Cuban territory that as in any other point of the Earth where the enemy was present or tried to penetrate in order to enlarge its dominions. Without knowing it nor proposing it to myself, I converted myself into a universal soldier in service of whatever could contribute to cutting the monster's tentacles away, if possible beginning with my own fatherland. ^[11]

Footnotes

Further reading

• The Beast Reawakens by Martin A. The Beast Reawakens is a Book by investigative journalist Martin A Lee, (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1997, ISBN 0-316-51959-6)
• Fascism (Oxford Readers) by Roger Griffin, 1995, ISBN 0-19-289249-5
• Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-1985 by Richard C. Fascism is a 1995 book edited by Roger Griffin. It is a Reader, in the Oxford Readers series which assembles the writings of various Authors Roger Griffin is a British academic Political theorist at Oxford Brookes University, England. Thurlow (Olympic Marketing Corp, 1987, ISBN 0-631-13618-5)
• Fascism Today: A World Survey by Angelo Del Boca (Pantheon Books, 1st American edition, 1969)
• Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe by Paul Hockenos (Routledge; Reprint edition, 1994, ISBN 0-415-91058-7)
• The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today by Geoff Harris, (Edinburgh University Press; New edition, 1994, ISBN 0-7486-0466-9)
• The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe by Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (Longman Publishing Group; 2nd edition, 1995, ISBN 0-582-23881-1)
• The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis by Herbert Kitschelt (University of Michigan Press; Reprint edition, 1997, ISBN 0-472-08441-0)
• Shadows Over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe edited by Martin Schain, Aristide Zolberg, and Patrick Hossay (Palgrave Macmillan; 1st edition, 2002, ISBN 0-312-29593-6)

External links

• Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt - Umberto Eco's list of 14 characteristics of Fascism, originally published 1995. The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best
• What is Fascism? Some General Ideological Features by Matthew N. Lyons
• Fascism by Chip Berlet

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