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The term neo-Nazism refers to post-World War II ideologies, political movements, and social movements seeking to revive Nazism, or some variant that echos its aspects such as racial or ethnic nationalism or Völkisch integralism. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth ( German:, The early timeline of Nazism begins with its origins in 1896 and continues until Hitler's rise to power. Hitler's rise to power began with Hitler's NSDAP as a fringe political party within the government of the Weimar Republic. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July The Nuremberg Rally (officially Reichsparteitag, meaning national party convention was the annual rally of the NSDAP (Nazi Party in the years 1923 to 1938 in Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race Gleichschaltung, meaning "coordination" "making the same" "bringing into line" is a Nazi term for the process by which the Historians and biographers note some difficulty in attributing the political beliefs of Adolf Hitler. The National Socialist Program, also referred to as the 25-point program or 25-point plan was developed to formulate the party policies of first the Austrian German Historians political scientists and even philosophers have studied Nazism with a specific focus on its Religious or semi-religious aspects Nazi propaganda is the term that describes the psychologically powerful Propaganda within Nazi Germany, much of which was centered around Jews consistently Nazi architecture was an architectural plan and integral part of the Nazi party 's plans to create a Cultural and Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race The racial policy of Nazi Germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the so-called " Aryan race " and Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany 's race-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through Eugenics at the center of their The Doctors' Trial (officially United States of America v Karl Brandt et al Nazi human experimentation was a series of controversial medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the German Nazi regime in its Concentration This article gives an overview about Religion in Nazi Germany and the Nazis ' complex and sometimes contradictory relationship with religion The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after The National Socialist Front (Nationalsocialistisk front NSF) is the largest Neo-Nazi Political party in Sweden. The Swedish Resistance Movement ( Swedish: Svenska Motståndsrörelsen) also known as the SMR, is a Swedish, Militant Neo-Nazi White Aryan Resistance (Vitt Ariskt Motstånd also known as VAM, was a Neo-nazi Paramilitary group active The National Socialist Movement of Denmark (Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Bevægelse also known as the DNSB, is a neo-Nazi organisation in Denmark. The National Socialist Movement of Norway (Norges Nasjonalsosialistiske Bevegelse also known as the NNSB, is a Norwegian Neo-Nazi group with around fifty Norwegian Resistance Movement (Norske Motstandsbevegelsen is a militant offshoot of the Swedish Resistance Movement, with its base in Norway The Parti national social chrétien was a Canadian Political party formed by Adrien Arcand in February 1934. The German American Bund or German American Federation (German Amerikadeutscher Bund) was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s The Hungarian National Socialist Party was a political epithet adopted by a number of minor Nazi parties in Hungary before the Second World War. Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for "National Gathering" or "National Unification" hereafter abbreviated as NS was a fascist party in Norway The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland NSB was a Dutch Fascist and later national socialist National Socialist Bloc (in Swedish: Nationalsocialistiska Blocket) was a Swedish national socialist Political party formed in the Disambiguation you may be looking for the National Socialist Party (UK, a left-wing organisation The National Socialist League was a short lived political movement Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Arbejderparti (National Socialist Workers’ Party of Denmark or DNSAP, was the largest Danish Nazi party before and during The Ossewabrandwag ("Oxwagon Sentinel" (OB was a nationalist Afrikaner organisation in South Africa, founded in Bloemfontein on February The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: This is a list of words terms concepts and Slogans that were specifically used in Nazi Germany. This article describes semi-religious developments of Nazism after 1945 The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" A list of Nazi Party (NSDAP leaders and officials. A Gunter d'Alquen - Chief Editor of the SS official Between 1925 and 1945 the German SS grew from a mere eight members to over a quarter of a million Waffen-SS and well over a million Allgemeine-SS members In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics A political movement is a Social movement working in the area of Politics. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" Integralism is a perspective according to which Society is an Organic unity. ^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]}

Neo-Nazis rarely use the word neo-Nazi to describe themselves, often opting for labels such as National Socialist, Nationalist or related terms. ^[5] A few scholars refer to neo-Nazism as "neo-National Socialism. "^[1] Some groups and individuals who support the ideology openly eschew Nazi-like terms to avoid social stigma or legal consequences. Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or Beliefs that are against cultural norms. Some European countries have laws prohibiting the expression of pro-Nazi, racist or anti-Semitic views.

Neo-Nazis often use the Indo-Aryan symbols that were in use by Nazi Germany, such as the Swastika, Sig Runes and the red-white-black color scheme. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is Sig is the name given by Guido von List for the Sigel or s Rune of the Armanen Futharkh, and is also used by Karl Maria Wiligut Neo-Nazi activity appears to be a global phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries, as well as international networks. It has recently been exported to Israel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[8][9] Individuals who have been involved in post-war Nazi and neo-Nazi activity include Colin Jordan, George Lincoln Rockwell, Savitri Devi, Francis Parker Yockey,^[10] David Duke,^[11][12][13] William Pierce, Eddy Morrison, and David Myatt. John Colin Campbell Jordan (born June 1923 was a leading representative of postwar National Socialism in Britain and around the world George Lincoln Rockwell ( March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was a Navy Reserve Commander (aviation and founder of the American Nazi Savitri Devi ( September 30, 1905, Lyon, France — October 22, 1982, Essex, England) was the Francis Parker Yockey, ( September 18, 1917 &ndash June 16, 1960) was an American Philosopher and polemicist David Ernest Duke (born July 1, 1950) is a former Louisiana State Representative, a Candidate in Presidential primaries for the William Luther Pierce III ( September 11 1933 &ndash July 23 2002) was the leader of the White separatist National Alliance Eddy Morrison is a neo-Nazi political figure in Britain, who has been involved in a number of movements throughout his career Abdul-Aziz ibn Myatt, (born 1950 - formerly known as David Myatt and David Wulstan Myatt - is British Muslim and a former White nationalist

Contents 1 Holocaust denial and minimization 2 Austria 2.1 1960s and later 3 Belgium 4 Croatia 5 France 6 Germany 6.1 Activities 6.2 Legal issues 7 Greece 8 Israel 9 Russia 9.1 Social roots 9.2 Activities 10 Serbia 11 United States 12 Neo-Nazi organizations 12.1 The Americas 12.2 Scandinavia 12.3 United Kingdom 12.4 Other European countries 12.5 Other continents 13 Neo-Nazi bands 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Bibliography 16.1 Primary sources 16.2 Academic surveys 17 External links

Holocaust denial and minimization

Main article: Holocaust denial

Many neo-Nazis promote Holocaust denial or Holocaust minimization. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the They claim that the intentional mass murder (often in gas chambers) of more than 6,000,000 Jews is either a lie or grossly exaggerated. This article deals with mass killings that are not considered Genocide. A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Leading historians' estimates of the number of Jews who died during the Holocaust range from 5. 1 to 6. 2 million. ^{[14][15][16][17][18][19]} Some Holocaust deniers do not identify themselves as neo-Nazis. Some neo-Nazis who do not deny that the Holocaust happened have pointed out alleged immoral equivalencies (e. g. the bombing of Dresden and the Expulsion of Germans after World War II); or they have have justified executions by the Nazis as retaliations for sabotage, terrorism and subversion. The Bombing of Dresden by the British Royal Air Force (RAF and United States Army Air Force (USAAF between 13 February and 15 February 1945 12 weeks The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the Forced migration and Ethnic cleansing of German nationals ( Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Subversion refers to an attempt to overthrow structures of Authority, including the State.

Austria

Immediately after the Allies liberated Austria in 1945, the anti-Nazi parties - Socialists (SPÖ), Conservatives (ÖVP) and Communists (KPÖ) - passed legislation to overcome the effects of Nazi rule. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Social Democratic Party of Austria ( German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is one of the oldest parties in Austria. The Austrian People's Party ( German: Österreichische Volkspartei, or ÖVP) is an Austrian Political party. The Communist Party of Austria ( de: Kommunistische Partei Österreichs, or KPÖ) is a Communist party based in Austria. A law passed on May 8, 1945, banned the NSDAP and Nazi activities. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The denazification program designed to purge the state apparatus and society of Nazi followers was not successful, mainly because of the size of the problem and the bureaucratic shortcomings of the program. Denazification (Entnazifizierung was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society culture press economy judiciary and politics of any This failure was reflected primarily in the fact that ex-members and sympathizers of the NSDAP did not change their beliefs. Over 500,000 registered Nazis were allowed to vote in the 1949 general election. A considerable number of ex-Nazis were integrated into the SPÖ and the ÖVP, and several concessions were made to appease them, such as suppression of the history of the Nazizeit (literally 'Nazi Time'); a fall-off in the prosecutions of Nazi war criminals; and the reinstatement of Nazi civil servants, teachers, professors, lawyers and police officers.

In the 1949 Austrian elections, ex-Nazis in the Verband der Unabhängigen (VdU) put up candidates and won seats, and the Austrian right wing went through a process of growth. The Federation of Independents ( Verband der Unabhängigen, VdU was a national-liberal political party in Austria active from 1949 to 1955 The withdrawal of Allied troops from Austria in 1955 encouraged the consolidation of right-wing groups, ranging from neo-Nazis to moderate Pan-Germans. The VdU split in 1955, but re-formed itself one year later as the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). The Freedom Party of Austria ( Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ is a political party in Austria. The first leaders of the FPÖ were former Nazis, such as Anton Reinthaller, who had been a government minister in the Nazi era, and Friedrich Peter, who had been a Schutzstaffel (SS) officer. Friedrich Peter (July 13 1921 in Attnang-Puchheim, Upper Austria – September 25 2005 in Vienna) was an Austrian politician who served as the The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the The Austrian public saw itself confronted with the organized right for the first time in 1959, during the Schiller Celebrations, when Pan-German youth, sport and cultural organizations took to the streets. The FPÖ's students' organization RFS and its graduate equivalent Freiheitliche Akademikerverbände (FAV) attained considerable influence within student and university bodies.

1960s and later

Antisemitism History · Timeline · Resources Forms Anti-globalizational · Arab Christian · Islamic · Nation of Islam New · Racial · Religious Secondary · Academic · Worldwide Allegations Deicide · Blood libel · Ritual murder Well poisoning · Host desecration Jewish lobby · Jewish Bolshevism Usury · Dreyfus affair Zionist Occupation Government Holocaust denial Antisemitic publications On the Jews and Their Lies Protocols of the Elders of Zion The International Jew Mein Kampf The Culture of Critique series Persecutions Expulsions · Ghettos · Pogroms Jewish hat · Judensau Yellow badge · Spanish Inquisition Segregation · The Holocaust Nazism · Neo-Nazism Opposition Anti-Defamation League Community Security Trust EUMC · Stephen Roth Institute Wiener Library · SPLC · SWC UCSJ · SCAA · Yad Vashem Categories Antisemitism · Jewish history v • d • e

In the 1960s, right-wing extremists, along with German Kameraden, gained notoriety by involvement in terrorist acts in the Italian province of Bolzano-Bozen. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group goes back many centuries This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of Antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group This is a list of resources analyzing Antisemitism in the alphabetical order of author's name A number of writers and researchers such as Walter Laqueur, Paul Berman, and Mark Strauss have argued that there is rising acceptance of Antisemitism Jewish exodus from Arab lands|Islam and Antisemitism|Anti Jewish Arabism Oxymoronic, as Although Christian antisemitism is considered to have started around the 12th century its roots are attributed by some scholars to anti-Jewish attitudes and polemic beginning See also Islam and Judaism Islam and antisemitism looks at the teaching of Islam relating to Jews and Judaism and the attitudes of the A number of Jewish organizations Christian organizations Muslim organizations and academics consider the Nation of Islam to be antisemitic New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of Antisemitism is on the rise in the 21st century emanating simultaneously from the left, the Right, and Racial antisemitism is the belief that Antisemitism, hatred or Prejudice toward Jews is justified and justifiable on racial and not religious grounds Origins of religious antisemitism Father Edward Flannery in his The Anguish of the Jews Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, traces the first clear examples Secondary antisemitism is a distinct kind of Antisemitism which is said to have appeared after the end of World War II. Evidence of antisemitic incidents on university campuses across North America Europe and Australia since 2000 has been recorded by a number of sources This is a list of countries where Antisemitic sentiment has been experienced An antisemitic canard is a deliberately false story inciting Antisemitism. Jewish Deicide is an Antisemitic canard that placed the Responsibility for the death of Jesus on the Jewish people as a whole Blood libels against Jews are false accusations that Jews use Human blood in certain aspects of their Religious rituals and holidays Although Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing For the logical fallacy see Poisoning the well. Well-poisoning is the act of malicious manipulation of potable water resources in Host Desecration is a form of Sacrilege in Christianity, involving the mistreatment or malicious use of a consecrated Host, or communion wafer Jewish Bolshevism, Judeo-Bolshevism, Judeo-Communism, or in Polish Żydokomuna, is a Pejorative Antisemitic expression Usury (ˈjuːʒəri comes from the Medieval Latin usuria, "interest" or "excessive interest" from the Latin usura "interest" The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s Zionist Occupation Government (abbreviated as ZOG) is an Antisemitic Conspiracy theory according to which Jews secretly control a country Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen in modern spelling de ''Von den Juden und ihren Lügen'' is a 65000-word treatise written by German Reformation The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы The International Jew is a four volume set of Booklets or Pamphlets originally published and distributed in the early 1920s by Henry Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. The Culture of Critique series comprises Kevin B MacDonald 's principal writings on Judaism and Jewish culture: A People That Shall See also Antisemitism, History of antisemitism, New antisemitism The persecution of Jews has occurred many times in Jewish history. In the course of history Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Antisemitism numerous times Jewish ghettos in Europe existed because Jews were viewed as cultural minorities due to their non-Christian beliefs in a Renaissance Christian environment A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses For the modern Jewish skullcap see Kippah. The Jewish hat also known as the Jewish cap, Judenhut ( German) Judensau ( German for "Jews' sow" is a derogatory and dehumanizing image of Jews in obscene contact with a large sow (female Pig) which The yellow badge (or yellow patch) also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer garments in order The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop The Community Security Trust ( CST) is a British charity established in 1994 to ensure the safety and security of the Jewish community in the UK The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA is a Vienna -based agency of the European Union inaugurated on 1 March 2007 The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism is a research institute at Tel Aviv University in Israel. The Wiener Library is the world's oldest institution devoted to the study of the Holocaust, its causes and legacies The Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC) is an American Non-profit legal organization internationally known for its tolerance education programs its legal The Simon Wiesenthal Center (often abbreviated SWC) with headquarters in Los Angeles Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union (abbreviated UCSJ) is an umbrella organization of Jewish Human rights groups working in Eastern The Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism (Svenska Kommittén Mot Antisemitism SKMA) is a Sweden -based non-profit organization founded in 1983, that Yad Vashem (יד ושם also spelled Yad VaShem; "Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority" is Israel 's official memorial to the Jewish Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Autonome Provinz Bozen Ladin: Provinzia Prominent among these was Norbert Burger, the ex-RFS leader and subsequent chairman of the neo-Nazi Nationaldemokratische Partei (NDP). The influence that the extreme right had gained in the universities became dramatically apparent five years later, during the Borodajkewycz Affair. Hundreds of students demonstrated in favor of the anti-semitic university professor Borodajkewycz, and were involved in street battles — in the course of which Ernst Kirchweger, a former concentration camp inmate, was beaten to death. Ernst Kirchweger (1897 or 1898 – April 3 1965 in Vienna) was the first person to die as a result of political conflict in Austria 's Second Republic.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Friedrich Peter, Chairman of the FPÖ, started establishing his party within the democratic party system — leading up to the entry of the FPÖ into a coalition government with the Socialists in 1983. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution This development led to the formation of a group around Norbert Burger (condemned in absentia by an Italian court for terrorist offenses in Bolzano-Bozen), which split from the FPÖ in 1966 and set up the NDP. In contrast to its German counterpart of the same name, the Austrian NDP found little resonance in an electorate moving to the left in the late 1960s. In 1972, Kurt Waldheim, an Austrian Nazi, had been elected United Nations Secretary General. Kurt Josef Waldheim ( 21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian Diplomat and Politician. Waldheim's election had caused anger among some people who had lost relatives in the Holocaust, as well as anti-UN groups who theorized the UN was supportive of totalitarian ideologies. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as

The volume "Rechtsextremismus in Österreich seit 1945" ("Right-wing Extremism in Austria since 1945"), issued by DÖW in 1979, listed nearly 50 active extreme right-wing organizations in Austria. Their influence waned gradually, partly due to liberalization programs in secondary schools and universities that emphasized Austrian identity and democratic traditions. Votes for the RFS in student elections fell from 30% in the 1960s to 2% in 1987. In the 1995 elections for the student representative body Österreichische Hochschülerschaft, the RFS got 4% of the vote. The FPÖ won 22% of the votes at the General Election in the same year. ^[20] In the 1980s, in the province of Carinthia, border issues with Slovenia — and disagreements over the rights of Carinthia's Slovenian minority — were used to orchestrate support for the far right organization Kärntner Heimatdienst. Carinthia (Kärnten Koroška is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The Kärntner Heimatdienst (KHD - Carinthian Homeland Service) is a Far right and Radical nationalist association in the Austrian state of

Belgium

Main article: Bloed-Bodem-Eer en Trouw

A Belgian neo-Nazi organization, Bloed-Bodem-Eer-Trouw (Blood, Land, Honour and Faithfulness), was created in 2004 after splitting from the international network (Blood and Honour). Bloed Bodem Eer en Trouw (BBET " Blood Soil Honour and Loyalty " is a Flemish Neo-Nazi group created in 2004 from a splinter of the Flemish Bloed Bodem Eer en Trouw (BBET " Blood Soil Honour and Loyalty " is a Flemish Neo-Nazi group created in 2004 from a splinter of the Flemish Blood & Honour is a neo-Nazi music promotion network founded in 1987 that is comprised of White power skinheads and other white nationalists. The group rose to public prominence in September 2006, after 17 members (including 11 soldiers) were arrested under the December 2003 anti-terrorist laws and laws against racism, anti-semitism and negationism. Anti-terrorism legislation designs all types of Laws passed in the purported aim of fighting Terrorism. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. According to Justice Minister Laurette Onkelinx and Interior Minister Patrick Dewael, the suspects (11 of whom were members of the military) were preparing terrorist attacks in order to "destabilize" Belgium. Laurette AJ Onkelinx (born October 2 1958) is a Belgian politician from the Francophone Socialist Party. Patrick Yvonne Hugo Dewael, (born 13 October 1955) in Lier Belgium is a liberal Belgian politician The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those ^[21][22] According to journalist Manuel Abramowicz, of the Resistances network, the ultras of the radical right have always had as its aim to "infiltrate the state mechanisms," including the army in the 1970s and the 1980s, through Westland New Post and the Front de la Jeunesse. Ultras ( Latin word deriving from beyond in English with the implication that their enthusiasm is 'beyond' the normal are a sanctioned form of sports team supporters Westland New Post ( WNP, also known as Westland National Socialistische Ordnung) was a Belgian neo-Nazi organization founded in March 1981 The Front de la Jeunesse ( FJ) was a Belgian private militia. ^[23]

A police operation, which mobilized 150 agents, searched five military barracks (in Leopoldsburg near the Dutch border: Kleine-Brogel, Peer, Brussels (Royal military school) and Zedelgem — as well as 18 private addresses in Flanders. Leopoldsburg is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg. Peer is a Municipality located in the province of Limburg, Flemish Region, Belgium. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Zedelgem is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. They found weapons, munitions, explosives, and a homemade bomb large enough to make "a car explode. " The leading suspect, B. T. , was organizing the trafficking of weapons, and was developing international links, in particular with the Dutch far right movement De Nationale Alliantie^{[24][25][26][27][28][29]}

Croatia

See also: Neo-Nazism in Croatia

Neo-Nazis in Croatia base their ideology on the writings of Ante Pavelić and Ustaše ideology. Neo-Nazism in Croatia, sometimes called Neo-Ustashism, is a post- World War II political movement influenced by the Ustaša, a Croatian Far-right Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between For the vice president of the National assembly of the State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs see Ante Pavelić (1869 Ante Pavelić ( July For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: The resurgence of the Ustaše movement in post-war Croatia is partly due to significant financial support of the Croatian Democratic Union by Croat far-right emigrants. The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica HDZ is the main Center-right Political party in Croatia. For many of their modern supporters, the Ustaše are considered victims of the Bleiburg massacre, and the late president Franjo Tuđman even proposed to rebury Ustaše members together with victims of the Jasenovac concentration camp, as a sign of national reconciliation. The Bleiburg massacre is a term encompassing events that took place during May 1945 three and a half months before the formal End of World War II in Europe ( September Franjo Tuđman ( May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999. Tuđman was elected to the position of President of Croatia by the Parliament ^[30][31] Croatian Serbs and majority of Croats felt insulted by that proposal.

In 1999, Zagreb's Square of the Victims of Fascism was renamed The Square of The Great Men of Croatia, provoking widespread criticism of Croatia's attitude toward the Holocaust. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as ^[32] In 2000, city council renamed the square to Square of the Victims of Fascism again. ^[33] Two streets in Croatia were renamed after the prominent Ustaše figure Mile Budak, but since 2002, there has been a reversal of this development, and streets with the name of persons connected with the Ustaše movement are few or non-existent. Mile Budak (1889 - 1945 was a Croatian politician and writer best known as one of the chief ideologists of the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement which ruled ^[34]

During some protests in Croatia, supporters of Ante Gotovina and other suspected war criminals have carried nationalist symbols and pictures of Ante Pavelić. Ante Gotovina (born October 12, 1955, Island of Pašman, Croatia) is a former lieutenant general ( general pukovnik) of the Croatian War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation In 2003, an attempt was made to amend the Croatian penal code by adding articles prohibiting the public display of Nazi symbols, the propagation of Nazi ideology, historical revisionism and holocaust denial but attempt become successful only in 2006 when amendment was added to prohibit any type of hate crime based on factors such as race, color, gender, sexual orientation, religion or national origin. A penal code is a portion of a State 's Laws defining Crimes and specifying the Punishment. For the denial and distortion of well-established historical facts see Historical revisionism (negationism. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the Hate crimes (also known as bias motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain Social group, usually defined The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets Human skin color can range from almost black (due to very high concentrations of the dark brown pigment melanin to nearly colorless (appearing reddish white due to the Blood Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered ^[35] In 2007, Austrian authorities launched a criminal investigation into the widespread display of Ustaše symbols at the May 12 gathering of Croatian nationalists in Bleiburg, Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: Bleiburg (Pliberk is a small Town in the Austrian state of Carinthia, south-east of Klagenfurt, in the district of Völkermarkt, near ^[36]

Thompson, a Croatian singer, allegedly sung "Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara" in one of his concerts. Thompson is a Croatian rock band led by Frontman musician Marko Perković who is often identified with the band itself being his Stage name. Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara ( Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška) is a Croatian song promoting the Ustaše, a Nazi puppet organization That song glorifies the Ustaše and their persecution of the Serbs. During World War II, between 500000 and 750000 Serbs were killed His May 17, 2007 concert in Zagreb was attended by 60000 people, many of them wearing Ustaše uniforms. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. Some gave Ustaše salutes. This event prompted the Jerusalem office of the Simon Wiesenthal Center to publicly address a protest to the Croatian president, Stjepan Mesić. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The Simon Wiesenthal Center (often abbreviated SWC) with headquarters in Los Angeles Stjepan "Stipe" Mesić (born December 24, 1934) is a Croatian politician ^[37][38]

France

Main article: History of far-right movements in France

Neo-Nazi organizations in France include the Bloc identitaire, created by former members of Christian Bouchet's Unité Radicale group. The far-right tradition in France founds its origins as the distinction of left and right in politics itself to the 1789 French Revolution. The Bloc Identitaire is a French far right political group It was founded in 2003 by some former members of Unité Radicale and several other far Christian Bouchet (born January 17, 1955 in Angers) is a French Far right journalist and politician Unité Radicale was a French far-right political group close to the Third Position and National Bolshevism thesis Close to national bolshevism and Third Position ideologies, Unité Radicale was dissolved in 2002 following Maxime Brunerie's assassination attempt on July 14, 2002 against then President Jacques Chirac. National Bolshevism is a political movement that claims to combine elements of Nationalism and Bolshevism. Third Position is the name applied to a nationalist political strand that seeks to emphasise its opposition to both Communism and Capitalism. Maxime Brunerie (born 21 May 1977) is a man who attempted to assassinate French President Jacques Chirac on July 14, Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Christian Bouchet had previously been a member of Nouvelle Résistance (NR), an off-shoot of Troisième Voie (Third Way) which described itself as "nationalist revolutionary. Nouvelle Résistance (NR was a French far right group created in August 1991 by Christian Bouchet as an offshoot of Troisième Voie (Third Way Third Way ( French: Troisième voie) a French Third Position organisation founded in 1985 by a merger of the small neo-fascist " Although the NR opposed at first the "national conservatives" of Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front, it finally changed strategy, advocating as slogan "Less Leftism! More Fascism! ^[39]" The NR was also a successor to Jean-François Thiriart's Jeune Europe Neo-Nazi Europeanist movement of the 1960s, which had participated to the National Party of Europe, along with Oswald Mosley's Union Movement, Otto Strasser and others. National conservatism is a political term used to describe a variant of Conservatism which concentrates more on "national interests and traditional social/ethical Jean-Marie Le Pen (born June 20, 1928, La Trinité-sur-Mer, Brittany, France) is a French far-right Nationalist The National Front ( FN, Front national is a French Far right, Nationalist Political party, founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Jean-Francois Thiriart (1922&mdash November 23 1992) was a Belgian Far right politician Jeune Europe (Young Europe was an Europeanist movement formed by Jean-François Thiriart in Belgium. Europeanism refers to the concept of or assertion that the people of Europe have a distinct collective Cultural identity within the larger context of Western The National Party of Europe (NPE was an initiative undertaken by a number of Far right parties in Europe during the 1960s to help increase cross-border co-operation Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley 6th Baronet (16 November 1896 &ndash 3 December 1980 was a British Politician, known principally as the founder of the British The Union Movement was a Political party founded in Britain by Oswald Mosley. Otto Johann Maximilian Strasser ( September 10 1897 – August 27 1974) was a German politician and ' Left-wing ' member of

Germany

In Germany immediately after World War II, Allied forces and the new German government attempted to prevent the creation of new Nazi movements through a process known as denazification. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose Denazification (Entnazifizierung was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society culture press economy judiciary and politics of any The West German government had passed strict laws prohibiting Nazis from publicly expressing their beliefs as well as barring them from the political process. Displaying the swastika was an offense punishable by up to one year imprisonment. The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is There was little overt neo-Nazi activity in Europe until the 1960s. However, some former Nazis retained their political beliefs, and passed them down to new generations.

After German reunification in the 1990s, neo-Nazi groups gained more followers, mostly among disaffected teenagers in the former East Germany. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Many were new groups that arose amidst the economic collapse and high unemployment in the former East Germany. They have also had an aversion to people from Slavic countries (especially Poland) and people of other national backgrounds who moved from the former West Germany into the former German Democratic Republic after Germany was reunited. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Much of their ideology was similar to Strasserism. Strasserism refers to the strand of Nazism and Neo-Nazism that called for a more radical mass-action and worker-based form of fascism particularly hostile to

Activities

German neo-Nazis have attacked accommodations for refugees and migrant workers in Hoyerswerda (September 17-September 22, 1991); Rostock-Lichtenhagen (August 23-August 27, 1992); and Schwedt, Eberswalde, Eisenhüttenstadt, Elsterwerda (October 1991), and painted graffiti on 9 Polish-owned cars in Löcknitz (13 January 2008). According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Hoyerswerda ( Upper Sorbian Wojerecy, Lower Sorbian Wórjejce, Czech Hojeřice) is a town in the German Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Rostock (ˈʁɔstɔk from Polabian Roz toc, literally "to flow apart" is the largest City in the north German state Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Schwedt (or Schwedt/Oder) (pronunciation) is a city in Brandenburg, Germany. For the Mars crater, see Eberswalde (crater. Eberswalde is a major town and the administrative seat of the District Eisenhüttenstadt (literally "ironworks city" in German; pronunciation) is a city in Brandenburg, Germany. Elsterwerda is a town in the Elbe-Elster district in southwestern Brandenburg, Germany. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Löcknitz is a municipality in the Uecker-Randow district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, located 12 km west of the German-Polish border and 25 km Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[40] Neo-Nazis were involved in the murders of three Turkish girls in a November 23, 1992 arson attack in Mölln, in which nine other people were injured. Mölln is a town in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is surrounded by several small lakes (Stadtsee Schulsee Ziegelsee Hegesee Schmalsee Lütauer See A May 29, 1993 arson attack by far right skinheads on the house of a Turkish family in Solingen resulted in the deaths of two women and three girls, as well as in severe injuries for seven other people. The Solingen arson attack of 1993 was one of the most severe instances of anti-foreigner violence in modern Germany. White power skinheads are a racist, and often also anti-semitic, offshoot of the Skinhead Subculture that originated in Great Britain Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Solingen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the northern edge of the region called Bergisches Land, south of the Ruhr ^[41] This, and similar incidents preceded demonstrations in many German cities involving hundreds of thousands of people protesting against far right violence. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group These protests precipitated massive neo-Nazi counter-demonstrations and violent clashes between neo-Nazis and anti-fascists. Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people Statistics show that in 1991, there were 849 hate crimes, and in 1992 there were 1,485 (with a significant concentration in the eastern Bundesländer). Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular After 1992, the numbers went down, although they have risen sharply in subsequent years. In 4 decades of the former East Germany, 17 people have been murdered by far right groups. ^[42]

Legal issues

German law forbids the production of pro-Nazi materials, so such items are smuggled into the country mostly from the United States, Scandinavia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Italy. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Neo-Nazi rock bands such as Landser have been outlawed in Germany, yet bootleg copies of their albums printed in the US and other countries are still sold in the country. Landser was a neo-Nazi rock band from Germany. Landser is an old-fashioned colloquial German word for a

German neo-Nazi websites mostly depend on Internet servers in the US and Canada, and use other terms for Nazi ideas and symbols. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page They also invent new symbols reminiscent of the swastika and adopt other symbols used by the Nazis, such as the sun disc, sun wheel, hooked cross, wolf's cross, wolf's hook, black sun, and dark star. The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is The sun cross, a Cross inside a Circle, is one of the oldest and most widespread of symbols The term Black Sun (German Schwarze Sonne) also referred to as the Sonnenrad (the German for "Sun Wheel" is a symbol of Esoteric or Occult A trial was held before the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany over the prohibition of the National Democratic Party (NPD), which had been accused of being a partly neo-Nazism accepting party. The Federal Constitutional Court (in German: Bundesverfassungsgericht BVerfG) is a special Court established by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic The National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands NPD is a German pan-German nationalist and White nationalist political In the course of the trial, it was discovered that some high-ranking party members worked as informants for the domestic intelligence service, the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. The Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") is the Federal Republic of Germany 's domestic The trial was temporarily suspended, and then rejected by the court because of the unclear influence of informants within the NPD.

In 2004, NPD received 9. 1% of the vote in the parliamentary elections for Saxony, thus earning the right to seat local parliament members. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. The Bundestag ("Federal Diet " or "Lower House of German Parliament" is the Parliament of Germany. ^[43] The other parties refused to enter discussions with the NPD. In the 2006 parliamentary elections for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the NPD received 7. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, sometimes translated as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, is a state in Northern Germany comprising 3% of the vote and six seats in the local parliament. Other neo-Nazi groups that have been active in Germany and have attracted government attention include the Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit (which was banned in 1982), the Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists (banned in 1983), the Nationalist Front (banned in 1992), the Free German Workers' Party of Michael Kühnen and Friedhelm Busse, the German Alternative and National Offensive. Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit ( VSBD/PdA or People's Socialist Movement of Germany/Labour Party was a German Neo-Nazi group The Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists ( German: Aktionsfront Nationaler Sozialisten/Nationale Aktivisten; abbreviated ANS/NA was a German Nationalistische Front (Nationalist Front was a minor German Neo-Nazi group active during the 1980s The Free German Workers' Party ( German: Freiheitliche Deutsche ArbeiterPartei, FAP was a neo-nazi political association in Germany. Michael Kühnen ( 21 June 1955 - 25 April 1991) was a leader in the German neo-Nazi movement Friedhelm Busse (born February 4, 1929 in Bochum) was a leading German national socialist The German Alternative ( German: Deutsche Alternative or DA) was a minor Neo-Nazi group set up in Germany by Michael Kühnen The National Offensive ( German: Nationale Offensive; abbreviated NO) was a German Neo-Nazi party which existed from July 3

Greece

The most notable Greek neo-Nazi political organization is Chrysi Avyi. Chrysi Avyi (in Greek characters: Χρυσή Αυγή; English translation: Golden Dawn) is a Greek Nationalist political organization in Twelve Greek neo-Nazis participated as volunteers in the Yugoslav wars in Bosnia, aiding the Serbian Army in capturing the town of Srebrenica. The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica ^[44]

Israel

Israel has seen a surge of neo-Nazi activity in the past decade, linked to the arrival of over 1. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. 2 million immigrants from the former Soviet Union — a substantial proportion of whom do not identify as Jews, even though they have some Jewish ancestry. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 ^[45] In August 2007, Israeli police broke up a cell in Petah Tikva made up of eight young immigrants from the former Soviet Union, which had had been attacking religious Jews, foreign workers and gays; and which had been vandalizing synogogues with Nazi images. Petah Tikva (פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה "Opening of Hope" known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot " is a city in the A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of ^[46][47][48]

The Soviet Union-born neo-Nazis^[49] are reported to operate in cities across Israel, and have been described as having little connection to Jewish heritage, and of being influenced by the rise of neo-Nazism and anti-Semitism in Europe. ^[46][47] Widely publicized arrests have led to a call to reform the Law of Return to permit the revocation of Israeli citizenship for — and the subsequent deportation of — neo-Nazis. The Law of Return ( Hebrew: חוק השבות ḥok ha-shvūt) is Israeli legislation originating in 1950 that gives Jews those of Jewish ancestry ^[48][47]

Russia

Further information: Racism in modern Russia

The post-Soviet era has seen the rise of a variety of extreme nationalist movements in Russia, some of which are openly neo-fascist or neo-Nazi. Racism in Russia during the 2000s appears in the form of negative attitudes and actions towards people who are not considered ethnically Russian. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Neo-Nazi groups in Russia are characterized by racism, antisemitism and extreme xenophobia towards non-Russians. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Xenophobia is an intense and/or irrational dislike and sometimes fear of people from other countries

Russian neo-Nazi organizations have generally defined themselves as standing outside of the political process, disdaining the electoral system and advocating the overthrow of the government by force. Their ideology has centered on defending Russian national identity against what they perceive as a takeover by minority groups such as Jews, Caucasian (whether Orthodox or Muslim) and Central Asian immigrants as well as muslim Russians. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This article deals with the various Ethnic groups inhabiting the Caucasus region Dark skinned Russians are often subject to racial abuse, regardless of religious affliation. Cleansing the nation by killing or expelling Jews and also dark- skinned immigrants from other parts of the country as well as former countries of the USSR has been a generally accepted goal for Russian neo-Nazis. Their ideology became epitomized in the slogan "Russia for the Russians", a catchphrase also adopted by less extreme factions. Russian neo-Nazis have generally not outlined discernible economic programs. They have openly admired and imitated the German Nazis and Adolf Hitler, and Hitler's book Mein Kampf stood high on their reading list. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. The most prominent organization, Russian National Union, led by Aleksandr Barkashov, adopted a three-ray Swastika as its emblem (the German Nazi swastika can be thought of consisting of two rays; the Z shaped segments). The Russian National Union (Russkiy Natsional’niy Soyuz Russkiĭ Nacionalhniĭ Soûz Русский Национальний Союз was a Neo-Nazi party in Russia Alexander Petrovich Barkashov (Александр Петрович Баркашов (sometimes transliterated as Aleksandr (born 6 October 1953) is a Russian The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is

Social roots

The collapse of the Soviet economic system in the early 1990s caused great economic and social problems, including widespread unemployment and poverty. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Several far right paramilitary organizations were able to tap into popular discontent, particularly among the marginalized, lesser educated, and habitually unemployed youth. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status Of the three major age groups — youths, adults, and the elderly — youths may have been hit the hardest. The elderly suffered due to inadequate (or unpaid) pensions, but they found effective political representation in the Communists, and generally had their concerns addressed through better budget allocations. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Adults, although often suffering financially and psychologically due to job losses, were generally able to find new sources of income. Moreover, Soviet-era indoctrination into the ideals of egalitarianism predisposed most adults against the message of right-wing extremists. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Younger Russians were much less likely to have such inclinations.

Activities

Russian neo-Nazis have made it an explicit goal to take over the country by force, and have put serious effort into preparing for this. Paramilitary organizations operating under the guise of sports clubs have trained their members in squad tactics and weapons handling. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status They have stockpiled and used weapons, often illegally. Reputedly, many were interested in martial arts and unarmed combat, and have organized realistic hand to hand combat classes. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. Hand-to-hand combat (sometimes abbreviated as HTH or H2H is a generic term for Close quarters fighting, particularly when the outcome is potentially fatal as in Melee Russian neo-Nazis' most notable action so far was their participation in the armed defense of the Supreme Soviet building against government forces during the standoff between Boris Yeltsin and the Communist-dominated parliament in 1993. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Верхо́вный Сове́т СССР Verkhóvnyj Sovét SSSR) was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (1 February 1931 23 April 2007 was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999

On August 15, 2007, Russian authorities arrested a student for allegedly posting a video on the Internet which appears to show two Muslim, migrant workers being beheaded in front of a red and black Swastika flag. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[50] Alexander Verkhovsky, the head of a Moscow-based center that monitors hate crime in Russia, said, "It looks like this is the real thing. The killing is genuine. . . There are similar videos from the Chechen war. But this is the first time the killing appears to have been done intentionally. " ^[51] A Russian neo-Nazi group called the National Socialists of Russia claimed responsibility for the murders.

Serbia

See also: Neo-Nazism in Serbia

There are several neo-Nazi groups in Serbia. Neo-Nazism in Serbia mostly focuses on national and religious factors Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Neo-Nazism in Serbia appeared in the 1990s during the Yugoslav wars. The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and Before the breakup of Yugoslavia, neo-Nazism was strictly forbidden and very unpopular. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Although neo-Nazism in Germany mostly focuses on racial and political intolerance, neo-Nazism in Serbia is mostly based on national and religious factors. ^[52] Nacionalni stroj (National Alignment), a neo-Nazi organization from the Vojvodina region, orchestrated several incidents in 2005. Nacionalni stroj (National Alignment is the name of a Neo-Nazi organisation that was formed in Serbia and that attracted a lot of attention by orchestrating several The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Charges were laid against 18 of the leading members in late 2005, and each of them faced up to eight years in prison. ^[53] The group was still active in 2007, as was demonstrated by a display of religious hatred. ^[54]

Blood and Honour has a branch in Serbia, where it is called Krv i čast. Blood & Honour is a neo-Nazi music promotion network founded in 1987 that is comprised of White power skinheads and other white nationalists. Its website claims that the group intends "to propagate revolutionary idea of National Socialism without compromise. Also, the intention of Serbian Blood and Honour Division is to motivate all NS followers to radical activities and not only to passive observing or listening to the music. "^[55] Since 2001, this organization, with chapters in several Serbian cities, organized several memorial concerts on the anniversary of Adolf Hitler's birth. ^[56][57]

United States

Neo-Nazi groups in the United States can be traced back to the 1920s, with the US branch of the Nazi Party. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 This organization merged with Free Society of Teutonia to form the German-American Bund. The Free Society of Teutonia was a German American organisation that was associated with a strong support for Nazism. The German American Bund or German American Federation (German Amerikadeutscher Bund) was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s The German-American Bund and similar groups achieved limited popularity in the 1930s (at one point staging a rally with over 20,000 people), but rapidly faded with the onset of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The groups either disbanded or were dismantled by force of law (such as the 1942 sedition trial) during the war period. After the war, new organizations formed, with varying degrees of support for Nazi principles.

In 1959, the first explicitly postwar American National Socialist group was founded by George Lincoln Rockwell. George Lincoln Rockwell ( March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was a Navy Reserve Commander (aviation and founder of the American Nazi The American Nazi Party achieved high-profile coverage in the press through their public demonstrations. The American Nazi Party was an organization formed with the goal of reviving Nazism, this time in the United States of America. ^[58]

Organizations dedicated to monitoring American neo-Nazi activities include the Anti-Defamation League and Southern Poverty Law Center. The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop The Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC) is an American Non-profit legal organization internationally known for its tolerance education programs its legal While a small minority of American neo-Nazis draw public attention, most operate underground, so they can recruit, organize and raise funds without interference or harassment. The American correctional system houses many white supremacist and neo-Nazi prison gangs, and often white prisoners join those gangs for protection. White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups.

The United States Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, which allows political organizations great latitude in expressing Nazi, racist, and anti-Semitic views. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. A First Amendment landmark was the "Skokie Affair", in which neo-Nazis threatened to march in a predominantly Jewish suburb of Chicago. National Socialist Party of America v Village of Skokie, 432 U The march never took place in Skokie, but the court ruling allowed the neo-Nazis to stage a series of demonstrations in the Chicago area. In addition to targeting Jews and African Americans, neo-Nazi groups are known to harass and attack Asian Americans, Latinos, Arab Americans, Native Americans, homosexuals, Catholics and people with different political or religious opinions. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian An Arab American is a United States citizen or resident of Arab cultural and linguistic heritage and/or Identity whose ancestry traces back to any of various Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. American neo-Nazi groups often operate websites, occasionally stage public demonstrations, and maintain ties to groups in Europe and elsewhere. ^[59]

Members of The Order were convicted of crimes such as racketeering, conspiracy, violating civil rights and sedition. For other uses see The Order. The Order, also known as the Brüder Schweigen or Silent Brotherhood, was an organization Matthew F. Hale of the World Church of the Creator was imprisoned for soliciting the murder of a federal judge. Matthew F Hale (born July 27, 1971) more commonly called Matt Hale, is the leader of the Religious group formerly known as the World Church The Creativity Movement was a term originally coined by Ben Klassen as a descriptive phrase encompassing all adherents of the religion known as Creativity, whether Aryan Nations lost a $6. Aryan Nation (AN is a White Nationalist Neo-Nazi organization which was founded in the 1970s by Richard Girnt Butler as an arm of the Christian Identity 2 million dollar lawsuit after Aryan Nations members opened fire on a passing vehicle. Aryan Nations has since lost its headquarters and paramilitary training grounds, and has split into three separate organizations.

Neo-Nazi organizations

The Americas

• New Triumph Party - Argentina^[60]
• American Nazi Party - U.S.
• National Alliance - U.S.
• National Socialist Movement - U.S.
• Heritage Front - Canada
• Carecas do ABC (ABC region Skinheads) - Brazil
• National Socialist Vanguard - U.S.
• Aryan Nation - U.S., Canada
• United National Socialist Movement - U.S., Canada
• Northern Alliance - Canada

Scandinavia

• Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Bevægelse (National Socialist Movement of Denmark) - Denmark
• Norges Nasjonalsosialistiske Bevegelse (National Socialist Movement of Norway) - Norway
• Legion Wasa - Sweden
• Nationalsocialistisk Front (National Socialist Front) - Sweden
• Svenska Motståndsrörelsen - (Swedish Resistance Movement) - Sweden
  • Norske Motstandsbevegelsen (Norwegian Resistance Movement) - Norway
• Vitt Ariskt Motstånd (White Aryan Resistance) - Sweden
• Vigrid - Norway

United Kingdom

• November 9th Society (also known as the British Nazi Party)
• British Movement
• Combat 18
• International Third Position
• League of St. George
• National Socialist Movement (1960s)
• National Socialist Movement
• NF Flag Group
• White Nationalist Party

Other European countries

• Hrisi Avgi (Golden Dawn) - Greece
• Imperium europa - Malta
• Nacionalni stroj (National Alignment) - Serbia
• Kärntner Heimatdienst (Carinthian Homeland Service) - Carinthia
• Pamyat - Russia
• Forza Nuova - Italy
• Russian National Unity - Russia
• TürkischeJugend - Turkey
• National Socialist Turkish Movement - Turkey

Other continents

• Blood & Honour - international neo-Nazi network
• National Action - Australia
• National Socialist Japanese Workers and Welfare Party - Japan
• Patriotic Youth League - Australia
• New Zealand National Front - New Zealand
• SUMKA (Iran National-Socialist Workers Party) - Iran
• Aryan League - (National Socialist Aryan League - NSAL) - Iran
• National Socialism Association (Taiwan) - Taiwan

Neo-Nazi bands

See also

Notes

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Imperium by Francis Parker Yockey (using the pen name Ulick Varange, 1947, ISBN 0-911038-10-8)
• The Lightning and the Sun by Savitri Devi, (1958 (written 1948-56; ISBN 0-937944-14-9)
• White Power by George Lincoln Rockwell (1967; John McLaughlin, 1996, ISBN 0-9656492-8-8)
• This Time The World by George Lincoln Rockwell (1961; Liberty Bell Publications, 2004, ISBN 1-59364-014-5)
• National Socialism: Vanguard of the Future, Selected Writings of Colin Jordan (ISBN 87-87063-40-9)
• Merrie England — 2000 by Colin Jordan
• The Turner Diaries by William Pierce (under the pseudonym Andrew Macdonald), novel (1978, ISBN 1-56980-086-3) . Imperium The Philosophy of History and Politics is a book by ideologue Francis Parker Yockey (using the pen name Ulick Varange Francis Parker Yockey, ( September 18, 1917 &ndash June 16, 1960) was an American Philosopher and polemicist The Lightning and the Sun is a book written by Savitri Devi outlining her Philosophy of history with her critique of the modern world Savitri Devi ( September 30, 1905, Lyon, France — October 22, 1982, Essex, England) was the George Lincoln Rockwell ( March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was a Navy Reserve Commander (aviation and founder of the American Nazi John McLaughlin may refer to John McLaughlin (host (b 1927 former Jesuit priest host of The McLaughlin Group John McLaughlin George Lincoln Rockwell ( March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was a Navy Reserve Commander (aviation and founder of the American Nazi Liberty Bell Publications is a Publishing entity based in Reedy West Virginia. National Socialism Vanguard of the Future - Selected Writings of Colin Jordan is a book collecting eleven essays advocating National Socialism. John Colin Campbell Jordan (born June 1923 was a leading representative of postwar National Socialism in Britain and around the world John Colin Campbell Jordan (born June 1923 was a leading representative of postwar National Socialism in Britain and around the world The Turner Diaries is a 1978 Novel written by the late William Luther Pierce (leader of the white supremacist organization National Alliance William Luther Pierce III ( September 11 1933 &ndash July 23 2002) was the leader of the White separatist National Alliance
• Siege: The Collected Writings of James Mason edited and introduced by Michael M. Jenkins (Storm Books, 1992) or introduced by Ryan Schuster (Black Sun Publications, ISBN 0-9724408-0-1)
• Hunter by William Pierce (under the pseudonym Andrew Macdonald), novel (National Vanguard Books, 1984, ISBN 0-937944-09-2)
• Faith of the Future by Matt Koehl (New Order; Rev edition, 1995, ISBN 0-9648533-0-2)
• Serpent's Walk by Randolph D. Siege is a book collecting the articles of American Neo-Nazi James Mason, former leader of the National Socialist Liberation Front James N Mason (born 1952 is an American National Socialist. When he was 14 years old he began communicating with George Lincoln Rockwell 's American Michael Moynihan (b January 17 1969, Boston Massachusetts) is an American journalist publisher and musician Hunter is a 1989 Novel written by William Luther Pierce, the late founder and chairman of the National Alliance, a White nationalist William Luther Pierce III ( September 11 1933 &ndash July 23 2002) was the leader of the White separatist National Alliance Matt Koehl (full name Matthias Koehl Jr) (born January 22, 1935) is a Neo-Nazi leader of the New Order. Calverhall (pseudonym), novel (National Vanguard Books, 1991, ISBN 0-937944-05-X)
• The Nexus periodical edited by Kerry Bolton
• Deceived, Damned & Defiant -- The Revolutionary Writings of David Lane by David Lane, foreword by Ron McVan, preface by Katja Lane (Fourteen Word Press, 1999, ISBN 0-9678123-2-1)
• Resistance Magazine published by National Vanguard Books

Academic surveys

• The Beast Reawakens by Martin A. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Nexus was a journal edited by Kerry Bolton in Paraparaumu Beach, New Zealand. Kerry Raymond Bolton (born 1956 is a Far-right activist in New Zealand. David Eden Lane ( November 2, 1938 &ndash May 28, 2007) was an American White nationalist leader author and convicted The Beast Reawakens is a Book by investigative journalist Martin A Lee, (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1997, ISBN 0-316-51959-6)
• Fascism (Oxford Readers) by Roger Griffin (1995, ISBN 0-19-289249-5)
• Beyond Eagle and Swastika: German nationalism since 1945 by Kurt P. Fascism is a 1995 book edited by Roger Griffin. It is a Reader, in the Oxford Readers series which assembles the writings of various Authors Roger Griffin is a British academic Political theorist at Oxford Brookes University, England. Beyond Eagle and Swastika German Nationalism Since 1945 is a book by Kurt P Tauber (Wesleyan University Press; [1st ed. This article concerns Wesleyan ] edition, 1967)
• Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 edited by Philip Rees, (1991, ISBN 0-13-089301-3)
• Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1998, ISBN 0-8147-3111-2 and ISBN 0-8147-3110-4)
• Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International by Kevin Coogan, (Autonomedia, Brooklyn, NY 1998, ISBN 1-57027-039-2)
• Hate: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party by William H. The Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 is a Reference book by Philip Rees, on leading people in the various Far right movements For the controversial British award-winning reporter and documentary film maker see Phil Rees. Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi the Hindu-Aryan Myth and Neo-Nazism is a book by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. Savitri Devi ( September 30, 1905, Lyon, France — October 22, 1982, Essex, England) was the Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke BA ( Bristol) DPhil ( Oxon) is a Professor of Western Esotericism at University of Exeter and author of Dreamer of the Day is a book written by Kevin Coogan in 1999 for Autonomedia. Francis Parker Yockey, ( September 18, 1917 &ndash June 16, 1960) was an American Philosopher and polemicist Kevin Coogan is an American Investigative journalist. He is best known for the biography Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and Schmaltz (Potomac Books, 2000, ISBN 1-57488-262-7)
• American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party by Frederick J. Simonelli (University of Illinois Press, 1999, ISBN 0-252-02285-8)
• Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-1985 by Richard C. The University of Illinois Press ( UIP) is a major American University press and part of the University of Illinois. Thurlow (Olympic Marketing Corp, 1987, ISBN 0-631-13618-5)
• Fascism Today: A World Survey by Angelo Del Boca and Mario Giovana (Pantheon Books, 1st American edition, 1969)
• Swastika and the Eagle: Neo-Naziism in America Today by Clifford L Linedecker (A & W Pub, 1982, ISBN 0-89479-100-1)
• The Silent Brotherhood: Inside America's Racist Underground by Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt (Signet Book; Reprint edition, 1995, ISBN 0-451-16786-4)
• "White Power, White Pride!": The White Separatist Movement in the United States by Betty A. Fascism Today: A World Survey is a book by Angelo Del Boca and Mario Giovana. Dobratz with Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile (hardcover, Twayne Publishers, 1997, ISBN 0-8057-3865-7); a. k. a. The White Separatist Movement in the United States: White Power White Pride (paperback, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8018-6537-9)
• Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right by Jeffrey Kaplan (Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc, 2000, ISBN 0-7425-0340-2)
• Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads, and the Rise of a New White Culture by James Ridgeway (Thunder's Mouth Press; 2nd edition, 1995, ISBN 1-56025-100-X)
• A Hundred Little Hitlers: The Death of a Black Man, the Trial of a White Racist, and the Rise of the Neo-Nazi Movement in America by Elinor Langer (Metropolitan Books, 2003, ISBN 0-8050-5098-1)
• The Racist Mind: Portraits of American Neo-Nazis and Klansmen by Raphael S. Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right is a reference book edited by Jeffrey Kaplan. Jeffrey Kaplan is the lead designer responsible for the World Design (quests outdoor zones dungeons raids etc Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are Aryan Nation (AN is a White Nationalist Neo-Nazi organization which was founded in the 1970s by Richard Girnt Butler as an arm of the Christian Identity White power skinheads are a racist, and often also anti-semitic, offshoot of the Skinhead Subculture that originated in Great Britain James Ridgeway (born 1936 is a prominent American investigative Journalist. The Racist Mind: Portraits of American Neo-Nazis and Klansmen is a book by Raphael S Ezekiel (Penguin (Non-Classics); Reprint edition, 1996, ISBN 0-14-023449-7)
• Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2001, ISBN 0-8147-3155-4)
• Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe by Paul Hockenos (Routledge; Reprint edition, 1994, ISBN 0-415-91058-7)
• The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today by Geoff Harris, (Edinburgh University Press; New edition, 1994, ISBN 0-7486-0466-9)
• The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe by Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (Longman Publishing Group; 2nd edition, 1995, ISBN 0-582-23881-1)
• The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis by Herbert Kitschelt (University of Michigan Press; Reprint edition, 1997, ISBN 0-472-08441-0)
• Shadows Over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe edited by Martin Schain, Aristide Zolberg, and Patrick Hossay (Palgrave Macmillan; 1st edition, 2002, ISBN 0-312-29593-6)
• The Fame of a Dead Man's Deeds: An Up-Close Portrait of White Nationalist William Pierce by Robert S. Black Sun Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity is a Book by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke BA ( Bristol) DPhil ( Oxon) is a Professor of Western Esotericism at University of Exeter and author of The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. The Radical Right in Western Europe A Comparative Analysis is a book written by Herbert Kitschelt in collaboration with Anthony J Griffin (Authorhouse, 2001, ISBN 0-7596-0933-0)
• Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture by Jeffrey Kaplan, Tore Bjorgo (Northeastern University Press, 1998, ISBN 1-55553-331-0)
• Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism by Mattias Gardell (Duke University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8223-3071-7)
• The Nazi conception of law (Oxford pamphlets on world affairs) by J. Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture is a book edited by Jeffrey Kaplan and Tore Bjørgo. Walter Jones, Clarendon (1939)
• Hearst, Ernest, Chip Berlet, and Jack Porter. “Neo-Nazism. ” Encyclopaedia Judaica. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. Vol. 15. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 74-82. 22 vols. Thomson Gale.
• Goodrick-Clark, Nicholas (2002). Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke BA ( Bristol) DPhil ( Oxon) is a Professor of Western Esotericism at University of Exeter and author of Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity (in English). Black Sun Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity is a Book by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. New York: New York University Press. New York University Press (or NYU Press) founded in 1916 is a University press that is part of New York University. ISBN 0814731554. OCLC 47665567. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Blee, Kathleen (2002). Kathleen M Blee (1953- is a professor of sociology at the University of Pittsburgh. Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement (in English). Berkeley, California; London: University of California Press. University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a Publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in Academic ISBN 0520240553. OCLC 52566455. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  

External links

• Mainstreaming Neo-Nazism
• Antisemitism And Racism in the Baltic Republics
• The history of modern fascism

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