Nelson Rockefeller
41st Vice President of the United States
In office December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
President	Gerald Ford
Preceded by	Gerald Ford
Succeeded by	Walter Mondale
49th Governor of New York
In office January 1, 1959 – December 18, 1973
Lieutenant	Malcolm Wilson
Preceded by	W. Averell Harriman
Succeeded by	Malcolm Wilson
President Dwight D. Eisenhower's special assistant on Foreign Affairs
In office 1954 – 1955
Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Charles Malcolm Wilson ( February 26, 1914 March 13, 2000) was the Governor of New York from December 18, 1973 William Averell Harriman ( November 15 1891 July 26 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician businessman Charles Malcolm Wilson ( February 26, 1914 March 13, 2000) was the Governor of New York from December 18, 1973 Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Foreign Affairs is an influential American Journal on International relations published by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar)
In office 1940 – 1944
Chairman of the Inter-American Development Commission
In office 1940 – 1947
Born	July 8, 1908 (1908-07-08) Bar Harbor, Maine
Died	January 26, 1979 (aged 70) New York City, New York
Political party	Republican
Spouse	(1) Mary Todhunter Clark (married 1930, divorced 1962) (2) Margaretta Fitler Murphy (married 1963)
Alma mater	Dartmouth College
Religion	Baptist

Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth governor of New York, a philanthropist, and a businessman. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Mary Todhunter Clark Rockefeller ( June 17 1907 &ndash April 21 1999) was the first wife of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller a Governor Margaretta Large Fitler Murphy Rockefeller (born June 9, 1926) known as Happy Rockefeller, is the Widow of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Philanthropy is the act of donating money goods services time and/or effort to support a socially beneficial cause with a defined objective and with no financial or material A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who is employed at usually a profit-oriented enterprise, or more specifically someone

A leader of the liberal wing of the Republican Party, he was Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, where he launched many construction and modernization projects. In the politics of the United States of America the Rockefeller Republican s were a faction of Republicans who held liberal views similar to those of the late The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military A descendant of one of the world's richest and best known families, he failed repeatedly in his attempts to become president, but he was appointed Vice President in 1974. The Rockefeller family, the renowned Cleveland family of John D He served from 1974 to 1977, and did not join the 1976 GOP national ticket with President Gerald Ford. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President He retired from politics when his term as Vice President was over.

Early life

Rockefeller was born in Bar Harbor, Maine. He was the son of John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. John Davison Rockefeller Jr (January 29 1874 &ndash May 11 1960 was a major Philanthropist and a pivotal member of the prominent Rockefeller family. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, ( October 26, 1874 &ndash April 5, 1948) was a prominent socialite and Philanthropist and the second-generation He was the grandson of Standard Oil's founder and chairman John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. (who was born exactly 69 years before Nelson) and United States Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, a Republican from Rhode Island. Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company John Davison Rockefeller ( July 8, 1839 &ndash May 23, 1937) was an American Industrialist and philanthropist Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich ( November 6, 1841 &ndash April 16, 1915) was a prominent American Politician and a leader He had four brothers: David (1915- ), Laurance (1910-2004), Winthrop (1912-1973), and John D. III (1906-1978), and one sister, Abby (1903-1976). David Rockefeller Sr (born June 12, 1915) is a prominent American Banker, Statesman, Globalist and the current patriarch Laurance Spelman Rockefeller ( May 26 1910 – July 11 2004) was a Venture capitalist, financier, Philanthropist Winthrop A Rockefeller ( May 1, 1912 February 22, 1973) was a Politician and Philanthropist who served as the first John Davison Rockefeller III ( March 21, 1906 – July 10, 1978) was a major Philanthropist and third-generation member of the prominent Abigail "Abby" Rockefeller Mauzé ( September 11, 1903 &ndash May 27, 1976) ("Babs" was the first child and only daughter In 1930, he graduated from Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Casque and Gauntlet (a senior society), Phi Beta Kappa, and the Zeta chapter of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U Casque and Gauntlet (also known as C&G) is the second-oldest of the eight senior societies at Dartmouth College. The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an academic Honor society with the mission of "fostering and recognizing excellence" in the Undergraduate Liberal arts Fraternity Origin In the 18th and 19th centuries college extracurricular activities were primarily intellectual exercises in the form of literary debates readings and oratorical Rockefeller worked for a time in several family-run businesses and philanthropies before entering public service. From 1939 to 1958, he served as President of the Museum of Modern Art. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth

Early political career

Rockefeller was especially active in promoting modernization and economic liberalization in Brazil and other parts of Latin America. He took over various responsible roles during the presidencies of Roosevelt, Truman, and Eisenhower. After the war, he headed the International Development Advisory Board, part of Harry S. Truman's Point Four Program. The Point Four Program was a program for Economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Harry S He “fulfils the functions of Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA, 1940-44), is the Chairman of the Inter-American Development Commission and Corporation (1940-47) and the Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs (1944-45). The United States government 's Office of Inter-American Affairs or Office for Coordination of Commercial and Cultural Relations between the American Republics ” While at the head of the OCIAA, Nelson Rockefeller relied on his connections in the cultural field to allow a policy promoting North American culture in South America. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) he had created for his mother, became the most important American Museum supporting modern arts of its time, holding 19 exhibitions showing contemporary American paintings which were afterwards showed in a large number of cultural venues around South America. This cultural program was also seen as having the political agenda of contributing to the fight against perceived fascist influences in the region.

He also was one of the architects of the Chapultepec Conference that had for its goal to coordinate continental political cooperation. Together with Secretary of State Stettinius, Rockefeller was at the head of the American delegation and placed a high priority in resisting South American communist movements. The Act of Chapultepec would therefore plan the possibility of collective actions including the possibility of using armed forces against any aggression of a non-American or -North-hemispheric nation and would commit signatories in the negotiation of a permanent reciprocal assistance and Inter-American solidarity treaty.

After dedicating himself to various philanthropic activities including taking a lead role in the running of the MoMA, Rockefeller became Special Assistant to President Eisenhower for Foreign Affairs (1954-55) before being appointed head of the Operations Coordinating Board (OCB) – committee of the National Security Council in charge, amongst others, of supervising secret CIA operations. The Operations Coordinating Board was a committee of the United States Executive created in 1953 by President Eisenhower 's Executive Order 10483 Working with the CIA was nothing new to Rockefeller. After becoming the Health, Education and Welfare Assistant Secretary, he had been required to organise a colloquium addressing the CIA on the role of the Agency in a different economic world. In March 1955, together with Rowland Hughes (Director of the Budget), he introduced a proposition for the creation of a high-level committee (Planning Coordination Group) that would be in charge of helping develop schedules for the CIA's covert operations. Since 1954, oversight of United States Covert operations has been carried out by a series of sub-committees of the United States National Security Council.

The election of fellow Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 saw Rockefeller gaining greater public and political influence. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general In 1956 he created the Special Studies Project, a major seven panel planning group directed by Henry Kissinger and funded by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, of which he was the then-president. The Special Studies Project was a study funded by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and conceived by its then president Nelson Rockefeller, to 'define the major problems Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 The Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF ( Philanthropy for an Interdependent World) is an international philanthropic organisation created and run by members of the Rockefeller It was an ambitious study created to define the central problems and opportunities facing the U. S. in the future, and to clarify national purposes and objectives; outcomes were finally published in 1961 as Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.

The Special Studies Project came into national prominence with the early release of its military subpanel's report, whose principal recommendation was a massive military buildup to counter a then-perceived military superiority threat posed by the USSR. The report was released two months after the launching of Sputnik in October, 1957 and its recommendations were fully endorsed by Eisenhower in his State of the Union address in January, 1958. ^[1] Partly as a result of his work with the Special Studies Project, Eisenhower appointed Rockefeller first as chair of the President's Advisory Committee on Government Reorganization and later as an undersecretary in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953-1954).

This initial contact with Kissinger was to develop into a lifelong relationship; Kissinger was later to be described as his closest intellectual associate. From this period Rockefeller employed Kissinger as a personally funded part-time consultant, principally on foreign policy issues, until the appointment to his staff became full-time in late 1968. In 1969, when Kissinger entered Richard Nixon's administration, Nelson paid him $50,000 as a severance payment. ^[2]

Governor of New York

Gov. Rockefeller meets with President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968

Rockefeller left federal service in 1956 to concentrate on New York state and national politics, where he served in various capacities. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous In 1958, he was elected governor by over 600,000 votes, defeating incumbent governor, multi-millionaire W. Averell Harriman, even though 1958 was a banner year for Democrats elsewhere in the nation. The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military William Averell Harriman ( November 15 1891 July 26 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician businessman Despite his great wealth and famous lineage, Rockefeller seemed approachable and down-to-earth, establishing a friendly relationship with the local press. Reporters generally made no mention of the governor's frequent vacations, even when he appeared remarkably tan during harsh New York winters.

Tough laws on drug users

Rockefeller served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 (elected to four terms, he served three and a half). As governor of New York, he successfully secured the passage of strict laws against the possession and/or sale of drugs. These laws — which became known as the "Rockefeller drug laws" — took effect in 1973 and are still on the books, albeit in moderated form. The Rockefeller drug laws is the term used to denote the statutes dealing with the sale and possession of " Narcotic " drugs in the New York State Penal They ranked among the toughest in the United States.

Liberal Republican

Rockefeller was opposed by conservatives in the GOP such as Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan because of his liberal stances on many issues.

As governor, Rockefeller took liberal stances on economic issues, spending more than his predecessors. Rockefeller expanded the state's infrastructure, took environmentalist stances, New Deal regulations of business, and Social Security. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. Social Security, in the United States currently refers to the federal Old-Age Survivors and Disability Insurance ( OASDI) program Unlike most conservatives, who were opposed to organized labor, Rockefeller collaborated with unions, especially the construction trades, which benefited from his extensive building programs. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming

In foreign affairs, Rockefeller was opposed to the more assertive policies of the conservatives and supported US involvement in the United Nations as well as US foreign aid. He also supported the U. S. 's fight against communism and its membership in NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty

As a result of Rockefeller's policies, some conservatives sought to gain leverage by creating the Conservative Party of New York. The Conservative Party of New York is an American Political party active only in the state of New York. The small party acted as a counter-weight to the Liberal Party of New York State. The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American Political party that has been active only in the state of New York.

Attica riots

On September 13, 1971, after four days of riots at the state prison in Attica, N.Y., Rockefeller gave the order for 1,000 New York State Police troopers and National Guardsmen to storm the prison. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. The Attica Prison riot occurred at the Attica Correctional Facility in Attica New York, United States in 1971. The Attica Correctional Facility is a maximum-security Prison located in Attica New York, a small town located midway between Buffalo and Rochester The New York State Police ( NYSP) is the State police force of 4600 sworn Troopers for the state of New York. For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard.

More than 40 people died, including 11 of 38 hostages (most of whom were prison guards). Most of the deaths were attributed to the gunfire of the National Guard and state police. The prisoners had been demanding better living conditions, showers, education, and vocational training. Opponents blamed Rockefeller for these deaths in part because of his refusal to go to the prison and talk with the inmates, while his supporters, including many conservatives who had often vocally differed with him in the past, defended his actions as being necessary to the preservation of law and order.

Massive construction programs

Rockefeller engaged in massive building projects that left a profound mark on the state of New York, so much so that many of his detractors claimed that he had an "Edifice Complex. "^[3] He was personally interested in planning, design, and construction of the many projects intitiated during his administration--consistent with his interest in art. Rockefeller was the driving force in turning the State University of New York into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. He demanded the imposition of tuition fees at the New York city colleges in return for conferring university status on them.

He also led in the creation and/or expansion of many major highways (such as the Long Island Expressway, the Southern Tier Expressway, the Adirondack Northway, and Interstate 81) which vastly improved road transportation in the state of New York. Interstate 495 (abbreviated I-495, better known as the Long Island Expressway or L Interstate 86 was once assigned to what is now Interstate 84 east of East Hartford, Connecticut. Interstate 87 (abbreviated I-87) is a 33349 mile (53670 km intrastate Interstate highway located entirely within the state of New York Interstate 81 (abbreviated I-81) is an Interstate highway in the eastern part of the United States. To create more low-income housing, Rockefeller created the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC), with unprecedented powers to override local zoning, condemn property, and create financing schemes to carry out desired development. Zoning is a term used in Urban planning for a system of land-use Regulation in various parts of the world including North America the United Kingdom Eminent domain ( United States) compulsory purchase ( United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ireland) resumption/compulsory acquisition (UDC is now called the Empire State Development Corporation, which forms a unit, along with the formerly independent Job Development Authority, of Empire State Development Corporation. The Urban Development Corporation, doing business as Empire State Development Corporation is a public authority of the state of New York in the United )

In addition, Rockefeller's construction programs included the $2 billion South Mall in Albany, later renamed the Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza. The Governor Nelson A Rockefeller Empire State Plaza (commonly known as simply the Empire State Plaza and less formally as The South Mall It is a vast campus of government skyscrapers and plazas punctuated by an egg-shaped arts center. He worked with the legislature and unions to create generous pension programs for many public workers, such as teachers, professors, firefighters, police officers, prison guards, in the state. He pushed through the highest-in-the-nation minimum wage. A minimum wage is the lowest hourly daily or monthly Wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers Public-benefit authorities (some 230 of them, like UDC) were brought into existence by Rockefeller. They were often used to issue bonds in order to avoid the requirement of a vote of the people for the issuance of a bond; such authority-issued bonds bore higher interest than if they had been issued directly by the state. The state budget went from $2. 04 billion in 1959-60 to $8. 8 billion in his last year 1973-74.

Rockefeller also reformed the governing of New York City's transportation system, creating the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1965. The City of New York The Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA) is a Public benefit corporation responsible for Public transportation in the U It merged the New York City subway system with the publicly owned Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority and the Long Island Rail Road and, later, Metro North Railroad, which were purchased by the state from private owners in a massive public bailout of bankrupt railroads. The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA is a Public authority in the U The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, doing business as " MTA Bridges and Tunnels " is a division of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, The Metro-North Commuter Railroad Company, or MTA Metro-North Railroad, or more commonly Metro-North, is a Suburban commuter rail service

In taking over control of the Triborough Authority, Rockefeller shifted power away from Robert Moses, who controlled several of New York state's public infrastructure authorities. Robert Moses ( December 18 1888 – July 29 1981) was the "master builder" of mid-20th century New York City, Long Under the New York MTA, toll revenue collected from the bridges and tunnels, which had previously been used to build more bridges, tunnels, and highways, now went to support public transport operations, thus shifting costs from general state funds to the motorist. In one controversial move, Rockefeller abandoned one of Moses's most desired projects, a Long Island Sound link bridge from Rye to Oyster Bay in 1973 due to environmental opposition. The Long Island Sound link is a proposed Bridge or Tunnel that would link Long Island to the south with New York or Connecticut to Rye is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. This article refers to the hamlet. For the town in Nassau County, New York, see Town of Oyster Bay New York.

Conservation

Consistent with his personal interest in design and planning, Governor Rockefeller began expansion of the New York State Parks system and improvement of park facilities. The New York State Office of Parks Recreation and Historic Preservation operates (as of 2004) 168 State parks 35 state Historic He persuaded voters to approve three major bond acts to raise more the $300 million for acquisition of park and forest preserve land. ^[4] Rockefeller initiated studies of environmental issues, such as loss of agricultural land through development--an issue now characterized as "sprawl. " In such concerns he was enlightened for his time (the late 1960s), at least in government, although notions were becoming more common in some circles. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The State Commission for the Preservation of Agricultural Land issued a report early in 1968. In September, 1968, Rockefeller appointed the Temporary Study Commission on the Future of the Adirondacks. The Adirondack Mountains are a Mountain range located in the northeastern part of New York, that runs through Clinton, Essex, Franklin This led to his introduction to the Legislature in 1971 of a bill to create the controversial Adirondack Park Agency. The Adirondack Park Agency (APA was created in 1971 by New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller as a governmental agency that performs long-range planning for the ^[5]

Crime

Rockefeller was a supporter of capital punishment and oversaw 14 executions by electrocution as Governor^[6]. Capital punishment of a Felon in the United States, in modern times is employed and in practice only in cases involving murder Execution by electrocution (usually referred to after its method of implementation as the Electric Chair) is an execution method originating in the United States in which the The last execution, of Eddie Mays in 1963, remained to date the last execution in New York and was the last pre-Furman execution in the Northeast^[7]. Eddie Lee Mays (c 1929 &ndash August 15, 1963) was convicted of murder and robbery in 1962 and executed by the State of New York in 1963 Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Furman v Georgia, was a United States Supreme Court decision that ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty

However, despite his personal support for capital punishment, Governor Rockefeller signed a bill in 1965 to abolish the death penalty except in cases involving the murder of police officers^[8]. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar.

Rockefeller was also a supporter of the "law and order" platform^[9].

Presidential campaigns

Nelson Rockefeller at the 1976 Republican National Convention along with (left to right) Robert Dole, Nancy Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, Susan Ford and Betty Ford. The 1976 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States met at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, from Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Susan Elizabeth Ford Bales, known as Susan Ford Vance in a previous marriage (born July 6, 1957, in Washington D Elizabeth Anne Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8 1918 is the widow of former United States

Rockefeller was a glad-hander who appeared affable and approachable, and maintained good relationships with the press. He easily won time and again in New York, but he wanted to be president. He spent millions in attempts to win the Republican primaries in 1960, 1964, and 1968. A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates His bid in 1960 was ended early when then-Vice President Richard Nixon surged ahead in the polls. After quitting the campaign, Rockefeller backed Nixon enthusiastically, and concentrated his efforts on introducing more moderate stances into Nixon's platform.

Rockefeller, representing moderate and liberal Republicans, was considered the front-runner for the 1964 campaign against the more conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona who led the right wing of the Republican Party. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1964 was one of the most lopsided presidential elections in the history of the United States Rockefeller was originally the front runner for the Republican party's presidential nomination but his divorce and subsequent remarriage turned many socially conservative voters off. Rockefeller finished third in the New Hampshire primary in February, behind write-in Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (from neighboring Massachusetts) and Goldwater. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr ( July 5, 1902 &ndash February 27, 1985) was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts He then endured dismal showings in several primaries, before winning an upset in the Oregon primary in May. The birth of Rockefeller's child during the California campaign put the divorce issue in the headlines (divorce was scandalous at that time). Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. After a furious contest, Rockefeller lost the California primary in early June and dropped out of the race.

Rockefeller again sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1968. His opponents were Nixon and Governor Ronald W. Reagan of California. In the contest, Rockefeller again represented the liberals in the GOP, Reagan representing the conservative Goldwater element, and Nixon representing the moderates. Nixon was always clearly the front runner throughout the contest because of his superior organization and he easily defeated both Reagan and Rockefeller.

After Gerald Ford's elevation to the Presidency and Rockefeller was named Vice President, he was initially mentioned and reportedly considered running for President for a fourth time in 1976, if Ford declined to seek his own term^[10]. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The United States presidential election of 1976 followed the resignation of President Richard M

Commission on Critical Choices for Americans

In November of 1973, Rockefeller established an organization called the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans, of which he served as chairman. He resigned as Governor of New York in December of 1973, devoting himself to his new commission and the possibility of another presidential run.

Vice Presidency 1974 – 77

Following President Nixon's resignation, new president Gerald Ford nominated Rockefeller, age 66, to serve as the 41st Vice President of the United States, after a long process of considering various candidates. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Rockefeller's top competitor had been George H.W. Bush. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993

Vice President Rockefeller bust from the Senate collection

Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made massive gifts to senior aides, such as Henry Kissinger. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 He had paid all his taxes, no illegalities were uncovered, and he was confirmed. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them did vote for his confirmation. However, some, including Goldwater, voted against him. ^[11].

Beginning his service on December 19, 1974, Rockefeller was the second person appointed Vice President under the 25th Amendment — the first being Ford himself. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The Twenty-fifth Amendment ( Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution partially replaced the ambiguous wording of Article II Section 1 Clause Rockefeller often complained that Ford gave him little or no power, and few tasks, while he was Vice President. Ford responded to this by putting Rockefeller in charge of his "Whip Inflation Now" initiative. In November 1975, Rockefeller told Ford he wanted off the ticket, saying that he "didn't come down (to Washington) to get caught up in party squabbles which only make it more difficult for the President in a very difficult time. . . "^[12] Journalists speculated^[13] that Ford, a moderate, decided to drop Rockefeller in favor of the more conservative Robert Dole under pressure from the conservative wing of the party. Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time

Vice President Rockefeller (right) and his wife Happy (second on left) entertain President Gerald R. Ford (left) his wife Betty (second on right) and their daughter Susan (center) at Number One Observatory Circle on September 7, 1975. Margaretta Large Fitler Murphy Rockefeller (born June 9, 1926) known as Happy Rockefeller, is the Widow of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Elizabeth Anne Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8 1918 is the widow of former United States Susan Elizabeth Ford Bales, known as Susan Ford Vance in a previous marriage (born July 6, 1957, in Washington D Number One Observatory Circle is the Official residence of the Vice President of the United States. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

While Rockefeller was Vice President, the official Vice Presidential residence was established at Number One Observatory Circle on the grounds of the United States Naval Observatory. Number One Observatory Circle is the Official residence of the Vice President of the United States. The United States Naval Observatory ( USNO) is one of the oldest Scientific agencies in the United States. This residence had previously been the home of the Chief of Naval Operations; prior Vice Presidents had been responsible for maintaining their own homes at their own expense, but the necessity of massive full-time Secret Service security had made this custom impractical to continue. Organization of the CNO's Office The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations includes the Chief of Naval Operations the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Deputy Chiefs Rockefeller already had a luxurious, well-secured Washington residence and never actually lived in the home as a principal residence, although he did host several official functions there. His wealth enabled him to donate millions of dollars of furnishings to the house.

Rockefeller was slow to embrace the use of the government aircraft that were provided for Vice Presidential transportation. Rockefeller continued to use his own private comfortably equipped Gulfstream for the first part of his time in office. Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation is a producer of several models of jet Aircraft. It was operated under the call sign Executive Two when the Vice President was onboard. Executive Two is the Call sign designated any United States civilian Aircraft when the Vice President of the United States is on board The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Initially Rockefeller felt he was doing the taxpayer a favor saving money by not using government funded transportation. Finally the Secret Service was able to convince him they were spending more money flying agents around to meet the needs of his protective detail and he began to fly on the DC-9 that was serving as Air Force Two at the time. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Air Force Two is the Air traffic control Call sign used by any United States Air Force Aircraft carrying the Vice ^[14] His codename given by the Secret Service was "Sandstorm". ^[15]

On January 10, 1977, Ford presented Rockefeller with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed

Marriages

On June 23, 1930, Rockefeller married Mary Todhunter Clark. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mary Todhunter Clark Rockefeller ( June 17 1907 &ndash April 21 1999) was the first wife of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller a Governor They had five children: Rodman, Anne, Steven, and twins Mary and Michael. Rodman Clark Rockefeller ( 1932 - May 14, 2000) was the oldest son of former U Michael Clark Rockefeller (born 1938 - presumed dead November 17, 1961) was the youngest son of New York Governor (later They were divorced in 1963, a few weeks before his marriage to Margaretta "Happy" Murphy. Margaretta Large Fitler Murphy Rockefeller (born June 9, 1926) known as Happy Rockefeller, is the Widow of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller He and his second wife had two children together, Nelson, Jr. and Mark. Mark Fitler Rockefeller (born 1967) is the youngest son of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908&ndash1979 the 41st Vice President of the United States of America They remained married until his death in 1979.

Nelson Rockefeller and Jimmy Carter in October 1977

Death

Rockefeller died on the evening of Friday, January 26, 1979 at age 70 from a heart attack under circumstances whose details have never been completely revealed. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 October events and holidays Children's Book Week ( England) - First Week of October National Day ( China People's Republic Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Initial reports^[16] said Rockefeller was at his office at Rockefeller Center working on a book about his art collection, where a security guard found him slumped over his desk; however, it was later disclosed that Rockefeller actually had the fatal heart attack in his 13 West 54th Street Manhattan townhouse in the presence of 26-year-old aide Megan Marshack and that some time later Marshack had called her friend, news reporter Ponchitta Pierce, to the townhouse and it was Pierce who phoned emergency approximately an hour after the heart attack. 54th Street is a two-mile-long one-way Street traveling west to east across Midtown Manhattan. Megan Ruth Marshack (born October 1953 in California was an aide to former Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, who was with him when he died in January 1979 ^[17] Much speculation went on in the press regarding a sexual relationship between Rockefeller and Marshack,^[18] Neither Marshack nor the family has commented since on the circumstances surrounding Rockefeller's death. ^[19]

Nelson Rockefeller was cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum is located on Secor Road in the hamlet of Hartsdale, town of Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York, about His ashes were scattered at the Rockefeller Estate in nearby Tarrytown. He does not have a final resting place in a cemetery, the first Vice President not to have one. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death

Artistic involvement

In 1933 the Rockefeller family wanted to have a mural put on the wall in Rockefeller Center. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City. Nelson Rockefeller wanted Henri Matisse or Pablo Picasso to do it because he favored their modern style, but neither was available. Henri Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954 was a French Artist, known for his use of Colour and his fluid brilliant and original draughtsmanship Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth Diego Rivera was one of Nelson Rockefeller's mother's favorite artists and therefore was commissioned to create the huge mural. He was given a theme: New Frontiers. Rockefeller wanted the painting to make people pause and think. ^[20]. However, the painting caused great controversy due to the inclusion of a painting of Lenin (depicting communism), which upset Rockefeller. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based ^[20] Rockefeller asked Rivera to change the face of Lenin to that of an unknown laborer's face as was originally intended but the painter refused.

The work was paid for on May 22, 1933, and immediately draped. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. People protested but it remained covered until the early weeks of 1934, when it was smashed by workers and hauled away in wheelbarrows. Rivera responded by saying that it was "cultural vandalism. " At Rockefeller Center in its place is a mural with Abraham Lincoln as its focal point. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The Rockefeller-Rivera dispute is covered in the films Cradle Will Rock and Frida. For the original 1937 musical see The Cradle Will Rock For the 1980 Van Halen hit see And the Cradle Will Rock Frida is a 2002 biographical film which depicts the professional and private life of the surrealist Mexican painter Frida Kahlo

Rockefeller was a noted collector of both modern and non-Western art. During his governorship, New York State acquired major works of art for the new Albany governmental complex and elsewhere. He continued his mother's work at the Museum of Modern Art, as president, and turned the basement of his Kykuit mansion into a noted museum while placing works of sculpture around the grounds (an activity he enjoyed personally supervising, frequently moving the pieces from place to place by helicopter). The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth Kykuit, also known as John D Rockefeller Estate, is a 40-room National Trust house in Westchester County, New York, built by the oil businessman While he was overseeing construction of the State University of New York system, Rockefeller built, in collaboration with his lifelong friend Roy Neuberger, a museum on the campus of SUNY Purchase College, the Neuberger Museum, designed by Philip Johnson. Roy R Neuberger (born July 21, 1903) is an American Financier who has contributed money to the cause of public awareness and publicity The State University of New York at Purchase, also known as Purchase College and SUNY Purchase, is a public liberal, visual, and Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8 1906&ndash January 25 2005 was an influential American Architect.

He commissioned Master Santiago Martínez Delgado to make a canvas mural for the Bank of New York (City Bank) in Bogotá, Colombia; this ended up being the last work of the artist, as he died while finishing it. Santiago Martínez Delgado (1906 - 1954 was a Colombian painter sculptor Art historian and writer Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá

Rockefeller's early visits to Mexico kindled a collecting interest in pre-Columbian and contemporary Mexican art, to which he added works of traditional African and Pacific Island art. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. In 1954 the Museum of Primitive Art was established out of his personal collection; the museum opened to the public in 1957 in a townhouse on West 54th Street in New York City. The City of New York In 1969 he transferred the museum's collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City,

In 1978, Alfred A. Knopf published a book on primitive art from Rockefeller's collection. Alfred A Knopf Inc is a New York publishing house founded by Alfred A Rockefeller, impressed with the work of photographer Lee Boltin and editor/publisher Paul Anbinder on the book, co-founded Nelson Rockefeller Publications, Inc. with them, with the goal of publishing fine art books of high quality. After Rockefeller's death less than a year later, the company continued as Hudson Hills Press, Inc.

In popular media

• Rockefeller is portrayed by Edward Norton in the film Frida and by John Cusack in the film Cradle Will Rock, both depicting his involvement in the Diego Rivera mural controversy. Frida is a 2002 biographical film which depicts the professional and private life of the surrealist Mexican painter Frida Kahlo John Paul Cusack (born June 28, 1966) is an American Film actor and Screenwriter. For the original 1937 musical see The Cradle Will Rock For the 1980 Van Halen hit see And the Cradle Will Rock Diego Rivera (December 8 1886 &ndash November 24 1957 was born Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez

• The song "This Nelson Rockefeller" by McCarthy is dedicated to him. "This Nelson Rockefeller" was a single by McCarthy. It did not appear on any of the bands studio albums McCarthy were a British Indie pop band formed in Barking, Essex, England in 1985 by schoolmates Malcolm Eden (voice and guitar

• He is referenced in the title of the Charles Mingus composition "Remember Rockefeller at Attica. Charles Mingus ( 22 April 1922 &ndash 5 January 1979) was an American Jazz Bassist, Composer, "

Electoral history

Bibliography

• Bleecker, Samuel E. The Politics of Architecture: A Perspective on Nelson A. Rockefeller, Rutledge Press, 1981. Deals with the architecture of New York State buildings.
• Cobbs, Elizabeth Anne. The Rich Neighbor Policy: Rockefeller and Kaiser in Brazil, Yale University Press, 1992.
• Cobbs, Elizabeth A. "Entrepreneurship as Diplomacy: Nelson Rockefeller and the Development of the Brazilian Capital Market," Business History Review, 1989 63(1): 88-121. Examines NR's Fundo Crescinco, a mutual fund that he started in Brazil in the 1950s to continue FDR's Good Neighbor policy. It reflected both liberal assumptions about the importance of the middle class to economic development and the concerns of business people about placating Latin American nationalism.
• Colby, Gerard & Charlotte Dennett. Thy Will be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil, 1995.
• Connery, Robert H. and Gerald Benjamin. Governing New York State: The Rockefeller Years, 1974. An in-depth analysis.
• Bernard J. Firestone and Alexej Ugrinsky, eds. Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America. Volume: 1. Greenwood Press, 1993. (pp 137-94). One chapter has analysis by scholars of the Vice-Presidency.
• Deane, Elizabeth, (Director). The Rockefellers, A documentary film, 1999.
• Donovan, Robert John. Confidential Secretary: Ann Whitman's Twenty Years with Eisenhower and Rockefeller, New York: Dutton, 1988.
• Isaacson, Walter, Kissinger: A Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, (updated, 2005).
• Kramer, Michael and Roberts, Sam. "I Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!": An Investigative Biography of Nelson Rockefeller, 1976.
• Light, Paul. "Vice-presidential Influence under Rockefeller and Mondale. " Political Science Quarterly 1983-1984 98(4): 617-640. in JSTOR
• Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus, 2002. On the 1964 election.
• Persico, Joseph E. The Imperial Rockefeller: A Biography of Nelson A. Rockefeller, New York: Pocket Books, 1982 (The author was a senior aide).
• Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer, 1908-1958, New York: Doubleday, 1996. {Volume 1 of the most comprehensive biography of Nelson ever written, the author had accessed many papers in the Rockefeller Archive Center for his research but died before writing Volume 2, covering the crucial period from 1959 to 1979. }
• James Reichley; Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations, Brookings Institution, 1981.
• Rivas, Darlene. Missionary Capitalist: Nelson Rockefeller in Venezuela. University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
• Straight, Michael. Nancy Hanks, an Intimate Portrait: The Creation of a National Commitment to the Arts. Duke University Press, 1988. She was a top aide (and lover).
• Turner, Michael. The Vice President as Policy Maker: Rockefeller in the Ford White House, New York: Greenwood, 1982.
• Underwood, James E. and Daniels, William J. Governor Rockefeller in New York: The Apex of Pragmatic Liberalism, New York: Greenwood, 1982.

See also

• Rockefeller Republican
• Henry Kissinger
• Rockefeller family
• David Rockefeller
• Kykuit The Rockefeller family estate
• Rockefeller Center
• Museum of Modern Art
• Rockefeller Brothers Fund
• GE Building (Room 5600 - The Rockefeller Family Office)
• World Trade Center
• Wallace Harrison
• Robert Moses
• J Edgar Hoover
• United Nations
• Gerald Ford
• Richard Nixon
• Franklin D. Roosevelt

References

External links

• Rockefeller Archive Center: Nelson Rockefeller Contains details on the collection of public and private papers available to researchers at the Center.
• The Rocky Roll An extended portrait by Time Magazine of Nelson campaigning for New York Governor in 1958. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and
• Rockefeller Archive Center: Archived papers of the Special Studies Project, 1956-1960.
• [1] Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress biography
• Spartacus Educational Biography
• www.rca5600.be Contains details about the relation between Rockeffeller's role in US policy and his role in Cultural policy