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Neagu Djuvara (b. August 18, 1916) is a Romanian historian, essayist, philosopher, journalist, novelist, and diplomat. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Contents

Biography

Early life

A native of Bucharest, he descended from a prestigious Aromanian family. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans [1] His father, Marcel, a graduate of the Technical University of Berlin and a Captain in the Romanian Army's Engineer Corps, died of Spanish flu in 1918;[2] his mother, Tinca, was the last descendant of the Gradişteanu family of boyar origins (according to Djuvara, she was related to all boyar families in Wallachia). The Technical University of Berlin ( Berlin Institute of Technology, TUB, TU Berlin, German Technische Universität Berlin) is located The Land Forces, Air Force and Naval Forces are collectively known as the Romanian Armed Forces ( Romanian: Forţele Armate Române The 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was an Influenza Pandemic that spread to nearly every part of the world This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania [3] Djuvara's uncles Trandafir and Alexandru Djuvara were notable public figures. [4] Djuvara was born during World War I; as an infant, he was taken by his family into refuge in Iaşi after the occupation of southern Romania by the Central Powers, and then, through Imperial Russia, into Belgium (where Trandafir Djuvara was Minister Plenipotentiary). World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. The Romanian Campaign was a campaign in the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied against the armies of the Central The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The system of diplomatic rank has over time been formalised on an international basis [5]

He attended lycée in Nice, France, and graduated in Letters (1937) and Law (1940) from the University of Paris (his Law thesis dealt with the antisemitic legislation passed by the governments of King Carol II in Romania). Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Carol II of Romania ( 15 October / 16 October 1893 &ndash 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8 [6] Djuvara later stated that, at the time, his political sympathies veered towards the far right: he became a supporter of the Romanian fascist movement, the Iron Guard, and took part in the February 1934 riot against the French Radical-Socialist government of Édouard Daladier. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party The 6 February 1934 crisis refers to an Anti-parliamentarist demonstration organised in Paris by Far-right leagues (antiparliamentarian The Radical Party ( Parti Radical, Rad also known as Parti radical valoisien) is a liberal and centrist political party in France Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World [7]

During World War II, he returned to Romania , where he married and fathered a child. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [8] He joined the Romanian Armed Forces and was stationed in Ploieşti under the Iron Guard's National Legionary government. The Land Forces, Air Force and Naval Forces are collectively known as the Romanian Armed Forces ( Romanian: Forţele Armate Române Ploieşti (ploˈjeʃtʲ older spelling Ploeşti) is the county seat of Prahova County and lies in the historical region of Wallachia, Romania The National Legionary State (Statul Naţional Legionar was the Romanian government of September 6, 1940 — January 23, 1941. [9]

Following the establishment of Ion Antonescu's dictatorship and the start of Operation Barbarossa (see Romania during World War II), as an Officer Cadet, he fought on the Eastern Front, saw action in Bessarabia and Transnistria, before being wounded in the arm during the Battle of Odessa (1941). "Antonescu" redirects here For other persons with that surname see Antonescu (surname. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. Officer Cadet is a rank held by military Cadets during their training to become Commissioned officers The term Officer Trainee is used interchangeably The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Transnistria, during World War II, was a region of the USSR, occupied by Romania, during the maximum eastward expansion of the Axis Powers The Siege of Odessa was part of the Soviet-German War in 1941 [10] He stated that he gave up his interest in the far right after a 1943 dialog with fellow diplomat Victor Rădulescu-Pogoneanu, who convinced Djuvara to become "a supporter of parliamentary democracy". A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which [11]

Diplomat

Subsequently, Djuvara decided to apply for office in the diplomatic corps, won the competition, and was sent by Foreign Minister Mihai Antonescu as Diplomatic Courier to Sweden, on the very day Ion Antonescu was toppled by a coup d'état and Romania pulled out of the Axis Powers to join the Allies (August 23, 1944). The diplomatic corps or corps diplomatique is the collective body of foreign Diplomats accredited to a particular country or body The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania (Ministerul Afacerilor Externe is one of the fifteen ministries of the Government of Romania. Mihai Antonescu ( November 18, 1904 &ndash June 1, 1946) was a Romanian politician who served as "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [12] In this capacity, he was instructed to communicate to the Romanian Ambassador in Stockholm, Frederic Nanu, that he was to ask the Soviet representative Alexandra Kollontai whether earlier terms advanced by Joseph Stalin in regard to peace with Romania were still valid (Nanu was also told not to inform the Western Allies of these talks). ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й &mdash born Domontovich, Домонто́вич ( - March 9, Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. [13]

Speaking in retrospect, he argued against claims made by Nanu, according to which Ion Antonescu had thus indicated his willingness to step down and hand leadership of Romania to King Mihai I. See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Michael King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (Maiestatea [14] According to Djuvara, the last Soviet offer for Antonescu made only minor concessions — the entire country was to be occupied by the Red Army, with the exception of a random western county (to function as a provisional administrative center), and 15 days were given to the Romanian government to reach an armistice with Nazi Germany[15] (Djuvara considered this latter expectation particularly unrealistic, as it involved Germany consciously abandoning Romanian territory to its enemy). The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya List of counties See also List of Romanian Counties by Population The Judeţe (translated in English as "counties" are administrative An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers [16] Furthermore, Djuvara indicated, "Neither I nor Nanu were mandated to sign any document, to launch into any peace process". [17]

Appointed Legation Secretary in Stockholm by the Constantin Sănătescu executive, Djuvara was dismissed by the new Romanian Communist Party officials upon Ana Pauker's appointment as Foreign Minister (1947). A legation was the term used in Diplomacy to denote a diplomatic representative office lower than an Embassy. Constantin Sănătescu ( January 14, 1885, Craiova &mdash November 8 1947, Bucharest) was a Romanian statesman The Romanian Communist Party ( Romanian: ro Partidul Comunist Român, PCR was a communist political party in Romania. Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; February 13, 1893 &ndash June 14, 1960) was a Romanian [18]

Exile

Having been implicated in absentia in the series of show trials inaugurated in the wake of Communist Romania by the Tămădău Affair, accused of being a spy,[19] he decided to remain abroad. In absentia is Latin for "in the absence" In legal use it usually pertains to a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings The term show trial is a pejorative description of a type of highly Public trial. The Tămădău Affair ( Romanian: Afacerea Tămădău, Înscenarea de la Tămădău - "the Tămădău Frameup " - or [20] He left for Paris and was subsequently involved in advocacy of anti-communist political causes and the rallying of exiled intellectuals. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, [21] Briefly employed by the International Refugee Organization, Djuvara became involved with the body of Romanian exiles, the National Romanian Committee, and helped organize American-assisted drops of voluntary paratroopers in support of the Romanian anti-communist resistance (most of whom were captured by the Securitate). The International Refugee Organization (IRO was founded on August 20 1946 to deal with the massive refugee problem created by World War II. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Paratroopers are Soldiers trained in Parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. The armed resistance against the communist regime in Romania lasted between 1948 and the early 1960s See also Serviciul Român de Informaţii The Securitate ( Romanian for Security; official full name Departamentul Securităţii Statului [22] He renounced his position by 1951,[23] and subsequently worked for the exile magazine Casa Românească. [24]

In 1961, he settled in Niger, serving as an adviser for the country's Foreign Ministry (extending a two-year contract until 1984),[25] and was a Professor of International law and Economic history at the University of Niamey. Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Niger pursues a moderate Foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with both East and West International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Economic history is the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past Djuvara was an acquaintance of President Hamani Diori, and notably accompanied him on official duty to Addis Ababa, attending the opening session of the Organisation of African Unity (1963). Latest election List of Heads of State of Niger (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Hamani Diori ( 6 June 1916 – 23 April 1989) was the first President of the Republic of Niger. Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963. [26] Having already begun to further his studies of Philosophy in Paris, he received a doctorat d'État in the Philosophy of history (with the thesis Civilisations et lois historiques). Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries Philosophy of history or historiosophy is an area of Philosophy concerning the eventual significance if any of human History. [27] He was later awarded a diploma in Philology from INALCO. The Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO is located in Paris, France

After 1984, he returned to Europe, resuming his activities with Casa Românească and other Romanian cultural institutions in exile. [28] Djuvara was an active contributor to Radio Free Europe,[29] and divided his time between Paris and Munich (occasionally traveling to Canada and the United States). This article is about the radio broadcast service For the REM Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [30]

Post-1989

Djuvara returned to his native country soon after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae Between 1991 and 1998, he was an Associate Professor at the University of Bucharest. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies The University of Bucharest (Universitatea din Bucureşti in Romania, is a University founded in 1864 by Decree of Prince Alexander John Cuza During the early 1990s, has been a noted critic of Romanian political developments, and especially of the Mineriad and the National Salvation Front government. A Mineriad ( Mineriadă in Romanian is the parody term used to name any of the successive violent interventions of miners in Bucharest. [31]

He has since joined the National Liberal Party,[32] and expressed his concern that President Traian Băsescu was unable to complete planned reforms in the wake of Romania's accession to the European Union, as well as his belief that the former Securitate was still in a position of power. The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out The President of Romania is the Head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a Two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004 Traian Băsescu (born November 4 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer The Accession of Romania to the European Union took place on 1 January 2007 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in See also Serviciul Român de Informaţii The Securitate ( Romanian for Security; official full name Departamentul Securităţii Statului [33] He has also taken a conservative stance on European affairs, being a vocal critic of Europe's multiculturalism. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified [34]

Most of his works in Romanian have been published by Humanitas. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Humanitas (Editura Humanitas is an independent Romanian Publishing house, founded on February 1, 1990 (after the Romanian Revolution

Works

Notes

  1. ^ Nicolai; Roman
  2. ^ Nicolai; Roman
  3. ^ Nicolai; Roman
  4. ^ Nicolai; Roman
  5. ^ Roman
  6. ^ Roman
  7. ^ Roman
  8. ^ Roman
  9. ^ Roman
  10. ^ Giju; Nicolai; Roman
  11. ^ Roman
  12. ^ Deletant, p. 46-47; Nicolai; Roman
  13. ^ Deletant, p. 47
  14. ^ Deletant, p. 47
  15. ^ Roman
  16. ^ Roman
  17. ^ Roman
  18. ^ Giju; Roman
  19. ^ Roman
  20. ^ Nicolai; Roman
  21. ^ Roman
  22. ^ Roman
  23. ^ Roman
  24. ^ Nicolai
  25. ^ Nicolai
  26. ^ Nicolai
  27. ^ Giju; Longre
  28. ^ Nicolai
  29. ^ Longre
  30. ^ Longre
  31. ^ Nicolai; Longre
  32. ^ Şimonca
  33. ^ Şimonca
  34. ^ Şimonca

References

External links

Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
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