Nazism
Flag of the NSDAP 1920-1945 and of Nazi Germany 1933-1945
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Nazi Party Sturmabteilung Schutzstaffel Hitler Youth
Nazism in history
Early Nazi Timeline Hitler's rise to power Nazi Germany Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg Rallies Kristallnacht The Holocaust Nuremberg Trials Ex-Nazis and Neo-Nazism
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Nazism and race Gleichschaltung Hitler's political beliefs National Socialist Program Religious aspects of Nazism Nazi propaganda Nazi architecture Mein Kampf
Nazism and race
Nazism and race Racial policy of Nazi Germany Nazi eugenics Doctors' Trial Nazi physicians Nazi human experimentation Nazism and Religion Nuremberg Trials
Outside Germany
National Socialist Front (Sweden) Swedish Resistance Movement White Aryan Resistance (Sweden) National Socialist Movement of Denmark National Socialist Movement of Norway Norwegian Resistance Movement Canadian National Socialist Unity Party German American Bund Hungarian National Socialist Party Nasjonal Samling Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging National Socialist Bloc National Socialist League National Socialist Workers’ Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Arrow Cross Party of Hungary Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement
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Glossary of the Third Reich Neo-Nazism Esoteric Nazism Völkisch movement
Lists
Nazi Party leaders and officials Adolf Hitler books Adolf Hitler speeches SS personnel Living Nazis Former Nazis influential after 1945
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Nazism, commonly known as National Socialism,^[1][2][3][4] (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler; and the policies adopted by the government of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, a period also known as the Third Reich. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth ( German:, The early timeline of Nazism begins with its origins in 1896 and continues until Hitler's rise to power. Hitler's rise to power began with Hitler's NSDAP as a fringe political party within the government of the Weimar Republic. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July The Nuremberg Rally (officially Reichsparteitag, meaning national party convention was the annual rally of the NSDAP (Nazi Party in the years 1923 to 1938 in Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race Gleichschaltung, meaning "coordination" "making the same" "bringing into line" is a Nazi term for the process by which the Historians and biographers note some difficulty in attributing the political beliefs of Adolf Hitler. The National Socialist Program, also referred to as the 25-point program or 25-point plan was developed to formulate the party policies of first the Austrian German Historians political scientists and even philosophers have studied Nazism with a specific focus on its Religious or semi-religious aspects Nazi propaganda is the term that describes the psychologically powerful Propaganda within Nazi Germany, much of which was centered around Jews consistently Nazi architecture was an architectural plan and integral part of the Nazi party 's plans to create a Cultural and Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race The racial policy of Nazi Germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the so-called " Aryan race " and Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany 's race-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through Eugenics at the center of their The Doctors' Trial (officially United States of America v Karl Brandt et al Nazi human experimentation was a series of controversial medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the German Nazi regime in its Concentration This article gives an overview about Religion in Nazi Germany and the Nazis ' complex and sometimes contradictory relationship with religion The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after The National Socialist Front (Nationalsocialistisk front NSF) is the largest Neo-Nazi Political party in Sweden. The Swedish Resistance Movement ( Swedish: Svenska Motståndsrörelsen) also known as the SMR, is a Swedish, Militant Neo-Nazi White Aryan Resistance (Vitt Ariskt Motstånd also known as VAM, was a Neo-nazi Paramilitary group active The National Socialist Movement of Denmark (Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Bevægelse also known as the DNSB, is a neo-Nazi organisation in Denmark. The National Socialist Movement of Norway (Norges Nasjonalsosialistiske Bevegelse also known as the NNSB, is a Norwegian Neo-Nazi group with around fifty Norwegian Resistance Movement (Norske Motstandsbevegelsen is a militant offshoot of the Swedish Resistance Movement, with its base in Norway The Parti national social chrétien was a Canadian Political party formed by Adrien Arcand in February 1934. The German American Bund or German American Federation (German Amerikadeutscher Bund) was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s The Hungarian National Socialist Party was a political epithet adopted by a number of minor Nazi parties in Hungary before the Second World War. Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for "National Gathering" or "National Unification" hereafter abbreviated as NS was a fascist party in Norway The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland NSB was a Dutch Fascist and later national socialist National Socialist Bloc (in Swedish: Nationalsocialistiska Blocket) was a Swedish national socialist Political party formed in the Disambiguation you may be looking for the National Socialist Party (UK, a left-wing organisation The National Socialist League was a short lived political movement Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Arbejderparti (National Socialist Workers’ Party of Denmark or DNSAP, was the largest Danish Nazi party before and during The Ossewabrandwag ("Oxwagon Sentinel" (OB was a nationalist Afrikaner organisation in South Africa, founded in Bloemfontein on February The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: This is a list of words terms concepts and Slogans that were specifically used in Nazi Germany. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, This article describes semi-religious developments of Nazism after 1945 The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" A list of Nazi Party (NSDAP leaders and officials. A Gunter d'Alquen - Chief Editor of the SS official Between 1925 and 1945 the German SS grew from a mere eight members to over a quarter of a million Waffen-SS and well over a million Allgemeine-SS members In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers ^[5][6][7][8] The official name of the party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei^[9] (NSDAP) — “National Socialist German Workers’ Party”. The Nazis were one of several historical groups that used the term National Socialism to describe themselves, and in the 1920s they became the largest such group. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Nazism is generally considered by scholars to be a form of fascism, and while it incorporated some elements from the political left, it formed its most solid alliances on the political right. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities ^[10]

Nazism was not a monolithic movement, but rather a (mainly German) combination of various ideologies and groups, sparked by anger at the Treaty of Versailles and what was considered to have been a Jewish/Communist conspiracy (known in the vernacular as the Dolchstoßlegende or “Stab-in-the-Back Legend”) to humiliate Germany at the end of the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The stab-in-the-back legend ( German:, literally "Dagger stab legend" refers to a social Myth theory popular in Germany in the period after World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Among the key elements of Nazism were anti-parliamentarism, ethnic nationalism, racism, collectivism,^[11][12] eugenics, antisemitism, opposition to economic liberalism and political liberalism,^[13][14][12] anti-communism, and totalitarianism. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany 's race-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through Eugenics at the center of their Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Economic liberalism is the Economic component of Classical liberalism. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Nazism, particularly its antisemitism, found strong ideologica roots in Christianity. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings ^{[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]}

Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 2.1 Post-1933 developments 2.2 Foreign reaction 3 World War Two 4 Ideology 4.1 Fascism 4.2 Nationalism 4.3 Militarism 4.4 Racism and discrimination 4.4.1 Eugenics 4.4.2 Antisemitism 4.4.3 Homosexuality 4.5 Religion 4.6 Anti-capitalist rhetoric 4.7 Ideological roots 4.7.1 Romanticism 4.7.2 Mysticism 4.8 Ideological variants 4.9 List of elements of the Nazi ideology 5 Ideological competition 5.1 Support of anti-communists for fascism and Nazism 6 Nazi economic policy 7 Types of Nazi supporters 8 Nazism in popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links

Terminology

The term Nazi is derived from the first two syllables of Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, ^[9] the official German language name of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (commonly known in English as the Nazi Party). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Party members rarely referred to themselves as Nazis, and instead used the official term, Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists). The word mirrors the term Sozi,^[22] a common and slightly derogatory term for members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands). ^[23] When Adolf Hitler took power, the use of the term Nazi almost disappeared from Germany, although it was still used by opponents in Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich ^[23]

History

National Socialist philosophy came together during a time of crisis in Germany; the nation had lost World War I in 1918, but had also been forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, a devastating capitulation, and was in the midst of a period of great economic depression and instability. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U The Dolchstosslegende (or “stab in the back”),^[24] described by the National Socialists, featured a claim that the war effort was sabotaged internally, in large part by Germany’s Jews. The stab-in-the-back legend ( German:, literally "Dagger stab legend" refers to a social Myth theory popular in Germany in the period after PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The National Socialists suggested that a lack of patriotism had led to Germany’s defeat (for one, the front line was not on German soil at the time of the armistice). In politics, criticism was directed at the Social Democrats and the Weimar government (Deutsches Reich 1919–1933), which the National Socialists accused of selling out the country. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Deutsches Reich was the name for Germany from 1871 to 1945 in the German language. The concept of Dolchstosslegende led many to look at Jews and other so-called “non-Germans” living in Germany as having extra-national loyalties, thereby raising antisemitic sentiments and the Judenfrage (German for “Jewish Question”),^[25] at a time when the Völkisch movement and a desire to create a Greater Germany were strong. The Jewish question was an issue for discussions and debate particularly in western and Central Europe, during the French Revolution and into the The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" Großdeutschland ( German for "Greater Germany" or "Large Germany" is a term referring to the concept of one German Nation-state

On January 5, 1919, the party that eventually became the Nazi Party was founded under the name German Workers' Party (DAP) by Anton Drexler, along with six other members. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Workers' Party ('Deutsche Arbeiterpartei', or DAP was the short-lived predecessor of the Nazi Party (German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei Anton Drexler ( 13 June 1884 - 24 February 1942) was a German Nazi political leader of the 1920s ^[26][27] German intelligence authorities sent Hitler, a corporal at the time, to investigate the German Workers’ Party. As a result, party members invited him to join after he impressed them with the speaking ability he displayed while arguing with party members. Hitler joined the party in September 1919, and he became the propaganda boss. Nazi propaganda is the term that describes the psychologically powerful Propaganda within Nazi Germany, much of which was centered around Jews consistently ^[27][28] The party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers’ Party on February 24, 1920,^[27] against Hitler’s choice of Social Revolutionary Party. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar ^[29][30] Hitler ousted Drexler and became the party leader on July 29, 1921. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar ^[30][27]

Although Adolf Hitler had joined the Nazi Party in September 1919, and published Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”) in 1925 and 1926, the seminal ideas of National Socialism had their roots in groups and individuals of decades past. Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. ^[27] These include the Völkisch movement and its religious-occult counterpart, Ariosophy. Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an Esoteric nature pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels Among the various Ariosophic lodge-like groups, only the Thule Society is directly related to the origins of the Nazi party. The Thule Society (Thule-Gesellschaft originally the Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum 'Study Group for Germanic Antiquity' was a German Occultist

The term Nazism refers to the ideology of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party and its Weltanschauung, which permeated German society (and to some degree European and American society) during the party’s years as the German government (1933 to 1945). An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Free elections in 1932 under Germany’s Weimar Republic made the NSDAP the largest parliamentary faction; no similar party in any country at that time had achieved comparable electoral success. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Hitler’s January 30, 1933 appointment as Chancellor of Germany and his subsequent consolidation of dictatorial power marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers During its first year in power, the NSDAP announced the Tausendjähriges Reich (“Thousand Years’ Empire”) or Drittes Reich (“Third Reich”, a putative successor to the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire). The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification

Part of the Politics series on Fascism

Definitions of fascism Varieties Arrow Cross Austrofascism Brazilian Integralism Clerical fascism Falangism Greek fascism Iron Guard Italian Fascism Japanese fascism National Socialism National Syndicalism Neo-Fascism Rexism Ustaše Organizations Fascism as an international phenomenon List of fascist movements by country History 4th of August Regime Beer Hall Putsch Fascio Fascist Italy Italian Social Republic March on Rome Nazi Germany Related Subjects Acerbo Law Actual Idealism Anti-fascism · Benito Mussolini Black Brigades Blackshirts Class collaboration Corporatism Economics of fascism Falange Fascism and ideology Fascist symbolism Fascist unification rhetoric Giovanni Gentile Grand Council of Fascism Italian Nationalist Association Nazi salute Quadrumvirs Roman salute Social fascism Third Position Enrico Corradini

Fascism Portal Politics Portal  v • d • e

Post-1933 developments

In the night of February 27, 1933, the Reichstag fire provided Hitler with a convenient excuse for suppressing his opponents. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology What constitutes a definition of Fascism and fascist Governments is a highly disputed subject that has proved complicated and contentious The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right Austrofascism (Austrofaschismus is a term which is frequently used by historians to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938 Brazilian Integralism (Integralismo brasileiro was a Brazilian political movement created in October 1932 Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of Fascism with Theology or religious tradition This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini The general term Japanese fascism has been used to refer to Japanese nationalist thinking its ideological foundation and the outlines of its political implementation National syndicalism is a variant of Syndicalism typically associated with the Labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Rexism was a fascist political movement in the first half of the twentieth century in Belgium. For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: This article discusses regimes and movements that are alleged to have been either fascist or sympathetic to fascism This is a list of political parties organizations and movements that have been claimed to follow some form of fascist ideology From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 Fascio (plural fasci) is an Italian word that effectively means "league" in English and which was used in the late 19th century to refer to Political This articles covers the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. The Italian Social Republic ( Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the The March on Rome ( Marcia su Roma) was a Coup d'état by which Mussolini 's National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Acerbo Law was a Italian electoral law proposed by Baron Giacomo Acerbo and forced through the Italian Parliament in 1923 Actual Idealism was a form of Idealism developed by Giovanni Gentile that grew into a 'grounded' idealism contrasting the Transcendental Idealism of Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people Black Brigades (Brigate Nere were one of the Fascist Paramilitary groups operating in the Italian Social Republic (in northern Italy) For other uses and meanings see Blackshirts (disambiguation. The Blackshirts ( Italian: camicie nere, Class collaboration is a principle of social organization that forms part of Fascist philosophy Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology. The position of fascism on the political spectrum is a point of contention As there were many different manifestations of Fascism, especially during the interwar years there were also many different symbols of Fascist movements. The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle" was an influential essay written by Kenneth Burke in 1939 which offered a rhetorical analysis of Adolf Hitler Giovanni Gentile (dʒoˈvɑnni dʒenˈtile May 30, 1875 April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo- Hegelian Idealist The Grand Council of Fascism (Gran Consiglio del Fascismo was the main body of Mussolini 's Fascist government in Italy. The Italian Nationalist Association, Associazione Nazionalista Italiana (ANI was Italy's first nationalist political party founded in 1910 The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß also known in Germany during World War II as the Deutscher Gruß (literally German Greeting) or in English as the The quadrumvirs were a group of four leaders that led Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in October 1922 The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight with palm down Social fascism was a theory supported by the Communist International (Comintern during the late 1920s and early 1930s which stated that Social democracy was a variant Third Position is the name applied to a nationalist political strand that seeks to emphasise its opposition to both Communism and Capitalism. Enrico Corradini (1865 &mdash 1931 was an Italian Novelist Essayist journalist and nationalist political figure Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was subject to an arson attack and as a result seen as the pivotal event in the establishment of Nazi Germany The following day, he persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg to sign an emergency decree suspending civil liberties and stripping the power of the federal German states. Opponents were imprisoned first in improvised camps (wilde Lager) and later in an organized system of Nazi concentration camps. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial On March 23, the Reichstag passed an “Enabling Law” which granted Hitler dictatorial powers. The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, Unions were abolished and political parties, other than the National Socialists, forbidden.

Having dealt with his political enemies, Hitler moved against his rivals in the party, principally those allied with Ernst Röhm, leader of the Sturmabteilung (known as SA or “brownshirts”) and Gregor Strasser, leader of the Nazi left wing. Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers Gregor Strasser (also Straßer, see ß) ( May 31, 1892 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a Politician of the German Between June 30 and July 2, 1934, these were purged in the so-called Night of the Long Knives. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. With this, Hitler assured the support of the powerful Reichswehr. After the death of Hindenburg, on August 2, there was no one left who could present an effective challenge to Nazi power.

The Nazi Party had been anti-Semitic from the beginning, and shortly after seizing power had attempted a boycott against the Jews (see Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses). After the Nazis came to power in Germany on January 30, 1933, the Nazi leadership decided to stage an economic boycott against the Jews of Germany Official measures against the Jews had been limited by the reluctance of President Hindenburg, but the Nuremberg Laws, proclaimed by Hitler at the 1935 Nazi rally in Nuremberg, provided a legal basis for systematic persecution. The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. Visible signs of anti-Semitism were removed during the 1936 Summer Olympics, but replaced shortly thereafter. The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, an International Multi-sport event which was held in 1936 in Berlin

Foreign reaction

The British Conservative party and the right-wing parties in France appeased the Nazi regime in the mid- and late-1930s, even though they had begun to criticise its totalitarianism and, in Britain especially, Nazi Germany’s policies towards the Jews. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private However, Britain had appeased pre-Nazi Germany too. Important reasons behind this appeasement included, first, the erroneous assumption that Hitler had no desire to precipitate another world war, even though in Mein Kampf, he explained the party’s program to the voters in detail, describing World War I very much as he actually fought it (overtly and explicitly committing himself to World War II in precise detail) and second, when the rebirth of the German military could no longer be ignored, a concern that neither Britain nor France was yet ready to fight an all-out war against Germany.

The second reason, that the West was not ready for war with Germany is, as Churchill pointed out, unsatisfactory, for the appeasement program worsened that problem, for example by removing Czechoslovakia’s resources from the anti Nazi side, and adding them to the Nazi side. As Churchill said of appeasement:

You were given the choice between war and dishonor. You chose dishonor, and you will have war. If you will not fight for the right when you can easily win without bloodshed; if you will not fight when your victory will be sure and not too costly, you may come to the moment when you will have to fight with all the odds are against you and only a precarious chance of survival. There may even be a worse case. You may have to fight when there is no hope of victory, because it is better to perish than live as slaves.

In 1936, Nazi Germany and Japan entered into the Anti-Comintern Pact, aimed directly at countering Soviet foreign policy. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Anti-Comintern Pact was concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other countries on November 25, 1936 This alliance later became the basis for the Tripartite Pact with Italy, the foundation of the Axis Powers. The Tripartite Treaty (1906 also refers to a 1906 treaty concerning the Nile river (see Hydropolitics in the Nile Basin. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The three nations united in their rabid opposition to communism, as well as their militaristic, racist regimes, but they failed to coordinate their military efforts effectively.

In his early years, Hitler also greatly admired the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Mein Kampf, he praised the United States for its race-based anti-immigration laws and for the subordination of the “inferior” black population. Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. According to Hitler, America was a successful nation because it kept itself “pure” of “lesser races”. Nevertheless, his view of the United States became more negative as time passed.

World War Two

The Nazi rulers of Germany began World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 and conquered most of Western Europe except for the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including On June 22, 1941, they invaded the Soviet Union and came close to capturing Moscow in December 1941. However, its fortunes in the war declined by late 1942 and early 1943 when the Western Allies defeated Nazi forces at Stalingrad and at both El-Alamein and Tunisia in North Africa.

The Nazi regime in Germany ended with World War II in 1945, when the party was declared a criminal organisation by the victorious Allied Powers. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Since 1945, Nazism has been outlawed as a political ideology in Germany, as are forms of iconography and propaganda from the Nazi era. Nevertheless, neo-Nazis continue to operate in Germany and several other countries. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Following World War II and the Holocaust, the term Nazi and symbols associated with Nazism (such as the Swastika) acquired extremely negative connotations in Europe and North America. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is

Ideology

Nazism has come to stand for a belief in the superiority of an Aryan race, an abstraction of the Germanic peoples. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The " Aryan race " is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries During Hitler’s time, the Nazis advocated a strong, centralized government under the Führer and claimed to defend Germany and the German people (including those of German ethnicity abroad) against Communism and so-called Jewish subversion. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Ultimately, the Nazis sought to create a largely homogeneous and autarkic ethnic state, absorbing the ideas of Pan-Germanism. An autarky is an economy that is self-sufficient and does not take part in International trade, or severely limits trade with the outside world Pan-Germanism (Pangermanismus or Alldeutsche Bewegung was a political movement of the 19th century aiming for unity of the German -speaking peoples of Europe

Historians often disagree on the principal interests of the Nazi Party and whether Nazism can be considered a coherent ideology. The original National Socialists claimed that there would be no program that would bind them, and that they wanted to reject any established world view. Still, as Hitler played a major role in the development of the Nazi Party from its early stages and rose to become the movement’s indisputable iconographic figurehead, much of what is thought to be “Nazism” is in line with Hitler’s own political beliefs — the ideology and the man remain largely interchangeable in the public eye. Historians and biographers note some difficulty in attributing the political beliefs of Adolf Hitler. Some dispute whether Hitler’s views relate directly to those surrounding the movement; the problem is exacerbated by the inability of various self-proclaimed Nazis and Nazi groups to decide on a universal ideology. But if Nazism is the world view promulgated in Mein Kampf, that world view is consistent and coherent, being characterized essentially by a conception of history as a race struggle; the Führerprinzip; anti-Semitism; and the need to acquire Lebensraum (living space) at the expense of the Soviet Union ^[31]. The, German for "leader principle" prescribes a system with a hierarchy of leaders that resembles a military structure Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility ( German for " habitat " or literally "living space" served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany 's territorial aggression The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The core concept of Nazism is that the German Volk is under attack from a judeo-bolshevist conspiracy^[31], and must become united, disciplined and self sacrificing (must submit to Nazi leadership) in order to win. See also Folk (disambiguation, Volk (disambiguation Folk is one of the Germanic roots that mean "(of the people" or "our

Hitler's political beliefs were formulated in Mein Kampf. Historians and biographers note some difficulty in attributing the political beliefs of Adolf Hitler. Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. His views were composed of three main axes: a conception of history as a race struggle influenced by social darwinism; antisemitism and the idea that Germany needed to acquire land from Russia. Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending His antisemitism, coupled with his anti-Communism, gave the grounds of his conspiracy theory of “judeo-bolshevism”. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment Jewish Bolshevism, Judeo-Bolshevism, Judeo-Communism, or in Polish Żydokomuna, is a Pejorative Antisemitic expression ^[31] Hitler first began to develop his views through observations he made while living in Vienna from 1907 to 1913. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. He concluded that a racial, religious, and cultural hierarchy existed, and he placed “Aryans” at the top as the ultimate superior race, while Jews and “Gypsies” were people at the bottom. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins He vaguely examined and questioned the policies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, where as a citizen by birth, Hitler lived during the Empire’s last throes. He believed that its ethnic and linguistic diversity had weakened the Empire and helped to create dissent. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Further, he saw democracy as a destabilizing force because it placed power in the hands of ethnic minorities who, he claimed, “weakened and destabilized” the Empire by dividing it against itself. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Hitler’s political beliefs were then affected by World War I and the 1917 October Revolution, and saw some modifications between 1920 and 1923. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution He formulated them definitively in Mein Kampf. ^[32]

Fascism

Further information: Fascism and ideology

In both popular thought and academic scholarship, Nazism is generally considered a form of fascism — a term whose definition is itself contentious. There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology. The position of fascism on the political spectrum is a point of contention Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The debate focuses mainly on comparisons of fascist movements in general with the Italian prototype, including the fascists in Germany. The idea mentioned above to reject all former ideas and ideologies like democracy, liberalism, and especially marxism (as in Ernst Nolte^[33]) make it difficult to track down a perfect definition of these two terms; however, Italian Fascists tended to believe that all elements in society should be unified through corporatism to form an “Organic State”; this meant that these Fascists often had no strong opinion on the question of race, since it was only the state and nation that mattered. Ernst Nolte (born 11 January 1923) is a German Historian and Philosopher, whose primary interest is the comparative study of Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered

German Nazism, on the other hand, emphasized the Aryan race or “Volk” principle to the point where the state seemed simply a means through which the Aryan race could realize its “true destiny”. See also Folk (disambiguation, Volk (disambiguation Folk is one of the Germanic roots that mean "(of the people" or "our Since a debate among historians (especially Zeev Sternhell) to see each movement, or at least the German one, as unique, the issue has been for the most part settled, showing that there is a stronger family resemblance between the Italian and the German fascist movement than there is between democracies in Europe or the communist states of the Cold War;^[34] additionally, the crimes of the fascist movement can be compared, not only in numbers of casualties, but also in common developments: the March on Rome of Mussolini to Hitler’s response shortly after to attempt a coup d'etat himself in Munich. Zeev Sternhell (born 1935 is an Israeli historian and one of the world's leading experts on Fascism. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The March on Rome ( Marcia su Roma) was a Coup d'état by which Mussolini 's National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany.

Also, Aryanism was not an attractive idea for Italians who were seen as a non-Nordic population, but still there was a strong racism and also genocide in concentration camps long before either was in place in Germany. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial ^[35] The philosophy that had seemed to be separating both fascisms was shown to be a result of happening in two different countries: since the king of Italy had not died, unlike the Reichspräsident, the leader in Italy (Duce) was not able to gain the absolute power the leader in Germany (Führer) did, leading to Mussolini’s fall. The academic challenge to separate all fascist movements has since the 1980s and early 1990s been ground for a new attempt to see even more similarities.

According to most scholars of fascism, there are both left and right influences on fascism as a social movement, but fascism, especially once in power, has historically attracted support primarily from the political right, especially the "far right" or "extreme right. "^[36]

Nationalism

Hitler founded the Nazi state upon a racially defined “German people” and principally rejected the idea of being bound by the limits of nationalism. ^[37] That was only a means for attempting unlimited supremacy. In that sense, its hyper-nationalism was tolerated to reach a world-dominating Germanic-Aryan Volksgemeinschaft. This idea is a central concept of Mein Kampf, symbolized by the motto Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer (one people, one empire, one leader). The Nazi relationship between the Volk and the state was called the Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community), a late nineteenth or early twentieth century neologism that defined a communal duty of citizens in service to the Reich (as opposed to a simple society). Volksgemeinschaft is a German expression meaning "people's community" A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions The term “National Socialism” derives from this citizen-nation relationship, whereby the term socialism is invoked and is meant to be realized through the common duty of the individuals to the German people; all actions are to be in service of the Reich. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The Nazis stated that their goal was to bring forth a nation-state as the locus and embodiment of the people’s collective will, bound by the Volksgemeinschaft, as both an ideal and an operating instrument. In comparison, traditional socialist ideologies oppose the idea of nations.

Militarism

Nazi rationale invested heavily in the militarist belief that great nations grow from military power and maintained order, which in turn grow “naturally” from “rational, civilized cultures”. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or The Nazi Party appealed to German nationalists and national pride, capitalizing on irredentist and revanchist sentiments as well as aversions to various aspects of modernist thinking (although at the same time embracing other modernist ideas, such as admiration for engine power). Irredentism is any position advocating Annexation of territories administered by another State on the grounds of common Ethnicity or prior historical possession Revanchism (from French revanche " Revenge " is a term used since the 1870s to describe a political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Many ethnic Germans felt deeply committed to the goal of creating the Greater Germany (the old dream to include German-speaking Austria), which some believe required the use of military force to achieve. Großdeutschland ( German for "Greater Germany" or "Large Germany" is a term referring to the concept of one German Nation-state

Racism and discrimination

Further information: Nazism and race & Racial policy of Nazi Germany

The Nazi racial philosophy was influenced by the works of Arthur de Gobineau, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, and Madison Grant, and wholly embraced Alfred Rosenberg’s Aryan Invasion Theory. Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race The racial policy of Nazi Germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the so-called " Aryan race " and Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French Aristocrat, novelist and man of Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British -born author of books on political philosophy natural Madison Grant ( November 19, 1865 &ndash May 30, 1937) was an American Lawyer, known primarily for his work as a (12 January 1893 16 October 1946 was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi Party. The theory traced Aryan peoples in ancient Iran invading the Indus Valley Civilization, and carrying with them great knowledge and science that had been preserved from the antediluvian world. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The word antediluvian (synPrediluvian ( Latin for "before the deluge") is used to describe a period of time that preceded the Great Flood This “antediluvian world” referred to Thule, the speculative pre-Flood/Ice Age origin of the Aryan race, and is often tied to ideas of Atlantis. Thule (ˈθuːli; Greek Θούλη Thoulē; also called Thile, Tile, Tilla, Toolee, or Tylen) is in Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues Several of the founders and subsequent leadership of the Nazi Party had been associates — and very occasionally members — of the Thule-Gesellschaft (the Thule Society), which romanticized the Aryan race through theology and ritual. The Thule Society (Thule-Gesellschaft originally the Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum 'Study Group for Germanic Antiquity' was a German Occultist ^[38]

Hitler also claimed that a nation was the highest creation of a “race”, and “great nations” (literally large nations) were the creation of homogeneous populations of “great races” working together. These nations developed cultures that naturally grew from “races” with “natural good health, and aggressive, intelligent, courageous traits”. The “weakest nations”, Hitler said, were those of “impure” or “mongrel races”, because they had divided, quarreling, and therefore weak cultures. Worst of all were seen to be the parasitic “Untermensch” (“subhumans”), mainly Jews, but also Gypsies and Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, the disabled and so-called anti-socials, all of whom were considered “lebensunwertes Leben” (“life-unworthy life”) owing to their perceived deficiency and inferiority, as well as their wandering, nationless invasions (“the International Jew”). Untermensch ( German for under man, sub-man, sub-human; plural Untermenschen is a term from Nazi racial Ideology Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination "Life unworthy of life" (in German: "Lebens unwertes Leben") was a Nazi designation for the segments of populace that according to The persecution of homosexuals as part of the Holocaust (with the pink triangle) has seen increasing scholarly attention since the 1990s, even though many homosexuals served in the Sturmabteilungen. After World War I, in the period known as the Weimar Republic, gay men in Germany, especially in Berlin, enjoyed more freedom and acceptance The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The pink triangle (Rosa Winkel was one of the Nazi concentration camp badges, used by the Nazis to identify male prisoners in concentration camps

According to Nazism, it is an obvious mistake to permit or encourage plurality within a nation. Fundamental to the Nazi goal was the unification of all German-speaking peoples, “unjustly” divided into different Nation States. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy The Nazis tried to recruit Dutch and Scandinavian men into the SS, considering them of superior “Germanic” stock, with only limited success. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the

Hitler claimed that nations that could not defend their territory did not deserve it. He thought “slave races”, like the Slavic peoples, to be less worthy to exist than “leader races”. The master race ( German: die Herrenrasse) is a concept in Nazi Ideology, which holds that the Germanic and Nordic In particular, if a master race should require room to live (“Lebensraum”), he thought such a race should have the right to displace the inferior indigenous races. ( German for " habitat " or literally "living space" served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany 's territorial aggression The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical

“Races without homelands”, Hitler proclaimed, were “parasitic races”, and the richer the members of a parasitic race were, the more virulent the parasitism was said to be. A master race could therefore, according to the Nazi doctrine, easily strengthen itself by eliminating parasitic races from its homeland. This idea was the given rationalization for the Nazis’ later oppression and elimination of Jews, Gypsies, Czechs, Poles, the mentally and physically handicapped, homosexuals and others not belonging to these groups or categories that were part of the Holocaust. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The Waffen-SS and other German soldiers (including parts of the Wehrmacht), as well as civilian paramilitary groups in occupied territories, were responsible for the deaths of an estimated eleven million men, women, and children in concentration camps, prisoner-of-war camps, labor camps, and death camps such as Auschwitz and Treblinka. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Treblinka II was a German Extermination camp in occupied Poland during World War II.

Eugenics

Main article: Nazi eugenics

The belief in the need to purify the German race led them to eugenics; this effort culminated in the involuntary euthanasia of disabled people and the compulsory sterilization of people with mental deficiencies or illnesses perceived as hereditary. Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany 's race-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through Eugenics at the center of their Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner Compulsory sterilization programs are government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical sterilization. Adolf Hitler considered Sparta to be the first “Völkisch State”, and praised its early eugenics treatment of deformed children. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention ^[39][40]

Antisemitism

According to Nazi propaganda, the Jews thrived on fomenting division amongst Germans and amongst states. Nazi antisemitism was primarily racial: “The Jew is the enemy and destroyer of the purity of blood, the conscious destroyer of our race;” however, the Jews were also described as plutocrats exploiting the worker: “As socialists we are opponents of the Jews because we see in the Hebrews the incarnation of capitalism, of the misuse of the nation’s goods. ”^[41] In addition, the Nazis articulated opposition to finance capitalism with an emphasis on antisemitic claims that this was manipulated by a conspiracy of Jewish bankers. Finance capitalism is a term in Marxian Political economics defined as the subordination of processes of Production to the accumulation of Money ^[42]

Homosexuality

Main article: History of homosexual people in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust

An estimated 100,000 homosexuals were arrested after Hitler’s rise to power in the 1930s. After World War I, in the period known as the Weimar Republic, gay men in Germany, especially in Berlin, enjoyed more freedom and acceptance Of those, 50,000 were suspected to be incarcerated in concentration camps, making for 5,000 to 15,000 deaths. According to Harry Oosterhuis, the Nazis’ original view toward homosexuality was at least ambiguous if not openly tolerant or even approving, with homosexuality common in the Sturmabteilung(SA) which was critical to Hitler as the paramilitary arm of the NSDAP. The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 ^[43] Thus, the eventual arrests of homosexuals should not be viewed in the context of “race hygiene” or eugenics. Völkisch-nationalist youth movements attracted homosexuals because of the preaching of Männerbund (male bonding); in practice, Oosterhuis says, this meant that the persecution of homosexuals was more politically motivated or opportunistic than anything else. ^[44] For example, the homosexuality of Ernst Röhm and other leaders of the Sturmabteilung was well known for years and became the basis for satire and jokes, including in the Army, which was highly suspicious and resentful of the SA’s power and size. Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder ^[45] Röhm was killed chiefly because he was perceived as a political threat, not for his homosexuality. Indeed, it was only after the murder of Roehm that the Nazis publicly expressed concern about the depraved morals of Roehm and the other S. A. leaders who were shot. …Hitler in addressing the surviving storm troop leaders in Munich at noon on June 30, just after the first executions, declared that for their corrupt morals alone these men deserved to die. ^[46]

Once in power, Nazism declared itself incompatible with homosexuality, because gays did not reproduce and perpetuate the master race. In 1936, Heinrich Himmler, Chief of the SS, created the "Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. " Homosexuality was declared contrary to "wholesome popular sentiment,"^[47] and gay men were regarded as "defilers of German blood. " Homosexuals were persecuted for their sexuality. When they were prisoners in a concentration camp, they were forced to wear a pink triangle. The pink triangle (Rosa Winkel was one of the Nazi concentration camp badges, used by the Nazis to identify male prisoners in concentration camps ^[48]

Religion

Further information: Religious aspects of Nazism, Religion in Nazi Germany, and Positive Christianity

Hitler extended his rationalizations into a religious doctrine, underpinned by his criticism of traditional Catholicism. Historians political scientists and even philosophers have studied Nazism with a specific focus on its Religious or semi-religious aspects This article gives an overview about Religion in Nazi Germany and the Nazis ' complex and sometimes contradictory relationship with religion Positive Christianity ( German: Positives Christentum is a term adopted by Nazi leaders to refer to a model of Christianity consistent with Nazism A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos In particular, and closely related to Positive Christianity, Hitler objected to Catholicism’s ungrounded and international character — that is, it did not pertain to an exclusive race and national culture. Positive Christianity ( German: Positives Christentum is a term adopted by Nazi leaders to refer to a model of Christianity consistent with Nazism At the same time, and somewhat contradictorily, the Nazis combined elements of Germany’s Lutheran community tradition with its northern European, organic pagan past. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Organic describes forms methods and patterns found in living systems such as the organisation of cells, to Populations communities, and Ecosystems Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Elements of militarism found their way into Hitler’s own theology; he preached that his was a “true” or “master” religion, because it would “create mastery” and avoid comforting lies. Those who preached love and tolerance, “in contravention to the facts”, were said to be “slave” or “false” religions. Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. The man who recognized these “truths”, Hitler continued, was said to be a “natural leader”, and those who denied it were said to be “natural slaves”. “Slaves” — especially intelligent ones, he claimed — were always attempting to hinder their masters by promoting false religious and political doctrines.

Anti-clericalism can also be interpreted as part of Nazi ideology, simply because the new Nazi hierarchy did not allow itself to be overridden by the power that the Church traditionally held. In Austria, clerics had a powerful role in politics and ultimately responded to the Vatican. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Although a few exceptions exist, Christian persecution was primarily limited to those who refused to accommodate the new regime and yield to its power. The persecution of Christians refers to the Religious persecution of Christians both historically and in the current era A particularly poignant example is seen in the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Dietrich Bonhoeffer ˈdiːtrɪç ˈboːnhøfɐ ( February 4, 1906 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran However, the Nazis often used the church to justify their stance and included many Christian symbols in the Third Reich ^[49].

Volkism was inherently hostile toward atheism: freethinkers clashed frequently with Nazis in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" On taking power, Hitler banned freethought organizations (such as the German Freethinkers League) and launched an “anti-godless” movement. The German Freethinkers League ('Deutscher Freidenkerbund' was an organisation founded in 1881 by the Philosopher, Physiologist and Physician In a 1933 speech he declared: “We have… undertaken the fight against the atheistic movement, and that not merely with a few theoretical declarations: we have stamped it out. ” This forthright hostility was far more straightforward than the Nazis’ complex, often contradictory stance toward traditional Christian faith. ^[50]

The prevailing scholarly view^[51] since the Second World War is that Martin Luther’s 1543 treatise, On the Jews and their Lies, exercised a major and persistent influence on Germany’s attitude toward its Jewish citizens in the centuries between the Reformation and the Holocaust . World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen in modern spelling de ''Von den Juden und ihren Lügen'' is a 65000-word treatise written by German Reformation The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The National Socialists displayed On the Jews and their Lies during Nuremberg rallies, and the city of Nuremberg presented a first edition to Julius Streicher, editor of the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer, the newspaper describing it as the most radically antisemitic tract ever published. The Nuremberg Rally (officially Reichsparteitag, meaning national party convention was the annual rally of the NSDAP (Nazi Party in the years 1923 to 1938 in Julius Streicher ( February 12, 1885 &ndash October 16, 1946) was a prominent Nazi prior to World War II. Der Stürmer (literally "The Stormer" more accurately "The Attacker" was a weekly Nazi Newspaper published by Julius Streicher ^[52] Against the majority view, theologian Johannes Wallmann writes that the treatise had no continuity of influence in Germany, and was in fact largely ignored during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ^[53]

According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Martin Luther’s writings shortly after the Kristallnacht; Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, “On November 10, 1938, on Luther’s birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born 1959 is an American political scientist and former Associate Professor of Political Science and Social Studies at Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 ” The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words “of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews. ”^[54] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that On the Jews and Their Lies was a “blueprint” for the Kristallnacht. Diarmaid Ninian John MacCulloch (born 31 October 1951, in Kent, England) is Professor of the History of the Church in the University of ^[55]

Anti-capitalist rhetoric

Nazi publications and speeches included anti-capitalist (especially anti-finance capitalist) rhetoric. Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Finance capitalism is a term in Marxian Political economics defined as the subordination of processes of Production to the accumulation of Money ^[56] Hitler attacked what he called “pluto-democracy,” which he claimed to be a Jewish conspiracy to favor democratic parties in order to keep capitalism intact. A Conspiracy is defined by law as an agreement by two or more persons to commit a crime fraud or other wrongful act ^[57] The “corporation” was attacked by orthodox Nazis as being the leading instrument of finance capitalism, with the role of Jews emphasized. ^[58] The National Socialist party described itself as socialist, and, at the time, conservative opponents such as the Industrial Employers Association described it as “totalitarian, terrorist, conspiratorial, and socialist. ”^[59]

The Nazi Party’s 1920 “Twenty-Five Point Programme” demanded:

…that the State shall make it its primary duty to provide a livelihood for its citizens… the abolition of all incomes unearned by work… the ruthless confiscation of all war profits… the nationalization of all businesses which have been formed into corporations… profit-sharing in large enterprises… extensive development of insurance for old-age… land reform suitable to our national requirements…^[60]

Nazi Party officials made several attempts in the 1920s to change some of the program or replace it entirely. The National Socialist Program, also referred to as the 25-point program or 25-point plan was developed to formulate the party policies of first the Austrian German The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 In 1924, Gottfried Feder proposed a new 39-point program that kept some of the old planks, replaced others and added many completely new ones. Gottfried Feder ( 27 January 1883 – 24 September 1941) was an economist and one of the early key members of the Nazi party. ^[61] Hitler did not mention any of the planks of the programme in his book, Mein Kampf, and he only mentioned it in passing as “the so-called programme of the movement”. ^[62]

Hitler said in 1927, “We are socialists, we are enemies of today’s capitalistic economic system for the exploitation of the economically weak, with its unfair salaries, with its unseemly evaluation of a human being according to wealth and property instead of responsibility and performance. ”^[63] However, Hitler wrote in 1930, “Our adopted term 'Socialist' has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism. Marxism is anti-property; true Socialism is not. ”^[64] In a confidential 1931 interview, Hitler told the influential editor of a pro-business newspaper, “I want everyone to keep what he has earned subject to the principle that the good of the community takes priority over that of the individual. But the State should retain control; every owner should feel himself to be an agent of the State… The Third Reich will always retain the right to control property owners. ”^[65] Party spokesman Joseph Goebbels claimed in 1932 that the Nazi Party was a “workers’ party” and “on the side of labor and against finance”. Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation ˈɡœbəls English generally ˈɡɝbəlz (29 October 1897 1 May 1945 was a German politician and Reich Minister of Public ^[41] According to Friedrich Hayek, writing in 1944, “whatever may have been his reasons, Hitler thought it expedient to declare in one of his public speeches as late as February 1941 that ‘basically National Socialism and Marxism are the same. Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist ’ ”^[66] Privately, Hitler stated in 1942, “I absolutely insist on protecting private property… we must encourage private initiative”. ^[67]

Ideological roots

The ideological roots that became German National Socialism were based on numerous sources in European history, drawing especially from Romantic nineteenth century idealism, and from a biological reading of Friedrich Nietzsche’s thoughts on “breeding upwards” toward the goal of an Übermensch (“superhuman”). Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist The Übermensch ( German; English: Overman, Superman) is a Concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Hitler was an avid reader and received ideas that later influenced Nazism from traceable publications, such as those of the Germanenorden or the Thule society. Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an Esoteric nature pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels He also adopted many populist ideas such as limiting profits, abolishing rents and generously increasing social benefits—but only for Germans.

The Nordic myth has been attributed to an inferiority complex. An inferiority complex, in the fields of Psychology and Psychoanalysis, is a feeling that one is inferior to others in some way Phillip Wayne Powell claimed that the Nordic myth began to arise “in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, a powerful surge of German patriotism was stimulated by the disdain of Italians for German cultural inferiority and barbarism, which lead to a counterattempt by German humanists to laud German qualities. ”^[68]

M. W. Fodor claimed in The Nation in 1936, “No race has suffered so much from an inferiority complex as has the German. National Socialism was a kind of Coué method of converting the inferiority complex, at least temporarily, into a feeling of superiority”. Émile Coué ( February 26, 1857, Troyes, France &ndash July 2, 1926, Nancy) was a French ^[69]

Romanticism

According to Bertrand Russell, Nazism would come from a different tradition than that of either Liberalism or Marxism. Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian Thus, to understand values of Nazism, it would be necessary to explore this connection, without trivializing the movement as it was in its peak years in the 1930s and dismissing it as little more than racism.

Antisemitism was shown to be a handy tool for Nazis to gain support, mainly because of the popular Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British -born author of books on political philosophy natural ^[70] Personal accounts by August Kubizek, Hitler’s childhood friend, have varied, offering ambiguous claims that antisemitism did and did not date back to Hitler’s youth. August (Gustl Kubizek ( 3 August 1888 Linz &ndash 23 October 1956 Eferding) was a close friend of Adolf Hitler when both were in ^[71] One reason is the higher Jewish community in Austria and Germany because Germany had been a haven for many Jews over the years, including influential families such as the Rothschilds, although World War I and the Dolchstosslegende ended that legacy. The Rothschild family (often referred to simply as the Rothschilds) is an international Banking and Finance Dynasty of German Anti-Judaism had already been widely transformed into antisemitism before 1914 because of the new Europe-wide post-Darwin theory of racism. Anti-Judaism has been called "a total or partial opposition to Judaism &mdashand to Jews as adherents of it&mdashby persons who accept a competing system Historians universally accept that Nazism’s mass acceptance depended upon nationalistic appeals and fear against “non-normal people” (which also could include xenophobia and antisemitism) and a patriotic flattery toward the wounded collective pride of defeated World War I veterans. Xenophobia is an intense and/or irrational dislike and sometimes fear of people from other countries

Many see strong connections to the values of Nazism and the anti-rationalist tradition of the romantic movement of the early nineteenth century in response to the Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Strength, passion, frank declarations of feelings, and deep devotion to family and community were valued by the Nazis though first expressed by many Romantic artists, musicians, and writers. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms German romanticism in particular expressed these values. For the general context see Romanticism. In the Philosophy, Art, and Culture of German -speaking countries German Romanticism For instance, Hitler identified closely with the music of Richard Wagner, who harbored antisemitic views as the author of Das Judenthum in der Musik. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. "Das Judenthum in der Musik" ( German, "Jewishness in Music" but normally translated Judaism in Music) (in German spelled after its first publication Some claim that he was one of Hitler’s role models, a comment of Kubizek’s that is also disputed.

The idealization of tradition, folklore, classical thought, leadership (as exemplified by Frederick the Great), their rejection of the liberalism of the Weimar Republic, and calling the German state the “Third Reich” (which traces back to the medieval First Reich and the pre-Weimar Second Reich) has led many to regard the Nazis as reactionary. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return

Mysticism

Nazi occultism is a term used to describe a philosophical undercurrent of Nazism that denotes the combination of Nazism with Germanic mysticism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. The Thule Society (Thule-Gesellschaft originally the Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum 'Study Group for Germanic Antiquity' was a German Occultist This article describes speculative theories about Nazism Semi-religious developments within post-1945 Nazism are discussed under the term Neo-völkisch movements. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an Esoteric nature pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels For the denial and distortion of well-established historical facts see Historical revisionism (negationism. Paranormal is an Umbrella term used to describe unusual Phenomena or experiences that lack an obvious Scientific explanation The Germanenorden and its offshoot, the Thule Society, were esoteric secret societies which, while only a small part of the völkisch movement, led into the Nazi party. Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an Esoteric nature pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels The Thule Society (Thule-Gesellschaft originally the Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum 'Study Group for Germanic Antiquity' was a German Occultist Secret society is a term used to describe a variety of organizations The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" ^[71]

Dietrich Eckart, an associate of the Thule Society, coached Hitler on his public speaking skills, and Hitler later dedicated Mein Kampf to him. Dietrich Eckart ( 23 March 1868 - 26 December 1923) was a German politician one of the important early members of the National Socialist Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured deliberate manner intended to inform influence or entertain the listeners However, Hitler himself has not been shown to have been a member of the Thule Society or even to have attended its meetings. The DAP initially received support from the group, but the Thulists were quickly sidelined because Hitler favoured a mass movement and denigrated the occult-conspiratorial approach. ^[72]

Heinrich Himmler, by contrast, showed a strong interest in such matters, although as Steigmann-Gall points out, Hitler and many of his key associates were devout Christians. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. ^[73]

Ideological variants

Nazism as a doctrine is far from homogeneous, and can be divided into at least two sub-ideologies. During the 1920s and 1930s, there were two dominant Nazi factions; the followers of Otto Strasser and the followers of Adolf Hitler. Otto Johann Maximilian Strasser ( September 10 1897 – August 27 1974) was a German politician and ' Left-wing ' member of Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Strasserite faction eventually fell afoul of Hitler, when Otto Strasser was expelled from the party in 1930, and his attempt to create an oppositional left-block in the form of the Black Front failed. Strasserism refers to the strand of Nazism and Neo-Nazism that called for a more radical mass-action and worker-based form of fascism particularly hostile to For the Dutch fascist group see Black Front (Netherlands. The Black Front (formally known as the Union of Revolutionary National Socialists The remainder of the faction, which was to be found mainly in the ranks of the SA, was purged in the Night of the Long Knives, which included the murder of Gregor Strasser, Otto’s brother. The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July Gregor Strasser (also Straßer, see ß) ( May 31, 1892 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a Politician of the German Afterwards, the Hitlerite faction became dominant. In the post-World War II era, Strasserism has enjoyed something of a revival among many neo-Nazi groups. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism,

List of elements of the Nazi ideology

• The National Socialist Program
• The rejection of democracy, and consequently abolishing political parties, labour unions, and free press. The National Socialist Program, also referred to as the 25-point program or 25-point plan was developed to formulate the party policies of first the Austrian German Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Freedom Constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to freedom of the press
  • Führerprinzip (Leader Principle) as a total belief in the leader (responsibility up the ranks, and authority down the ranks)
• Extreme Nationalism
  • Anti-Bolshevism
  • Strong show of local culture
  • Social Darwinism
  • Defense of “Blood and Soil” (German: Blut und Boden)
  • The Lebensraum policy of creation of more living space for Germans in the east
• Nazism and race, Racial policies of the Third Reich and Nazi eugenics:
  • Anti-Slavism
  • Antisemitism
  • The creation of a Herrenrasse (or Herrenvolk) (Master Race = by the Lebensborn (Fountain of Life; A department in the Third Reich)). The, German for "leader principle" prescribes a system with a hierarchy of leaders that resembles a military structure The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies Blood and Soil (translating the German Blut und Boden) refers to the Ideology focussing on a concept of Ethnicity based on Descent ( Blood The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. ( German for " habitat " or literally "living space" served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany 's territorial aggression Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race The racial policy of Nazi Germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the so-called " Aryan race " and Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany 's race-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through Eugenics at the center of their Anti-Slavism, also known as Slavophobia, a form of Racism or Xenophobia, refers to various negative attitudes towards Slavic peoples, most Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The master race ( German: die Herrenrasse) is a concept in Nazi Ideology, which holds that the Germanic and Nordic Lebensborn ( Fount of Life, in Old German) was a Nazi organization set up by SS leader Heinrich Himmler, which provided
  • Aryan Supremacism; more specifically, ranking of individuals according to their race and racial purity, with the Nordic race favoured the most
• Limited freedom of religion (Point #24 in the National Socialist Program)
• Rejection of the modern art movement and an embrace of classical art
• Association with Fascism or Totalitarianism^[74]
• Animal welfare, see Animal welfare in Nazi Germany
• Environmentalism^[75][76][77]: In June 1935, the Reichsnaturschutzgesetz (Reich Nature Protection Law) was enacted. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Supremacism is the belief that a particular race, Religion, Gender, belief system or Culture is superior to others and entitles List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that The Nordic race was one of the racial categories into which the Europeans were divided by anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance The National Socialist Program, also referred to as the 25-point program or 25-point plan was developed to formulate the party policies of first the Austrian German History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment There was widespread support for animal welfare in Nazi Germany and the Nazis took several measures to ensure protection of animals Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. It was valid in West Germany till 1976. Some historians have either argued that this law was the symptom of an actual interest of the Nazi regime in the preservation of the natural world, or that it was not a Nazi law at all, but rather the nonideological expression of previous ideas. Others have contested these views, and claim that the Reichsnaturschutzgesetz reflected instead key elements of both progressive preservationism of the 1930s, such as the concepts of natural monuments and nature protection areas, and of Nazism, such as racialism and nationalism. ^[78]
• Kraft durch Freude The well-being of the working classes. Kraft durch Freude ( KdF, literally "Strength through Joy" was a large state-controlled Leisure organization in the Third Reich, a part of the
• Public health^[79] (Anti smoking campaigns, asbestos restrictions, occupational health and safety standards)

Ideological competition

Nazism and communism emerged as two serious contenders for power in Germany after the First World War, particularly as the Weimar Republic became increasingly unstable. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Nazi Germany initiated a strong anti-tobacco movement and led the first public anti- Smoking campaign in Modern history. What became the Nazi movement arose out of resistance to the Bolshevik-inspired insurgencies that occurred in Germany in the aftermath of the First World War. The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused a great deal of excitement and interest in the Leninist version of Marxism and caused many socialists to adopt revolutionary principles. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or The Spartacist uprising in Berlin and the Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919 were both manifestations of this. The Spartacist uprising, also known as the January uprising, was a General strike (and the armed battles accompanying it in Germany from January 5 The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic ( German: Bayerische Räterepublik or Münchner Räterepublik) was The Freikorps, a loosely organized paramilitary group (essentially a militia of former World War I soldiers) was used to crush both these uprisings and many leaders of the Freikorps, including Ernst Röhm, later became leaders in the Nazi Party. The designation of Freikorps ( German for "Free Corps " was originally applied to voluntary armies formed in German lands from the middle of 18th century A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder After Mussolini’s fascists took power in Italy in 1922, fascism presented itself as a realistic option for opposing communism, particularly given Mussolini’s success in crushing the communist and anarchist movements that had destabilized Italy with a wave of strikes and factory occupations after the First World War. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Fascist parties formed in numerous European countries.

Many historians, such as Ian Kershaw and Joachim Fest, argue that Hitler’s Nazis were one of numerous nationalist and increasingly fascistic groups that existed in Germany and contended for leadership of the anti-communist movement and, eventually, of the German state. Sir Ian Kershaw (born April 29 1943 in Oldham, Lancashire, England) is a British Historian, noted for his Joachim Clemens Fest ( December 8, 1926 &ndash September 11, 2006) German historian journalist critic and editor is best known for Further, they assert that fascism and its German variant, National Socialism, became the successful challengers to communism because they were able to both appeal to the establishment as a bulwark against Bolshevism and appeal to the working class base, particularly the growing underclass of unemployed and unemployable and growingly impoverished middle class elements who were becoming declassed (denounced as the lumpenproletariat). Lumpenproletariat (a German word meaning "raggedy proletariat" is a term first defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Nazis’ use of pro-labor rhetoric appealed to those disaffected with capitalism by promoting the limiting of profits, the abolishing of rents and the increasing of social benefits (only for Germans) while simultaneously presenting a political and economic model that divested “Soviet socialism” of elements that were dangerous to capitalism, such as the concept of class struggle, “the dictatorship of the proletariat” or worker control of the means of production. Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the Means Of Production is a compilation of Aim 's early 12" and EP releases recorded between 1995 and 1998 Thus, Nazism’s populism, anti-communism and anti-capitalism helped it become more powerful and popular than traditional conservative parties, like the DNVP. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei DNVP was a national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic For the above reasons, particularly the fact that Nazis and communists fought each other (often violently) during most of their existence, nazism and communism are commonly seen as opposite extremes on the political spectrum. Nevertheless, this view is not without its challengers. Several political theorists and economists, primarily those associated with the Austrian school, argue that nazism, Soviet communism and other totalitarian ideologies share a common underpinning in socialism and collectivism. The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than

The simplicity of Nazi rhetoric, campaigns, and ideology also made its conservative allies underestimate its strength, and its ability to govern or even to last as a political party. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Michael Mann defined fascism as a “transcendent and cleansing nation statism through paramilitarism”, with “transcendent” meaning that the all classes were to be abolished in order for a new, organic and pure people: all classes are abolished by transition, all “others” (an estimated two-thirds of the German population alone^[80]). Michael Mann is the name of Michael Mann (director (born 1943 Hollywood Fats (real name Michael Mann 1954-1986 accomplished ^[81]

Support of anti-communists for fascism and Nazism

Various far right politicians and political parties in Europe welcomed the rise of fascism and the Nazis, out of an intense aversion towards communism. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based They saw Hitler as the savior of Western civilization and of capitalism against Bolshevism. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction During the late 1930s and the 1940s, the Nazis were supported by the Falange movement in Spain, and by political and military figures who formed the government of Vichy France. This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism (LVF) and other anti-Soviet fighting formations formed. The 33 Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS Charlemagne (französische Nr A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia.

Nazi economic policy

Further information: Economics of fascism

Nazi economic practice concerned itself with immediate domestic issues and separately with ideological conceptions of international economics. The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories.

Domestic economic policy was narrowly concerned with four major goals to eliminate Germany’s issues:

• Elimination of unemployment.
• Rapid and substantial rearmament.
• Protection against the resurgence of hyper-inflation
• Expansion of production of consumer goods to improve middle and lower-class living standards.

All of these policy goals were intended to address the perceived shortcomings of the Weimar Republic and to solidify domestic support for the party. In this, the party was successful. Between 1933 and 1936 the German Gross National Product (GNP) increased by an average annual rate of 9. 5%, and the rate for industry alone rose by 17. 2%.

This expansion propelled the German economy out of a deep depression and into full employment in less than four years. In Economics, a depression is a term commonly used for a sustained downturn in one or more national economies Public consumption during the same period increased by 18. 7%, while private consumption increased by 3. 6% annually. According to the historian Richard Evans, prior to the outbreak of war the German “economy had recovered from the Depression faster than its counterparts in other countries. Germany’s foreign debt had been stabilized, interest rates had fallen to half their 1932 level, the stock exchange had recovered from the Depression, the gross national product had risen by 81 per cent over the same period…. Inflation and unemployment had been conquered. ”^[82]

German marriages increased from about 511,000 in 1932 to 611,000 in 1936, while births rose from 921,000 births in 1932 to 1,280,000 in 1936. Suicides committed by young people under 20 dropped by 80% between 1933 and 1939. ^[83]

Internationally, the Nazi Party believed that an international banking cabal was behind the global depression of the 1930s. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money A cabal is a number of people united in some close design usually to promote their private views and interests in a church, State, or other community often Control of this cabal, which had grown to a position where it controlled both Europe and the United States, was identified with an elite and powerful group of Jews. Nevertheless, a number of people believed that this was part of an ongoing plot by the Jewish people, as a whole, to achieve global domination. New World Order refers to a Conspiracy in which a powerful and secretive group is plotting to eventually rule the world via an autonomous World The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which began its circulation in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, were said to have confirmed this, already showing “evidence” that the Bolshevik takeover in Russia was in accordance with one of the protocols. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы Broadly speaking, the existence of large international banking or merchant banking organizations was well known at this time. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Many of these banking organizations were able to exert influence upon nation states by extension or withholding of credit. This influence is not limited to the small states that preceded the creation of the German Empire as a nation state in the 1870s, but is noted in most major histories of all European powers from the sixteenth century onward. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Nevertheless, after the Great Depression, this libelous and unverified manuscript took on an important role in Nazi Germany, thus providing another link in the Nazis ideological motivation for the destruction of that group in the Holocaust.

The Nazis viewed private property rights as conditional upon the mode of use. ^[84] If the property was not being used to further Nazi goals, it could be nationalized. Government takeovers and threats of takeovers were used to encourage complance with government production plans, even if following these plans cost profits for companies. For example, the owner of the Junkers (aircraft) factory refused to follow the government’s directives, whereupon the Nazis took over the plant, placed the owner Hugo Junkers under house arrest, then compensated him for his loss. Hugo Junkers ( 3 February 1859 - 3 February 1935) was an innovative German Engineer, as his many Patents

Central planning of agriculture was a prominent feature. In order to tie farmers to the land, the selling of agricultural land was prohibited. Farm ownership was nominally private, but ownership in the sense of having discretion over operations and claims on residual income were taken away. This was achieved by granting monopoly rights to marketing boards to control production and prices through a quota system. Quotas were also set for industrial goods, including pig iron, steel, aluminum, magnesium, gunpowder, explosives, synthetic rubber, all kinds of fuel, and electricity. A compulsory cartel law was enacted in 1936 which allowed the Minister of Economics to make existing cartels compulsory and permanent and to force industries to form cartels where none existed, though these were eventually decreed out of existence by 1943 with the objective being to replace them with more authoritarian bodies. ^[85]

In place of ordinary profit incentive to guide the economy, investment was guided through regulation to accord to the needs of the State. The profit incentive for business owners was retained, though greatly modified through various profit-fixing schemes: “Fixing of profits, not their suppression, was the official policy of the Nazi party. ” However the function of profit in automatically guiding allocation of investment and unconsciously directing the course of the economy was replaced with economic planning by Nazi government agencies. ^[86] Government financing eventually came to dominate the investment process, which the proportion of private securities issued falling from over half of the total in 1933 and 1934 to approximately 10 percent in 1935–1938. Heavy taxes on business profits limited self-financing of firms. The largest firms were mostly exempt from taxes on profits, however government control of these were extensive enough to leave “only the shell of private ownership. ”

Taxes and subsidies were also used in order to direct the economy. Underlying economic policy was the use of terror as an incentive to agree and comply. Nazi language indicated death or concentration camp for any business owner who pursued his own self interest instead of the ends of the State. ^[87]

It is often regarded that businesses were private property in name but not in substance. Chritoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner dissent, saying that despite controls by the state firms still had significant freedom in planning their own production and investment activities, though they admit that the economy was state directed. ^[88]

Many companies dealt with the Third Reich: Volkswagen was created by the German state and was heavily supported by the Nazis; Opel employed Jewish slave labour to run their industrial plants; Daimler-Benz used prisoners of war as slaves to run their industrial plants; Krupp made gas chambers; Bayer worked with the Nazis as a small part of the enormous IG Farben chemistry monopoly; and Hugo Boss designed the SS uniforms (and admitted to this in 1997). Adam Opel GmbH (commonly known as Opel) is a German automaker part of General Motors. The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their Steel production and for their manufacture of For other uses see Bayer (disambiguation or Beyer or Buyer. Bayer AG (German ˈbaɪə () is a German IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I Hugo Boss AG is a Fashion house based in Metzingen, Germany, that specializes in high-end menswear apparel There has been some disagreement about whether IBM had dealt with the Nazis to create a cataloguing system, the Hollerith punch-card machines, which the Nazis used to file information on those who they killed. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology ^[89] Some companies that dealt with the Third Reich claim to have not known the truth of what the Nazis were doing, and some foreign companies claimed to have lost control of their German branches when Hitler was in power. ^[90][91]

Types of Nazi supporters

German Nazis: Though Nazi Party membership was carefully regulated (and even closed off at a certain point), many non-affiliated citizens of the Nazi State described themselves as dedicated Nazis. After the war, the most prominent Nazis were convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials, where 21 were executed. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after Party members—even those who were ordinary citizens—experienced a post-war “purge” where they were stripped of property, assets and often forced to abandon their positions. As part of Nazi Germany, Austria also experienced denazification, though this process occurred to a smaller degree only much later. Denazification (Entnazifizierung was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society culture press economy judiciary and politics of any

Foreign supporters: During and prior to World War II, there were numerous people outside of the German Reich who became adherents to the Nazi ideology. Some foreign born ethnic Germans had ventured from their homelands to become citizens of the Nazi State in the pre-war years. This was particularly the case around São Paulo, where people had left in the thousands despite the fact that, at the same time, efforts were being made to draw the Germany-born population into the region. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world Other Nazi supporters, such as William Joyce and the “Lord Haw Haw” cast, took flight from Britain, especially after the downfall of the British Union of Fascists. William Joyce ( 24 April 1906 – 3 January 1946) the man generally associated with the nickname Lord Haw-Haw Lord Haw-Haw was the Nickname of several announcers on the English language Propaganda radio programme Germany Calling, broadcast The British Union of Fascists (BUF was a Political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by a Labour government minister and former MP Similarly, parties supportive of the Nazis had failed to influence their own countries. Some people in the German-American Bund were incarcerated during the war, as were potential Nazi supporters in the U. The German American Bund or German American Federation (German Amerikadeutscher Bund) was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s S.

Post-war Nazis: George Lincoln Rockwell, a former U.S. Navy lieutenant commander, became a prominent Nazi in the 1950s and formed the American Nazi Party. George Lincoln Rockwell ( March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was a Navy Reserve Commander (aviation and founder of the American Nazi The American Nazi Party was an organization formed with the goal of reviving Nazism, this time in the United States of America. Some became admirers or sympathized with the plight of Nazi Germany because they saw it as the defender of Oswald Spengler’s “West”. Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 Blankenburg am Harz &ndash 8 May 1936 Munich) was a German Historian and Philosopher whose The Decline of the West ( The Downfall of the Occident) (Der Untergang des Abendlandes is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler, the first volume From this point of view, the Nazi State was brought to its knees trying to solidify a self-sufficient Europe and ward off the influence of the Soviet Union and the United States, political and otherwise. Spenglerians such as Francis Parker Yockey supported this view, and his magnum opus, Imperium, has sold over twenty thousand copies since 1948. Francis Parker Yockey, ( September 18, 1917 &ndash June 16, 1960) was an American Philosopher and polemicist Imperium The Philosophy of History and Politics is a book by ideologue Francis Parker Yockey (using the pen name Ulick Varange Essentially, Yockey was convinced that Nazi Germany was a step towards Spengler’s Imperium, and during the Cold War, Yockey dedicated his life to promoting a general European rebellion against the overlordship of both the Soviet Union and the United States. Imperium in a broad sense translates as power. In Ancient Rome the concept applied to People, and meant something like "power Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

Esoteric Nazis: Some individuals have been fascinated by National Socialist philosophy in a spiritual or esoteric direction, including: Savitri Devi of France, Julius Evola of Italy, and Miguel Serrano of Chile. Savitri Devi ( September 30, 1905, Lyon, France — October 22, 1982, Essex, England) was the Julius Evola, also known as Baron Giulio Cesare Evola, ( May 19, 1898 &ndash June 11, 1974) was an Italian Philosopher Miguel Serrano (born 10 September 1917) is a retired Chilean diplomat explorer and author of poetry books on spiritual questing and Esoteric Hitlerism Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the

Nazism in popular culture

Further information: Hitler in popular culture & Nazi chic

The term Nazi has become a generic term of abuse in popular culture, as have other Third Reich terms such as Führer (often spelled differently in English-speaking countries). Adolf Hitler ( 20 April 1889 &ndash 30 April 1945) was the Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazi chic refers to the approving use of Nazi -era style imagery and paraphernalia in clothing and popular culture Related terms (such as fascist or Gestapo or Hitler) are sometimes used to describe any people or behaviours that are viewed as thuggish, authoritarian, or extremist. The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany Phrases such as grammar Nazi, feminazi, open source Nazi, and parking enforcement Nazi, are sometimes used in the United States. In Linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used Feminazi is a Pejorative term used to characterize Feminists Popularized by radio Talk-show host Rush Limbaugh, it is used in North America Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge These uses are offensive to some, as indicated by the controversy in the mainstream media over the Seinfeld “Soup Nazi” episode. Seinfeld is an American Situation comedy, or sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5 1989 to May 14 1998 lasting nine seasons "The Soup Nazi" is the title of the 116th episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld, which was the 6th episode of the 7th season These types of terms are used frequently enough to inspire Godwin's Law. Godwin's Law (also known as Godwin's Rule of Nazi Analogies) is an Adage formulated by Mike Godwin in 1990

Some people strongly associate the blackletter typefaces (e. Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 g. Fraktur or Schwabacher) with Nazi propaganda (although the typeface is much older, and its usage was banned by the Nazi German government in 1941). The German word Fraktur () refers to a specific sub-group of Blackletter Typefaces The word derives from the past participle fractus (“broken” The German word Schwabacher (ˈʃvaːˌbaxər refers to a specific Blackletter Typeface. ^{[92] [93]} In films such as the Indiana Jones series, Nazis are often portrayed as villains, whom the heroes battle without mercy. Dr (also Col Henry Walton Jones Jr, better known as Indiana Jones or Indy after his pet dog is a fictional Adventurer, Soldier Video game website IGN declared Nazis to be the most memorable video game villains ever. IGN (abbreviated and formerly known as I magine G ames N etwork is a multimedia news and reviews Website that focuses heavily on Video ^[94] The main antagonists in the manga Hellsing are vampiric Nazis. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly is a Japanese Manga series written and illustrated by Kouta Hirano.

See also

Notes

Further reading

• W. S. Allen (1965). The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1922–1945. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023968-5.  
• Peter Fritzsche (1990). Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505780-5.  
• Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1985). Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke BA ( Bristol) DPhil ( Oxon) is a Professor of Western Esotericism at University of Exeter and author of The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935. The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany 1890-1935 is a book by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-402-4. (Several reprints. Expanded with a new Preface, 2004, I. B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-86064-973-4. )
• ——— (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. Black Sun Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity is a Book by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3124-4. (Paperback, 2003. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4. )
• Victor Klemperer (1947). Victor Klemperer ( 9 October 1881 – 11 February 1960) was a businessman journalist and eventually a Professor of Literature LTI — Lingua Tertii Imperii.
• Ludwig von Mises (1985 [1944]). Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (ˈluːtvɪç fɔn ˈmiːzəs ( September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was an Austrian Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War. Omnipotent Government The Rise of the Total State and Total War is a book by influential Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises first published in 1944 Libertarian Press. ISBN 0-91-088415-3.  
• Robert O. Paxton (2005). Robert Paxton (b 1932) is an American Historian specializing in Vichy France and Europe during the World War II era The Anatomy of Fascism. London: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-14-101432-6.  
• David Redles (2005). Hitler’s Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York: University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7524-1.
• Alfred Sohn-Rethel (1978). Alfred Sohn-Rethel ( January 4, 1899 – April 6, 1990) was a Marxist Economist and Philosopher especially interested Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism. London: CSE Bks. ISBN 0-906336-00-7.  
• Wolfgang Sauer “National Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism?” pages 404–424 from The American Historical Review, Volume 73, Issue #2, December 1967
• Richard Steigmann-Gall (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• List of Adolf Hitler books

External links

• Hitler’s National Socialist Party platform
• Nazi Beliefs
• Blind Obedience: Fuhrerprinzip and Befehlnotstand
• German Propaganda Archive
• NS-Archiv — Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents
• AxisHistory — Information on the Axis countries
• Profits über Alles! American Corporations and Hitler by Jacques R. Pauwels

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