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Nauruan
Ekaiairũ Naoero
Spoken in: Nauru
Total speakers: 6,000
Language family: Austronesian
 Malayo-Polynesian
  Central-Eastern MP
   Eastern MP
    Oceanic
     C-E Oceanic
      Remote Oceanic
       Micronesian
        Nauruan
Language codes
ISO 639-1: na
ISO 639-2: nau
ISO 639-3: nau
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru, is an Island nation in the Micronesian South Pacific. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers The family of Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages is a branch of the Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages. The family of Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (EMP languages is a subgroup of the Central Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages. The Oceanic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, containing approximately 450 languages The over 200 Central-Eastern Oceanic languages form a branch of the Oceanic Language family within the Austronesian languages. The family of Remote Oceanic languages is a subgroup of the Central-Eastern Oceanic languages. The family of Micronesian languages is a branch of the Central-Eastern Oceanic languages. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Nauruan language (dorerin Naoero) is an Austronesian language spoken in Nauru. Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru, is an Island nation in the Micronesian South Pacific. It is estimated that it has 7,000 speakers, approximately 50% of the population. Almost all speakers are bilingual in English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

It is a member of the Micronesian family of Austronesian languages. The family of Micronesian languages is a branch of the Central-Eastern Oceanic languages. Its ISO 639 codes are 'na' and 'nau'. ISO 639 is the set of international standards that lists short codes for Language names Nauruan is a UN recognized language. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Contents

Phonology

Consonants

Nauruan has 16-17 consonant phonemes. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal Nauruan makes phonemic contrasts between velarized and palatalized labial consonants (which are also geminated). In Phonetics, gemination happens when a spoken Consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short Consonant. Velarization is not apparent before long back vowels and palatalization is not apparent before non-low front vowels. [1]

Nauruan Consonants[2]
Bilabial Dental1 Dorsal
palatalized velarized Palatal post-velar labial
Nasal2 mʲ mˠ n ŋ (ŋʷ)
Plosive voiceless pʲ pˠ t k kʷ
voiced bʲ bˠ d g gʷ
Approximant3 ʝ ɣʷ
Rhotic r4 rʲ5
  1. Dental stops /t/ and /d/ become [tʃ] and [dʒ] respectively before high front vowels. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Dorsal consonants are articulated with the mid body of the Tongue (the dorsum Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process Velarization is a Secondary articulation of Consonants by which the back of the Tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth "Lip rounding" redirects here See Roundedness for the lip rounding of vowels A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Rhotic consonants, or "R"-like sounds are non-lateral Liquid consonants This class of sounds is difficult to characterise phonetically though most of them share [3]
  2. Nasals also contrast in length. [4]
  3. The approximants become fricatives in "emphatic pronunciation. " Nathan (1974) transcribes them as <j> and <w> but also remarks that they contrast with the non-syllabic allophones of the high vowels. The Nauruan language ( dorerin Naoero) is an Austronesian language spoken in Nauru.
  4. Depending on stress, /r/ may be a flap or a trill.
  5. The precise phonetic nature of /rʲ/ is unknown. Nathan (1974) transcribes it as <r̵> and speculates that it may pattern like palatalized consonants and be partially devoiced. The Nauruan language ( dorerin Naoero) is an Austronesian language spoken in Nauru.

Between a vowel and word-final /mˠ/, an epinthetical [b] appears. [5]

Vowels

There are 12 phonemic vowels (six long, six short). In addition to the allophony in the following table from Nathan (1974), a number of vowels reduce to [ə]:[6]

Phoneme allophones Phoneme allophones
/ii/ [iː] /uu/ [ɨː ~ uː]
/i/ [ɪ ~ ɨ] /u/ [ɨ ~ u]
/ee/ [eː ~ ɛː] /oo/ [oː ~ ʌ(ː) ~ ɔ(ː)]
/e/ [ɛ ~ ʌ] /o/ [ʌ]
/aa/ [æː] /ɑɑ/ [ɑː]
/a/ [æ ~ ɑ] /ɑ/ [ɑ ~ ʌ]

Non-open vowels (that is, all but /aa/, /a/, /ɑɑ/ /ɑ/) become non-syllabic when preceding another vowel, as in /e-oeeoun/ → [ɛ̃õ̯ɛ̃õ̯ʊn] ('hide'). The Nauruan language ( dorerin Naoero) is an Austronesian language spoken in Nauru. [7]

Stress is on the penultimate syllable when the final syllable ends in a vowel, on the last syllable when it ends in a consonant, and initial with reduplications. [8]

Writing system

In the Nauruan written language, 17 letters were originally used:

The letters c, f, h, l, s, v, x, y and z were not included. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal With the growing influence of foreign languages (most of all German, Tok Pisin and Kiribati) more letters were incorporated into the Nauruan alphabet. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Tok Pisin ( tok means "word" or "speech" as in "talk" pisin means " Pidgin " is a creole spoken throughout Gilbertese or Kiribati (or sometimes Kiribatese, a mixture of both is a Language from the Austronesian family, part of the In addition, phonetic differences of a few vowels arose, so that umlauts and other similar sounding sounds were indicated with a tilde. I-mutation (also known as umlaut, front mutation, i-umlaut, i/j-mutation or i/j-umlaut) is an important type of Sound change The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus

Attempt at language reform of 1938

Native Naurean speakers
Native Naurean speakers

In 1938 there was an attempt by the Nauruan language committee and Timothy Detudamo to make the language easier to read for Europeans and Americans. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Timothy Detudamo (b in Uaboe, d in April 1953 was a Nauruan politician and linguist It was intended to introduce as many diacritical symbols as possible for the different vowel sounds to state the variety of the Nauruan language in writing. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation It was decided to only introduce a grave accent in the place of the former tilde, so that the umlauts "õ" and "ũ" were replaced by "ò" and "ù". The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus The "ã" was substituted with "e".

Further, "y" was introduced in order to differentiate words with the English "j" (e. g. puji). Thus words like ijeiji changed to iyeyi. In addition, "ñ" (which represented the velar nasal) was replaced with "ng", in order to differentiate the Spanish Ñ, "bu" and "qu" were replaced with "bw" and "kw" respectively, "ts" was replaced with "j" (since it represented a pronunciation similar to English "j"), and the "w" written at the end of words was removed. The velar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Ñ (lower case ñ) is a letter of the modern Roman alphabet formed by an N with a diacritical Tilde.

These reforms were only partly carried out: the umlauts "õ" and "ũ" are still written with tildes. However today the letters "ã" and "ñ" are only seldomly used and are replaced with "e" and "ng", as it is prescribed by the reform. Likewise the writing of the double consonants "bw" and "kw" has been implemented. Although the "j" took the place of "ts", certain spellings still use "ts. " For example, the districts Baiti and Ijuw (according to the reform Beiji and Iyu) are still written with the old writing style. Ijuw may refer to Ijuw District Ijuw (village Cape Ijuw The "y" has largely become generally accepted.

Today the following 28 Latin letters are used.

Dialects

According to a report published in 1937 in Sydney, there was a diversity of dialects until Nauru became a colony of Germany in 1888, and until the introduction of publication of the first texts written in Nauruan. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The variations were largely so different that people of various districts often had problems understanding each other completely. |||}There are 14 Districts in the Republic of Nauru. Aiwo Anabar Anetan Anibare With the increasing influence of foreign languages and the increase of Nauruan texts, the dialects blended into a standardized language, which was promoted through dictionaries and translations by Alois Kayser and Philip Delaporte. Alois Kayser ( March 29, 1877 in Lupstein / Alsace – October 21, 1944 in Chuuk) was a German Reverend Philip Adam Delaporte was a German born American Protestant missionary who translated numerous texts from German into Nauruan.

Today there are practically no variations or dialects remaining. Solely in the district of Yaren is there a dialect still spoken, which is only slightly different; the eponymous dialect is spoken in Yaren and the surrounding area. Yaren may refer to Yaren District Yaren Constituency Yaren Ensemble Aylin Yaren

Delaporte's Nauruan Dictionary

In 1907, Philip Delaporte published his pocket German-Nauruan dictionary (http://www.trussel.com/kir/naudel.htm Taschenwörterbuch Deutsch-Nauruisch). Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Reverend Philip Adam Delaporte was a German born American Protestant missionary who translated numerous texts from German into Nauruan. A dictionary is a book of alphabetically listed Words in a specific language with definitions etymologies pronunciations and other information or a book of alphabetically The dictionary is small (10. 5 x 14 cm), with 65 pages devoted to the glossary and an additional dozen to phrases, arranged alphabetically by the German. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Approximately 1650 German words are glossed in Nauruan, often by phrases or synonymous forms. This article is about the literary term For other uses see Gloss (disambiguation. There are some 1300 'unique' Nauruan forms in the glosses, including all those occurring in phrases, and ignoring diacritical marks. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation The accents used there are not common; just one accent (the tilde) is in use today. The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus

Sample text

The following example of text is from the Bible (Genesis, 1. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin 1-1. 8):

1Ñaga ã eitsiõk õrig imim, Gott õrig ianweron me eb. 2Me eitsiõk erig imin ñana bain eat eb, me eko õañan, mi itũr emek animwet ijited, ma Anin Gott õmakamakur animwet ebõk. 3Me Gott ũge, Enim eaõ, me eaõen. 4Me Gott ãt iaõ bwo omo, me Gott õekae iaõ mi itũr. 5Me Gott eij eget iaõ bwa Aran, me E ij eget itũr bwa Anũbũmin. Ma antsiemerin ma antsioran ar eken ũrõr adamonit ibũm. 6Me Gott ũge, Enim tsinime firmament inimaget ebõk, me enim ekae ebõk atsin eat ebõk. 7Me Gott eririñ firmament, mõ õ ekae ebõk ñea ijõñin firmament atsin eat ebõk ñea itũgain firmament, mõ ũgan. 8Me Gott eij egen firmament bwe Ianweron. Ma antsiemerin ma antsioran ar eke ũrõr karabũmit ibũm.

It is notable that the Nauruan vocabulary contains a few German loanwords (e. There are a number of German terms for which there are no useful English equivalents. g. Gott, God; and Firmament, celestial sphere), which is traced back to the strong influence of German missionaries. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. In Astronomy and Navigation, the celestial sphere is an imaginary rotating Sphere of "gigantic Radius " Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. There are also Latin loanwords such as "õrig" (from Lat. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. origo, beginning) that appear.

A few phrases

Nauruan Gloss
Anubumin Night
Aran Day
Bagadugu Ancestors
(E)kamawir Omo Best wishes
Ebok Water
Firmament Earth; celestial sphere
Gott God
Ianweron Heaven
Iao Light
Iow Peace
Itur Darkness
orig Beginning
Tarawong (ka) Goodbye

References

  1. ^ Nathan (1974:481)
  2. ^ Nathan (1974:483)
  3. ^ Nathan (1974:481-482)
  4. ^ Nathan (1974:482-483)
  5. ^ Nathan (1974:481)
  6. ^ Nathan (1974:483)
  7. ^ Nathan (1974:482)
  8. ^ Nathan (1974:483)

Bibliography

External links

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