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Naturism or nudism is a cultural and political movement advocating and defending social nudity in private and in public. A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work A political movement is a Social movement working in the area of Politics. Nudity is the state of wearing no Clothing. The term' "nudity" can also occasionally be used to refer to wearing significantly less clothing than expected Public nudity or nude in public (NIP refers to Nudity not in an entirely private context It may also be a lifestyle based on personal, family and/or social nudism. ^[1][2]

The naturist philosophy has several sources, many of which can be traced back to the health and fitness philosophy in Germany in the early twentieth century, though the concept of returning to nature, and creating equality are also cited as inspiration. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. From Germany the idea spread to England, Canada, the United States and beyond where a network of clubs developed. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The model of German naturism is to promote naturistic family and recreational sports, with the DFK being a member of the German Olympic Sport Federation (DOSB). The Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (DFK is an organization based in Hannover, Germany, founded on November 6 1949 to promote the interests of Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund ( DOSB, German Olympic Sports Confederation was founded on 20 May 2006 by a merger of the Deutscher Sportbund Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund ( DOSB, German Olympic Sports Confederation was founded on 20 May 2006 by a merger of the Deutscher Sportbund French naturism, on the other hand, developed on the basis of large holiday complexes. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Lists of holidays The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries and continents but will usually refer to one of This concept in turn influenced Quebec and then the United States. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk A subsequent development was tourist naturism, where nudist resorts would be built to cater for the nudist tourist, without any local base. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel This concept is most noticeable in the Caribbean. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting

More recently, clothes free beaches and other types of anonymous nudist activities have served those who wish to take part in naturist activities without belonging to any clubs. A nude beach (British English naturist or nudist beach) is a Beach where users are legally at liberty to be nude.

Naturism does not include eroticism and blatant sexuality, although it is sometimes associated with this in the media and the public mind.

Contents 1 Naturism today 2 Types of naturism 2.1 Personal and family nudism 2.2 Social nudism 2.3 Nude beaches 2.4 Nudism in the wild 2.5 Campaigning naturism 3 Philosophy 3.1 Gymnosophy 3.2 Naturist ideals 3.3 Naturism and the Romantics 3.4 Naturism for health 3.5 Naturism and equality 4 History of social nudity 4.1 Historical era 4.2 The spread of philosophy and the rise of formal communities 4.2.1 Germany 4.2.2 France 4.2.3 United Kingdom 4.2.4 United States & Canada 4.2.5 Canada 4.3 Free beaches 4.4 Festival naturism 5 Demographics 6 Economics 7 Issues in social nudity 7.1 Problems for the naturist community 7.2 Naturist and nudist magazines 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 National organisations 12.2 Organization and landed site directories 12.3 Other

Naturism today

The word naturism was used for the first time in 1778 by a French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734-1781), and was advocated as a means of improving the 'l’hygiène de vie' (natural style of life) and health. ^[3][4]

According to the international definition adopted by the XIV Congress of the International Naturist Federation (Agde, 1974), Naturism is:

"a lifestyle in harmony with nature, expressed through social nudity, and characterised by self-respect of people with different opinions and of the environment. The International Naturist Federation (INF or Federation Naturiste Internationale (FNI is the global umbrella Organisation representing official national Naturist Cap d'Agde (kap dagd is the Seaside resort of the town of Agde, France, on the Mediterranean sea in the département of Hérault, Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Naturism or nudism is a cultural and Political movement advocating and defending social Nudity in private and in public. In Psychology, self-esteem reflects a Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth See also Natural environment The '''biophysical''' environment is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the Biological "^[1][2]

The International Naturist Federation explains:

"Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings. "^[1][5]

The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically. ^[6] Though in the United States, naturism and nudism have very similar meanings,^[7] in Britain there is a clear distinction. ^[8][6][9] Nudism is the act of being naked, while naturism is a lifestyle which at various times embraced nature, environment, respect for others, self-respect, crafts, healthy eating, vegetarianism, teetotalism, non-smoking, yoga, physical exercise and pacifism as well as nudity. ^[10]

In naturist parlance, the word textilist is used to describe someone who is not a naturist, or the act of not being naturist. e. g. He stayed all week but was textilist all the time. It is also used as an adjective to describe a facility where naturism is not allowed e. g "the textilist beach starts at the flag". Clothing optional and nude optional (US specific) describe a policy or a venue that allows or encourages nudity but tolerates the wearing of clothes. The opposite is clothing compulsory; that is, disallowing nudity, thus requiring the wearing of clothes. Clothes free/clothes-free and clothing free/clothing-free are used as adjectives to describe when naturism is permitted in an otherwise textilist environment.

The social nudity movement includes a large range of variants including "naturism", "nudism", "Freikörperkultur (FKK)", the "free beach movement" as well as generalized "public lands/public nudity" advocacy. Freikörperkultur ( FKK) is a German movement whose name translates to Free Body Culture. A nude beach (British English naturist or nudist beach) is a Beach where users are legally at liberty to be nude. Public nudity or nude in public (NIP refers to Nudity not in an entirely private context There is a large amount of shared history and common themes, issues and philosophy, but differences between these separate movements remain contentious. A controversy or dispute is a commencement of a conflict between statements of accepted fact and a new or unaccepted proposal that disagrees with argues against

See also: labels, associations and terminology for an extended discussion and disambiguation. Social nudity is Nudity in private and Public spaces. It is sometimes controversial for addressing challenging and exploring a myriad of sometimes Taboo

Types of naturism

Naturism is practiced in many ways; Marc Alain Descamps,^[11] in his study written in French, classified the types as: individual nudism, nudism within family, nudism in the wild, social nudism. To that we can add the militant naturist, campaigning or extreme naturists.

Personal and family nudism

Nudism is often practiced in a person's home or garden, either personally or with members of the family.

A Canadian survey showed that 39% of all Canadians would or have walked around the house nude. And in British Columbia this is as high as 51%. Individual nudism can also include sleeping in the nude, but this is sometimes seen as a health benefit, due to the fact that, when naked in bed, it is much easier to relax and fall asleep, resulting in longer and more restful sleep but it can also be for the reason of comfort. ^[12]

Social nudism

Social nudism is nudism in a social context, either at ones home with friends or with acquaintances at a nudist event (e. g. a naked party) or facility, such as a naturist club, community, centre, resort or other facility. A naked party is a Party, primarily taking place on college campuses or with college-age people where the participants are nude. (The terms are loosely defined and there are some regional differences. ) At naturist events or venues clothing is usually optional, except by swimming pools or sunbathing lawns where complete nudity is expected, weather permitting. This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among some naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are sometimes required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations. ^[13]

Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities, while non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, and rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site. ^[14]

Some clubs have stricter entrance requirements than some traditional 'country clubs', including the requirement to supply references, a sponsoring member, a trial membership, committee approval and/or, criminal background checks. UK clubs are now required to have child protection policies in place, and designated child protection officers. Many clubs promote frequent social activities.

The international naturist organisations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs. ^[1] A nudist colony is no longer a favored term, but it is used by naturists as a term of derision for landed clubs that have rigid non inclusive membership criteria, and in meta-data on naturist websites. A nudist community (or in Europe naturist community) is a group of nudists/naturists who choose to live together on a permanent basis where clothing is optional

A holiday centre is a facility that specialises in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. The centre is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centres expect visitors to hold an INF card, that is be a member of their national organisation, but some have relaxed this restriction, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centres can be quite small, just a couple of hectares or large occupying over 300 hectares. ^[15] In a large holiday centre there will be swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kid's clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centre's allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of the same families will visit each year. ^[13] Holiday centres are more relaxed about textilists than members clubs; total nudity is usual in the swimming pools and the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare. ^[13]

A naturist resort is, to a European, an essentially urban development where naturism is the norm. Cap d'Agde in France, and Vera Playa in Spain are examples. Cap d'Agde (kap dagd is the Seaside resort of the town of Agde, France, on the Mediterranean sea in the département of Hérault, Vera is a Municipality of Almería province, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. ^[16] Here there are apartment blocks, with privately-owned and rented apartments. For some residents this is their year-round home. One finds all the usual facilities of a small town. In the US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre. ^[17]

Freikörperkultur (FKK) (see article in German) literally translated as free body culture is the name for the general movement in Germany. Freikörperkultur ( FKK) is a German movement whose name translates to Free Body Culture. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The abbreviation is widely recognised all over Europe and often found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach. ^[18]

Nude beaches

Clothing is optional at nude beaches (or free beaches). Cap d'Agde (kap dagd is the Seaside resort of the town of Agde, France, on the Mediterranean sea in the département of Hérault, A nude beach (British English naturist or nudist beach) is a Beach where users are legally at liberty to be nude. Some beaches have been clothes free beyond living memory, and their status has been formalised by becoming official nude beaches, while others, though not official, have become unofficial nude beaches through toleration by local authorities. ^[19] In some European countries, such as Denmark and Norway,^[1] all beaches are clothing optional, while in others like Germany there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks. The Englischer Garten or "English Garden" is a large urban public park in the centre of Munich, Germany, stretching from the city centre to the northeastern ^[20]

A feature of bathing on a nude beach is the anonymity it offers, where membership of a club is not required with detailed application processes, nor pre-booking of visits.

Though free beaches developed separately from national naturist bodies, these bodies are taking an interest and helping to protect them legally, and through the publication of guidelines of acceptable behaviour. ^[21]. In North America, the Free Beach Movement was the name of a group that was opposed to the direction of the official nudist organisation, the ASA, and set up the rival body The Naturist Society. The Naturist Society (TNS is a national Naturist organization based in Oshkosh Wisconsin, USA.

Nudism in the wild

• Skinny dipping is stripping off to swim naked at a remote river, lake, or swimming hole. Ernest Thompson Seton describes skinny dipping as one of the first activities of his Woodcraft Indians, a forerunner of the scouts in 1902. Ernest Thompson Seton ( August 14 1860 - October 23 1946) was a Scots-Canadian (and naturalized U The League of Woodcraft Indians was a youth program established by Ernest Thompson Seton. ^[22] Swimming was done nude at the YMCA until the 1960s in single sex groups. The Young Men's Christian Association (" YMCA " or " the Y " was founded on June 6, 1844 in London England by a young man ^[23] In some English schools, Manchester Grammar School for example, nude swimming was compulsory until the 1970s. The Manchester Grammar School ( MGS) is an independent boys' school (ages 9-18 in Fallowfield, Manchester, England. ^[24] This was also the case for some US junior high schools. ^[25] A Gallup poll in 2000 showed that 25% of all American adults had been skinny dipping at least once. ^[26]
• Canuding is the practice of nude canoeing. ^[14]
• Free hiking, naked hiking or naked rambling is the practice of hiking in the remote countryside as a social activity while nude. Naked walking also known as naked hiking or Freehiking is a sub-set of the modern form of Social nudity. ^[27] The French term is 'Randonnue'. It happens worldwide even in densely populated areas like South East England. ^[28]
• Free riding is the practice of riding in the remote countryside while nude. ^[29] The German term is 'Nacktreiten'. The term can also be used to refer to naked cycle riding.

Campaigning naturism

• Vincent Bethell conducted the The Freedom to be Yourself campaign. The Freedom to be Yourself campaign (TFTBY or (FTBY was founded in 1998 by Vincent Bethell The Freedom to be Yourself campaign (TFTBY or (FTBY was founded in 1998 by Vincent Bethell
• World Naked Bike Ride, mass clothing optional (but substantially naturist) bike rides protesting the oil economy and vulnerability of cyclists. World Naked Bike Ride (WNBR is an international Clothing-optional bike ride in which participants plan meet and ride together en masse on Human-powered transport
• Steve Gough, UK walker who has walked from Lands End to John O'Groats naked. Stephen Gough, also known as Steve Gough and the naked rambler, is a former Royal Marine turned activist from Eastleigh, Hampshire, famous for ^[30]
• Spencer Tunnick mass nude photography. Spencer Tunick (born January 1 1967 is an American Artist. He is best known for his installations that feature large numbers of nude people
• Mark Storey is a member of the Naturist Action Committee a sister organisation to the US The Naturist Society. Mark Storey is a board member of the Naturist Action Committee and has testified at anti-nudity legislation hearings all over the United States The Naturist Action Committee (NAC is a nine-member volunteer committee that functions as the political adjunct to The Naturist Society (TNS based in Oshkosh Wisconsin The Naturist Society (TNS is a national Naturist organization based in Oshkosh Wisconsin, USA. He founded the Body Freedom Collaborative in Seattle, Washington state in the US, whose goal is to bring attention for the need for legal clothing-optional beaches through "guerilla pranksterism", among other approaches. The Body Freedom Collaborative (BFC is a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the integration and acceptance of non-sexual social nudity in a variety of public and private settings ^[31]
• Émile Armand French anarchist?. Emile Armand (pseud of Ernest-Lucien Juin Armand (1872 &mdash 1962
• The Sex Party of British Columbia (Canada) promotes normalization of all parts of the human body and destigmatizing human sexual organs. The Sex Party is a Political party based in British Columbia, Canada, that contests provincial elections to promote Libertarian and It would pass legislation requiring all public parks and beaches larger than one hectare to designate areas reserved for nudists.
• The Dutch party Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit would pass legislation to make public nudity legal everywhere, provided that a towel is used when sitting on a public bench. Partij voor Naastenliefde Vrijheid en Diversiteit ( Party for Neighbourly Love Freedom and Diversity) is a Dutch Political party. Public nudity or nude in public (NIP refers to Nudity not in an entirely private context For metonymic and other uses see Bench (metonymy and Bench A bench is a piece of Furniture, which mostly offersseveral persons
• The short-lived Naturist Lifestyle Party in New South Wales, Australia aimed "to bring naturism fully into the public eye, with view to getting an equitable allocation of public resources to those who support the naturist lifestyle. "^[32]

Nude protests have a long history :Doukhobor. The Doukhobors or Doukhabors (Духоборы Dukhobory) earlier Dukhobortsy (Духоборцы are a Christian group of Russian Womens Institute Calendar

Philosophy

Naturism had many different philosophical sources and means many things to different people. Calendar Girls is a 2003 British Comedy film directed by Nigel Cole. A sauna (ˈsɔːnə or as Finnish) is a small room or house designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions or an establishment with one or more of these and auxiliary There is no one definition. The INF have framed this definition:

Naturism is a lifestyle in harmony with nature, expressed through social nudity, and characterised by self-respect of people with different opinions and of the environment. ^[1]

At one end of the spectrum are the nudists who just enjoy a nude life style, and at the other are the naturists, who have deeply held beliefs and see communal nudity as just one of many important principles. The INF definition is a compromise that has held since 1974. In it you can see the elements: lifestyle, harmony with nature, social nudity, self respect, differing opinions, respect for the environment.

Gymnosophy

see also Gymnosophist

In the fourth century BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonia encountered, in India, wandering groups of naked holy men which he dubbed the naked philosophers. Gymnosophists is the name (meaning "naked philosophers" given by the Greeks to certain ancient Indian philosophers who pursued Asceticism to Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' (Gr gymnos: naked; sophist: knowledge ). Onesicritus, the philosopher, investigated their beliefs and lifestyle. Onesicritus (Ὀνησίκριτος a Greek historical writer (lived c Pyrrho, the Sceptic, was impressed and incorporated nudity into his philosophy. Pyrrho (ca 360 BC - ca 270 BC a Greek Philosopher of Classical antiquity, is credited as being the first Skeptic philosopher and the inspiration In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences The Gymnosophists were Hindus, but Jain and Ajivika monks practised nudity as a statement that they had given up all worldly goods. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Ājīvika (also written Ajivika or Ajivaka) was an ancient philosophical and ascetic movement of the Indian subcontinent Attitudes concerning Nudity in Western cultures are not all the same and likewise attitudes in non-western cultures are many and variant Nudity was not a new concept to the Greeks as the Olympic Games (founded in 776 BC) were exclusively male and nude events. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Events and trends 778 BC — Agamestor King of Athens, dies after a reign of 17 years and is succeeded by his son Aeschylus Gymnastics and gymnasium share the same root word (Gr gymnos).

The first English naturists adopted the name Gymnosophy as a thinly disguised euphemism for their pastime. The English Gymnosophical Society was formed in 1922 and became the New Gymnosophy Society in 1926, they purchased the land at 'Bricketts Wood' to become Britain's first nudist colony. English Gymnosophical Society was a society of like minded persons established some time during the early 1920's to discuss Naturism. English Gymnosophical Society was a society of like minded persons established some time during the early 1920's to discuss Naturism. A nudist community (or in Europe naturist community) is a group of nudists/naturists who choose to live together on a permanent basis where clothing is optional One of the first members was Gerald Gardner, who in 1945, established the 'Five Acres Club' nearby, ostensibly as a nudist club, but as a front for Wiccans, as witchcraft was illegal in England until 1951. Gerald Brousseau Gardner ( June 13 1884 - February 12 1964) was an English civil servant amateur anthropologist Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers

The Digambar, one of the two main divisions of the Jain religion of India, remain 'skyclad', or naked, though generally it is practised by males. Digambar (दिगंबर (sky-clad in Sanskrit) (alternate orthographies Digambara) has many different meaning and associations throughout Indian Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Digambar means 'clothed with the sky'. Wiccans have adopted this wording and some practise their rituals 'skyclad'.

The Adamites, a Gnostic sect, practised religious nudism. The Adamites, or Adamians, were adherents of an early Christian Sect (considered heretical by the orthodox church that flourished in North Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems Attitudes concerning Nudity in Western cultures are not all the same and likewise attitudes in non-western cultures are many and variant

Another religious sect, the Doukhobors, migrated from Russia to western Canada. The Doukhobors or Doukhabors (Духоборы Dukhobory) earlier Dukhobortsy (Духоборцы are a Christian group of Russian They practise or practised occasional nudity, such as while working in the farm fields. Members of one of the three subdivisions of Canadian Doukhobors, the small radical Sons of Freedom group, went so far in the 1900s as to publicly strip in mass public demonstrations to protest against government policies which were meant to assimilate them. Freedomites, also called Svobodniki or Sons of Freedom, first appeared in 1902 in Saskatchewan, Canada, and later in the Kootenay ^[33]

Naturist ideals

Groups have been formed to live their dreams, and then split up over questions of principles. There are many examples of the differences between various groups, often resulting in two or more national organisations. Here is a non-exclusive list, taken from Descamps,^[11] of the ideas that have united various naturists and become points of fierce contention for others.

• Rapport with animal life — having an ecological conscience
• Rapport with the environment — being an environmentalist
• Health — bathing in the sun, fresh air and water (balneotherapy, thalassotherapy, heliotherapy), Yoga, Tai Chi. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Balneotherapy (from Latin balneum "bath" the treatment of Disease by Bathing. Thalassotherapy, (from the Greek word thalassa, meaning " Sea " is the Medical use of Seawater. Light therapy or phototherapy consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using Lasers, LEDs Fluorescent lamps, Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the
• Healthy food — moderation with alcohol, meat, tobacco, drugs; seeking out health foods and adopting healthy eating to prevent obesity. A healthy diet is one that is arrived at with the intent of improving or maintaining optimal Health. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected This can extend to teetotalism and Vegetarian or Vegan eating habits. See also Prohibition, Temperance movement Teetotalism (or T-total is the practice and promotion of complete Abstinence from Alcoholic beverages Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea The latter two also interface with having respect for the environment.
• Agriculture — avoiding unnecessary fertilisers and genetically modified organisms. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified Against factory farming
• Medicine — should be natural if not entirely homeopathic
• Psychotherapy — as a way of effecting personal changes. Factory farming is the practice of raising Farm animals in confinement at high stocking density where a farm operates as a Factory &mdash a practice typical in This article has been the subject of edit wars and has been placed on probation Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living
• Rapport with other humans — equality and respect. An anti-war, pro-world government stance
• Pedagogy — children should be respected as equals instead of being patronised
• Spirituality — man is more than an animal. Pedagogy (ˈpɛdəgɒdʒi or paedagogy is the Art or Science of being a Teacher. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality
• Dress — nudism, as clothes are unnecessary, unheathly and build social barriers. Naturism or nudism is a cultural and Political movement advocating and defending social Nudity in private and in public.
• Sports — to develop a healthy body. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively
• Arts — should be to develop individual talents, not as a means of financial exploitation
• Tourism — to understand other peoples' culture, concentrating on camping to remain close to the earth. The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel

Some of these ideas have become mainstream. Others have been quietly forgotten. It is generally agreed among naturists that erotism and blatant sexuality have no place in naturism and are, in fact, antithetical to its ideals. Erotica (from the Greek Eros —"desire" or "curiosa" works of art including literature, photography film sculpture

Naturism and the Romantics

Walt Whitman American writer, A Sun-bathed Nakedness:

Never before did I get so close to Nature; never before did she come so close to me. Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. . . Nature was naked, and I was also. . . Sweet, sane, still Nakedness in Nature! - ah if poor, sick, prurient humanity in cities might really know you once more! Is not nakedness indecent? No, not inherently. It is your thought, your sophistication, your fear, your respectability, that is indecent. There come moods when these clothes of ours are not only too irksome to wear, but are themselves indecent. ^[34]

Henry David Thoreau, Walking, in In wildness is the preservation of the world.

We cannot adequately appreciate this aspect of nature if we approach it with any taint of human pretense. It will elude us if we allow artifacts like clothing to intervene between ourselves and this Other.

To apprehend it, we cannot be naked enough. ^[35]

Naturism was part of a literary movement in the late 1800s (see the writings of André Gide) which also influenced the art movements of the time specifically Henri Matisse and other Fauve painters. Henri Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954 was a French Artist, known for his use of Colour and his fluid brilliant and original draughtsmanship This movement was based on the French concept of joie de vivre, the idea of revelling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life. Joie de vivre (from the French joie, "joy" de, "of" vivre, "to live living" "the joy of living" ^[36] Later this movement became called Naturalism. Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting

Naturism for health

German naturism came from the Lebensreform movement. The Wandervogel youth movement of 1896, from Steiglitz, Berlin promoted ideas of fitness and vigour inspired by thoughts of nationalism, rebelling against the thoughts of their parents. Wandervogel is the name adopted by a popular movement of German Youth groups from 1896 onward Steiglitz may refer to Steiglitz Queensland Steiglitz Victoria Steiglitz Alfred Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. At the same time doctors of the Natural Healing Movement were using heliotherapy, treating diseases such as TB, rheumatism and scrofula with exposure to sunlight. Light therapy or phototherapy consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using Lasers, LEDs Fluorescent lamps, Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the Heart, Bones Joints Kidney, Skin Scrofula ( scrophula or struma) is any of a variety of Skin diseases in particular a form of Tuberculosis, affecting the Lymph nodes ^[37] (Sunlight has been shown to be beneficial in some skin conditions and enables the body to make vitamin D). Sunlight, in the broad sense is the total spectrum of the Electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or ^[38]

• Arnold Rickli in 1853, opened a light bathing clinic in Switzerland. ^[39]
• Heinrich Pudor wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book Nackende Menchen und Jauchzen der Zukunft (Naked people and the future of Mankind) and then Nacktkultur (The cult of the nude). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity. ^[37]

• Paul Zimmermann, opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles. For the American Sportswriter, see Paul Zimmerman. Paul Zimmermann is a French computational mathematician working at ^[37]

• Richard Ungewitter wrote Die Nacktheit (Nakedness) which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be nude, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair. ^[37]

• Adolf Koch, a left wing primary school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from 'authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order. Adolf Koch (9 April 1896 - 2 July 1970 was a German school teacher and leader of the German Freikörperkultur (naked culture in the 1920s and 1930s He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with Naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's Körperschülen schools. ^[37]

• Werner Zimmermann, a Swiss, preached against body guilt and encouraged naked education. He sought to eliminate body guilt and encourage openness and end the repression of the human spirit,which he saw as the cause of sexual deviation. ^[37]

• Hans Surén taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote in 1924, Mensch und die Sonne (Men and the Sun) which ran to 61 reprints. ^[37] Later, in 1936, Surén proposed physical exercise and naturism as a means of creating a pure German race and of beauty. ^[40]. In the early 1940s he was out of favour and arrested. By 1945, he had turned full circle and was writing religious texts. Though never a member of any FKK club he was awarded honorary membership of the DFK in 1952. The Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (DFK is an organization based in Hannover, Germany, founded on November 6 1949 to promote the interests of

• Nudists became a large element in German Left Wing Politics. The Proletarische Freikörperkulturbewegung subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60000 members. ^[37]

With the increased awareness of skin cancer, wearing of sunscreen is now part of the culture. Skin cancer is a Malignant growth on the Skin which can have many causes Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's ^[41][38]

Naturism and equality

Many people say that being nude in groups makes them feel more accepted for their entire being — physical, intellectual and emotional. They say that they tend to be more accepted, in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health. Without clothing, one's social rank is generally obscured. They report feeling more united with humanity, with less regard to a person's wealth, position, nationality, race, and sex. ^[42]

History of social nudity

Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many cultures at all time periods. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of bathing, swimming and in saunas, whether in single-sex groups, within the family or with mixed-sex friends. Bathing is the immersion of the body in a Fluid, usually Water or an aqueous solution A sauna (ˈsɔːnə or as Finnish) is a small room or house designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions or an establishment with one or more of these and auxiliary

It is difficult to nominate exactly when naturism started as a movement. In 1903 Paul Zimmermann opened the first club, Freilichtpark, near Hamburg. ^[43] By 1951, the national federations united to form the International Naturist Federation or INF. The International Naturist Federation (INF or Federation Naturiste Internationale (FNI is the global umbrella Organisation representing official national Naturist The International Naturist Federation (INF or Federation Naturiste Internationale (FNI is the global umbrella Organisation representing official national Naturist ^[11] Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure was put to designate beaches for naturist use. The two groups did not cooperate until 2000.

In the twenty-first century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected a standard of comfort and amenity equal to, or exceeding, that found at textilist resorts. ^[43]

Historical era

See main article Nudity in History

The spread of philosophy and the rise of formal communities

The earliest known naturist club in the "western" sense of the word was established in British India in 1891. See also Timeline of non-sexual social nudity. It is not known when humans began wearing clothes India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower, who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service at Thana. Evidence for its existence is only known by a few letters he sent to friends, and the club which had three members, reportedly closed in 1892. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year ^[44]

In the early 1900s, a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Dr. Heinrich Pudor, under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, wrote a book titled Nacktkultur, which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing. ^[43]Richard Ungewitter ( Nacktheit, 1906, Nackt, 1908, etc. ) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view. ^[43]

The wide publication of those papers and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism, in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude.

The first known organized club for nudists, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Paul Lionel Zimmerman (born October 23 1932 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania) also known to readers as "Dr ^[43]

Germany

See also: Freikörperkultur

The nudist movement gained prominence in Germany in the 1920s, but was suppressed during the Nazi Gleichschaltung after Adolf Hitler came to power. Freikörperkultur ( FKK) is a German movement whose name translates to Free Body Culture. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Gleichschaltung, meaning "coordination" "making the same" "bringing into line" is a Nazi term for the process by which the Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The state-controlled leisure organization of the Nazis, Kraft durch Freude, refused to recognize it. Kraft durch Freude ( KdF, literally "Strength through Joy" was a large state-controlled Leisure organization in the Third Reich, a part of the However, it was later discovered that Luftwaffe (Air Force) head Hermann Göring had single-handedly written his own strict anti-nudity views into the Gleichschaltung, thereby imposing his views on everyone (he had been one of its main authors). ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Many in the Nazi party thought he had gone too far, so after nearly a decade, the rules were eventually softened in July 1942. ^[45] Nevertheless, all naturism clubs had to register with Kraft durch Freude, which meant excluding Jews and Communists. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Also, they had to keep all activities well out in the countryside so there would be virtually no chance of being seen by others.

After the war, East Germans enjoyed nudism as one the few freedoms they had under the communist government, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations being regarded as potentially subversive by the regime). The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state It quickly rebounded in the west also, and today, united Germany has many clubs, parks and beaches for nudism. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ^[1] Since German reunification, however, nudity is said to have become rare at some locations in the former eastern zone. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany Vacationing in Mediterranean France at the large Cap d'Agde resort also became popular for Germans when it opened in the late 1960s, and Germans are typically the most commonly-seen foreigners at nude beaches all around Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Cap d'Agde (kap dagd is the Seaside resort of the town of Agde, France, on the Mediterranean sea in the département of Hérault, The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969

France

From 1857 Dr. Leucate is a commune in the Aude département in southwestern France. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Duhamel spoke of the importance of Heliotherapy, and she worked with children suffering from tuberculosis on the beach at Berck. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Berck, sometimes referred to as Berck-sur-Mer, is a commune of northern France, in the department of Pas-de-Calais In 1903 S. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Gay created a naturist community at Bois-Fourgon. In 1908, supported by his superiors, Abbé Legrée encouraged the students at his catholic college to bathe nude on the rocky beaches near Marseille. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ A report on German naturism was published in la Revue des deux mondes.

Marcel Kienné de Mongeot, who came from a noble family and who was an aviator in the Great War, is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar By then he was a journalist who wrote a defense of the dancer, Malkowski, in the journal Vouloir. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine Vivre intégralement (later called Vivre) and the first French naturist club, Sparta Club at Garambouville, near Evreux. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Others quickly followed as did local opposition. His victory in court established that: nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened. ^[11] Drs. André and Gaston Durville opened a naturist health centre, edited the La vie sage(1924) and bought a 70 hectare site, Héliopolis on the Île du Levant. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Île du Levant, sometimes referred to as Le Levant, is a Mediterranean French island off the coast of the Riviera, near Toulon. Île du Levant, sometimes referred to as Le Levant, is a Mediterranean French island off the coast of the Riviera, near Toulon. The village was open to the public. Dr François Fougerat de David de Lastours was gassed in the Great War and was saved by exposure to the sun. In 1925 wrote a thesis on heliotherapy and in 1925 opened the Club gymnique de France. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jacque de Marquette wrote on naturism and vegetarianism. In 1936, government minister Léo Lagrange recognised the naturist movement. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Léo Lagrange (born Bourg ( Gironde) on 28 November 1900 - died Évergnicourt, on 9 June 1940 was a French Socialist Under-Secretary of State ^[11]

Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but after disagreements left and 1944 founded their own travel club Club du Soleil. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was popular and had adherents in 84 cities, becoming the worlds largest naturist club. In 1948 they founded the FFN. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1949 there was a magazine, Vie au Soleil then in 1950 they opened the CHM-Montalivet at Montalivet, the worlds first naturist holiday centre. CHM-Montalivet is the world's first Naturist holiday resort located south of Montalivet in Vendays-Montalivet, France. Vendays-Montalivet is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. In 1951 they assisted in the formation of the INF. The International Naturist Federation (INF or Federation Naturiste Internationale (FNI is the global umbrella Organisation representing official national Naturist ^[11]

The Quartier Naturiste at Agde opened offering a different form of social nudity. Cap d'Agde (kap dagd is the Seaside resort of the town of Agde, France, on the Mediterranean sea in the département of Hérault, In 1975, Euronat, the largest holiday centre (335ha) opened 10 km north of Montalivet which was running at capacity. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Euronat is a Naturist holiday resort near Montalivet, in Grayan-et-l'Hôpital, France. Vendays-Montalivet is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. In 1983 the FFN was accepted as an official tourist and youth movement. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) SOCNAT provided the management and financial stability to the movement and runs 5 centres in France and one in Spain. ^[46] Holiday centres started to form cooperative marketing groups and aim for 5 star status. Publicity material was of a quality indistinguishable from textile holiday companies.

In this benign climate, Randonue, an unauthorised form of naturisme sauvage has become popular, and areas traditionally known for discreet sunbathing have been revisited. Naked walking also known as naked hiking or Freehiking is a sub-set of the modern form of Social nudity. Naturist is accepted and can even be practised on many popular textilist beaches. ^[46]

As of 2007, France has 150 members clubs offering holiday accommodation, 50 holiday centres, official naturist beaches, unofficial beaches and many homes where naturist swimming and sunbathing is normal. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[46][1] Naturism employs more than 3000 people, and is estimated to be worth 250 million Euro to the French economy.

France is represented on the INF by the FFN. The International Naturist Federation (INF or Federation Naturiste Internationale (FNI is the global umbrella Organisation representing official national Naturist

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the first nudist club was established in Wickford, Essex in 1924. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Wickford is a Town in the South of the English county of Essex, with a population of more than 32500 Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. According to Michael Farrar, writing for British Naturism the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground, Moonella, and called its site The Camp. British Naturism (officially Central Council for British Naturism, but since 2006 almost never known by that name is recognised by the International Naturist Federation Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the New Gymnosophy Society. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. English Gymnosophical Society was a society of like minded persons established some time during the early 1920's to discuss Naturism. This society had been founded a few years before by H. C. Booth, M. H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the English Gymnosophical Society. English Gymnosophical Society was a society of like minded persons established some time during the early 1920's to discuss Naturism. It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 High Holborn in London, the headquarters of the Women's Freedom League. High Holborn is a road in Holborn in central London, England. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by an "aristocracy" of the original members, all of whom had "club names" to preserve their anonymity. The club closed in 1926 because of building on adjacent land. ^[47][48]

By 1943 there were a number of these so-called "sun clubs" and together they formed the British Sunbathers Association or BSBA. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. You may be looking for Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, or British Sovereign Base Area BSBA or in long form British In 1954 a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run split off to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs or FBSC. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) These two organisations rivalled each other for a while before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the Central Council for British Naturism or CCBN. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. British Naturism (officially Central Council for British Naturism, but since 2006 almost never known by that name is recognised by the International Naturist Federation British Naturism (officially Central Council for British Naturism, but since 2006 almost never known by that name is recognised by the International Naturist Federation This organisation has remained much the same but is now more commonly known simply as British Naturism or BN. British Naturism (officially Central Council for British Naturism, but since 2006 almost never known by that name is recognised by the International Naturist Federation ^[47]

In 1961, the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist. ^[47]

The first official naturist beach was opened at Fairlight Cove, Hastings in 1978, the beaches at Brighton and Fraisthorpe, Bridlington opened in April 1980. Fairlight is a village in East Sussex, England within Rother district three miles (5 km to the east of Hastings. Hastings is a town on the coast of East Sussex in England; it is also the administrative centre for the Borough of the same name Brighton ( is a town on the south coast of England and with its neighbour Hove, forms the city of Brighton and Hove. Fraisthorpe is a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Bridlington is a town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. ^[47]

United States & Canada

In the United States, German immigrant Kurt Barthel organized the first nudist event in 1929 in the woods just outside of New York City (NYC) and founded the American League for Physical Culture (ALPC). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Kurt Barthel could be called the father of the modern United States nudist movement Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York In 1931, the Christian naturism movement under the leadership of former New Jersey Dutch Reformed minister Ilsley Boone became the first naturism movement in the United States. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Christian naturists are Christians who practice Naturism or nudism and are a part of the clothes-free movement New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe The Rev Ilsley Boone "Uncle Danny" (unk-1968 was a charismatic speaker and powerful organizer and is the father of the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR Initially, Boone was vice president of the American League for Physical Culture but by October 1931 became president. __FORCETOC__ For the Vice President of the United States, their roles and other information see Vice President of the United States. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. In 1939 Boone renamed the club as the American Sunbathing Association (ASA). Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR is a Nudist organization in the United States. Naturism began expanding nationwide. ^{[49][50][51][52]} To create a family atmosphere at nudism venues, Boone insisted that alcohol be prohibited at all member clubs. Social nudism in the form of private clubs and campgrounds began appearing in the 1930s. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression.

Elsewhere in the United States, a 1935 advertisement claims Sea Island Sanctuary, South Carolina, was the "largest and oldest" resort where nudism could be practised year-round. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. A resort is a place used for Relaxation or Recreation, attracting visitors for Holidays or Vacations Resorts are places towns or sometimes Rock Lodge Club, in Stockholm, New Jersey, about 40 miles (65 km) from New York City, started in 1932 and is still in operation today. '''Rock Lodge''' is a family-oriented nonprofit Nudist club located on of privately-owned land in the New Jersey Highlands of Northern New Jersey, about from Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Nudism first began appearing on the west coast of the U. S. and Canada about 1939. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In that year, the first club in Canada, the Van Tan Club, formed and continues today in North Vancouver, BC. ^[14] Kaniksu Ranch, about 45 miles (70 km) north of Spokane, Washington, opened the same year and is still in operation. The Kaniksu National Forest is a US National Forest located in northeastern Washington, the Idaho panhandle, and northwestern Montana. ^[31]

According to the Federation of Canadian Naturists history and the Lupin Naturist Club history, Boone was toppled in 1951 by members dissatisfied with his autocratic style. The Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN is the official International Naturist Federation (INF representative for English-speaking Canada. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January This, together with Boone's desire to open a new club closer to NYC than others had wanted, led him to form the National Nudist Council. After Boone's passing in the 1960s, the ASA became more secular, along with American society in general. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. The society or culture of the United States is a Western culture, and has been developing since long before the United States became a country

In 1980 The Naturist Society (TNS) was founded by Lee Baxandall as a successor to the Free Beach Movement. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The Naturist Society (TNS is a national Naturist organization based in Oshkosh Wisconsin, USA. Lee R Baxandall is an American writer editor and critic He is a retired leader of the Naturist movement A nude beach (British English naturist or nudist beach) is a Beach where users are legally at liberty to be nude. The emphasis of TNS is on nudity in public locations rather than on private premises, though it also sponsors several annual gatherings held at private resorts. ^[31]

In 1995, the ASA was renamed as the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR is a Nudist organization in the United States. The AANR represents over 270 clubs and resorts, and is the US representative on the INF. ^[1] The AANR currently has its headquarters in Florida. Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the

With the beginning of the modern internet in the mid-1990s, Christian Naturism became much more organized in the U. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 S. than ever before. Annual Christian Nudist Convocations began early in the decade of the 2000s.

Canada

In Canada, individuals around the country became interested in nudism, skinny-dipping, and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page After 1940 they had their own Canadian magazine, Sunbathing & Health, which occasionally carried local news. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Canadians had scattered groups in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be ^[14] The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club and, in Ontario, the Sun Air Club.

Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast. ^[14]

Most of those clubs united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in the breakup of CSA into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next decade and a half, leading to its official demise in 1978. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The WCSA continues today as the Western Canadian Association for Nude Recreation (WCANR), a region of the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) which itself was formerly known as the ASA. The American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR is a Nudist organization in the United States. ^[14]

In 1977 the Fédération québécoise de naturisme (FQN) was founded in Québec, by Michael Vaïs, who had experienced European naturism at Montalivet. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The Fédération Québécoise de Naturisme (FQN is the official International Naturist Federation (INF representative for the province of Quebec and for French-speaking Vendays-Montalivet is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. In 1986 the Federation of Canadian Naturists(FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN is the official International Naturist Federation (INF representative for English-speaking Canada. The FQN and FCN joined to be the official Canadian representatives in the International Naturist Federation (INF). The International Naturist Federation (INF or Federation Naturiste Internationale (FNI is the global umbrella Organisation representing official national Naturist ^[14]

Free beaches

Many people get their first exposure to the clothes free movement through an informal approach (e. g. a clothing optional beach, a friend's place in the woods, a party on the shore or skinny dipping). A nude beach (British English naturist or nudist beach) is a Beach where users are legally at liberty to be nude. ^[12]

Festival naturism

From Woodstock to Edinburgh, and Nambassa 1981 in the southern hemisphere communal nudity is commonly recorded at music festivals. Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh, Nambassa was a series of Hippie -conceived festivals held between 1976 and 1981 on large farms around Waihi and Waikino in New Zealand - Aotearoa

Demographics

• In 1999 the Federation of Canadian Naturists commissioned a national survey on Canadian attitudes towards nudity^[12] which found that 8. The Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN is the official International Naturist Federation (INF representative for English-speaking Canada. 9% of Canadian have or would visit a naturist facility. A further 11. 6% have or would go skinny dipping in mixed company; that 39% go naked in their own homes; that naturists tend to have above average incomes; that urban dwellers are more likely to be naturist than country dwellers; and that the under 25s are the most likely to be naturists.

• In 1983 the Naturist Society in the United States sponsored a Gallup poll, which was repeated in 2000,^[26] which found the following:

USA: 1983/2000 Gallup poll

Year	1983		2000
Question	Yes	No	Yes	No
Do you believe that people who enjoy nude sunbathing should be able to do so without interference from officials as long as they do so at a beach that is accepted for that purpose?	72	24	80	17
Local and state governments now set aside public land for special types of recreation such as snow- mobiling, surfing and hunting. Do you think special and secluded areas should be set aside for people who enjoy nude sunbathing	39	54	48	48
Have you, personally, ever gone "skinny dipping" or nude sunbathing in a mixed group of men and women at a beach, at a pool, or somewhere else?	15	83	25	73

• In 2005 the British CCBN commissioned a survey of members,^[53] which found that:

How we discovered Naturism

Beach abroad	29%
Beach in UK	20%
Newspaper	15%
Friend	9%
Parents	8%
Conviction	6%
TV/Radio	5%
The Web	3%
H&E	3%
Other	2%

Ever been member of a club

Yes	58. 5%
No	41. 5%

Do you use UK Naturist Beaches

Often	22. 4%
Sometimes	40. 1%
Rarely	18. 7%
Never	18. 7%

If you use a naturist holiday facility abroad

Self-catering	58. 5%
Hotel	41. 5%
Own Tent	12. 7%
Hire Caravan	10%
Own Caravan	8. 7%
Bed and Breakfast	6. 6%
Friends	4. 4%
Motor home	4. 2%
Own accommodation	3. 1%
Hire Tent	2. 4%
Other	3. 3%

Economics

Peng Travel, a UK naturist holiday travel agent was valued at 1. 8m GBP when it was sold in 2005. ^[54]

Issues in social nudity

See Issues in social nudity

Naturism addresses, challenges and explores a myriad of sometimes taboo subjects: stereotypes and mores relating to the nude appearance of the human body, mixed gender nudity, personal space, human sexuality, gymnophobia, modesty, physical attractiveness, vanity, objectification, exploitation and consent. Social nudity is Nudity in private and Public spaces. It is sometimes controversial for addressing challenging and exploring a myriad of sometimes Taboo A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture Standards of modesty (also called demureness or reticence) are aspects of the Culture of a Country or people at a given point in time Objectification is the process by which Abstract concepts are treated as if they were concrete things or physical objects The term " exploitation " may carry two distinct meanings The act of utilizing something for any purpose Consent as a term of jurisprudence is a possible defence (an Excuse or justification against civil or criminal liability It can thus be controversial.

Problems for the naturist community

Any social group is said to go through four phases: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, wrote Bruce Tuckman in 1965. The Forming – Storming – Norming – Performing model of Group development was first proposed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965, who maintained that these phases Bruce Wayne Tuckman (1938-) - published in 1965 a short article - Developmental sequence in small groups: see Forming-storming-norming-performing. In this context we can understand some of the current pressures on various aspects of Naturism.

• Naturist ghetto- established clubs excluding new members and rejecting new ideas. ^[11]
• A family movement in a time of social change - a change in needs and expectations, away from one of a permanent commitment towards one of change and choice
• Youth take up- each generation is a new social group and needs to set its own norms
• Clubs v Holiday Centres- organisations with different roots find it difficult to establish common norms. It is an issue between those espousing a year round commitment to an ideal, and those who see it as summer recreation. Club naturism is in decline, while the number of people for assume that naturist facilities will be available at any holiday resort is on the rise. The users of free beaches exceeds the number of people who wish to join a club.
• Paid staff and volunteers- many clubs were established as cooperatives but the values changes when a few members put in the capital needed, or the work. ^[14] This became more difficult when some members were paid to act as site managers. ^[11]
• Infiltration by other groups- for many years clubs had strict "No singles" policies to maintain the family nature of the club. ^[11] Many other social groups practice non family nudism, whether it be gay naturists or swingers. Gay naturism or LGBT naturism (which is generally equated with nudism) concerns a lifestyle in which nudity especially in a communal context is viewed as natural Swinging, sometimes referred to as the swinging lifestyle, is "non-monogamous sexual activity treated much like any other social activity that can be experienced as a
• Exhibitionists and voyeurs are as unwelcome in a naturist community as in a textile community. ^[21]
• Relations with 'Naturist Magazines'.
• A movement that is growing too fast
• Militant naturism occurs outside the club scene, though they will also visit clubs.

Naturist and nudist magazines

Nudist and naturist magazines can be categorised in four ways.

• Magazines published by the official national organisation, such as BN (CCBN), Going Natural(FCN).
• Magazines that are published for naturists such as Go Naturally.
• Independent magazines, such as Health and Efficiency, that claim to be naturist but print an abnormally large percentage of pictures of young female professional models. They do however carry columns eg Sunny Trails in Sunbathing for Health and advertisements for genuine naturist clubs and societies, when no other newspaper would carry them. Many clubs and groups were indebted to them for that. ^[14]
• Magazines that just print photographs of young female professional models, which are disapproved of by naturists and their opponents alike.

This has been a dilemma for naturists, who needed the small amount of editorial content in some magazines while thoroughly disapproving of the photographic content. ^[14] Writers who produced copy for these magazines are not respected by many naturists though often quoted as authoritative sources by the textilist press.

Naturist clubs were willing to allow film shoots on their grounds, though the content proved not to be naturist and naturism ended up being parodied. ^[54]

Analysis of the Internet shows the trends. Naturist and nudist websites shows that pages fall into the same categories. There are many pages displaying titillating photographs, and even pornagraphic images which are totally alien to the naturist ideal that use the word naturist or naturism on their pages and metatags. These are then harvested by journalists or pro-censorship campaigners to create a false image of naturism. ^[55]

Today there are high quality naturist magazines in many European countries that reflect the gender and age groups found at clubs and resorts.

Criticism

Descamps^[11] assembles a list of criticisms of naturism: it is too cold;^[56] normal bodies look ugly—it is only for the physically beautiful; it is too embarrassing; it is against the laws of nature, against the law, or against religion; "nudism makes me think of sex"; it is for primitive people or animals.

Most popular criticisms for naturism arise from:

• situations of accurate usage of the term, criticisms of situations where naturists and textilists would share the same concerns. For example, naturism is often added as a tag to titillating websites that have naturist content.
• criticisms of activitites which are imagined to be naturist by a writer who has not researched it in the relevant libraries.

See also

• List of places where social nudity is practised (beaches, resorts, public parks and communities)
• Issues in social nudity
• Public nudity
• Naturist beach
• Clothing-optional bike rides
• American Nudist Research Library
• Christian naturism
• Gay naturism
• Nude wedding
• Society for Indecency to Naked Animals

References

Further reading

• Lee Baxandall's World Guide to Nude Beaches & Resorts: New for the '90s (1997) [9] ISBN 0-934106-21-5
• Naked Places, A Guide for Gay Men to Nude Recreation and Travel (2006) [10] ISBN 0-9656089-4-8
• The Canadian Guide to Naturist Resorts & Beaches (2000) [11] ISBN 0-9682332-2-8
• North American Guide to Nude Recreation (2002) [12] ISBN 1-882033-09-4
• Bare Beaches (2004) [13] ISBN 0-9544767-1-9
• Storey, Mark Social Nudity, Sexual Attraction, and Respect Nude & Natural magazine, 24. Mark Storey is a board member of the Naturist Action Committee and has testified at anti-nudity legislation hearings all over the United States Nude & Natural The Magazine Of Naturist Living or simply ("N" Magazine is a quarterly 100+ page Naturist Magazine 3 Spring 2005.
• Storey, Mark Children, Social Nudity and Academic Research Nude & Natural magazine, 23. Mark Storey is a board member of the Naturist Action Committee and has testified at anti-nudity legislation hearings all over the United States Nude & Natural The Magazine Of Naturist Living or simply ("N" Magazine is a quarterly 100+ page Naturist Magazine 4 Summer 2004.
• The Complete Guide To Nudism And Naturism (2006) [14] ISBN 1846852587 ISBN 978-1846852589

External links

National organisations

• About Nudism in Scandinavia
• American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR)-Nudist Q&A -
• Australian Nudist Federation (ANF)
• British Naturism (CCBN)
• Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (DFK)
• Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN)
• Fédération Française de Naturisme (FFN)
• Federazione Naturista Italiana (FENAIT)
• International Naturist Federation (INF-FNI)
• Israeli Naturist Society
• Namibian Nudist and Naturist Association NAM-NA
• Naturist Society, The (TNS)
• New Zealand Naturist Federation (NZNF)
• Russian Naturist Association (Telord) and National Federation for Naturism (Russia)
• South African Naturist Federation
• Young Naturists Association International (YNAI)

Organization and landed site directories

• The Naturist Camping Guide - An extensive list of naturist campsites worldwide
• NaturistHoliday.Info - A guide to naturist holidays around the world
• Nudist Beaches.Info - A partial guide to the world's nudist beaches
• Ohio Nudist Homepage - Nudist and Naturist Resources in Ohio, U. S. A.
• German Naturist Guide- location and site reports of hundred of site in Germany and world wide.
• Dutch Camping Guide - Dutch Camping Guide (worldwide)
• Vivrenu Portail du Naturisme Francophone- lists of beaches, holiday centres and simple camping spots in France. Navigation confused.
• AANR nudist clubs - AANR directory of US Nudist clubs (covers some in Canada)
• NetNude Reports and Links - NetNude Portal - Travel Guide
• The Naturist UK Fact File- Details of beaches and members clubs, and helpful UK specific advice

Other

• MSN Group For Naturists
• Yahoo! Group For Nudists
• Yahoo! Group For Naturists
• 205 Arguments in Support of Naturism
• A Naturist's Guide to the Law in England and Wales
• "Is Nudism OK for Children, Preteens, Teens and Adults?" - Family nudism article
• Why Don't More Young Adults Try Social Nudity? Article about young adults
• Websection on Naturism and Druidry A history and the spiritual and psychological dimensions of nudity
• Diary of a Nudist - Nudist and Naturist news and issues, updated daily
• Naturist Bibliography Good reading references
• Interview with Jock Sturges, Montalivet, France, Amadelio, July 2007
• Naturism in Catalunya
• Christian Naturist Organization
• Nudist Day - Nudist news and interviews from around the world

Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.

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