A judge swears in a new citizen. New York, 1910

The origin of the term "naturalization" is that it gives to a resident alien almost all of the rights held by a natural-born citizen. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous In Law legal status refers to the concept of individuals having a particular place in society relative to the law as it determines the laws which affect them The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The Leave to Remain is the legal status of a person issued by a government office of internal affairs to one who is not yet a citizen Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Statelessness is the Legal and social concept of a person lacking belonging (or a legally enforceable claim to any recognised State. A native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as that country's citizen from birth Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state. In US law, an alien is a legal term for a person, either a corporation or a human who is not a United States national. The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world the United Nations' definition is very broad essentially including anyone According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity A stateless person is someone with no Citizenship or Nationality. Administrative detention - Is an arrest without trial usually for security reasons Immigration law refers to national Government policies which control the phenomenon of Immigration to their country Nationality law is the branch of a country's legal system wherein legislation custom and court precedent combine to define the ways in which that country's Nationality and The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country

In general, basic requirements for naturalization are that the applicant hold a legal status as a full-time resident for a minimum period of time and that the applicant promise to obey and uphold that country's laws, to which an oath or pledge of allegiance is sometimes added. Permanent residency refers to a person's visa status the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within a country despite not having Citizenship. Some countries also require that a naturalized national must renounce any other citizenship that he currently holds, forbidding dual citizenship, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of the person's original citizenship will again depend on the laws of the countries involved. Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state.

Nationality is traditionally either based on jus soli ("right of the territory") or on jus sanguinis ("right of blood"), although it now usually mixes both. Jus soli ( Latin for "right of the soil" or somewhat figuratively "right of the territory" or birthright citizenship, is a Right Jus sanguinis ( Latin for "right of blood" is a Social policy by which Nationality or Citizenship is not determined by place of birth Whatever the case, the massive increase in population flux due to globalization and the sharp increase in the numbers of refugees following World War I has created an important class of non-citizens, sometimes called denizens. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Denization is an obsolete process in English Common Law, dating from the 13th century by which a foreigner became a denizen, gaining some privileges In some rare cases, procedures of mass naturalization were passed (Greece in 1922, Armenian refugees or, more recently, Argentine people escaping the economic crisis). As naturalization laws had been created to deal with the rare case of people separated from their nation state because they lived abroad (expatriates), Western democracies were not ready to naturalize the massive influx of stateless people which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of minorities in the first part of the 20th century — the two greatest such minorities after World War I were the Jews and the Armenians, but they also counted the (mostly aristocratic) Russians who had escaped the 1917 October Revolution and the war communism period, and then the Spanish refugees. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing A stateless person is someone with no Citizenship or Nationality. Early history Pre-Slavic inhabitants See also Steppe nomads, Scythians, Bosporan Kingdom, Khazaria In prehistoric times The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution War communism (or military communism) (Военный коммунизм 1918 - 1921 is the term created by western historians referring to the economic and political system The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of As Hannah Arendt pointed out, internment camps became the "only nation" of such stateless people, since they were often considered "undesirable" and were stuck in an illegal situation (their country had expelled them or deprived them of their nationality, while they hadn't been naturalized, thus living in a judicial no man's land). Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial

After World War II, the increase in international migrations created a new category of refugees, most of them economic refugees. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or expatriate foreign worker is a person who works in a country other than the one of which he or she is a Citizen. For economic, political, humanitarian and pragmatic reasons, many states passed laws allowing a person to acquire their citizenship after birth (such as by marriage to a national or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country), in order to reduce the scope of this category. An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i However, this system still maintains in some countries a large part of the immigrated population in an illegal status, albeit some massive regularizations (in Spain by José Luis Zapatero's government and in Italy by Berlusconi's government). José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (born 4 August 1960 better known by his maternal surname Zapatero (literally "shoemaker" in Spanish is the current (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor

Different naturalization laws

In Finland

Finland became independent on December 6, 1917. The old constitution, dating back to Swedish rule, required all Finnish citizens to be of Evangelical Lutheran faith. Sweden's Constitution of 1772 took effect through a bloodless Coup d'état carried out by King Gustav III, establishing a brief Absolute monarchy in Sweden Citizenship in Finland can be obtained on the basis of birth Marriage of parents Adoption, or the place of birth Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Both Jews and Muslims started to apply for Finnish citizenship in 1918. Muslims, however, were accepted only after the Constitution of Finland was modified and general freedom of religion was declared by 1919. For the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Finland see Swedish Constitution of 1772 The Constitution of Finland (in Finnish

In the United Kingdom

Main article: British nationality law

There had always been a distinction in English law between the subjects of the monarch and aliens: the monarch's subjects owed him (or her) allegiance, and included those born in his dominions (natural-born subjects) and those who later gave him their allegiance (naturalized subjects). British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom concerning Citizenship and other categories of British Nationality.

The modern requirements for naturalisation as a British citizen depend on whether one is married to a British citizen or not.

For those married to a British citizen the applicant must:

• hold indefinite leave to remain in the UK (or an equivalent such as Right of Abode or Irish citizenship)
• have lived legally in the UK for three years
• been outside of the UK no more than 90 days during the one-year period prior to filing the application. Indefinite leave to remain ( ILR) is an immigration status granted to a person who does not hold right of abode in the United Kingdom, but who has been admitted Right of abode is a status under United Kingdom immigration laws that gives an unrestricted right to live in the United Kingdom
• show sufficient knowledge of life in the UK, either by passing the Life in the United Kingdom test or by attending combined English language and citizenship classes. The Life in the United Kingdom test is a computer-based test for individuals seeking Indefinite Leave to Remain in the UK or naturalisation as a British citizen. Proof of this must be supplied with one's application for naturalisation. Those aged 65 or over may be able to claim exemption.
• meet specified English, Welsh or Scottish Gaelic language competence standards. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Those who pass the Life in the UK test are deemed to meet English language requirements.

For those not married to a British citizen the requirements are:

• at least five years legal residence in the UK
• been outside of the UK no more than 90 days during the one-year period prior to filing the application.
• indefinite leave to remain or equivalent must have been held for 12 months
• the applicant must intend to continue to live in the UK or work overseas for the UK government or a British corporation or association.
• the same language and knowledge of life in the UK standards apply as for those married to British citizens

All applicants for naturalisation must be of "good character". Naturalisation is at the discretion of the Home Secretary but is normally granted if the requirements are met.

In the United States

Main article: United States nationality law

In the United States of America, naturalization is mentioned in the Constitution. Article I section 8 clause 4 of the United States Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States.

A Naturalization Certificate from 1911

Congress is given the power to prescribe a uniform rule of naturalization, which was administered by state courts. There was some confusion about which courts could naturalize; the final ruling was that it could be done by any "court of record having common-law jurisdiction and a clerk (prothonotary) and seal. The word prothonotary is recorded in English since 1447 as "principal clerk of a court" from L "

The Constitution also mentions 'natural born citizen. Natural-born citizen is a term used in some countries to describe a certain kind of Citizenship in terms of a requirement for eligibility to serve as Head of state ' The first naturalization Act (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) used the phrases 'natural born' and 'native born' interchangeably. To be 'naturalized' therefore means to become as if "natural born" -- i. e. a citizen.

There is an interesting loophole here in that the Constitution does not mandate race-neutral naturalization. Until 1952, the Naturalization Acts written by Congress still allowed only white persons to become naturalized as citizens (except for two years in the 1870s which the Supreme Court declared to be a mistake). White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.

Naturalization is also mentioned in the Fourteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first Before that Amendment, individual states set their own standards for citizenship. The Amendment states that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof shall be citizens of the United States and of the State in which they reside. "

Note also that the Amendment is ambiguous on the issue of singular or plural United States. In the early days the phrase 'United States' was used as a singular or a plural according to the meaning. After the Civil War, it was generally always a singular. The Amendment does not say 'its jurisdiction' or 'their jurisdiction' but 'the jurisdiction thereof'.

The Naturalization Act of 1795 set the initial parameters on naturalization: 'free, White persons' who had been resident for five years or more. The United States Naturalization Act of January 29 1795 ( repealed and replaced the Naturalization Act of 1790. The Naturalization Act of 1798, part of the Alien and Sedition Acts, was passed by the Federalists and extended the residency requirement from five to fourteen years. The Naturalization Act, passed by Congress on June 18, 1798, increased the amount of time necessary for immigrants to become Naturalized The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the United States Congress —who were waging an undeclared naval war with France The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816 with remnants lasting into the 1820s It specifically targeted Irish and French immigrants who were involved in anti-Federalist politics. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It was repealed in 1802.

An 1862 law allowed honorably discharged Army veterans of any war to petition for naturalization, without having filed a declaration of intent, after only one year of residence in the United States. An 1894 law extended the same privilege to honorably discharged 5-year veterans of the Navy or Marine Corps. Over 192,000 aliens were naturalized between May 9, 1918, and June 30, 1919, under an act of May 9, 1918. Laws enacted in 1919, 1926, 1940, and 1952 continued preferential treatment provisions for veterans. ^[1]

Passage of the Fourteenth Amendment meant that, in theory, all persons born in the U. S. are citizens regardless of race. Citizenship by birth in the United States, however, was not initially granted to Asians until 1898, when the Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment did apply to Asians born in the United States in United States v. Wong Kim Ark. Asian or Asiatic is a Demonym for people from Asia. However the use of the term varies by country and person often referring to people from a particular United States v Wong Kim Ark,, was a United States Supreme Court decision that set an important legal precedent about what determines American Citizenship

The enabling legislation for the naturalization aspects of the Fourteenth Amendment was the 1875 Page Act, which allowed naturalization of 'aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent,' but is silent about other races. Page Act of 1875 (ch 141, March 3[[ 875]] was enacted by the United States Congress to deal with immigrants from China and Japan.

The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese workers and specifically barred them from naturalization. The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law passed on May 6 1882 following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 The Immigration Act of 1917, (Barred Zone Act) extended those restrictions to almost all Asians. On February 4, 1917, the United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1917 (also known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act with overwhelming majority

The 1922 Cable Act specified that women marrying aliens ineligible for naturalization lose their US citizenship. The Cable Act of 1922 (ch 411 42 Stat 1021 " Married Women’s Independent Nationality Act " is a United States federal law that reversed former immigration At the time, all Asians were ineligible for naturalization. The Immigration Act of 1924 barred entry of all those ineligible for naturalization, which again meant non-Filipino Asians. The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, (43 Statutes-at-Large 153 was a United

Following the Spanish American War in 1898, Philippine residents were classified as US nationals. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP But the 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act, or Philippine Independence Act, reclassified Filipinos as aliens, and set a quota of 50 immigrants per year, and otherwise applying the Immigration Act of 1924 to them. The Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act; Public Law 73-127 approved on March 24, 1934 was a United States federal law

Asians were first permitted naturalization by the 1943 Magnuson Act, which repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act. The Magnuson Act also known as the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 was Immigration legislation proposed by U India and the Philippines were allowed 100 annual immigrants under the 1946 Filipino Naturalization Act. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The War Brides Act of 1945 permitted soldiers to bring back their foreign wives. War Brides Act was enacted in 1945 to allow spouses and adopted children of US military personnel to enter the U

The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act (better known as the McCarran-Walter Act), lifted racial restrictions, but kept the quotas in place. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA of 1952 (Also known as the McCarran-Walter Act) restricted immigration into the U The Immigration Act of 1965 finally allowed Asians and all persons from all nations be given equal access to immigration and naturalization. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ( Hart-Celler Act, INS Act of 1965,) abolished the national-origin Quotas that had been in place in the

Illegal immigration became a major issue in the US at the end of the 20th century. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, while tightening border controls, also provided the opportunity of naturalization for illegal aliens who had been in the country for at least four years. The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA also Simpson-Mazzoli Act (, signed by President Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986

The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 streamlined the naturalization process for children adopted internationally. The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 is a United States federal law that allows certain foreign-born biological and adopted children of United States citizens to acquire Adoption in the United States is the legal act of Adoption, of permanently placing a person under the age of 18 with a parent or parents other than the birth parents in the International adoption, or intercountry adoption is a type of Adoption in which an individual or couple becomes the legal and permanent parents of a child born in another country A child under age 18 who is adopted by at least one U. S. citizen parent, and is in the custody of the citizen parent(s), is now automatically naturalized once admitted to the United States as an immigrant.

Other Countries

The following list is a short summary of the duration of legal residence before a national of a foreign state, without any cultural, historical, or marriage ties or connections to the state in question, can request citizenship under that state's naturalization laws.

• Canada: 3 years continuous(1,095 days) as a permanent resident (dual citizenship is allowed) ^[2]
• Netherlands: 5 years continuous^[3] (dual citizenship allowed under specific circumstances, such as acquiring a spouse's nationality, otherwise prohibited)
• Belgium: 3 years continuous^[4]
• Ireland: 5 years over the last 9 years, including at least 1 year before applying^[5]

Massive naturalizations

A few rare massive naturalizations procedures have been implemented by nation states. In 1891, Brazil granted naturalization to all aliens living in the country^[6]. In 1922, Greece massively naturalized all the Greek refugees coming back from Turkey. The History of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically and the territory now composing the modern state of The Republic of Turkey is the Successor state of the Ottoman Empire, created after the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the The second massive naturalization procedure was in favor of Armenian refugees coming from Turkey, who went to Syria, Lebanon or other former Ottoman countries. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

The most recent massive naturalization case resulted from the Argentine economic crisis in the beginning of the 21st century. Right of return laws in Spain and Italy allowed many of their diasporic descendants to obtain—in many cases to regain—naturalization in virtue of jus sanguinis, as in the Greek case. The term right of return refers to the principle in International law that members of an Ethnic or National group have a right to Immigration Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic Jus sanguinis ( Latin for "right of blood" is a Social policy by which Nationality or Citizenship is not determined by place of birth Hence, many Argentinians and Latin Americans acquired European nationality.

Since the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants citizenship only to those "born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof", and the original United States Constitution only grants Congress the power of naturalization, it could be argued that all acts of Congress that expand the right of citizenship are cases of massive naturalization. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. This includes the acts that extended U. S. citizenship to citizens of Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, as well as the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 which made all Native Americans citizens (most of them were previously excluded under the "jurisdiction" clause of the 14th Amendment). Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI is a commonwealth in Political union with the United The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 also known as the Snyder Act, was proposed by Representative Homer P Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

Denaturalization

Denaturalization is the reverse of naturalization, when a state deprives one of its citizens of his or her citizenship. From the point of view of the individual, denaturalization means "revocation" or "loss" of citizenship. In law revocation is a type of remedy for buyers when the buyer accepts a nonconforming good from the seller Denaturalization can be based on various legal justifications. The most severe form is the "stripping of citizenship" when denaturalization takes place as a penalty for actions considered criminal by the state, often only indirectly related to nationality, for instance for having served in a foreign military. In countries that enforce single citizenship, voluntary naturalization in another country will lead to an automatic loss of the original citizenship; the language of the law often refers to such cases as "giving up one's citizenship" or (implicit) renunciation of citizenship. Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state. Renunciation is a voluntary act of relinquishing one's Citizenship (or Nationality) Unlike these two cases, which affect also native-born citizens, naturalized citizens can lose their citizenship by an annulment of naturalization, also known as "administrative denaturalization" where the original act of naturalization is found to be invalid, for instance due to an administrative error or if it had been based on fraud (including bribery). A native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as that country's citizen from birth Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract Administrative Error The results of improper Administration (business or execution of the research task are administrative errors In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person In the US, the Bancroft Treaties in the 19th century regulated legislation concerning denaturalization. The Bancroft treaties, also called the Bancroft conventions were a series of agreements between the United States and other countries that 1 recognized the right of each

After World War II

Loss of U.S. citizenship was a consequence of foreign military service based on Section 349(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act until its provisions were found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1967.

After annexation of the territories east of the Curzon line by the Soviet Union in 1945, Communist Poland denaturalized en masse all the inhabitants of those territories - including ethnic Poles, as well as its other citizens who had been deported into the Soviet Union, mainly to Kazakhstan. Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous The Curzon Line was a Demarcation line proposed in 1920 by the British Foreign Secretary George Nathaniel Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Those persons were forcibly naturalized as Soviet citizens. In contrast to Germany, which affords the ethnic German population in Russia and Kazakhstan full citizenship rights, Poland has only a very limited repatriation program and treats the repatriates as foreigners who need to be naturalized. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Repatriation (from late Latin repatriare - to restore someone to his homeland is the process of return of Refugees or Soldiers to their homes

Yaser Esam Hamdi was a U. S. citizen captured in Afghanistan in 2001. The U. S. government claimed that he was fighting against U. S. and Afghan Northern Alliance forces with the Taliban. He was named by the Bush administration as an "illegal enemy combatant", and detained for almost three years without receiving any charges. On September 23, 2004, the United States Justice Department agreed to release Hamdi to Saudi Arabia on the condition that he gives up his U. S. citizenship, which was later revoked by the courts after his refusal to give it up.

Between World Wars

Before World War I, only a small number of countries had laws governing denaturalization that could be enforced against citizens guilty of "lacking patriotism". World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country Such denaturalized citizens became stateless persons. A stateless person is someone with no Citizenship or Nationality. During and after the war, most European countries passed amendments to revoke naturalization ^[7].

In Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power or Bare Life (1998), philosopher Giorgio Agamben mentioned a number of denaturalization laws that were passed after World War I by most European countries:

"It is important to note that starting with the period of World War I, many European states began to introduce laws which permitted their own citizens to be denaturalized and denationalized. Homo sacer (Latin for "the sacred man" is an obscure figure of Roman law: a Person who is banned, may be killed by anybody but may Giorgio Agamben (born 1942 in Rome) is an Italian philosopher who teaches at the Università IUAV di Venezia. The first was France, in 1915, with regard to naturalized citizens of "enemy" origins; in 1922 the example was followed by Belgium, which revoked the naturalization of citizens who had committed "anti-national" acts during the war; in 1926 the Fascist regime in Italy passed a similar law concerning citizens who had shown themselves to be "unworthy of Italian citizenship"; in 1933 it was Austria's turn, and so forth, until in 1935 the Nuremberg Laws divided German citizens into full citizens and citizens without political rights. The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. These laws - and the mass statelessness that resulted - mark a decisive turning point in the life of the modern nation-state and its definitive emancipation from the naive notions of "people" and "citizen. ""

The 1915 French denaturalization law applied only to naturalized citizens with "enemy origins" who had kept their original nationality. Later under Raymond Poincaré's government, another law was passed in 1927 which entitled the government to denaturalize any new citizen who committed acts contrary to the national interest. Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934 was a French conservative Statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on five This article is about the generic foreign affairs term See The National Interest for the political journal

In 1916, Portugal passed a law which automatically denaturalized all citizens born to a German father.

In 1922, Belgium enacted a law revoking the naturalization of persons accused of having committed "antinational acts" during the war; this was supplemented in 1934 by a new decree against people "in dereliction of their duties as Belgian citizens. "

After 1926 in Italy, people who were deemed not to deserve the Italian citizenship or who were considered to represent a threat to the public order could be denaturalized. In Urban planning, the notion of " public order " refers to a City containing relatively empty (and orderly Spaces which allow for flexibility

Egypt in 1926 and Turkey in 1928 enacted laws authorizing denaturalization of any person threatening the public order. Austria passed a similar law in 1933 by which it could denaturalize any citizen who participated in a hostile action against the state. Russia also passed several similar decrees after 1921 ^[8].

In 1933, Nazi Germany passed a law authorizing it to denaturalize any person "living abroad" and began restricting the citizenship rights of naturalized citizens of Jewish origin, followed in 1935 by citizens by birth on the basis of the Nuremberg laws. The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany.

Before World War I

In the United States, the proposed, but never ratified, Titles of Nobility amendment of 1810 would revoke the American citizenship of anyone who would "accept, claim, receive or retain, any title of nobility" or who would receive any gifts or honors from a foreign power. The Titles of Nobility Amendment (TONA is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution dating from 1810

See also

• French nationality law
• Homo sacer
• Citizenship

References

External links

• PoliticosLatinos.com Videos of 2008 US Presidential Election Candidates' Positions regarding Immigration