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In science, the term natural science refers to a rational approach to the study of the universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of natural origin. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. The term natural science is also used to distinguish those fields that use the scientific method to study nature from the social sciences, which use the scientific method to study human behavior and society; and from the formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic, which use a different (a priori) methodology. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies A formal science is a theoretical study that is concerned with theoretical Formal systems, for instance Logic, Mathematics, Systems theory and Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. "A priori" redirects here For other uses see A priori. Methodology (also called manner) is defined as "the analysis of the principles of methods rules and postulates employed by a discipline"
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Overview
Natural sciences form the basis for the applied sciences. For the song by 311, see Grassroots. Applied science is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific Together, the natural and applied sciences are distinguished from the social sciences on the one hand, and the liberal arts (humanities, theology, etc. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective ) on the other. Though Mathematics, statistics, and computer science are not considered natural sciences, they provide many tools and frameworks used within the natural sciences. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their
Alongside this traditional usage, the phrase natural sciences is also sometimes used more narrowly to refer to its everyday usage, that is, related to natural history. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods In this sense "natural sciences" may refer to the biology and perhaps also the earth sciences, as distinguished from the physical sciences, including astronomy, physics, and chemistry. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the Sciences related to the planet Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of Natural science and Science that study non-living systems in contrast to the biological sciences Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties
Within the natural sciences, the term hard science is sometimes used to describe those sub-fields that rely on experimental, quantifiable data or the scientific method and focus on accuracy and objectivity. Hard science is a term used to describe Natural sciences and Physical sciences as distinct from Social science. Quantification has two distinct meanings In Mathematics and Empirical science, it refers to human acts known as Counting and Measuring Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena These usually include physics, chemistry and many of the sub-fields of biology. By contrast, soft science is often used to describe the scientific fields that are more reliant on qualitative research, including the social sciences. Soft science is a colloquial term often used for Academic Research or Scholarship which is purportedly "scientific" however it is not based
There is some research, collectivelly known as graphism thesis, that indicates that natural science relies on graphs more than soft sciences and mathematics do. In Sociology of science, the graphism thesis is a proposition of Bruno Latour that Graphs are important in science In Computer science, a graph is a kind of Data structure, specifically an Abstract data type (ADT that consists of a set of nodes (also called
History
Prior to the 17th century, the objective study of nature was known as natural philosophy. For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from Over the next two centuries, however, a philosophical interpretation of nature was gradually replaced by a scientific approach using inductive methodology. Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of Reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed The works of Sir Francis Bacon popularized this approach, thereby helping to forge the scientific revolution. Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author The period which many historians of science call the Scientific Revolution can be roughly dated as having begun in 1543 the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published
By the 19th century the study of science had come into the purview of professionals and institutions, and in so doing it gradually acquired the more modern name of natural science. The term scientist was coined by William Whewell in an 1834 review of Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Sciences. William Whewell ( May 24, 1794 &ndash March 6, 1866) was an English Polymath, Scientist, Anglican Priest Mary Somerville' ( December 26, 1780 &ndash November 28, 1872) was a Scottish Science writer and Polymath However the word did not enter general use until nearly the end of the same century.
According to a famous 1923 textbook Thermodynamics – and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis and the American physical chemist Merle Randall, the natural sciences contain three great branches:
Aside from the logical and mathematical sciences, there are three great branches of natural science which stand apart by reason of the variety of far reaching deductions drawn from a small number of primary postulates – they are the mechanics, electrodynamics, and thermodynamics. Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery Merle Randall (1888-1950 was an American Physical chemist famous for his work over the period of 25 years in measuring free energy calculations of compounds with Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements Classical electromagnetism (or classical electrodynamics) is a theory of Electromagnetism that was developed over the course of the 19th century most prominently In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning "
Disciplines of natural sciences
Astronomy
This discipline is the science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. s are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current Science has confirmed to exist in Space. A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary In Physics, motion means a constant change in the location of a body Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its Astronomy includes the examination, study and modeling of stars, planets, comets, galaxies and the cosmos. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — A galaxy is a massive gravitationally bound system consisting of Stars an Interstellar medium of gas and dust, and Dark matter In its most general sense a cosmos is an orderly or harmonious system Most of the information used by astronomers is gathered by remote observation, although some laboratory reproduction of celestial phenomenon has been performed (such as the molecular chemistry of the interstellar medium. )
While the origins of the study of celestial features and phenomenon can be traced back to antiquity, the scientific methodology of this field began to develop in the middle of the seventeenth century. A key factor was Galileo's introduction of the telescope to examine the night sky in more detail. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher The mathematical treatment of astronomy began with Newton's development of celestial mechanics and the laws of gravitation, although it was triggered by earlier work of astronomers such as Kepler. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Celestial mechanics is the branch of Astrophysics that deals with the motions of Celestial objects The field applies principles of Physics, historically Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer By the nineteenth century, astronomy had developed into a formal science with the introduction of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography, along with much improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories. A spectrometer is an Optical instrument used to measure properties of Light over a specific portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum, typically used Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing
Biology
This field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines phenomena related to living organisms. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence The scale of study can range from sub-component biophysics up to complex ecologies. Biophysics (also biological physics) is an Interdisciplinary Science that employs and develops theories and methods of the Physical sciences for Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Biology is concerned with the characteristics, classification and behaviors of organisms, as well as how species were formed and their interactions with each other and the environment. Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or Reactions of an object or Organism, usually In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. See also Natural environment The '''biophysical''' environment is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the Biological
The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicine date back to early periods of civilization, while microbiology was introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία However it was not until the 19th century that biology became a unified science; once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things it was decided they were best studied as a whole. Some key developments in the science of biology were the discovery of genetics; Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection; the germ theory of disease and the application of the techniques of chemistry and physics at the level of the cell or organic molecule. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of The germ theory, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a Theory that proposes that Microorganisms are the cause of many Diseases. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Biophysics (also biological physics) is an Interdisciplinary Science that employs and develops theories and methods of the Physical sciences for The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon.
Modern Biology is divided into sub-disciplines by the type of organism and by the scale being studied. Molecular biology is the study of the fundamental chemistry of life, while cellular biology is the examination of the cell; the basic building block of all life. Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level See also List of basic cell biology topics. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the At a higher level, Physiology looks at the internal structure of organism, while ecology looks at how various organisms interrelate. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of
Chemistry
Constituting the scientific study of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, chemistry deals primarily with collections of atoms, such as gases, molecules, crystals, and metals. History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The composition, statistical properties, transformations and reactions of these materials are studied. Chemistry also involves understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms for use in larger-scale applications. Most chemical processes can be studied directly in a laboratory, using a series of (often well-tested) techniques for manipulating materials, as well as an understanding of the underlying processes. Chemistry is often called "the central science" because of its role in connecting the other natural sciences. Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting “ Hard sciences such as Physics with the “ Soft sciences
Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of Alchemy, a set of beliefs combining mysticism with physical experiments. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of The science of chemistry began to develop with the work of Robert Boyle, the discoverer of gas, and Antoine Lavoisier, who developed the theory of the Conservation of mass. Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as law of mass/matter conservation (or the Lomonosov - Lavoisier law says that the Mass of The discovery of the chemical elements and the concept of Atomic Theory began to systematize this science, and researchers developed a fundamental understanding of states of matter, ions, chemical bonds and chemical reactions. This article focuses on the historical models of the atom For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules see History of the molecule. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called The success of this science led to a complementary chemical industry that now plays a significant role in the world economy. The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals
Earth science
Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth, including geology, geophysics, hydrology, meteorology, physical geography, oceanography, and soil science. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the Sciences related to the planet EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the three major subfields of Geography. Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or Soil science is the study of Soil as a Natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping
Although mining and precious stones have been human interests throughout the history of civilization, their development into the sciences of economic geology and mineralogy did not occur until the 18th century. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Gemology ( gemmology outside the United States) is the Science, Art and Profession of identifying and evaluating Gemstones Economic geology is concerned with earth materials that can be utilized for economic and/or industrial purposes Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals The study of the earth, particularly palaeontology, blossomed in the 19th century and the growth of other disciplines like geophysics in the 20th century led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s, which has had a similar impact on the Earth sciences as the theory of evolution had on biology. Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere Earth sciences today are closely linked to climate research and the petroleum and mineral exploration industries. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Mineral exploration is the process undertaken by companies partnerships or corporations in the endeavour of finding Ore (commercially viable concentrations of minerals to
Physics
Physics embodies the study of the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces and interactions they exert on one another, and the results produced by these interactions. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. In general, physics is regarded as the fundamental science as all other natural sciences utilize and obey the principles and laws set down by the field. Physics relies heavily on mathematics as the logical framework for formulation and quantification of principles. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and
The study of the principles of the universe has a long history and largely derives from direct observation and experimentation. The formulation of theories about the governing laws of the universe has been central to the study of physics from very early on, with philosophy gradually yielding to systematic, quantitative experimental testing and observation as the source of verification. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Key historical developments in physics include Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation and classical mechanics, an understanding of electricity and it's relation to magnetism, Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, the development of thermodynamics, and the quantum mechanical model of atomic and subatomic physics. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Newton 's law of universal Gravitation is a physical law describing the gravitational attraction between bodies with mass Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons
The field of physics is extremely broad, and can include such diverse studies as quantum mechanics and theoretical physics to applied physics and optics. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world Modern physics is becoming increasingly specialized, where researchers tend to focus on a particular area rather than being "universalists" like Albert Einstein and Lev Landau, who worked in multiple areas. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Lev Davidovich Landau ( Russian language: Ле́в Дави́дович Ланда́у ( January 22, 1908 &ndash April 1, 1968
Cross-disciplines
The distinctions between the natural science disciplines are not always sharp, and they share a number of cross-discipline fields. Physics plays a significant role in the other natural sciences, as represented by astrophysics, geophysics, physical chemistry and biophysics. Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large Biophysics (also biological physics) is an Interdisciplinary Science that employs and develops theories and methods of the Physical sciences for Likewise chemistry is represented by such fields as biochemistry, geochemistry and astrochemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other Planets chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition Astrochemistry is the study of the Chemical elements found in outer space generally on larger scales than the Solar System, particularly in molecular gas clouds
A particular example of a scientific discipline that draws upon multiple natural sciences is environmental science. Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. This field studies the interactions of physical, chemical and biological components of the environment, with a particular regard to the effect of human activities and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability. See also Natural environment The '''biophysical''' environment is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the Biological Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely This science also draws upon expertise from other fields such as economics, law and social sciences.
A comparable discipline is oceanography, as it draws upon a similar breadth of scientific disciplines. Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or Oceanography is sub-categorized into more specialized cross-displines, such as physical oceanography and marine biology. Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the Ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters Marine biology is the scientific study of living Organisms in the Ocean or other marine or Brackish bodies of water As the marine ecosystem is very large and diverse, marine biology is further divided into many subfields, including specializations in particular species. Marine ecosystems are among of the earth's Aquatic ecosystems They include Oceans Salt marshes estuaries Lagoons, rocky Subtidal In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank.
There are also a subset of cross-disciplinary fields which, by the nature of the problems that they address, have strong currents that run counter to specialization. Put another way: In some fields of integrative application, specialists in more than one field are a key part of most dialog. Such integrative fields, for example, include nanoscience, astrobiology, and complex system informatics. Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular Astrobiology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" grc βίος bios, "life" and grc -λογία This article describes complex system as a type of system For other meanings see Complex systems. Informatics is the science of Information, the practice of Information processing, and the engineering of Information systems.
See also
- List of academic disciplines
- Nature
- Natural history
- Natural philosophy, the precursor of the physical sciences. An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from
- Science
- Fields of science
- Natural sciences
- Natural Sciences (Durham) - Natural Sciences programme at the University of Durham, UK
- Natural Sciences Tripos University of Cambridge, UK
- Behavioral sciences
- Social sciences
- Natural sciences
- History of science
- History of technology
- Fields of science
External links
- The History of Recent Science and Technology
- Reviews of Books About Natural Science This site contains over 50 previously published reviews of books about natural science, plus selected essays on timely topics in natural science. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Fields of science are widely-recognized categories of specialized expertise within Science, and typically embody their own Terminology and Nomenclature. Natural Sciences (or NatSci) is one of the most popular degree programmes offered by the University of Durham offering either BSc (3 years or MSci Durham University is a University in Durham, England. It was founded as the University of Durham (which remains its official and legal name The University of Cambridge has an undergraduate degree programme in Natural sciences termed the Natural Sciences Tripos ( NST or Behavioural science (or Behavioral science) is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among Organisms in the natural The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers The history of technology is the history of the Invention of Tools and techniques
Dictionary
natural science
-noun
- A science involved in studying phenomena or laws of the physical world; a general term of physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, and so on.
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