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"Kanaka" redirects here. For the Tamil actress, see Kanaka (actress). Kanaka was a leading Tamil film actress Her mother Devika was also Tamil film actress

Native Hawaiians
(Kānaka Maoli)

From left to right: Kamehameha the Great, James "Duke" Aiona, Daniel Akaka, Queen Liliʻuokalani. Kamehameha I, also known as Kamehameha the Great, (born February 1758 or November 1737 or May 1, 1738 – died May 8, 1819) James R "Duke" Aiona Jr (born June 8, 1955) is the current Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii. Daniel Kahikina Akaka (born September 11, 1924) is the junior U Liliuokalani ( September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917) born Lydia Liliu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaeha, was the last
Total population

alone: 140,652, any combination: 401,162 (U. S. census 2000 Native Hawaiian alone or in any combination)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Flag of the United States United States
Flag of Hawaii Hawaii
Flag of California California
Flag of Nevada Nevada
Languages
English, Hawaiian, Hawaiian Pidgin English
Religions
Roman Catholic, Protestant, other
Related ethnic groups
Marquesans, Māori, Tahitians, Samoans and other Polynesian peoples

Native Hawaiians (in Hawaiian, kānaka ʻōiwi or kānaka maoli) refers to the indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands or their descendants. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i) is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawai'i, the largest island in the tropical Hawaii Pidgin English, Hawaii Creole English, HCE, or simply Pidgin, is a Creole language based in part on English Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the Samoans are a Polynesian ethnic group living in the Samoan Islands. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i) is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawai'i, the largest island in the tropical [2]. Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to the first Marquesan and Tahitian settlers of Hawaii (possibly as early as AD 400), before the arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook in 1778. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and

According to the U.S. Census Bureau report for 2000, there are 401,162 people who identified themselves as being "native Hawaiian" alone or in any combination. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census [1] 140,652 people identified themselves as being "native Hawaiian" alone. [3] The overwhelming majority of native Hawaiians are residents of the United States in the State of Hawaiʻi, and in California, Nevada and Washington. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Two-thirds live in the State of Hawaiʻi while the other one-third is split among mainland states. Almost half of the mainland share of the population is in California.

The history of native Hawaiians, and of Hawaiʻi in general, is classified into four major periods: antiquity (Ancient Hawaiʻi), monarchy (Kingdom of Hawaiʻi), territorial (Territory of Hawaiʻi), and statehood (State of Hawaiʻi). Ancient Hawaii refers to the period of Hawaiian history preceding the unification of the Kingdom of Hawai'i by Kamehameha the Great in 1810. The Kingdom of Hawaii was established during the years 1795 to 1810 with the subjugation of the smaller independent chiefdoms of O{{okina}}ahu, The Territory of Hawaii, abbreviated officially as TH, was established on July 7, 1898 and dissolved on August 21, 1959 when The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the

Contents

Terminology

Identifying and classifying native Hawaiians is a delicate issue. Different government agencies have different methods of classifying native Hawaiians. [4]. However, it is widely accepted that such classifications are necessary to facilitate laws, trusts and wills governing native Hawaiian programs. For example, programs administered by the Hawaiʻi State Department of Hawaiian Homelands are legally bound by trusts to provide services only to Hawaiians claiming over 50% ancestry back to pre-1778 settlers of the Hawaiian Islands.

In the context of the Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes, section 10-2, Hawaiians are defined as:

any descendant of the aboriginal peoples inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands which exercised sovereignty and subsisted in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, and which peoples thereafter have continued to reside in Hawaiʻi.

Native Hawaiians are defined as:

any descendant of not less than one-half part of the races inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous to 1778, as defined by the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, 1920, as amended; provided that the term identically refers to the descendants of such blood quantum of such aboriginal peoples which exercised sovereignty and subsisted in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 and which peoples thereafter continued to reside in Hawaii.

The Office of Hawaiian Affairs also differentiates between:

In general usage, however, this distinction is often ignored, with both capitalizations being used to describe the native Hawaiian population as a whole regardless of bloodline.

The term "Hawaiian" first existed as a geographic identity limited to the Big Island, and upon the unification of the Hawaiian Islands, as either an ethnic or political identity. The term “Hawaiian” is today mainly used to describe people of partial or total Native Hawaiian ethnicity or ancestry[5]. "Kanaka" redirects here For the Tamil actress see Kanaka (actress. Less commonly, and seen by some as less acceptable because of its political connotations, it can also describe Hawaii-born or Hawaii residents without any Native Hawaiian ancestry. "Kanaka" redirects here For the Tamil actress see Kanaka (actress. [6]

The use of the term "indigenous" to describe native people, including Kanaka Maoli, is the subject of some political controversy, with some seeing that label as clearly demanding special considerations. The Akaka Bill currently pending in Congress draws upon the "indigenous" nature of native Hawaiians for its rationale, and is of particular debate. The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2007 () a bill currently before the United States Congress, is commonly known as the Akaka Bill after [7][8][9]

For further discussion about terminology commonly used to describe Native Hawaiians, see the article Native American name controversy. The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and to the broad subsets thereof such

Demographics

At the time of Captain Cook's arrival, native Hawaiians may have numbered some 250,000 to 800,000; there has been debate over such estimates. [10] Over the span of the first century after first contact, the native Hawaiians were nearly wiped out by new diseases introduced to the islands. Native Hawaiians did not have resistance to influenza, measles, and whooping cough, among others. Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious Disease caused by the Bacterium Bordetella pertussis; it derived its The census of 1900 identified only 40,000 native Hawaiians. The census of 2000 identified 400,000 native Hawaiians, demonstrating a trend of dramatic growth since annexation by the U. S. in 1898.

An Office of Hawaiian Affairs survey in 1984 reported that 61% of Native Hawaiians had less than 50% native Hawaiian blood. That same report indicated that only 8,244 pure blood native Hawaiians existed out of the 208,476 total native Hawaiians surveyed.

The Hawaiian language was once the primary language of the native Hawaiian people. Today, native Hawaiians predominately speak the English language as a result of both the emphasis that the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi placed on learning English, as well as over a century of being a part of the United States of America, as a Territory and then as a State of the Union. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Kingdom of Hawaii was established during the years 1795 to 1810 with the subjugation of the smaller independent chiefdoms of O{{okina}}ahu, Another contributing factor was an 1896 law which provided that English "be the only medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools. " This law did not prevent Hawaiian language from being taught as a second language, but further accelerated the trend of native Hawaiian families insisting on English first. Some native Hawaiians (as well as non-native Hawaiians) have learned the native Hawaiian language as a second language. The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i) is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawai'i, the largest island in the tropical As with others local to Hawaii, native Hawaiians often speak Hawaiian Creole English, referred to as pidgin English, a creole which developed during Hawaiʻi's plantation era in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the influence of the various ethnic groups living in Hawaii during that time. Hawaii Pidgin English, Hawaii Creole English, HCE, or simply Pidgin, is a Creole language based in part on English

The Hawaiian language has been promoted for revival most recently by a state program of cultural preservation enacted in 1978. Programs included the opening of Hawaiian language immersion schools and the establishment of a Hawaiian language department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. The University of Hawaii at Mānoa is a public co-educational University and is the flagship campus of the greater University of Hawai{{okina}}i system. As a result, Hawaiian language learning has climbed among all races in Hawaiʻi.

In 2002, the University of Hawaii at Hilo established a masters program in the Hawaiian Language. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. universityofhawaiisystemsmallsealjpg|right|Seal of the University of Hawai'i System]] The University of Hawaii at Hilo is one of ten branches of the University of Hawai{{okina}}i [11] In fall 2006, they established a doctoral (Ph.D) program in the Hawaiian Language. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. In addition to being the first doctoral program for the study of Hawaiian, it is the first doctoral program established for the study of any native language in the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Both the masters and doctoral programs are considered by global scholars as pioneering in the revival of native languages.

Hawaiian is still spoken as the primary language by the residents on the private island of Niihau. Niihau ( Hawaiian: Ni‘ihau) is the smallest of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands in the U

In all U. S. states, native Hawaiian children are publicly educated under the same terms as any other children. In Hawaii, native Hawaiians are publicly educated by the Hawaiʻi State Department of Education, an ethnically diverse school system that is the United States' largest and most centralized.

Hawaiʻi is the only state without local community control of schools. Under the administration of Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano (D-HI) from 1994 to 2002, the state's educational system established special Hawaiian language immersion schools. Benjamin Jerome "Ben" Cayetano (born November 14, 1939) served as the fifth Governor of the State of Hawai{{okina}}i from 1994 In these schools, all subject courses are taught in the Hawaiian language and use native Hawaiian subject matter in curricula. These schools were created in the spirit of cultural preservation and are not exclusive to native Hawaiian children. Currently, these schools are challenged by a relative lack of native speakers of the Hawaiian language and a dearth of educational materials in Hawaiian, since olelo Hawaii is typically only a first language for those who live on Niihau. Niihau ( Hawaiian: Ni‘ihau) is the smallest of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands in the U

Some native Hawaiians are educated by the Kamehameha Schools, established through the last will and testament of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a princess of the Kamehameha Dynasty. Bernice Pauahi Bishop ( December 19, 1831 &ndash October 16, 1884) born Bernice Pauahi Pākī, was a Hawaiian The House of Kamehameha (Hale O Kamehameha, or the Kamehameha Dynasty, was the reigning family of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i Arguably, the largest and wealthiest private school in the United States, Kamehameha Schools was intended to benefit indigents and orphans, with preference given to native Hawaiians. Although this Hawaiians-only preference is not explicitly stated in her will, subsequent Bishop Estate trustees have interpreted her wording to mean just that. Kamehameha provides a quality education to thousands of children of whole and part native Hawaiian ancestry at its campuses during the regular school year, and also has quality summer and off-campus programs that are not restricted by ancestry. Kamehameha Schools' practice of accepting primarily gifted students, in lieu of intellectually challenged children, has been a controversial topic amongst the native Hawaiian community. Many 'rejected' families feel that the gifted students could excel at any learning institution, public or private. Thus, the Hawaiian community may be better served by educating children from high-risk, high-crime districts so that a greater proportion of disadvantaged youths may grow up to be responsible community contributors.

Since the late 1990s, Kamehameha Schools has been facing several high profile legal battles. One involved the choice and payment of trustees. Others have concerned the admission of non-Hawaiians to the school. A few non-Hawaiians have sued for admission, claiming that the last will and testament of Bernice Pauahi Bishop has been misinterpreted, and the policies of race-based admissions are discriminatory and should be struck down. [12] In 2007, Kamehameha's Maui campus graduated its first non-Hawaiian student. The student's 2002 admission to the school created an uproar within the Hawaiian community. [13]

As with other children in Hawaiʻi, some native Hawaiians are educated by other prominent private academies in the Aloha State. They include: Punahou School, Saint Louis School, Mid-Pacific Institute and Iolani School. Punahou School, once known as Oahu College, is a private Co-educational, Nonsectarian College preparatory school located in Honolulu Establishment Saint Louis School was originally located in Windward O{{okina}}ahu as the College of Āhuimanu founded by the Fathers of the Congregation of the Notable alumni Keiko Iolani redirects here For the palace see ʻIolani Palace. History Early years On December 16, 1861

Hawaiiana revival

Native Hawaiian culture has seen a revival in recent years as an outgrowth of decisions made at the 1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention, held exactly 200 years after the arrival of Captain Cook. The 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention is regarded to be the watershed political event in the modern State of Hawai{{okina}}i. At the convention, the Hawaiʻi state government committed itself to a progressive study and preservation of native Hawaiian culture, history and language.

A comprehensive Hawaiian culture curriculum was introduced into the State of Hawaiʻi's public elementary schools teaching: ancient Hawaiian art, lifestyle, geography, hula and Hawaiian language vocabulary. Intermediate and high schools were mandated to impose two sets of Hawaiian history curricula on every candidate for graduation.

Statutes and charter amendments were passed acknowledging a policy of preference for Hawaiian place and street names. For example, with the closure of Barbers Point Naval Air Station in the 1990s, the region formerly occupied by the base was renamed Kalaeloa. Kalaeloa Airport, also called John Rodgers Field (the original name of Honolulu International Airport) and formerly Naval Air Station Barbers Kalaeloa is a Census-designated place (CDP in Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States.

Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)

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Another important outgrowth of the 1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention was the establishment of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, more popularly known as OHA. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also popularly known by its acronym OHA, is a semi-autonomous entity of the state of Hawaii charged with the administration of Delegates that included future Hawaiʻi political stars Benjamin J. Cayetano, John D. Waihee III and Jeremy Harris enacted measures intended to address perceived injustices towards native Hawaiians since the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1893. Benjamin Jerome "Ben" Cayetano (born November 14, 1939) served as the fifth Governor of the State of Hawai{{okina}}i from 1994 John David Waihe'e III (born May 19, 1946) served as the fourth Governor of Hawai{{okina}}i from 1986 to 1994. Jeremy Harris, born December 7, 1950 in Wilmington Delaware, served as Mayor of Honolulu from 1994 to 2004 Until the 1890s the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i was an independent sovereign state recognized by the United States the United Kingdom France Japan and Germany OHA was established as a trust, administered with a mandate to better the conditions of both native Hawaiians and the Hawaiian community in general. OHA was given control over certain public lands, and continues to expand its land-holdings to this day (most recently with Waimea Valley, previously Waimea Falls Park). [14]

OHA is a semi-autonomous government body administered by a nine-member board of trustees, elected by the people of the State of Hawaiʻi through popular suffrage. Originally, trustees and the people eligible to vote for trustees were restricted to native Hawaiians. Rice V. Cayetano reached the United States Supreme Court suing the state to allow non-Hawaiians to sit on the board of trustees and for non-Hawaiians to be allowed to vote in trustee elections. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Justices ruled in favor of Rice on 23 February 2000 forcing OHA to open its elections to all residents of the State of Hawaiʻi regardless of ethnicity. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

Federal developments

Native American Programs Act

In 1974, the Native American Programs Act was amended to include native Hawaiians. This paved the way for native Hawaiians to become eligible for some, but not all, federal assistance programs originally intended for Native Americans. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Today, Title 45 CFR Part 1336. 62 defines a Native Hawaiian as "an individual any of whose ancestors were natives of the area which consists of the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778. "

There is some controversy as to whether or not native Hawaiians should be considered in the same light as Native Americans. [15][16]

Native Hawaiians Study Commission

The Native Hawaiians Study Commission was created by the Congress of the United States on December 22, 1980 (Title III of Public Law 96-565). The purpose of the Commission was to "conduct a study of the culture, needs and concerns of the Native Hawaiians. " The Commission published and released to the public a Draft Report of Findings on September 23, 1982. Following a 120-day period of public comment, a final report was written and submitted on June 23, 1983 to the U. S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and to the U. S. House of Representatives Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.

United States apology resolution

On 23 November 1993, U.S. President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103-150 also known as the Apology Resolution which had previously passed Congress. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States This resolution "apologizes to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii". [17]

Washington-based constitutional scholar Bruce Fein has outlined a number of counter-arguments disputing the accuracy of the assertions made in the Apology Resolution. Bruce Fein is a lawyer in the United States who specializes in constitutional and International law. [18]

Akaka Bill

In the early 2000s, the Congressional delegation of the State of Hawaiʻi introduced the Native Hawaiian Federal Recognition Bill named after U. S. Senator Daniel K. Akaka (D-HI). Daniel Kahikina Akaka (born September 11, 1924) is the junior U The Akaka Bill would establish the process of recognizing and forming a native Hawaiian government entity to negotiate with state and federal governments. The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2007 () a bill currently before the United States Congress, is commonly known as the Akaka Bill after The significance of the bill is that it would establish, for the first time in the history of the islands, a new political and legal relationship between a native Hawaiian entity and the federal government. This native Hawaiian entity would be a newly created one without any historical precedent in the islands or direct institutional continuity with previous political entities (unlike many native American Indian groups, for example).

This bill came under significant scrutiny by the Bush Administration's Department of Justice as well as the United States Senate Judiciary Committee. The political context surrounding the Akaka Bill is both controversial and complex. Proponents, who consider the legislation an acknowledgement and (partial) correction of past injustices, include Hawaiʻi's Congressional delegation as well as the current Republican Governor Linda Lingle. Linda Lingle (born Linda Cutter on June 4 1953) has been Governor of Hawaii since December 2 2002. Opponents include the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights who question the constitutionality of creating race-based governments, libertarian activists who challenge the historical accuracy of any claims of injustice, and other native Hawaiian sovereignty activists who feel the legislation would thwart their hopes for complete independence from the United States. The Hawaiian sovereignty movement (ke ea Hawai‘i consists of organizations and individuals seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawai'i

A poll commissioned in 2005 by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs asserted that 68 percent of Hawaiʻi residents support the bill, 17 percent do not support it and 15 percent refused to answer or had no opinion. Another poll conducted earlier that year by the The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii indicated that 67% of Hawaiʻi residents were against the Akaka bill. It has been speculated that the phrasing of the questions asked in both of the respective polls influenced the results, and so no definitive survey to determine levels of public support has yet been carried out in Hawaiʻi.

Notable contributions

Main article: List of Native Hawaiians

Culture and arts

There have been established several cultural preservation societies and organizations over the course of the twentieth century. This is a list of notable Native Hawaiians: List James Aiona, politician Daniel K The largest of those institutions is the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, established in 1889 and designated as the Hawaiʻi State Museum of Natural and Cultural History. The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, designated the Hawaii State Museum of Natural and Cultural History, is a Museum of History and Science in the Bishop Museum houses the largest collection of native Hawaiian artifacts, documents and other information available for educational use. Most objects are held for preservation alone. The museum has links with major colleges and universities throughout the world to facilitate research.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b U.S. 2000 Census
  2. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved June 5, 2008, from Dictionary.com website.
  3. ^ US Census Bureau. American FactFinder
  4. ^ a b OHA Databook Appendix 1998
  5. ^ Linda Lingle State of the State 2006
  6. ^ Senator Jeff Sessions Akaka bill 2005 comments
  7. ^ Honolulu Advertiser, 9/6/2007 Akaka bill testimony mixed
  8. ^ Honolulu Star Bulletin August 19, 2007 New panel to hear revised Akaka Bill
  9. ^ Hawaii Reporter, 9/1/2007 Akaka Bill Will Harm Landowners Throughout America
  10. ^ Archaeology and Prehistory in Kahikinui, Maui, Hawaiian Islands by Patrick V. The Hawaiian sovereignty movement (ke ea Hawai‘i consists of organizations and individuals seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawai'i It is thought that up to 100 million indigenous people may have lived in The Americas when the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus began a historical period of large-scale Kirch
  11. ^ Master's Degree in Hawaiian, npr. org
  12. ^ The latest round of litigation against the school was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, following an 8-7 en banc ruling of the 9th circuit court in favor of upholding the admissions policy. The precedent often cited by plaintiffs is that of Stephen Girard, whose racially exclusive school was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1968 when challenged by two African-American youths, Foust and Felder.
  13. ^ Kamehameha-Maui grad is first non-Hawaiian
  14. ^ OHA GAINS TITLE TO WAIMEA VALLEY Besides purchases since its inception, the lands initially given to OHA were originally crown lands of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi used to pay the expenses of the monarchy (later held by the Provisional Government following the fall of the monarchy in 1893). Upon the declaration of the Republic of Hawaiʻi, they were officially designated as public lands. They were ceded to federal control with the establishment of the Territory of Hawaiʻi in 1898, and finally returned to the State of Hawaiʻi as public lands in 1959. The Territory of Hawaii, abbreviated officially as TH, was established on July 7, 1898 and dissolved on August 21, 1959 when
  15. ^ Indian Country Today August 13, 2001, asserting native Hawaiians should be recognized as "aboriginal"
  16. ^ Questions regarding the indigenous nature of Hawaiians
  17. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/US_Public_Law_103-150
  18. ^ PDF file (592 KB): Hawaiʻi Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand

Further reading

External links

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