The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), Pub.L. 101-601, 104 Stat. 3048, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding[1] to return Native American cultural items and human remains to their respective peoples. The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat The law of the United States was originally largely derived from the Common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Cultural items include funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony.
The act divides the treatment of American Indian human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony into two basic categories. Under the inadvertent discovery and planned excavation component of the act and regulations, if federal officials anticipate that activities on federal and tribal lands after November 16, 1990 might have an effect on American Indian burials—or if burials are discovered during such activities—they must consult with potential lineal descendants or American Indian tribal officials as part of their compliance responsibilities. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) For planned excavations, consultation must occur during the planning phase of the project. For inadvertent discoveries, the regulations delineate a set of short deadlines for initiating and completing consultation. The act allows archeological teams a short time for analysis before the remains must be returned. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Once it is determined that human remains are American Indian, analysis can occur only through documented consultation (on federal lands) or consent (on tribal lands).
Under the inventory and notification provision of the act, Federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funds are required to summarize their collections that may contain items subject to NAGPRA. Additionally, Federal agencies and institutions must prepare inventories of human remains and funerary objects. Under the act, funerary objects are considered "associated" if they were buried as part of a burial ceremony with a set of human remains still in possession of the Federal agency or other institution. "Unassociated" funerary objects are artifacts where human remains were not initially collected by—or were subsequently destroyed, lost, or no longer in possession of—the agency or institution. Consequently, this legislation also applies to many Native American artifacts, especially burial items and religious artifacts. In Archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological It has necessitated massive cataloguing of the Native American collections in order to identify the living heirs, culturally affiliated Indian tribes, and Native Hawaiian organizations of remains and artifacts.
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Return to the Earth project
Return to the Earth is an inter-religious project whose goal is to inter unidentified remains in regional burial sites. [2] Over 110,000 remains that cannot be associated with a particular tribe are held in institutions across the United States, as of 2006. [3] The project seeks to enable a process of reconciliation between Native and non-Native peoples, construct cedar burial boxes, produce burial cloths and fund the repatriation of remains. The first of the burial sites is near the Cheyenne Cultural Center in Clinton, Oklahoma. Clinton is a city in Custer and Washita counties in the US state of Oklahoma. [3][4]
Kennewick Man controversy
There have been some issues raised by the legislation, most notably in the case of Kennewick Man, because the direct descendants of the remains are uncertain. Kennewick Man is the name for the skeletal Remains of a prehistoric man found on a bank of the Columbia River near Kennewick Washington Kennewick Man is a skeleton found near Kennewick, Washington. Kennewick is a city in Benton County in the southeastern part of the U The Umatilla, Colville, Yakima, and Nez Perce tribes claim that Kennewick Man is their ancestor, and that they should thus be permitted to rebury him. The Umatilla are a Sahaptin -speaking Native American group living on the Umatilla Indian Reservation, who traditionally inhabited the Columbia Plateau The Colville Native Americans were originally located on the Colville River in the eastern part of the U The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, or simply Yakama Nation (formerly Yakima) is a Native American group with nearly 10000 enrolled The Nez Perce (ˌnɛzˈpɝs are a Tribe of Native Americans who live in the Pacific Northwest region ( Columbia River Plateau) of the United Archaeologists claim that because of Kennewick Man's great age and caucasoid appearance, there is insufficient evident to connect him to modern tribes. The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of Racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the " The 9300 year age[5] of the remains makes them very valuable scientifically, as they could lead to knowledge of the arrival of the first humans into the New World. There are several popular models of migration to the New World proposed by the anthropological community
See also
Notes
- ^ The Smithsonian Institution is exempt from this act, but rather must comply with similar requirements under the National Museum of the American Indian Act of 1989. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (commonly abbreviated to AIRFA is a 1978 United States federal law and a joint resolution of Congress which pledged to protect The Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian is a museum dedicated to the life languages literature history and arts of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of The National Museum of the American Indian Act ( NMAIA) was passed in 1989 as Public Law 101-185
- ^ Return to the Earth. Religions for Peace. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to “Mission: The Return to the Earth project supports Native Americans in burying unidentifiable ancestral remains now scattered across the United States and enables a process of education and reconciliation between Native and Non-Native peoples. ”
- ^ a b Return to the Earth. Mennonite Central Committee. The Mennonite Central Committee (MCC is a relief service and peace agency representing 15 Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Amish bodies in North Retrieved on 2007-04-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
- ^ Cheyenne Cultural Center. City of Clinton, Oklahoma. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
- ^ Custred, Glynn (2000). "The Forbidden Discovery of Kennewick Man". Academic Questions 13 (3): 12-30. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
Further reading
- Fine-Dare, Kathleen S. , Grave Injustice: The American Indian Repatriation Movement and NAGPRA, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8032690-8-0.
- Jones, P. , Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West, Bauu Press, Boulder, CO. ISBN 0-9721349-2-1.
External links
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