Nationalism is a term referring to a doctrine^[1] or political movement^[2] that holds that a nation, usually defined in terms of ethnicity or culture, has the right to constitute an independent or autonomous political community based on a shared history and common destiny. Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the A political movement is a Social movement working in the area of Politics. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation ^[3] Most nationalists believe the borders of the state should be congruent with the borders of the nation (A Nation-State). ^[4] However, recently nationalists have rejected the concept of "congruency".

Nationalist efforts can be plagued by chauvinism or imperialism. Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Nationalist efforts such as those propagated by fascist movements in the twentieth century, held the nationalist concept that nationality is the most important aspect of one's identity, while some of them have attempted to define the nation in terms of race or genetics. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Some contemporary nationalists reject the racist chauvinism of these groups, and remain confident that national identity supersedes biological attachment to an ethnic group.

Nationalism has had an enormous influence on Modern history, in which the nation-state has become the preferred form of societal organization, however, by no means universal. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Historians use the term nationalism to refer to this historical transition and to the emergence and predominance of nationalist ideology. Nationalism is closely associated with patriotism. Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country

Contents 1 Principles 2 Theory 2.1 Background and problems 2.2 Issues 2.3 Origins 2.4 Theoretical literature 3 Typology 3.1 Ethnic nationalism 3.2 Civic nationalism 3.3 Expansionist nationalism 3.4 Romantic nationalism 3.5 Cultural nationalism 3.6 Third World nationalism 3.7 Liberal nationalism 3.8 National conservatism 3.9 Anarchism and nationalism 3.10 Religious nationalism 3.11 Pan-nationalism 3.12 Diaspora nationalism 4 Stateless Nationalism 4.1 Extremism 4.2 Racism 5 Opposition and critique 6 See also 6.1 Compare 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

Principles

This section sets out the components of nationalist ideology as seen by nationalists themselves. (Academic theories of nationalism are skeptical of some of these principles, see below).

Nationalism is a form of universalism when it makes universal claims about how the world should be organized, but it is particularistic with regard to individual nations. In philosophy universalism is a doctrine or school claiming universal facts can be discovered and is therefore understood as being in opposition to Relativism. The combination of both is characteristic for the ideology, for instance in these assertions:

• "in a nation-state, the language of the nation should be the official language, and all citizens should speak it, and not a foreign language"
• "the official language of Denmark should be Danish, and all Danish citizens should speak it. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the "

The universalistic principles bring nationalism into conflict with competing forms of universalism, the particularistic principles bring specific nationalist movements into conflict with rival nationalisms - for instance, the Danish-German tensions over their reciprocal linguistic minorities. The Schleswig-Holstein Question was the name given to the whole complex of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century out of the relations of the two duchies Schleswig The Danish minority in Southern Schleswig, Germany, has existed by this name since 1920 when the Schleswig Plebiscite split the German-ruled

The starting point of nationalism is the existence of nations, which it takes as a given. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Nations are typically seen as entities with a long history: most nationalists do not believe a nation can be created artificially. Nationalist movements see themselves as the representative of an existing, centuries-old nation. However, some theories of nationalism imply the reverse order - that the nationalist movements created the sense of national identity, and then a political unit corresponding to it, or that an existing state promoted a 'national' identity for itself. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.

Nationalists see nations as an inclusive categorization of human beings - assigning every individual to one specific nation. In fact, nationalism sees most human activity as national in character. Nations have national symbols, a national culture, a national music and national literature; national folklore, a national mythology and - in some cases - a national religion. A national symbol is a Symbol of any entity considering itself and manifesting itself to the world as a national community – namely sovereign states, but also Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Individuals share national values and a national identity, admire the national hero, eat the national dish and play the national sport. A value system is a set of Consistent Ethic values (more specifically the Personal and cultural values) and measures used for the purpose of Ethical Cultural identity is the (feeling of identity of a group or Culture, or of an Individual as far as he or she is influenced by her belonging to a group A culture hero is a Mythological Hero specific to some group ( cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, etc A national dish is a dish, Food or a Drink that represents a particular Country, nation or region A national sport is a Sport or Game that is considered to be a intrinsic part of the culture of a Nation.

Nationalists define individual nations on the basis of certain criteria, which distinguish one nation from another; and determine who is a member of each nation. These criteria typically include a shared language, culture, and/or shared values which are predominantly represented within a specific ethnic group. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic A personal and cultural value is a Relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated National identity refers both to these defining criteria, and to the shared heritage of each group. Membership in a nation is usually involuntary and determined by birth. Individual nationalisms vary in their degree of internal uniformity: some are monolithic, and tolerate little variance from the national norms. Academic nationalism theory emphasizes that national identity is contested, reflecting differences in region, class, gender, and language or dialect. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of A recent development is the idea of a national core culture, in Germany the Leitkultur, which emphasizes a minimal set of non-negotiable values: this is primarily a strategy of cultural assimilation in response to immigration. The German language term Leitkultur is a politically controversial concept first introduced in 1998 by the German-Arab sociologist Bassam Tibi. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term

Nationalism has the strong territorial component, with an inclusive categorization of territory corresponding to the categorization of individuals. For each nation, there is a territory which is uniquely associated with it, the national homeland, and together they account for most habitable land. This is reflected in the geopolitical claims of nationalism, which seeks to order the world as a series of nation-states, each based on the national homeland of its respective nation. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Territorial claims characterize the politics of nationalist movements. Established nation-states also make an implicit territorial claim, to secure their own continued existence: sometimes it is specified in the national constitution. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity In the nationalist view, each nation has a moral entitlement to a sovereign state: this is usually taken as a given.

The nation-state is intended to guarantee the existence of a nation, to preserve its distinct identity, and to provide a territory where the national culture and ethos are dominant - nationalism is also a philosophy of the state. Ethos (ˈiːθɒs (grc ἦθος ἔθος plurals ethe (ἤθη ethea (ἤθεα is a Greek word originally meaning "accustomed A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. It sees a nation-state as a necessity for each nation: secessionist national movements often complain about their second-class status as a minority within another nation. This specific view of the duties of the state influenced the introduction of national education systems, often teaching a standard curriculum, national cultural policy, and national language policy. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. Many countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular Language or set of languages In turn, nation-states appeal to a national cultural-historical mythos to justify their existence, and to confer political legitimacy - acquiescence of the population in the authority of the government.

Nationalists recognize that 'non-national' states exist and existed, but do not see them as a legitimate form of state. The struggles of early nationalist movements were often directed against such non-national states, specifically multi-ethnic empires such as Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Most multi-ethnic empires have disappeared, but some secessionist movements see Russia and China as comparable non-national, imperial states. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National At least one modern state is clearly not a nation-state: the Vatican City exists solely to provide a sovereign territorial unit for the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory

Some critics have maintained that (unlike modern nationalism, which is a creation of the 19th century nation state) authentic nationalism (as the Latin 'natio' would suggest) must be based in some form of genophilia and the sharing of ancestors.

Nationalism as ideology includes ethical principles: that the moral duties of individuals to fellow members of the nation override those to non-members. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Nationalism claims that national loyalty, in case of conflict, overrides local loyalties, and all other loyalties to family, friends, profession, religion, or class. This page is about loyalty as faithfulness to a cause For its use in business see Loyalty business model or Loyalty Marketing.

Theory

Background and problems

Specific examples of nationalisms are extremely diverse since many types, forms, and origins exist. The theory of nationalism has always been complicated by this background, and by the intrusion of nationalist ideology into the theory. There are also national differences in the theory of nationalism, since people define nationalism on the basis of their local experience. Theory (and media coverage)may overemphasize conflicting nationalist movements, and war - diverting attention from many general theoretical issues; for instance, the characteristics of nation-states. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units

Issues

The first studies of nationalism were generally historical accounts of nationalist movements. At the end of the 19th century, Marxists and other socialists produced political analysis that were critical of the nationalist movements then active in central and eastern Europe. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Most sociological theories of nationalism date from after the Second World War. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Some nationalism theory is about issues which concern nationalists themselves, such as who belongs to the nation and who does not, as well as the precise meaning of 'belonging'.

Origins

Recent general theory has looked at underlying issues, and above all the question of which came first, nations or nationalism. Nationalist activists see themselves as representing a pre-existing nation, and the primordialist theory of nationalism agrees. Primordialism is the argument which contends that Nations are ancient natural phenomena It sees nations, or at least ethnic groups, as a social reality dating back twenty thousand years.

The modernist theories imply that until around 1800, almost no-one had more than local loyalties. National identity and unity were originally imposed from above, by European states, because they were necessary to modernize economy and society. The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories In this theory, nationalist conflicts are an unintended side-effect. For example, Ernest Gellner argued that nations are a by-product of industrialization. Ernest André Gellner ( 9 December 1925 &ndash 5 November 1995) was a Philosopher and social anthropologist, cited as one is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Modernization theorists see such things as the printing press and capitalism as necessary conditions for nationalism. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where ^[5] Unfortunately, this theory falls short of addressing all nationalist efforts, including the Flemings repulsion of the French in the 14th century, or any nationalist efforts against empires before 1800.

Anthony D. Smith, typically following the Hegelian dialectic of thesis/antithesis/synthesis, proposed a synthesis of primordialist and modernist views, now commonly referred to as an ethno-symbolist approach. Anthony D Smith (born 1933 is Professor Emeritus of Nationalism and Ethnicty at the London School of Economics, and is considered one of the founders of the In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions According to Smith, the preconditions for the formation of a nation are as follows:

• A fixed homeland (current or historical)
• High autonomy
• Hostile surroundings
• Memories of battles
• Sacred centers
• Languages and scripts
• Special customs
• Historical records and thinking

Those preconditions may create powerful common mythology. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Therefore, the mythic homeland is in reality more important for the national identity than the actual territory occupied by the nation. ^[6] Smith also posits that nations are formed through the inclusion of the whole populace (not just elites), constitution of legal and political institutions, nationalist ideology, international recognition and drawing up of borders.

Theoretical literature

There is a large amount of theoretical and empirical literature on nationalism. The following is a minimal selection of some of the more important works, and a series of capsule summaries that do not do justice to the range of views expressed.

• Anderson, Benedict. Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson (born August 26, 1936) is Aaron L 1991. Imagined Communities. The imagined community is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson which states that a Nation is a Community socially constructed which is to say 2nd ed. London: Verso. Anderson argues that nations are imagined political communities, and are imagined to be limited and sovereign. Their development is related to the decline of other types of imagined community, especially in the face of capitalist production of print media.
• Armstrong, John Alexander. 1982. Nations Before Nationalism. Armstrong traces the development of national identities from origins in antiquity and the medieval world.
• Breuilly, John. 1992. Nationalism and the State. 2nd ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press. This approach focuses on the politics of nationalism, in particular on nationalism as a response to the imperatives of the modern state. It employs the mode of comparative history to study numerous cases of nationalism.
• Gellner, Ernest. Ernest André Gellner ( 9 December 1925 &ndash 5 November 1995) was a Philosopher and social anthropologist, cited as one 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell. This work links nationalism to the homogenising imperatives of industrial society and the reactions of minority cultures to those imperatives.
• Greenfeld, Liah. Liah Greenfeld (born 1954 holds the position of University Professor and Professor of Political Science and Sociology as well as Director of the Institute for the Advancement 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Greenfeld argues that nationalism existed at an earlier age than previously thought: as early as the sixteenth century in the case of England.
• Steven Grosby, Biblical Ideas of Nationality: Ancient and Modern (2002)dates the idea of the nation to the ancient Levant. Steven Grosby is Professor of Religion at Clemson University.
• Hechter, Michael. 1975. Internal Colonialism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Hechter attributes nationalism in the "Celtic fringe" of Britain and Ireland to the reinforcing divisions of culture and the division of labour.
• Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terence, eds. Terence Osborn Ranger (born 1929 is a prominent African historian, focusing on the History of Zimbabwe. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This collection of essays, especially Hobsbawm's introduction and chapter on turn-of-the-century Europe, argues that the nation is a prominent type of invented tradition.
• Kedourie, Elie. Elie Kedourie CBE, FBA ( 25 January 1926 – 29 June[[ 992]] was a British Historian of the Middle East 1960. Nationalism. London: Hutchinson. Kedourie focuses on the role of disaffected German intellectuals in developing the doctrine of nationalism at the beginning of the nineteenth century from Kant's idea of the autonomy of the will and Herder's belief in the primacy of linguistic communities in establishing modes of thought.
• Kedourie, Elie, ed. Elie Kedourie CBE, FBA ( 25 January 1926 – 29 June[[ 992]] was a British Historian of the Middle East 1971. Nationalism in Asia and Africa. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Kedourie's introduction to this volume of nationalist texts extends his analysis in his earlier work to the efforts of intellectuals in colonial states.
• Hans Kohn The Idea of Nationalism; a Study of its Origins and Background, MacMillan, 1944. Hans Kohn ( הַנְס כֹּהן, September 15, 1891 - 1971 was a philosopher and Historian. Kohn's pioneering work formulates the distinction between civic and ethnic nationalism.
• Will Kymlicka, "Multicultural Citizenship," (Oxford, 1995). Argues that certain "collective rights" of minority cultures are consistent with liberal democratic principles.
• David Miller, "on Nationality," Oxford University Press, 1975, 1995, 1999. David Miller may refer to David Miller (architect, American architect and architecture professor at the University of Washington David Miller Millerargues that national identities are valid sources of personal identity, that individuals are justified in recognizing special obligations to co-nationals, and that nations have good grounds for desiring self-determination, but that nationalism cannot justify suppressing other sources of identity.
• Jeremy A. Rabkin, Law without Nations? Why constitutional government Requires Sovereign States," Princeton U. Press, 2005, Rabkin argues that nations are necessary for the protection of the human rights of individuals.
• Ernest Renan, his 1882 lecture Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? ("What is a Nation?")described nationalism as the desire of people who see themselves as a community that "avoir fait de grandes choses ensemble, vouloir en faire encore" (having done great things together and wishing to do more), he famously described commitment to the nation as a "daily plebiscite. "
• Smith, Anthony D. 1986. Anthony D Smith (born 1933 is Professor Emeritus of Nationalism and Ethnicty at the London School of Economics, and is considered one of the founders of the The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell. Smith traces modern nations and nationalism to pre-modern ethnic sources, arguing for the existence of an "ethnic core" in modern nations.
• Yael Tamir, 1993, "Liberal Nationalism," Princeton University Press. Tamir makes a liberal political theory argument for nationalism based on the right of individuals to associate as nations. (JR. Lover 2008)

Typology

Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. Christopher David Williams (1873 &ndash 1934 was a Welsh artist Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location.

Some political theorists make the case that any distinction between forms of nationalism is false. In all forms of nationalism, the populations believe that they share some kind of common culture. A main reason why such typology can be considered false is that it attempts to bend the fairly simple concept of nationalism to explain its many manifestations or interpretations. Arguably, all "types" of nationalism merely refer to different ways academics throughout the years have tried to define nationalism. This school of thought accepts that nationalism is simply the desire of a nation to self-determine.

Ethnic nationalism

Main article: Ethnic nationalism

See also: National mysticism and Nationalism and archaeology

Ethnic nationalism, or ethnonationalism, defines the nation in terms of ethnicity, which always includes some element of descent from previous generations - i. Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. National mysticism (German Nationalmystik) is a form of Nationalism which raises the Nation to the status of Numen or Divinity. Historiography is the study of how history is written One pervasive influence upon the writing of history has been Nationalism, a set of beliefs about Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent e. genophilia. It also includes ideas of a culture shared between members of the group and with their ancestors, and usually a shared language. An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i Membership in the nation is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its status as homeland of the ethnic group, and from its function to protect the national group and facilitate its cultural and social life, as a group. A homeland (rel Country of origin and native land) is the concept of the territory ( Cultural geography) to which an Ethnic group Ideas of ethnicity are very old, but modern ethnic nationalism was heavily influenced by Johann Gottfried von Herder, who promoted the concept of the Volk, and Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Johann Gottfried von Herder ( August 25, 1744 December 18, 1803) was a German philosopher, Poet, and Literary See also Folk (disambiguation, Volk (disambiguation Folk is one of the Germanic roots that mean "(of the people" or "our Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814) was a German philosopher Ethnic nationalism is now the dominant form, and is often simply referred to as "nationalism".

Theorist Anthony D. Smith uses the term 'ethnic nationalism' for non-Western concepts of nationalism, as opposed to Western views of a nation defined by its geographical territory. Anthony D Smith (born 1933 is Professor Emeritus of Nationalism and Ethnicty at the London School of Economics, and is considered one of the founders of the (The term "ethnonationalism" is generally used only in reference to nationalists who espouse an explicit ideology along these lines; "ethnic nationalism" is the more generic term, and used for nationalists who hold these beliefs in an informal, instinctive, or unsystematic way. Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. The pejorative form of both is "ethnocentric nationalism" or "tribal nationalism," though "tribal nationalism" can have a non-pejorative meaning when discussing African, Native American, or other nationalisms that openly assert a tribal identity. )

Civic nationalism

Civic nationalism (or civil nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from the active participation of its citizenry, from the degree to which it represents the "will of the people". Liberal nationalism is a kind of Nationalism defended recently by Political philosophers who believe that there can be a non- Xenophobic form of nationalism A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. It is often seen as originating with Jean-Jacques Rousseau and especially the social contract theories which take their name from his 1762 book The Social Contract. Social contract describes a broad class of republican theories whose subjects are implied agreements by which people form Nations and maintain a Social order Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but as a form of nationalism it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Membership of the civic nation is considered voluntary. Civic-national ideals influenced the development of representative democracy in countries such as the United States and France. Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives

State nationalism is a variant of civic nationalism, very often combined with ethnic nationalism. Liberal nationalism is a kind of Nationalism defended recently by Political philosophers who believe that there can be a non- Xenophobic form of nationalism Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. It implies that the nation is a community of those who contribute to the maintenance and strength of the state, and that the individual exists to contribute to this goal. Italian fascism is the best example, epitomized in this slogan of Mussolini: "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology " ("Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State"). It is no surprise that this conflicts with liberal ideals of individual liberty, and with liberal-democratic principles. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The revolutionary Jacobin creation of a unitary and centralist French state is often seen as the original version of state nationalism. The Jacobin Club was the largest and most powerful political club of the French Revolution. Franquist Spain,^[7] and contemporary Kemalist Turkish nationalism^[8][9] are later examples of state nationalism. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Kemalist Ideology " Kemalism " (Kemalist İdeoloji Kemalizm Atatürkçülük Atatürkçü Düşünce or also known as the " Six Arrows " (Altı

However, the term "state nationalism" is often used in conflicts between nationalisms, and especially where a secessionist movement confronts an established "nation state. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity " The secessionists speak of state nationalism to discredit the legitimacy of the larger state, since state nationalism is perceived as less authentic and less democratic. Flemish separatists speak of Belgian nationalism as a state nationalism. The Flemish Movement (Vlaamse Beweging is a popular term used to describe the political movement for emancipation and greater autonomy of the Belgian region of Flanders Belgian Nationalism (or Belgicistic nationalism; Dutch: Belgicisme; French: Belgicanisme) defines an ideology Basque separatists and Corsican separatists refer to Spain and France, respectively, in this way. Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the Carlism and the loss by the laws of 1839 and 1876 of the Ancien Régime relationship between the Basque provinces Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily There are no undisputed external criteria to assess which side is right, and the result is usually that the population is divided by conflicting appeals to its loyalty and patriotism.

Critiques of supposed "civic nationalism" often call for the eliminaton of the term, as it often represents either imperialism (in the case of France), patriotism, or simply an extension of "ethnic," or "real" nationalism.

Expansionist nationalism

Main article: Expansionist nationalism

"Expansionist nationalism" is a radical form of imperialism that incorporates autonomous, patriotic sentiments with a belief in expansionism. Expansionist nationalism is an aggressive and radical form of Nationalism that incorporates autonomous patriotic sentiments with a belief in Expansionism. It is most closely associated with the likes of Nazism (nationalist-socialism) and also shares some commonalities with American Manifest Destiny and neoconservatism. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism

Romantic nationalism

Romantic nationalism (also organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of ethnic nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a natural ("organic") consequence and expression of the nation, or race. Romantic nationalism (also National Romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of Nationalism in which the state derives Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. It reflected the ideals of Romanticism and was opposed to Enlightenment rationalism. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 Romantic nationalism emphasized a historical ethnic culture which meets the Romantic Ideal; folklore developed as a Romantic nationalist concept. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological The Brothers Grimm were inspired by Herder's writings to create an idealized collection of tales which they labeled as ethnically German. The Brothers Grimm ( German: Die Gebrüder Grimm) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Historian Jules Michelet exemplifies French romantic-nationalist history. Jules Michelet ( 21 August 1798 &ndash 9 February 1874) was a French Historian.

Cultural nationalism

Main article: Cultural nationalism

Cultural nationalism defines the nation by shared culture. Cultural nationalism is a form of Nationalism in which the Nation is defined by a shared (inherited Culture, as opposed to for instance its Ethnicity Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Membershi(the state of being members) in the nation is neither entirely voluntary (you cannot instantly acquire a culture), nor hereditary (children of members may be considered foreigners if they grew up in another culture). Yet, a traditional culture can be more easily incorporated into an individal's life, especially if the individual is allowed to acquire its skills at an early stage of his/her own life . ^[10] Chinese nationalism is one example of cultural nationalism, partly because of the many national minorities in China.

Cultural nationalism has been described as a variety of nationalism that is neither purely civic nor ethnic. Liberal nationalism is a kind of Nationalism defended recently by Political philosophers who believe that there can be a non- Xenophobic form of nationalism Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. ^[11] The nationalisms of Quebec and Flanders have been variously described as ethnic or as cultural. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. ^[12]

Third World nationalism

Recently, there has been a rise of Third World nationalisms. Third world nationalisms, occur in those nations that have been colonized and exploited. The nationalisms of these nations were forged in a furnace that required resistance to colonial domination in order to survive. As such, resistance is part and parcel of such nationalisms and their very existence is a form of resistance to imperialist intrusions. The Third World nationalism attempts to ensure that the identities of Third World peoples are authored primarily by themselves, not colonial powers. ^[13]

Liberal nationalism

Liberal nationalism is a kind of nationalism defended recently by political philosophers who believe that there can be a non-xenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights. Liberal nationalism is a kind of Nationalism defended recently by Political philosophers who believe that there can be a non- Xenophobic form of nationalism Xenophobia is an intense and/or irrational dislike and sometimes fear of people from other countries ^[14] Ernest Renan^[15] and John Stuart Mill^[16] are often thought to be early liberal nationalists. Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Liberal nationalists often defend the value of national identity by saying that individuals need a national identity in order to lead meaningful, autonomous lives^[17] and that liberal democratic polities need national identity in order to function properly. ^[18]

National conservatism

National conservatism is a political term used primarily in Europe to describe a variant of conservatism which concentrates more on national interests than standard conservatism, while not being nationalist or a far-right approach. National conservatism is a political term used to describe a variant of Conservatism which concentrates more on "national interests and traditional social/ethical Many national conservatives are social conservatives, in favour of limiting immigration, and in Europe, they usually are eurosceptics.

National conservatism is related to social conservatism, and as such may be heavily oriented towards the traditional family and social stability.

Anarchism and nationalism

Main article: Nationalism and Anarchism

Anarchists who see value in nationalism typically argue that a nation is first and foremost a people; that the state is parasite upon the nation and should not be confused with it; and that since in reality states rarely coincide with national entities, the ideal of the Nation State is actually little more than a myth. Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Within the European Union, for instance, they argue there are over 500 ethnic nations^[19] within the 25 member states, and even more in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Moving from this position, they argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the worlds nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation, and mutual aid. Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i There has been a long history of anarchist involvement with left-nationalism all over the world. Contemporary fusions of anarchism with anti-state left-Nationalism include some strains of Black anarchism, Celtic anarchism, and Indigenism. Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Celtic anarchism is a new tendency within the larger Anarchist movement

In the early to mid 19th century Europe, the ideas of nationalism, socialism, and liberalism were closely intertwined. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Revolutionaries and radicals like Giuseppe Mazzini aligned with all three in about equal measure. Giuseppe Mazzini ( June 22, 1805, Genoa, Italy - March 10, 1872, Pisa, Italy was an Italian Patriot ^[20] The early pioneers of anarchism participated in the spirit of their times: they had much in common with both liberals and socialists, and they shared much of the outlook of early nationalism as well. Thus Mikhail Bakunin had a long career as a pan-Slavic nationalist before adopting anarchism. Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been He also agitated for a United States of Europe (a contemporary nationalist vision originated by Mazzini). ^[21] In 1880-1881, the Boston-based Irish nationalist W. G. H. Smart wrote articles for a magazine called The Anarchist. ^[22] Similarly, Anarchists in China during the early part of the 20th century were very much involved in the left-wing of the nationalist movement while actively opposing racist elements of the Anti-Manchu wing of that movement. The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement

Religious nationalism

For more details on this topic, see Religious nationalism. Religious nationalism is the relationship of Nationalism to a particular religious belief church, or affiliation

Religious nationalism is the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, church, or affiliation. Religious nationalism is the relationship of Nationalism to a particular religious belief church, or affiliation A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos This relationship can be broken down into two aspects; the politicisation of religion and the converse influence of religion on politics. A politicized issue is a social economic theological spiritual medical or legal issue which has become a political issue as a result of deliberate action or otherwise In the former aspect, a shared religion can be seen to contribute to a sense of national unity, a common bond among the citizens of the nation. Another political aspect of religion is the support of a national identity, similar to a shared ethnicity, language or culture. The influence of religion on politics is more ideological, where current interpretations of religious ideas inspire political activism and action; for example, laws are passed to foster stricter religious adherence. ^[23]

Pan-nationalism

Pan-nationalism is usually an ethnic and cultural nationalism, but the 'nation' is itself a cluster of related ethnic groups and cultures, such as Turkic peoples. Pan-nationalism is a form of Nationalism distinguished by the large scale of the claimed national territory and because it often defines the nation on the basis of a ‘’cluster’’ Pan-Turkism is a political movement aiming to unite the various Turkic peoples into a modern political State, a Confederation, or an economic union closely Occasionally pan-nationalism is applied to mono-ethnic nationalism, when the national group is dispersed over a wide area and several states - as in Pan-Germanism. Pan-Germanism (Pangermanismus or Alldeutsche Bewegung was a political movement of the 19th century aiming for unity of the German -speaking peoples of Europe

Diaspora nationalism

Diaspora nationalism (or, as Benedict Anderson terms it, "long-distance nationalism") generally refers to nationalist feeling among a diaspora such as the Irish in the United States, the Jewish in the United States identifying as Israelis, or the Lebanese in the Americas and Africa, and the Armenians in Europe and the United States. Diaspora politics is the study of the political behavior of transnational ethnic Diasporas their relationship with their ethnic Homelands and Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson (born August 26, 1936) is Aaron L The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic ^[24] Anderson states that this sort of nationalism acts as a "phantom bedrock" for people who want to experience a national connection, but who do not actually want to leave their diaspora community. The essential difference between pan-nationalism and diaspora nationalism is that members of a diaspora, by definition, are no longer resident in their national or ethnic homeland. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic In the specific case of Zionism, the national movement advocates migration to the claimed national homeland, which would - if 100% effected - end the diaspora. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the

Stateless Nationalism

With the establishment of a nation-state, the primary goal of any nationalist movement has been achieved. However, nationalism does not disappear but remains a political force within the nation, and inspires political parties and movements. The development of state nationalism leads to the development of stateless nationalism movements that feel oppressed by the mainstream nationalistic conception of the nation - such as the "eternal Spain", "La Grande France" - and aspire at setting up their own state either within the nation state or a state of its own.

Stateless Nationalists in this sense typically campaign for:

• Defending from strengthening national unity, including campaigns for national salvation in times of crisis
• Confronting nation state policies that attempt to impose a model of political behaviour from the top
• Unlike state nationalism is more opened to foreign influences, influenced by civic liberalism they reject the extreme xenophobia of state nationalist parties.
• Attempting to make borders flexible so as to collaborate with neighbouring territories sharing common interests.
• Redefining the national territory which is considered part of the national homeland. This is called irredentism, from the Italian movement Italia irredenta. Irredentism is any position advocating Annexation of territories administered by another State on the grounds of common Ethnicity or prior historical possession
• Small nations cannot survive unless they are opened to foreign trade so that they reject economic nationalism of nation states. Economic nationalism is a term used to describe policies which are guided by the idea of protecting domestic consumption labor and capital formation even if this requires the imposition

Nationalist parties and nationalist politicians, in this sense, usually place great emphasis on national symbols, such as the national flag. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. A national symbol is a Symbol of any entity considering itself and manifesting itself to the world as a national community – namely sovereign states, but also A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification

The term 'nationalism' is also used by extension, or as a metaphor, to describe movements which promote a group identity of some kind. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects This use is especially common in the United States, and includes black nationalism and white nationalism in a cultural sense. Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. White nationalism is a political Ideology which advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of national identity for White people, in opposition to They may overlap with nationalism in the classic sense, including black secessionist movements and pan-Africanism. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of

Nationalists obviously have a positive attitude toward their own nation, although this is not a definition of nationalism. The emotional appeal of nationalism is visible even in established and stable nation-states. The social psychology of nations includes national identity (the individual’s sense of belonging to a group), and national pride (self-association with the success of the group). Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact National pride is related to the cultural influence of the nation, and its economic and political strength - although they may be exaggerated. However, the most important factor is that the emotions are shared: nationalism in sport includes the shared disappointment if the national team loses. Nationalism and Sport are often intertwined as sports provide a venue for symbolic Competition between nations sports competition often reflects national

The emotions can be purely negative: a shared sense of threat can unify the nation. However, dramatic events, such as defeat in war, can qualitatively affect national identity and attitudes to non-national groups. The defeat of Germany in World War I, and the perceived humiliation by the Treaty of Versailles, economic crisis and hyperinflation, created a climate for xenophobia, revanchism, and the rise of Nazism. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. Revanchism (from French revanche " Revenge " is a term used since the 1870s to describe a political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial The solid bourgeois patriotism of the pre-1914 years, with the Kaiser as national father-figure, was no longer relevant.

Extremism

Although nationalism influences many aspects of life in stable nation-states, its presence is often invisible, since the nation-state is taken for granted. Michael Billig speaks of banal nationalism, the everyday, less visible forms of nationalism, which shape the minds of a nation's inhabitants on a day-to-day basis. Michael Billig is Professor of Social Sciences at Loughborough University. Banal nationalism refers to the everyday representations of the Nation which build a sense of national solidarity in the citizenry Attention concentrates on extreme aspects, and on nationalism in unstable regions. Nationalism may be used as a derogatory label for political parties, or they may use it themselves as a euphemism for xenophobia, even if their policies are no more specifically nationalist, than other political parties in the same country. A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak Xenophobia is an intense and/or irrational dislike and sometimes fear of people from other countries In Europe, some 'nationalist' anti-immigrant parties have a large electorate, and are represented in parliament. Smaller but highly visible groups also self-identify as 'nationalist', although it may be a euphemism for neo-Nazis or white supremacists. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. Activists in other countries are often referred to as ultra-nationalists, with a clearly pejorative meaning. See also chauvinism and jingoism. Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy"

Nationalism is a component of other political ideologies, and in its extreme form, fascism. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology However, it is not accurate to simply describe fascism as a more extreme form of nationalism. Nor is it generally correct to describe non-extreme nationalism as a lesser form of fascism. Fascism in the general sense, and the Italian original, were marked by a strong sense of state nationalism whereas political parties today like the British National Party tend to have a concept of ethnic nationalism, often combined with a form of economic and ethical socialism. Liberal nationalism is a kind of Nationalism defended recently by Political philosophers who believe that there can be a non- Xenophobic form of nationalism The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution That was certainly evident in Nazism. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German However, the geopolitical aspirations of Adolf Hitler are probably better described as imperialist and, to a lesser degree, colonialist because Nazi Germany ultimately ruled over vast areas where there was no historic German presence (imperialism) with intentions to eventually populate many of the conquered territories with ethnic Germans (colonialism). Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Nazi state was so different from the typical European nation-state, that it was sui generis (requires a category of its own). Sui generis (English pronunciation ( IPA) /ˌsuːiˈdʒɛnərɪs/ roughly "SOO-ee JEN-a-ris" Latin pronunciation /ˌsuːiˈgeneris/ is a Neo-Latin

Racism

Nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one race over others, but in practice, many nationalists support racial protectionism or racial supremacy. Such racism is typically based upon preference or superiority of the indigenous race of the nation, but not always.

In United States for example, non-indigenous racial nationalist movements exist for both black and white races. These forms of nationalism often promote or glorify foreign nations that they believe can serve as an example for their own nation, see Anglophilia or Afrocentrism. An Anglophile is a person who is fond of English culture and England in general Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history

Explicit biological race theory was influential from the end of the 19th century. Racialism is an emphasis on race or racial considerations Racialism entails a belief in the existence and significance of racial categories but not necessarily in a Nationalist and fascist movements in the first half of the 20th century often appealed to these theories. The Nazi ideology was probably the most comprehensively racial ideology in history, and race influenced all aspects of policy in Nazi Germany. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

Ethnic cleansing is often seen as both a nationalist and racist phenomenon. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity It is part of nationalist logic that the state is reserved for one nation, but not all nationalist nation-states expel their minorities.

Opposition and critique

Nationalism is sometimes an extremely assertive ideology, making far-reaching, despite often justified, demands, including the disappearance of entire states. It has attracted vehement opposition. Much of the early opposition to nationalism was related to its geopolitical ideal of a separate state for every nation. The classic nationalist movements of the 19th century rejected the very existence of the multi-ethnic empires in Europe. This resulted in severe repression by the (generally autocratic) governments of those empires. That tradition of secessionism, repression, and violence continues, although by now a large nation typically confronts a smaller nation. Even in that early stage, however, there was an ideological critique of nationalism. That has developed into several forms of anti-nationalism in the western world. Anti-nationalism is the idea that Nationalism is undesirable or even dangerous in one form or another and sometimes though less often the idea that all nationalism is dangerous The Islamic revival of the 20th century also produced an Islamic critique of the nation-state.

In the liberal political tradition there is widespread criticism of ‘nationalism’ as a dangerous force and a cause of conflict and war between nation-states. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Liberals do not generally dispute the existence of the nation-states. The liberal critique also emphasizes individual freedom as opposed to national identity, which is by definition collective (see collectivism). Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than

The pacifist critique of nationalism also concentrates on the violence of nationalist movements, the associated militarism, and on conflicts between nations inspired by jingoism or chauvinism. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy" Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred National symbols and patriotic assertiveness are in some countries discredited by their historical link with past wars, especially in Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Famous pacifist Bertrand Russell criticizes nationalism of diminishing individual's capacity to judge his or hers fatherland's foreign policy^[25]. Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian Likewise George Orwell, though not a pacifist himself, has stated that "The nationalist not only does not disapprove of atrocities committed by his own side, but he has a remarkable capacity for not even hearing about them. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer "^[26] William Blum has said this in other words: "If love is blind, patriotism has lost all five senses"^[27]

The anti-racist critique of nationalism concentrates on the attitudes to other nations, and especially on the doctrine that the nation-state exists for one national group, to the exclusion of others. William Blum (born 1933 is an American author historian and critic of United States foreign policy. Anti-racism includes beliefs actions movements and policies adopted or developed to oppose Racism. It emphasizes the chauvinism and xenophobia of many nationalisms.

Political movements of the left have often been suspicious of nationalism, again without necessarily seeking the disappearance of the existing nation-states. Marxism has been ambiguous towards the nation-state, and in the late 19th century some Marxist theorists rejected it completely. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. For some Marxists the world revolution implied a global state (or global absence of state); for others it meant that each nation-state had its own revolution. This is about the concept of world revolution in Marxist theory A significant event in this context was the failure of the social-democratic and socialist movements in Europe to mobilize a cross-border workers' opposition to World War I. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All At present most, but certainly not all, left-wing groups accept the nation-state, and see it as the political arena for their activities. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions

In the Western world the most comprehensive current ideological alternative to nationalism is cosmopolitanism. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single Moral community. Ethical cosmopolitanism rejects one of the basic ethical principles of nationalism: that humans owe more duties to a fellow member of the nation, than to a non-member. It rejects such important nationalist values as national identity and national loyalty. However, there is also a political cosmopolitanism, which has a geopolitical program to match that of nationalism: it seeks some form of world state, with a world government. World government is the concept of a political body that would make interpret and enforce International law. World government is the concept of a political body that would make interpret and enforce International law. Very few people openly and explicitly support the establishment of a global state, but political cosmopolitanism has influenced the development of international criminal law, and the erosion of the status of national sovereignty. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself In turn, nationalists are deeply suspicious of cosmopolitan attitudes, which they equate with eradication of diverse national cultures.

While internationalism in the cosmopolitanist context by definition implies cooperation among nations and states, and therefore the existence of nations, proletarian internationalism is different, in that it calls for the international working class to follow its brethren in other countries irrespective of the activities or pressures of the national government of a particular sector of that class. For the Marxist concept of internationalism see Proletarian internationalism. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified International Socialism redirects here For the journal of the same name see International Socialism (journal Proletarian internationalism is a Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Meanwhile, most (but not all) anarchists reject nation-states on the basis of self-determination of the majority social class, and thus reject nationalism. National-Anarchism is a syncretic political current that developed in the 1990s out of an attempt by former Third Positionists to reconcile Anarchism For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their Instead of nations, anarchists usually advocate the creation of cooperative societies based on free association and mutual aid without regard to ethnicity or race.

See also

This entry is related to, but not included in the Political ideologies series or one of its sub-series. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Other related articles can be found at the Politics Portal.

Compare

• Anti-nationalism
• Cosmopolitanism
• Global justice
• Globalization
• Internationalism
• Localism

References

Further reading

• Abizadeh, Arash. 2002. "Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments." American Political Science Review 96 (3): 495-509.
• Abizadeh, Arash. 2004. "Liberal Nationalist versus Postnational Social Integration." Nations and Nationalism 10(3): 231-250. Nations and Nationalism is an Interdisciplinary academic Journal covering Nationalism and related issues
• Alter, Peter. "Playing with the Nation: Napoleon and the Culture of Nationalism," United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800, ed. Tim Blanning and Hagen Schulze. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 61-76.
• Alvis, Robert. Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8156-3081-6
• Anderson, Benedict. Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson (born August 26, 1936) is Aaron L 1991. Imagined Communities. The imagined community is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson which states that a Nation is a Community socially constructed which is to say ISBN 0-86091-329-5 .
• Anderson, Benedict. 1998. The Spectre of Comparison: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World. London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-184-8 .
• Balakrishnan, Gopal, ed. 1996. Mapping the Nation. London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-960-1 .
• Billig, Michael. Banal Nationalism. ISBN 0-8039-7525-2 .
• Blattberg, Charles. 2006. "Secular Nationhood? The Importance of Language in the Life of Nations. " Nations and Nationalism 12(4): 597-612. Nations and Nationalism is an Interdisciplinary academic Journal covering Nationalism and related issues
• Breuilly, John. 1994. Nationalism and the State. 2nd ed. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-07414-5 .
• Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57224-X .
• Calhoun, Craig. 1993. "Nationalism and Ethnicity. " Annual Review of Sociology 19: 211-239.
• Canovan, Margaret. 1996. Nationhood and Political Theory. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. ISBN 1-85278-852-6 .
• Conversi, Daniele. 2008 'Democracy, Nationalism and Culture: A Social Critique of Liberal Monoculturalism'link title, Sociology Compass 2 (1) , 156–182
• Delanty, Gerard and Krishan Kumar (eds) Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage Publications, 2005.
• Fitzgerald, Francis. 1972. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Fire in the Lake The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam, written by Frances FitzGerald and published by both Back Bay Publishing and Little Boston: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-15919-0. "por la cola"
• Freeden, Michael. 1998. "Is Nationalism a Distinct Ideology?" Political Studies 46: 748-765.
• Geary, Patrick J. 2002. The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11481-1 .
• Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1662-0 .
• Greenfeld, Liah. Liah Greenfeld (born 1954 holds the position of University Professor and Professor of Political Science and Sociology as well as Director of the Institute for the Advancement 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-60319-2
• Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1992. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43961-2 .
• Juergensmeyer, Mark. 1993. The New Cold War: Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08651-1 .
• Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-827949-3 .
• McKim, Robert, and Jeff McMahan. 1997. The Morality of Nationalism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510391-2 .
• Mill, John Stuart. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential 1861. Considerations on Representative Government.
• Miller, David. 1995. On Nationality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828047-5 .
• Perlman, Fredy. 1984. Continuing Appeal of Nationalism. Black and Red Press.
• Patten, Alan. 1999. "The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism." Nations and Nationalism. Nations and Nationalism is an Interdisciplinary academic Journal covering Nationalism and related issues 5(1): 1-17.
• Renan, Ernest. Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native 1882. "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"
• Smith, Anthony D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations London: Basil Blackwell. pp 6–18. ISBN 0-631-15205-9 .
• Tamir, Yael. 1993. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07893-9 .
• Weichlein, Siegfried. "Cosmopolitanism, Patriotism, Nationalism," United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800, ed. Tim Blanning and Hagen Schulze. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 77-100.
• Whitmeyer, Joseph M. 2004 'Elites and popular nationalism', British Journal of Sociology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 321 - 341.

External links

General

• The Nationalism Project (by Eric G. E. Zuelow et al.)
• nationalismwatch.org -- Nationalism Watch Organization (Observatory dedicated to detect injustice and Human Rights violation conducted/caused by nationalisms)
• The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry
• Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Nationalism
• Johann Gottfried Herder (1784): Materials for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind
• What is a Nation? - Nadesan Satyendra
• Notes on Nationalism (Essay by George Orwell)
• The Sabanci University: School of Languages Podcasts: Nationalism (Part 1) and Theories of Nationalism (Part 2)

Topical

• Alfred Verdross and Othmar Spann: German Romantic Nationalism, National Socialism and International Law (Anthony Carty, European Journal of International Law)
• Nationalism in the Indian perspective
• Religious Nationalism and Human Rights (David Little, United Stated Institute of Peace)
• The Prohibition of Nationalism in Islam

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