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For the 2003 movie starring Martin Lawrence and Steve Zahn, see National Security (film). National Security is a 2003 American Comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and starring Martin Lawrence and Steve
Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London, England. These heavy blocks of concrete are designed to prevent a car bomb being rammed into the building.
Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland These heavy blocks of concrete are designed to prevent a car bomb being rammed into the building. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag A car bomb is an explosive device placed in a car or other Vehicle and then detonated.

National security refers to the requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of economic, military and political power and the exercise of diplomacy. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy There is no agreed-upon definition of power in Economics. At least five definitions of power have been used Purchasing power, i Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states

The late political scientist Hans Morgenthau, author of Politics Among Nations, defines national security as the integrity of the national territory and its institutions.

Measures taken to ensure national security include:

Contents

History of national security

The first known use of the term "national security" was in the Clark Memorandum of 1928. For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces Civil defense or civil defence (see spelling differences) is an effort to prepare Civilians for Military attack Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks Anti-terrorism legislation designs all types of Laws passed in the purported aim of fighting Terrorism. Critical infrastructure is a term used by Governments to describe Assets that are essential for the functioning of a society and economy An intelligence agency is a governmental agency that is devoted to the Information gathering (known in the context as " intelligence " This article is a subset article of Intelligence cycle security. Secret police (sometimes political police) are a Police agency which operates in Secrecy to maintain National security against internal The Clark Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine or Clark Memorandum, written on December 17, 1928 by Calvin Coolidge ’s undersecretary of state

The concept of security of a nation goes back to the dawn of nation-states themselves. Armies for domestic peacekeeping and maintaining national sovereignty have existed since the dawn of recorded history. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Civil and national police forces have also existed for millennia. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Intelligence agencies and secret services of governments stretch back to antiquity such as the Roman Empire's frumentarii and agens in rebus. An intelligence agency is a governmental agency that is devoted to the Information gathering (known in the context as " intelligence " This article is about the form of gov policing For other meanings see Secret Service (disambiguation. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The frumentarii were the Secret service of the Roman Empire. It had been long-standing policy of the Roman legions and armies of occupation to utilize informers While the general concepts of keeping a nation secure are not new, the specific modern English term "national security" itself came into common parlance in the 20th Century. Methodologies to achieve and maintain the highest possible desired state of national security have been consistently developed over the modern period to this day.

Over the history of the United States, policies such as the Monroe Doctrine, the domestic establishment of the United States Secret Service in the wake of the American Civil War, and the so called "big stick" corollary to the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt all show a maturation of policies and systems of establishing and ensuring diplomatic, military, and economic security. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Roosevelt Corollary was a substantial amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by U Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Each nation has its own history of establishing national security mechanisms.

The modern concept of national security was introduced in the United States after World War II and became an official guiding principle of foreign policy in the United States when the National Security Act of 1947 was signed on July 26, 1947 by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. The National Security Act of 1947, Pub L No 235 80 Cong 61 Stat Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by [1]

The majority of the provisions of the Act took effect on 18 September 1947, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives James Vincent Forrestal ( February 15, 1892 &ndash May 22, 1949) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Together with its 1949 amendment, this act:

During the Cold War's bipolar system, states often relied heavily on the two superpowers and other aligned nations to assist their national security. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Polarity in international relations is a description of the distribution of power within the international system A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale This principal is referred to as collective security, a term which came into vogue after the Armistice of World War I. Collective Security, according to Inis Claude's article "Collective Security as an Approach to Peace" is seen as a compromise between the concept of world government and a nation-state An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Since the breakup of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, and with the rise of terrorism, national security has had to shift its focus dramatically. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Security Sector Management (SSM)[2] is needed in many nations for different reasons. Security Sector Reform ( SSR) is a concept to reform or rebuild a state's Security sector that emerged first in the 1990s in Eastern Europe Some are nations emerging from repressive regimes or recovering from civil wars. Others are developing nations with weak governments where national security sectors never existed or were never strong before. The United States saw its own security sector overhaul with the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

Criticism of national security

Rights and freedoms

The measures adopted to maintain national security in the face of threats to society has led to ongoing discussion, particularly in liberal democracies, on the scale and role of authority in matters of civil and human rights. The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled

Tension exists between the preservation of the state (by maintaining self-determination and sovereignty) and the rights and freedoms of individuals. Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression

Although national security measures are imposed to protect society as a whole, such measures will necessarily tend to restrict the rights and freedoms of individuals. The concern is that where the exercise of national security laws and powers is not subject to good governance, the rule of law, and strict checks and balances, there is a risk that "national security" may simply serve as a pretext for suppressing unfavorable political and social views. The terms Governance and good governance are increasingly being used in development literature The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance Political dissent refers to any expression designed to convey dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body Taken to its logical conclusion, this view contends that measures which may ostensibly serve a national security purpose (such as mass surveillance, and censorship of mass media), could ultimately lead to a police state. Mathematical logic is a subfield of Logic and Mathematics with close connections to Computer science and Philosophical logic. Mass surveillance is the pervasive Surveillance of an entire population or a substantial fraction thereof Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" The term police state describes a State in which the government exercises rigid and repressive controls over the social economic and political

In the United States, the controversial USA Patriot Act and other government action has brought some of these issues to the citizen's attention, raising two main questions - to what extent, for the sake of national security, should individual rights and freedoms be restricted and can the restriction of civil rights for the sake of national security be justified?

Human security

Others believe that the national security approach has outlived its usefulness to the international community since many of the sources of global insecurity today (such as terrorism or global warming) are immune to unilateral state military responses. The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of National security by arguing that the proper In response to this growing sense of dissatisfaction, growing numbers of scholars, NGOs, and policy makers have argued for the adoption of a new people-centered model for security -- human security. Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of National security by arguing that the proper [3] Human security argues that global security is best enhanced when state leaders focus on reducing human vulnerabilities as the best pathway to enhancing state security. Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of National security by arguing that the proper [4]

References

  1. ^ History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997. White House (August 1997). See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  2. ^ Centre for Security Sector Management at Cranfield University. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  3. ^ For a clearer idea of these supporters, see the Human Security Network website, http://www.humansecuritynetwork.org/menu-e.php
  4. ^ See Human Security Now, http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/index.html

See also

The White House National Security Council ( NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering National
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