National Liberation Front (Narodno Osloboditelen Front)
A group of ethnic Macedonian partisans, participants in the Greek Civil War (1946 - 1949) on the side of the Democratic Army.
Active	1945-1949
Country	Greece (Greek Macedonia)
Engagements	Greek Civil War

The National Liberation Front (abbreviated NOF) (Macedonian: Народно Ослободителен Фронт (НОФ), transliterated Narodno Osloboditelen Front), also known as the People's Liberation Front, was a political and military organization created by the ethnic Macedonian minority in Greece. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The Romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in the Macedonian language from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The organization operated from 1945–1949, most prominently in the Greek Civil War. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom

Background

The 'Macedonian Question', surfaced after the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, following division of the region of Macedonia amongst the Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia. The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. When Turkish rule was supplanted by Serbian rule in 1913 the Serbs officially denied Macedonian distinctiveness considering the Macedonian language merely a dialect of Serbo-Croatian Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar Music of the Republic of Macedonia and Ethnic Macedonians has many things in common with the music of neighbouring Balkan countries Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar Macedonian cuisine (Македонска кујна transliterated Makedonska Kujna) is a representative of the cuisine of the Balkans, reflecting The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people In the Republic of Macedonia the main religion is Macedonian Orthodox, followed by Islam. History Origins After the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire, the Emperor Basil II acknowledged the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian The Roman Catholic Church in the Republic of Macedonia is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia The Macedonian Catholic Church, called the Macedonian Byzantine Catholic Church, is a Byzantine Rite Sui juris particular church within the communion Muslims in the Republic of Macedonia form 33% of the Republic of Macedonia's total population The history of Jews in the territory of the present-day Republic of Macedonia began in Roman times when Jews first arrived in the region in the It is estimated that Protestantism is practised by 61358 or roughly 3% of the total population The Union of the Baptist Christians in the Republic of Macedonia is a small fellowship of Baptist churches in the Republic of Macedonia. The history of the Macedonian people is closely associated with the historical and geographical region of Macedonia, and is manifested with their constant struggle The National Liberation War of Macedonia (Народноослободителна Борба на Македонија (НОБ transliterated Narodnoosloboditelna The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Ethnic Macedonians of Albania are an officially recognized ethnic minority in Albania Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria or Pirin Macedonians are a group mostly concentrated in the Pirin region of Macedonia. The Macedonian diaspora is a term used to refer to the communities of ethnic Macedonian people living outside of the region of Macedonia. Ethnic Macedonians of Serbia are an officially recognized ethnic minorityin Serbia Macedonians in Slovenia is a term referring to the groups of Ethnic Macedonians residing in Slovenia. Macedonians in Croatia refers to the group of Ethnic Macedonians who reside in Croatia. Macedonian Australians are Australians of ethnic Macedonian descent Macedonian Canadians are a group of Ethnic Macedonians who live in Canada. Macedonian Americans are Americans of Ethnic Macedonian descent Macedonians in Sweden is a term referring to the groups of Ethnic Macedonians residing in Sweden. The Ethnic Macedonians of Romania are a recognised minority with full minority rights Macedonians in Switzerland are Ethnic Macedonians who reside in Switzerland. According to the 2006 census figures 62295 ethnic Macedonians reside in Germany. "Aegean Macedonians" (Егејски Македонци Egejski Makedonci) or simply "Aegeans" (Егејци Egejci) are terms The Macedonian Muslims ( Macedonian: Македонци-муслимани Makedonci-muslimani) also known as Muslim Macedonians or Torbeš This is a list of Macedonians (Македонци Makedonci) a modern South Slavic ethnic group Public holidays are observed in the Republic of Macedonia for a number of reasons including for religious religious and national significance This article is about the region spanning several countries in southeastern Europe for the demographics of the Republic of Macedonia, see Demographic history of the The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great The Kingdom of Bulgaria (Царство България was established on October 5, 1908 ( September 22 O The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler During Ottoman rule, the Slavic-speaking population in Macedonia was under the influence of the Exarchate, the Greek Patriarchate and their education system, which resulted in the formation of Bulgarian, Greek, and afterwards Serb identities among them. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Bulgarian Exarchate (Българска екзархия Bylgarska ekzarkhia) was the official name of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church before its Autocephaly History Early history Christianity in Byzantium existed from the time of the Twelve Apostles, but it was in the year 330 that the Roman Emperor This is a list of articles on Education organized by country A Education in Afghanistan Education in Albania The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia,

But after the Balkan Wars, a new entity was being build among the Slavic-speaking population - an ethnic Macedonian one^[1]. The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Although the ethnic Macedonian national renaissance started back in the 19th century^[2], still the real apogee of the ethnic Macedonian conscience and identity occurred between the two world wars, and triumphed during WWII when ethnic Macedonian institutions were created in the three parts of Macedonia^[3]. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people The first revolutionary organization that promoted the existence of a separate ethnic Macedonian nation was IMRO (United)^[4], composed of former left-wing IMRO members. The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United (1925-1936 ( Macedonian: Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација This idea was internationalized and backed by the Comintern which issued in 1934 a declaration supporting the development of the entity^[5]. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow This action was attacked by the IMRO, but was supported by the Balkan communists, including the Greek Communist Party, which created a Macedonian section within the party, headed by Andreas Tsipas and supported the national consolidation of the ethnic Macedonian minority within Greece. The Communist Party of Greece (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas) better known by its acronym ΚΚΕ (usually Andreas Tsipas (1904&ndash1956 (Ανδρέας Τσίπας Андреја Чипов Andreja Čipov) was a Greek Communist leader during the World War 2 Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία But the Metaxas regime institutionalized the repression of minorities and leftist organizations. From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General Indigenous minorities in Greece are relatively small and the country is largely ethnically homogeneous The use of minority languages both in public and in private as well as expressions of the minority cultural distinctiveness were forbidden and punished.

Occupation of Greece in World War II

While most of Greece was occupied by Axis Powers in World War II, resistance movements were created by Greeks and the then-prominent ethnic Macedonian population. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people After Greece was occupied by Italy, Germany and Bulgaria, in the whole territory of northern Greece, different guerrilla bands and movements were formed. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Some of them fought against the occupation (like Napoleon Zervas and his National Republican Greek League (EDES), other were collaborationists, but one thing was common, all of them were attacking the unarmed ethnic Macedonians living in northern Greece^[6], seeing them as a potential threat - as happened during the Ioannis Metaxas regime^[7]. Napoleon Zervas ( Arta, May 17 1891 - 1957 was a Greek General and resistance leader during World War II. The National Republican Greek League ( Εθνικός Δημοκρατικός Ελληνικός Σύνδεσμος, Ethnikos Dimokratikos Ellinikos Syndesmos, abbreviated Collaborationism, can describe the Treason of cooperating with enemy Forces occupying one's Country. General Ioannis Metaxas (Ιωάννης Μεταξάς ( April 12, 1871 January 29, 1941) was a Greek General and There was also the National People's Liberation Army (ELAS), a partisan army headed by the Communist Party of Greece (KKE). The Greek People's Liberation Army ( Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός, Ellinikos Laïkos Apeleftherotikos Stratos) abbreviated The Communist Party of Greece (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas) better known by its acronym ΚΚΕ (usually Although ELAS in some cases relied on forced mobilization, the ethnic Macedonians sympathized with ELAS and the KKE because of their friendly position towards the ethnic minorities of Greece. The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Indigenous minorities in Greece are relatively small and the country is largely ethnically homogeneous ^[8]

The most notorious armed group involved in the repression of the ethnic Macedonians of Greece were the collaborationist Security Battalions (Tágmata Asfalías), which accused them as autonomists. The Security Battalions ( Greek: Τάγματα Ασφαλείας Tágmata Asfalías) were Greek Collaborationist military groups formed during the These units were involved in the murder and rape of the minority in western Greek Macedonia. Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe ^[9].

SNOF

Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front
Former SNOF members, organized in the First Aegean Shock Brigade marching through liberated Bitola. Bitola (Битола; known also by several alternative names) is a city in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia.
Active	1943-1944
Country	Greece (Greek Macedonia)
Allegiance	National People's Liberation Army
Engagements	Greek Resistance

The first ethnic-Macedonian armed military organization, the Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) (Macedonian: Славјано Македонски Народно Ослободителен Фронт (СНОФ), Latinic: Slavjano Мakedonski Narodno Osloboditelen Front (SNOF)) was established in 1943 by ethnic Macedonian members of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE). Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe The Greek People's Liberation Army ( Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός, Ellinikos Laïkos Apeleftherotikos Stratos) abbreviated The Greek Resistance ( Εθνική Αντίσταση, ie "National Resistance" is the blanket term for a number of armed and unarmed groups from across the political The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The Romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in the Macedonian language from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Communist Party of Greece (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas) better known by its acronym ΚΚΕ (usually

Еthnic Macedonian NOF partisans from Florina (1946–1949).

Before the creation of the SNOF, ethnic Macedonian military detachments in Greek Macedonia participated in the National People's Liberation Army . The Greek People's Liberation Army ( Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός, Ellinikos Laïkos Apeleftherotikos Stratos) abbreviated ^[10]

The main aim of the SNOF was to obtain the entire support of the local population and to mobilize it, through SNOF, for the aims of the National Liberation Front (EAM). The National Liberation Front (EAM ( Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μέτωπο (ΕΑΜ, Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo) was the main movement of the ^[11] Also one of the main goals of SNOF was to struggle against the Ohrana activity in western Greek Macedonia,^[12] and to persuade the Ohrana members to desert their ranks and join the SNOF and support ELAS. Ohrana (Охрана Protection or Guards) were armed detachments organized by the Bulgarian army and composed of Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe Ohrana (Охрана Protection or Guards) were armed detachments organized by the Bulgarian army and composed of SNOF started publishing newspapers and booklets on Ethnic Macedonian history and engaged a massive propaganda war against the Ohrana. Just before the liberation of Greece, SNOF operatives manages to convince many former "Ohranists" to entered the ranks of the SNOF, and some of them afterwards took part in the Greek Civil War on the side of the DSE and gave their lives in the struggle^[13]. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom This article is based on a translation of an article from the.

After increasing in numbers, the military detachments of the SNOF fought the Axis occupation in Northern Greece and collaborated with units of the KKE. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

During this time, the ethnic Macedonians in Greece were permitted to publish newspapers in the Macedonian language and run schools. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. ^[14] After the end of the Greek Resistance against the Axis occupation, the SNOF was dissolved in 1944 on the an orders of the KKE Central Committee and through British intervention. The Greek Resistance ( Εθνική Αντίσταση, ie "National Resistance" is the blanket term for a number of armed and unarmed groups from across the political Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Headed by Vangel Ajanovski - Oche, some SNOF commanders, dissatisfied with the KKE decision, crossed into Vardar Macedonia and participated in the National Liberation War of Macedonia. Vangel Ajanovski-Oche (1909-1996 was the initiator and leader of Macedonian national organizations МАО (Macedonia Antifascist Organization and TOMO (Secret Macedonian Organization Vardar Macedonia ( Macedonian and Serbian: Вардарска Македонија, Vardarska Makedonija Bulgarian: Вардарска The National Liberation War of Macedonia (Народноослободителна Борба на Македонија (НОБ transliterated Narodnoosloboditelna ^[15]

NOF

Foundation of NOF and first actions

After the liberation of Greece, and the signing of the Treaty of Varkiza, there was no sign of possible political stabilization of the country. The Treaty of Varkiza (also known as the Varkiza Pact or the Varkiza Peace Agreement) was signed in Varkiza (near Athens) on February 12 The Communist-led forces become isolated from the process, and the British intervention backed the right-wing government formed in Athens. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's After the ELAS was partly disarmed, the KKE and the its forces concentrated on political struggle. ^[16] But while the KKE was negotiating and fighting within the political framework, in northern Greece, bands of the former Security Battalions (wartime collaborators) and government forces harassed the ethnic Macedonians, accusing them of autonomist activities. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Security Battalions ( Greek: Τάγματα Ασφαλείας Tágmata Asfalías) were Greek Collaborationist military groups formed during the

Young ethnic Macedonians from the Kastorian village of Baptsori, in the ranks of the NOF.

The statute of NOF.

Given that the KKE had now switched to a political struggle, a number of ethnic Macedonians in Edessa, Kastoria and Florina, Paskal Mitrevski, Mihail Keramidzhiev, Georgi Urdov, Atanas Koroveshov, Pavle Rakovski and Mincho Fotev, decided to form the Narodno Osloboditelen Front (NOF) on 23 April 1945. Edessa (Έδεσσα Édessa, ˈe̞ðe̞sa local Slavic: Voden) is an ancient town of 25000 inhabitants in Central part of Macedonia Kastoria (Καστοριά Kastoriá, ˌkasto̞ɾˈja is a city in northern Greece in the periphery of West Macedonia. Flórina (Φλώρινα local Slavic: Лерин Lerin; known also by several alternative names) is a town in mountainous northwestern Macedonia Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar According to its statute, the NOF’s objectives were: to resist the "Monarcho-Fascist aggressors", to fight for democracy and a Greek Republic, and the physical preservation of the ethnic Macedonian population. ^[17]

At first, the NOF organised meetings, street and factory protests, published illegal papers. Soon after it started began forming partisan detachments. The ethnic-Macedonian KKE members who escaped Greece when the country was liberated, started coming back to their homes and entering the ranks of NOF. In 1945, 12 were formed in Kastoria, 7 in Florina, and 11 in Edessa and Gianitsa region. Kastoria (Καστοριά Kastoriá, ˌkasto̞ɾˈja is a city in northern Greece in the periphery of West Macedonia. Flórina (Φλώρινα local Slavic: Лерин Lerin; known also by several alternative names) is a town in mountainous northwestern Macedonia Edessa (Έδεσσα Édessa, ˈe̞ðe̞sa local Slavic: Voden) is an ancient town of 25000 inhabitants in Central part of Macedonia Giannitsa or Yannitsa (Γιαννιτσά Bulgarian: Енидже Вардар Macedonian: Ениџе Вардар or Пазар transliterated ^[18] These groups patrolled villages and their aim was to defend the population. In the second half of 1945, these groups engaged in thirty battles with government forces. The biggest one was near Moglena, where a convoy carrying political prisoners was attacked by the NOF. 14 government soldiers were killed, 9 captured and all of the prisoners (ethnic Macedonians and Pontians) released. The term Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Πόντιοι Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or gr Έλληνες ^[19]

Nepokoren - one of the newspapers published by NOF.

In some villages of Edessa, Pontians served on NOF committees. In Kastoria a lot of Vlachs were also involved in the NOF, alongside the ethnic Macedonians. Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe ^[20] At first there was a conflict between the KKE and the NOF. The former wanted a political struggle, while the NOF insisted on an armed struggle. The NOF were convinced that the government would not implement the Varkiza Treaty, while KKE leader Nikos Zachariadis still believed that this represented a chance to deal with the government. Nikolaos Zachariadis ( 27 April, 1903, Adrianople, Ottoman Empire - 8 August, 1973, Surgut, Russian SFSR ^[21]. Even before the KKE declared the beginning of the armed struggle of the Democratic Army of Greece in 1946, the NOF was acting independently from the KKE, was engaged in several battles with government forces, who enjoyed British support. This article is based on a translation of an article from the. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thus, the NOF stimulated the beginning of an armed insurrection of the communist forces against the government. ^[22] The NOF and also created regional committees in all areas with compact ethnic Macedonian populations (Florina, Eddesa, Giannitsa and Kastoria).

The merger of the NOF with the Democratic Army

When the NOF became a powerful factor in northern Greece, the KKE opened negotiations with it. The negotiations were conducted by Mihail Keramidzhiev and Paskal Mitrevski, on behalf of the NOF, and Markos Vafiadis, on behalf of the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE). Markos Vafiadis (Μάρκος Βαφειάδης Theodosiopolis (Erzurum, Ottoman Empire, 1906 – Athens, Greece, February 23, This article is based on a translation of an article from the. After nearly seven months of negotiations, they reached an agreement to merge. In 1946, the NOF merged with the DSE. During all this time, the KKE and the NOF maintained a basic position on the minorities' question in Greece (the equality of all ethnic groups within the borders of Greece), and NOF was against every form of autonomy. Indigenous minorities in Greece are relatively small and the country is largely ethnically homogeneous Owing to the KKE's equal treatment of ethnic Macedonians and Greeks, many ethnic Macedonians enlisted as volunteers in the DSE (60 per cent of the DSE was composed of ethnic Macedonians). ^[23]

Greek Civil War

Main article: Greek Civil War

Ethnic Macedonians and the Greek Civil War

Ethnic Macedonian cavalry - fighting in the Greek Civil War

The ethnic Macedonians of Greek Macedonia, mobilized for the struggle by their own movement NOF, made a critical contribution to the communist side during the Greek Civil War. The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom ^[24] Soon after the first free territories were created, Keramitdzhiev met with KKE officials, and it was decided that ethnic Macedonian schools would open in the area controlled by the DSE. ^[25] Books written in the ethnic Macedonian language were published, while ethnic Macedonians theatres and cultural organizations operated. Also within the NOF, a female organization, the Antifascist Women's front (AFZH), and a youth organization, the National Liberation Front of Youth (ONOM), were formed. ^[26]

The creation of the ethnic Macedonian cultural institutions on the DSE hold territory, newspapers and books published by NOF, public speeches and the schools opened, helped the consolidation of the ethnic Macedonian conscience and identity among the population. This article is based on a translation of an article from the. According to information announced by Paskal Mitrovski on the I plenum of NOF on August 1948 - about 85% of the Slavic-speaking population in Greek Macedonia has ethnic Macedonian self-identity. Other names In Arabic, the month is called أغسطسص ʾUġusṭuṣ or آب ʾĀb; usage varies from place to place and Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people The language that was thought in the schools was the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. The Socialist Republic of Macedonia ( Macedonian: Социјалистичка Република Македонија Socijalistička Republika Makedonija) was About 20,000 young ethnic Macedonians learned to read and write using that language, and learned their own history.

The ethnic Macedonians fought in the Greek Civil War and made a significant contribution to the initial victories of the DSE. The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom ^[27] However, when the Tito-Stalin split arose, Yugoslavia (and the Socialist Republic of Macedonia) closed its border to the DSE, as both the NOF and the DSE supported the Soviet line. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The Socialist Republic of Macedonia ( Macedonian: Социјалистичка Република Македонија Socijalistička Republika Makedonija) was The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 ^[28] At the beginning of the war Markos Vafiadis had a very efficient guerilla strategy, and controlled territories, mainly in the villages and mountains, from Florina to Attica, and for a short period there were also DSE-controlled territories in the Peloponnese. Markos Vafiadis (Μάρκος Βαφειάδης Theodosiopolis (Erzurum, Ottoman Empire, 1906 – Athens, Greece, February 23, Flórina (Φλώρινα local Slavic: Лерин Lerin; known also by several alternative names) is a town in mountainous northwestern Macedonia Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The DSE came under pressure after the British intervened, sending tanks, air planes and ammunition to the government forces, which were mainly stationed in cities. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[29]

The defeat of the Democratic Army

The DSE, whose soldiers were armed mainly with light arms and which had little heavy weaponry, started losing ground as a result of the heavy aerial bombardment, artillery barrages and tank attacks. In August 1948, Vafiadis was removed from the position of DSE commander-in-chief and was replaced by Nikos Zachariadis, who changed the whole command cadre with party members with no armed experience. Nikolaos Zachariadis ( 27 April, 1903, Adrianople, Ottoman Empire - 8 August, 1973, Surgut, Russian SFSR This decision accelerated the decline of the DSE. ^[30]

Children refugees passing the border.

From the merger in 1946 until the end of the Civil War, the NOF was loyal to Greece and was fighting for minimal human rights within the borders of a Greek republic. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. But Zachariadis, in order to mobilize more ethnic Macedonians into the DSE, declared on 31 January 1949 at the 5th Meeting of the KKE Central Committee that when the DSE took power in Greece, there would be an independent Macedonian state, united in its geographical borders. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[31] This new line of the KKE had an impact on the mobilisation rate of ethnic Macedonians (which even earlier was considerably high), but did not manage, ultimately, to change the course of the war. At the battles of Vitsi and Grammos, in which the government forces deployed napalm bombs and artillery barrages, the DSE was expelled from Greece. Vitsi (Βίτσι is a municipality in the Kastoria Prefecture, Greece. For the community in the Kastoria Prefecture, see Gramos Greece Gramos or Grammos (Γράμος is a Mountain range in the northeastern As Yugoslavia had closed its borders to Greece, the evacuation was conducted through Albania. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics.

Aftermath

The exodus of ethnic Macedonians from Greece

The government forces destroyed every village that was on their way, and expelled the civilian population. Leaving as a result of force or on their own accord (in order to escape repression and retaliation), 50,000 people left Greece together with the retreating DSE forces. All of them were sent to Eastern Bloc countries. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were ^[32][33] It was not until the 1970s that some of them were allowed to come to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. The Socialist Republic of Macedonia ( Macedonian: Социјалистичка Република Македонија Socijalistička Republika Makedonija) was In the 1980s, the Greek parliament adopted the law of national reconciliation which allowed DSE members "of Greek origin" to repatriate to Greece, where they were given land. The Hellenic Parliament ( Βουλή των Ελλήνων; transliterated Vouli (also Boule) ton Ellinon; literally 'Will of the Greeks' from the Ethnic Macedonian DSE remembers remained excluded from the terms of this legislation. ^[34]

On August 20, 2003, the Rainbow Party hosted a reception for the "child refugees", ethnic Macedonian children who fled their homes during the Greek Civil War , were permitted to enter Greece for a maximum of 20 days. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. This page refers to the Greek political party for other uses see Rainbow party. The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Now elderly, this was the first time many of them saw their birthplaces and families in some 55 years. The reception included relatives of the refugees who are living in Greece and are members of Rainbow Party. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία However, many were refused entry by Greek border authorities because their passports listed the Slavic- Macedonian names of their places of birth. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Many settlements in Macedonia region in Northern Greece had Greek and non-Greek forms

References

1. ^  "History of the Balkans, Vol. 2: Twentieth Century", Barbara Jelavich, 1983.
2. ^  "Кон македонската преродба" Блаже Конески, Скопје, 1959. - The ethnic Macedonian renaissances started with Georgi Pulevski, going through the teachings of Misirkov to Dimitrija Čupovski. Gjorgjija Pulevski (Георги Пулевски Macedonian: Ѓорѓи Пулевски 1838 – 1895) was a writer and revolutionary from Macedonia Krste Petkov Misirkov (Кръсте/Кръстю/Кръстьо Петков Мисирков Крсте Петков Мисирков (born 18 November, 1874 in Dimitrija Čupovski (Димитрија Чуповски ( November 8, 1878, Veles – October 29, 1940, Leningrad)
3. ^  "History of the Balkans, Vol. 2: Twentieth Century", Barbara Jelavich, 1983.
4. ^  "The Situation in Macedonia and the Tasks of IMRO (United)" - published in the official newspaper of IMRO (United), "Македонско дело", N. 185, April 1934
5. ^  "Резолюция о македонской нации (принятой Балканском секретариате Коминтерна" - Февраль 1934 г, Москва
6. ^  "Σαραντα χρονια του ΚΚΕ 1918-1958", Athens, 1958, p. 549.
7. ^  "Rizospastis", no. 89 (7026), 10 June 1934, p. 3.
8. ^  "Σαραντα χρονια του ΚΚΕ 1918-1958", Athens, 1958, p. 562.
9. ^  "Les Archives de la Macedonine" - (Letter from Fotis Papadimitriou to the CC of the KKE), 28 March 1943.
10. ^  "Народно Ослободителниот Фронт и други организации на Македонците од Егејскиот дел на Македонија. (Ристо Кирјазовски)", Skopje, 1985.
11. ^  "Славјано Македонски Глас", 15 Јануари 1944 с. 1
12. ^  "АМ, Збирка: Егејска Македонија во НОБ 1941-1945 - (Повик на СНОФ до Македонците од Костурско 16 Мај 1944)"
13. ^  "Идеолошкиот активизам над Македонците под Грција", Стојан Кочов, Скопје, 2000
14. ^  "Народно Ослободителниот Фронт и други организации на Македонците од Егејскиот дел на Македонија. (Ристо Кирјазовски)", Скопје, 1985.
15. ^  "Егеjски бури - Револуционерното движење во Воденско и НОФ во Егеjска Македоница. (Вангел Аjановски Оче)", Скопје, 1975.
16. ^  "To ΚΚΕ, Episama kimena", t. V, 1940-1945, 1973.
17. ^  "Les Archives de la Macedonine" - (The Constitution of NOF).
18. ^  "Les Archives de la Macedonine, Fond: Aegean Macedonia in NLW" - (Field report of Mihail Keramidzhiev to the Main Command of NOF), 8 July 1945
19. ^  "Les Archives de la Macedonine, Fond: Aegean Macedonia in NLW" - (Report of Elefterios Imsiridis to the CC of KKE about the activity of NOF), 6 September 1945
20. ^  "Егејскиот дел на Македонија (1913-1989). Стојан Киселиновски", Скопје, 1990.
21. ^  "КПГ и Македонското национално прашање (1918-1940). Ристо Кирјазовски", Скопје, 1985.
22. ^  "Народно Ослободителниот Фронт и други организации на Македонците од Егејскиот дел на Македонија. (Ристо Кирјазовски)", Скопје, 1985.
23. ^  "Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια. Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος" (ISBN 9607213432).
24. ^  "Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece, 1943-1949. Andrew Rossos", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar. , 1997) (p. 42)
25. ^  "Prokiriksi, Praksis kai apofasis tou Genikou Arhigiou tou Dimokratikou Stratou tis Elados", 1947.
26. ^  "Македонски национални институции во Егејскиот дел на Македонија (Ристо Кирјазовски)", Скопје, 1987.
27. ^  "Σαραντα χρονια του ΚΚΕ 1918-1958", Αθηνα, 1958, σ. 575.
28. ^  "Македонците и односите на КПЈ и КПГ (1945-1949). Ристо Кирјазовски", Скопје, 1995.
29. ^  "General Markos: Zašto me Staljin nije streljao. Jovan Popovski", Ljubljana, 1982.
30. ^  "General Markos: Zašto me Staljin nije streljao. Jovan Popovski", Ljubljana, 1982.
31. ^  "Les Archives de la Macedonine" - (Resolution of the 5th Plenary Session of the Communist Party of Greece), 31 January 1949.
32. ^  "Македонската политичка емиграција од Егејскиот дел на Македонија во Источна Европа. Ристо Кирјазовски", Скопје, 1989.
33. ^  "From Gramos Mountain towards Lower Schleszia: Refugees from the Greek Civil War in Eastern Europe and Central Asia", Stefan Troebst. [35]
34. ^  "Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) - Minority rights Report on Greece to the 1998 OSCE Implementation Meeting", 28 October 1998.

See also

• Ethnic Macedonians
• Macedonian Question
• National Liberation War of Macedonia
• Greek Civil War
• Ohrana
• Minorities in Greece

External links

• Greek Macedonia after the Balkan Wars
• Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece, 1943-1949 by Andrew Rossos -The Journal of Modern History, Vol. The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people This article is about the region spanning several countries in southeastern Europe for the demographics of the Republic of Macedonia, see Demographic history of the The National Liberation War of Macedonia (Народноослободителна Борба на Македонија (НОБ transliterated Narodnoosloboditelna The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Ohrana (Охрана Protection or Guards) were armed detachments organized by the Bulgarian army and composed of Indigenous minorities in Greece are relatively small and the country is largely ethnically homogeneous 69, No. 1 (Mar. , 1997), pp. 42-76.