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For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation).

A nation is a defined cultural and social community. In as much as most members never meet each other, yet feel a common bond, it may be considered an imagined community. The imagined community is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson which states that a Nation is a Community socially constructed which is to say One of the most influential doctrines in Western Europe and the Western hemisphere since the late eighteenth century is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus [1] Nationhood is an ethical and philosophical doctrine and is the starting point for the ideology of nationalism; a nation is a form of self-defined cultural and social community. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation [2] Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the sense of history, ancestry, parentage or descent. Identity is an Umbrella term used throughout the Social sciences to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete separate entity An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent A nation extends across generations, and includes the dead as full members. Past events are framed in this context: for example, by referring to "our soldiers" in conflicts which took place hundreds of years ago. More vaguely, nations are assumed to include future generations.

Though "nation" is also commonly used in informal discourse as a synonym for state or country, a nation is not identical to a state. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity The people of a nation-state consider themselves a nation, united in the political and legal structure of the State. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy While traditionally monocultural, a nation-state may also be multicultural in its self-definition. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified The term nation is often used as a synonym for ethnic group (sometimes "ethnos"), but although ethnicity is now one of the most important aspects of cultural or social identity, people with the same ethnic origin may live in different nation-states and be treated as members of separate nations for that reason. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" Cultural identity is the (feeling of identity of a group or Culture, or of an Individual as far as he or she is influenced by her belonging to a group Identity is an Umbrella term used throughout the Social sciences to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete separate entity National identity is often disputed, down to the level of the individual.

Almost all nations are associated with a specific territory, the national homeland. A homeland (rel Country of origin and native land) is the concept of the territory ( Cultural geography) to which an Ethnic group Some live in a historical diaspora, that is, "scattered" or "sown"[3] outside the national homeland. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic A state which explicitly identifies as the homeland of a particular nation is a nation-state, and most modern states fall into this category, although there may be violent disputes about their legitimacy. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Where territory is disputed between nations, the claims may be based on theory called Urrecht, in which history is brought to bear to legitimise present occupancy: Phoenicianism and Zionism are two such historicised nation-building doctrines. Phoenicianism ( Arabic,نزعة فينيقية is a form of Lebanese nationalism that promotes the concept that Lebanese people are not Arabs History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the National founding myths are etiological legends that when examined in historical contexts are found to answer quite specific issues, which generated them. A founding myth (Greek aition) is the etiological myth that explains the origins of a Ritual or the founding of a city group belief philosophy discipline Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. [4] Especially in Canada the term "First Nations" is used for groups which share an aboriginal culture, and have or seek official recognition or autonomy. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority

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Ambiguity in usage

In common usage, terms such as nations, country, land, and state often appear as near-synonyms, i. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. e. , they can be used for a particular area or territory, or for the government itself; in other words, a de jure or de facto state. In the English language, the terms do have precise meanings, but in daily speech and writing they are often used interchangeably, and are open to different interpretations. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

In the strict sense, terms such as "nation", "ethnos", and "people" (as in "the Danish people") denote a group of human beings. The concepts of nation and nationality have much in common with ethnic group and ethnicity, but have a more political connotation, since they imply the possibility of a nation-state. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Country denominates a geographical territory, whereas state expresses a legitimized administrative and decision-making institution. Confusingly, the terms national and international are used as technical terms applying to states. International law, for instance, applies to relations between states, and occasionally between states on the one side, and individuals or legal persons on the other. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Note This Wikipedia entry deals with the legal concept legal person. Likewise, the United Nations represent states, while nations are not admitted to the body (unless a respective nation-state exists, which can become a member). The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Usage also varies from country to country. As an example, the United Kingdom is an internationally recognised sovereign state, which is also referred to as a country and whose inhabitants have British nationality. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom concerning Citizenship and other categories of British Nationality. It is however traditionally divided into four home nations or home countries - England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. "Home nation" (common noun redirects here home nation is also used to refer to the host country of Multi-sport events (eg "Home nation" (common noun redirects here home nation is also used to refer to the host country of Multi-sport events (eg England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of These are not sovereign states in their own right. The island of Ireland is now divided into the sovereign Republic of Ireland, and Northern Ireland which remains part of the United Kingdom. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The current status of the UK, in any case, is controversial and disputed, since there are secessionist movements in England, Scotland and Wales, and for example, Cornwall is considered by a very few people who live there to be a separate nation, within the country of England. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity English nationalism is the name given to a nationalist Political movement in England that desires National independence for England Welsh nationalism is a political and cultural movement that emerged during the nineteenth century The Cornish self-government movement (sometimes referred to as Cornish nationalism) is a Social movement which seeks greater autonomy for the area of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Usage of the term nation is not only ambiguous, it is also the subject of political disputes, which may be extremely violent.

When the term 'nation' has any implications of claims to independence from an existing state, its use is controversial. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising In November 2006 the Canadian House of Commons passed a motion to recognize "that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada", an unusual concession to sovereigntist terminology, even though it explicitly places them within Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and The Québécois nation motion was a Parliamentary motion tabled by Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper on Wednesday November 22 2006 and approved A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the [5]. [6] Minister Michael Chong resigned in protest, saying '"To me, recognizing Quebecers as a nation, even inside a united Canada, implies the recognition of ethnicity, and I cannot support that. Michael David Chong PC, MP ( (born November 22, 1971) is a Canadian Politician. Throughout the history of Canada, there have been movements seeking secession from Canada. I do not believe in an ethnic nationalism. Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. I believe in a civic nationalism. Liberal nationalism is a kind of Nationalism defended recently by Political philosophers who believe that there can be a non- Xenophobic form of nationalism "[7] This event highlighted the confusion around the motion, as Bloc Québécois MPs, among others, had understood it as inclusive of all Quebecers, irrespective of their ethnic origin. [8] The use of the French word Québécois is also an historical recognition to the French people who colonized along the Saint Lawrence River the French colony of Canada for hundred-fifty years. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St

The term nation is widely used, by extension or metaphor, to describe any group promoting some common interest or common identity, see Red Sox Nation and Queer Nation. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects Red Sox Nation refers to the fans of the Boston Red Sox. The phrase "Red Sox Nation" was first coined by Boston Globe Queer Nation was an organization founded in March 1990 in New York City, USA by AIDS activists from ACT UP.

Nationalism is a term referring to a doctrine[9] or political movement[10] that holds that a nation, usually defined in terms of ethnicity or culture, has the right to constitute an independent or autonomous political community based on a shared history and common destiny. Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the A political movement is a Social movement working in the area of Politics. Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation [11] Most nationalists believe the borders of the state should be congruent with the borders of the nation. [12] Extreme forms of nationalism, such as those propagated by fascist movements in the twentieth century, hold that nationality is the most important aspect of one's identity, while some of them have attempted to define the nation in terms of race or genetics. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is

Nationalism has had an enormous influence on Modern history, in which the nation-state has become the dominant form of societal organization. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Historians use the term nationalism to refer to this historical transition and to the emergence and predominance of nationalist ideology. Nationalism is closely associated with patriotism. Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country

Etymology and early use

The English word "nation" is derived from the Latin term natio (nātĭō, stem nātiōn-), meaning:[13][14]

  • The action of being born; birth; or
  • The goddess personifying birth; or
  • A breed, stock, kind, species, race; or
  • A tribe, or (rhetorically, any) set of people (contemptuous); or
  • A nation or people. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice

The combining form nātiōn‑ is built on the past participle form (g)nāt‑us "having been born" of the verb (g)nāscī "to be born". Thus it is also related closely to the Latin derived words "native", "nature" and more remotely to the native English words "kin", "kindred" and "kind". It shares a common derivation from the Proto-Indo-European root *gen- "bear, generate, etc. "[15]

As an example of how the word natio was employed in classical Latin, consider the following quote from Cicero's Philippics Against Mark Antony in 44 BC. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman A philippic is a fiery damning speech or Tirade, delivered to condemn a particular political actor Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark Year 44 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Cicero contrasts the external, inferior nationes ("races of people") with the Roman civitas ("community"). :

"Omnes nationes servitutem ferre possunt: nostra civitas non potest. "
("All races are able to bear enslavement, but our community cannot. ")[16]

St. Jerome used this "genealogical-historical term . Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος . . in his Latin translation of New Testament to denote non-Christians — that is, 'others. '"[17] An early example of the use of the word "nation" in conjunction with language and territory is provided in 968 by Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, who, while confronting Nicephorus II, the Byzantine emperor on behalf of his patron Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, declared:

"The land. 968 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Asia The Pechenegs begin the Siege of Kiev Liutprand (also Liudprand, Liuprand, Lioutio, Liucius, Liuzo, and Lioutsios; c This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke . . which you say belongs to your empire belongs, as the nationality and language of the people proves, to the kingdom of Italy. '" (Emphasis added. )[18]

Although Liutprand was writing in Latin, his native tongue was Lombard, a Germanic language. Lombardic or Langobardic is the extinct language of the Lombards ( Langobardi) the Germanic speaking settlers in Italy in the The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family.

A significant early use of the term nation, as natio, was at mediaeval universities (see: nation (university)), to describe the colleagues in a college or students, above all at the University of Paris, who were all born within a pays, spoke the same language and expected to be ruled by their own familiar law. This article is about Western European institutions See also Medieval university (Asia and Byzantine university Medieval university A nation (Latin natio meaning being born) was a regional corporation of Students at a Medieval university. College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century In 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris, Jean Gerson was twice elected procurator for the French natio (i. Jean Charlier de Gerson ( December 13, 1363 – July 12, 1429) French scholar educator reformer and poet chancellor of the e. the French-born Francophone students at the University). The division of students into a natio was also adopted at the University of Prague, where from its opening in 1349 the studium generale was divided among Bohemian, Bavarian, Saxon and Polish nations. Studium Generale is the old name for a Medieval university which was registered as an institution of international excellence by the Holy Roman Empire.

Defining a nation

The national identity refers both to the distinguishing features of the group, and to the individual's sense of belonging to it. A very wide range of criteria is used, with very different applications. Small differences in pronunciation may be enough to categorize someone as a member of another nation. On the other hand, two people may be separated by difference in personalities, belief systems, geographical locations, time and even spoken language; yet regard themselves, and be seen by others, as members of the same nation.

The first requirement for the definition is that the characteristics should be shared - a group of people with nothing in common cannot be a nation. [19] Because they are shared, the national population also has a degree of uniformity and homogeneity. And finally, at least some of the characteristics must be exclusive - to distinguish the nation from neighbouring nations. All of the characteristics can be disputed, and opposition to secessionist nationalism often includes the denial that a separate nation exists. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity

Common descent

The etymology of the word nation implies ancestry and descent (see ethnic nationalism). Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. Almost all nationalist movements make some claim to shared origins and descent, and it is a component of the national identity in most nations. The fact that the ancestry is shared among the members of the nation unites them, and sets them apart from other nations, which do not share that ancestry.

The question is: descent from whom? Often, the answer is simply: from previous generations of the same nation. More specifically:

Usually, these factors are assumed to coincide. The well-defined Icelandic nation is assumed to consist of the descendants of the island of Iceland in, say, 1850. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Those people also spoke the Icelandic language, were known as Icelanders at that time, and had a recognised culture of their own. Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic However, the present population of Iceland cannot coincide exactly with their descendants: that would imply complete endogamy, meaning that no Icelander since 1850 ever had children by a non-Icelander. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a social group. Cultures who practice endogamy require marriage between specified social groups classes or ethnicities Most European nations experienced border changes and, migration over the last few centuries, and intermarried with other national groups. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children Statistically, their current national population can not coincide exactly with the descendants of the nation in 1700 or 1500, even if was then known by the same name. The shared ancestry is more of a national myth in some cases than a genetic reality - but still sufficient for a national identity nevertheless. Population genetics is the study of the Allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary forces Natural selection, Genetic This national myth concept becomes even more complicated for nations whose populations are largely comprised of or descended from relatively recent immigrants.

Common language

A shared language is often used as a defining feature of a nation (that is, apart from its value in facilitating communication among the members). In some cases the language is exclusive to the nation, and may be central to the national identity. The Basque language is a unique language isolate, and prominent in the self-definition of the Basque people, and in Basque nationalism, although not all Basques speak it. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the Carlism and the loss by the laws of 1839 and 1876 of the Ancien Régime relationship between the Basque provinces In other cases, the national language is also spoken by other nations (shared among the nation, but not exclusive to the nation). Some nations, such as the Swiss nation, self-identity as multilingual. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Papua New Guinea promotes a 'Papuan' national identity, despite having around 800 distinct languages. Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania The term Papuan languages refers to those Languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. No nation is defined solely by language: that would effectively create an open membership (for anyone who learnt the language), although the case of Catalan linguistic nationalism comes quite close to this. India also emphasizes a 'national' identity, despite having more than 20 official languages in its government, and hundreds more languages/dialects spoken throughout the nation. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Common culture

Most nations are partly defined by a shared culture. Unlike a language, a national culture is usually unique to the nation, although it may include many elements shared with other nations. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Additionally, the national culture is assumed to be shared with previous generations, and includes a cultural heritage from these generations, as if it were an inheritance. Cultural heritage ("national heritage" or just "heritage" is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or Society "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. As with the common ancestry, this identification of past culture with present culture may be largely symbolic. The archaeological site of Stonehenge is owned and managed by English Heritage, although no 'English' people or state existed when it was constructed, 4 000 to 5 000 years ago. Stonehenge is a Prehistoric Monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury English Heritage is a Non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government ( Department for Culture Media and Sport) with a broad remit of Other nations have similarly appropriated ancient archaeological sites, literature, art, and even entire civilisations as 'national heritage'. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements This should be considered the most important aspect because ethnicity is only skin deep, and language can be learned by anyone.

Common religion

Religion is sometimes used as a defining factor for a nation, although some nationalist movements de-emphasize it as a divisive factor. Again it is the fact that the religion is shared, that makes it national. It may not be exclusive: several nations define themselves partly as Catholic although the religion itself is universalist. Universalism can be classified as a Religion, Theology and Philosophy that generally holds all persons and creatures are related to God or the Divine and Some religions are specific to one ethnic group, notably Judaism. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Nevertheless, the Zionist movement generally avoided a religious definition of the 'Jewish people', preferring an ethnic and cultural definition. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Since Judaism is a religion, people can become a Jew by religious conversion, which in turn can facilitate their obtaining Israeli citizenship. Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Jews in Israel who convert to other religions do not thereby lose Israeli citizenship, although their national identity might then be questioned by others.

Voluntary definitions (will)

Some ideas of a nation emphasise not shared characteristics, but rather on the shared choice for membership. In practice, this has always been applied to a group of people, who are also a nation by other definitions. The most famous voluntarist definition is that of Ernest Renan. Voluntarism can refer to Voluntarism (action, the use of or reliance on voluntary action to maintain an institution carry out a policy or achieve an end Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native In a lecture in 1882, Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? he rhetorically asked "What is a Nation?", and answered that it is a 'daily plebiscite'. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Renan meant, that the members of the nation, by their daily participation in the life of the nation, show their consent to its existence, and to their own continued membership. Renan spoke in the context of the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by the German Empire. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification At the time, the region was ethnically more German than French, and the Alsatian language is a west German language: Renan opposed such 'objective' criteria for a nation. Alsatian ( Elsässerditsch; Alsacien Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a region Like Renan, most voluntarist definitions appeal to consent for existing nations, rather than promote explicit decisions to found new ones. Renan saw the nation as a group "having done great things together and wishing to do more" ("avoir fait de grandes choses ensemble, vouloir en faire encore").

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dictionary of the History of Ideas: s. The imagined community is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson which states that a Nation is a Community socially constructed which is to say A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. "Home nation" (common noun redirects here home nation is also used to refer to the host country of Multi-sport events (eg Identity is an Umbrella term used throughout the Social sciences to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete separate entity Identity politics is Political action to advance the interests of members of a group whose members are oppressed by virtue of a shared and marginalized Identity (such Intercultural competence is the ability of successful Communication with people of other Cultures This ability can exist in someone at a young age or may be developed Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Country specific See:CategoryInternational rankings Economic IMD International: World Competitiveness Yearbook World There are a variety of articles listing people of a particular nationality Meta-ethnicity is a relatively recent term (or Neologism) that arises occasionally in academic literature or public discourse and when it does seems to be an attempt to describe Micronations &mdash sometimes also referred to as model countries and new country projects &mdash are entities that resemble independent Nations or This article is about symbols of nations Many countries it can be used for is Chantal A national symbol is a Symbol of any entity considering itself and manifesting itself to the world as a national community – namely sovereign states, but also The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy A nation (Latin natio meaning being born) was a regional corporation of Students at a Medieval university. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Types of administrative and/or political territories include Many types of legally administered territories, each of which is a non-sovereign geographic area A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use v. "Nationalism": "Nationalism has been the idée force in the political, cultural, and economic life of Western Europe and the Western hemisphere since the late eighteenth century;" "Volksgeist"; "Medieval and Renaissance ideas of Nation".
  2. ^ "Solidarity" is a watchword for a sense of national union, and the cohesive powers of "nation" may be polemically invoked in claiming a "queer nation" or other uniting theme. Queer Nation was an organization founded in March 1990 in New York City, USA by AIDS activists from ACT UP.
  3. ^ Diaspora, Ancient Greek, διασπορά – "a scattering or sowing of seeds". The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c
  4. ^ The founding legends of the Dutch Republic and the significance read into them are examined at length and interpreted in this manner by Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, 1987:13-125. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Simon Michael Schama, CBE (born 13 February 1945 is a British professor of history and art history at Columbia University. The traditional view of the Pilgrims planted in an "unoccupied desrt" is a theme addressed in modern American historiography. Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth
  5. ^ BBC: Quebec 'nation in Canada', [1]; Bloc Québécois supports Canada PM, [2]
  6. ^ CBC: House passes motion recognizing Québécois as nation, [3]
  7. ^ Tory cabinet minister quits post over motion, [4]
  8. ^ "L'importance des mots" ("the importance of words"), Le Devoir Nov 30 2006
  9. ^ Gellner, Ernest. Le Devoir is a French-language Newspaper published in Montreal and distributed in Quebec and the rest of Canada. 1983. Nations of nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  10. ^ Hechter, Michael. 2001. Containing Nationalism. ISBN 0-19-924750-X .
  11. ^ "Nationalism I would define as an ideology claiming that a given human population has a natural solidarity based on shared history and a common destiny. This collective identity as a historically constituted people crucially entails the right to constitute an independent or autonomous political community. An English Noun The English noun people has two distinct fields of application as a countable noun, a group of Humans The idea of nationalism takes form historically in tandem with the doctrine of popular sovereignty: that the ultimate source of authority lies in the people, not the ruler or government. The foregoing definition of nationalism will be found in any classic text with minor variations. " M. Crawford Young, 2004. Revisiting nationalism and ethnicity in Africa. UCLA International Institute, James S. Coleman Memorial Lecture Series. Or: Handler, Richard. "Nationalism is an ideology about individuated being. It is an ideology concerned with boundedness, continuity, and homogeneity encompassing diversity. It is an ideology in which social reality, conceived in terms of nationhood, is endowed with the reality of natural things. " Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in Quebec. New Directions in Anthropological Writing: History, Poetics, Cultural Criticism, ed. George E. ; Clifford Marcus, James. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. Passage online at [5]. Specifically on the issue: M. Freeden, 1998. Is Nationalism a Distinct Ideology? Political Studies, Volume 46, Number 4, September 1998, pp. 748-765(18). However, Benedict Anderson and E. J. Hobsbawm clearly argue that nationalisms are not ideologies, with Anderson stating that "(n)ationalism is the pathology of modern developmental history, as inescapable as 'neurosis' in the individual, with much the same essential ambiguity attaching to it, a similar built-in capacity for descent into dementia, rooted in the iemmas of the helplessness thrust upon most of the world. . . . " (p. 5). Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities. Verso: London, and, E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and nationalism since 1780. Cambridge University Press.
  12. ^ Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  13. ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Entry for natio. Online at [6]
  14. ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). Nation. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration .
  15. ^ See [7]
  16. ^ M. Tullius Cicero, Orationes: Pro Milone, Pro Marcello, Pro Ligario, Pro rege Deiotaro, Philippicae I-XIV (ed. Albert Clark, Oxford 1918. ) Online at [8]
  17. ^ Amos Elon: The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743-1933 (Metropolitan Books, 2002) p. Amos Elon (born 1925 is an Israeli journalist and author Elon was born in Vienna in 1925 and emigrated to Palestine in 1933 23. ISBN 0805059644
  18. ^ Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana ad Nicephorum Phocam. Online translation at [9].
  19. ^ Many definitions of a nation combine several of these factors. One of the most influential of these combined definitions is that of Joseph Stalin. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party His views on national identity influenced his subsequent nationality policies in the Soviet Union and the creation of the Republics of the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other Stalin wrote in 1913:
    A nation is a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.
    -Stalin, "Marxism and the National Question," Prosveshcheniye, Nos. Prosveshcheniye (Просвещение 'Enlightenment' was a legal Bolshevik socio-political and literary monthly magazine in Russia. 3-5, March-May 1913. ([10] on-line text]). Though Stalin is credited with writing "Marxism and the National Question," his revolutionary opponent Leon Trotsky concluded that the definition of what constitutes a nation is actually V.I. Lenin’s intellectual product. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij In "Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence" (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1941), Trotsky quotes from the recollections of Lenin’s companion, Nadezhda Krupskaya, and examines the language of other writings by Stalin. Says Trotsky: “‘Marxism and the National Problem’ is undoubtedly Stalin’s most important — rather, his one and only — theoretical work. On the basis of that single article, which was forty printed pages long, its author is entitled to recognition as an outstanding theoretician. What is rather mystifying is why he did not write anything else of even remotely comparable quality either before or after. The key to the mystery is hidden away in this, that Stalin’s work was wholly inspired by Lenin, written under his unremitting supervision and edited by him line by line” (pg. 156-157). Lenin's own works on nationalism include major theoretical studies of the meaning and application of the Bolshevik program for national liberation.

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