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Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860s
Born July 4, 1804(1804-07-04)
Salem, Massachusetts, United States
Died May 19, 1864 (aged 59)
Plymouth, New Hampshire, United States
Occupation Novelist, Short story writer, Custom House worker, United States Consul
Literary movement Romanticism

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Plymouth is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States, in the White Mountains Region. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such A Custom House or Customs House was a building housing the offices for the government officials who processed the paperwork for the import and export of goods into and out This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of the nation's colonial history. American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America.

Shortly after graduating from Bowdoin College, Hathorne changed his name to Hawthorne. Bowdoin College, founded in 1794 is a private liberal arts college located in the coastal New England town of Brunswick, Maine. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828. Fanshawe is a novel written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. In 1837, he published Twice-Told Tales and became engaged to Sophia Peabody the next year. Twice-Told Tales is a Short story collection in two volumes by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the spring of 1837. Sophia Amelia Peabody Hawthorne ( September 21, 1809 &ndash February 26, 1871) was a painter and Illustrator as well He worked at a Custom House and joined a Transcendentalist Utopian community before marrying Peabody in 1842. A Custom House or Customs House was a building housing the offices for the government officials who processed the paperwork for the import and export of goods into and out Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in Literature, Religion, Culture, and Philosophy that emerged in New England in the Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Old Manse is an historic House famous for its American literary associations Concord is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The Wayside is a House with notable literary associations in Concord Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. The Scarlet Letter is the Magnum opus of Nathaniel Hawthorne. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before returning to The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, leaving behind his wife and their three children. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers around New England and many feature moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, His work is considered part of the Romantic movement and includes novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend, the United States President Franklin Pierce. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Franklin Pierce (November 23 1804 &ndash October 8 1869 was an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States, serving from 1853 to

Contents

Biography

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts; his birthplace is preserved and open to the public. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace is the birthplace of American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. [1] William Hathorne, who emigrated from England in 1630, was the first of Hawthorne's ancestors to arrive in the colonies. After arriving, William persecuted Quakers. William's son John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem Witch Trials. John Hathorne ( August 5, 1641 &ndash May 10, 1717) was one of the associate magistrates in the Salem witch trials, and the only one The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court Trials to prosecute people accused of Witchcraft in Essex Having learned about this, the author may have added the "w" to his surname in his early twenties, shortly after graduating from college, in an effort to dissociate himself from his notorious forebears. [2] Hawthorne's father, Nathaniel Hathorne, Sr. , was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Suriname. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by [3] Young Nathaniel, his mother and two sisters moved in with maternal relatives, the Mannings, in Salem, where they lived for ten years. [4]

When Hawthorne was 12, his mother moved the family into an uncle's house in Raymond, Maine near Sebago Lake (the house is still standing and open to the public). Raymond is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. Sebago Lake is the deepest and second largest Lake in the US state of Maine. Hawthorne's sister Elizabeth stated later that Hawthorne's life in Maine was crucial to his becoming a writer. Hawthorne's uncle insisted, despite Hawthorne's protests, that the boy attend college. On the way to Bowdoin College, at the stage stop in Portland, Hawthorne met future president Franklin Pierce. Bowdoin College, founded in 1794 is a private liberal arts college located in the coastal New England town of Brunswick, Maine. Franklin Pierce (November 23 1804 &ndash October 8 1869 was an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States, serving from 1853 to The two became fast friends. [5]

Hawthorne attended Bowdoin at the expense of an uncle from 1821 to 1825, partly because of family business connections nearby. [6] There, he also befriended the future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " Jonathan Cilley ( July 2, 1802 &ndash February 24, 1838) was a member of the U Commodore Horatio Bridge (1806 - 1893 was a United States Naval officer who as Chief of the Bureau of Provisions served for many years as head of the [7] Until the publication of his Twice-Told Tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his "owl's nest" in the family home. Twice-Told Tales is a Short story collection in two volumes by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the spring of 1837. As he looked back on this period of his life, he wrote: "I have not lived, but only dreamed about living. "[8] And yet it was this period of brooding and writing that had formed, as Malcolm Cowley was to describe it, "the central fact in Hawthorne's career," his "term of apprenticeship" that would eventually result in the "richly meditated fiction. Malcolm Cowley ( August 28, 1898 Belsano Cambria County, Pennsylvania &ndash March 27, 1989) was an American "

Hawthorne was hired in 1839 as a weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House. A Custom House or Customs House was a building housing the offices for the government officials who processed the paperwork for the import and export of goods into and out After public flirtations with local women Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody,[9] he had become engaged in the previous year to the illustrator and transcendentalist Sophia Peabody. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody ( May 16, 1804 - January 3, 1894) was an American educator who opened the first English-language Kindergarten For the vector -based drawing program by Adobe Systems, see Adobe Illustrator. Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in Literature, Religion, Culture, and Philosophy that emerged in New England in the Sophia Amelia Peabody Hawthorne ( September 21, 1809 &ndash February 26, 1871) was a painter and Illustrator as well Seeking a possible home for himself and Sophia, he joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841 not because he agreed with the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia. Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in Literature, Religion, Culture, and Philosophy that emerged in New England in the Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the Brook Farm was a transcendentalist Utopian experiment that was put into practice by transcendentalist and former Unitarian minister George Ripley [10] He paid a $1,000 deposit and was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred to as "the Gold Mine". [11] He left later that year, though his Brook Farm adventure would prove an inspiration for his novel The Blithedale Romance. The Blithedale Romance ( 1852) is Nathaniel Hawthorne's third major romance [12]

Marriage

Salem Custom-House where Hawthorne worked
Salem Custom-House where Hawthorne worked

While at Bowdoin, Hawthorne had bet his friend Jonathan Cilley a bottle of Madeira wine that he would not be married in 12 years. Madeira is a fortified Portuguese wine made in the Madeira Islands. [13] By 1836 he had won the wager, but did not remain a bachelor for life. After three years of engagement, Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842,[14] at a ceremony in the Peabody parlor. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [15] The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, where they lived for three years. The Old Manse is an historic House famous for its American literary associations Concord is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. There he wrote most of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse. Mosses from an Old Manse was a Short story collection by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1846 Hawthorne and his wife then moved to Salem and later to the Berkshires, returning in 1852 to Concord. In February, they bought The Hillside, a home previously owned by the Alcotts. Hawthorne renamed it The Wayside. The Wayside is a House with notable literary associations in Concord Massachusetts. [16] Their neighbors in Concord included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century

Like Hawthorne, Sophia was a reclusive person. She was bedridden with headaches until her sister introduced her to Hawthorne, after which her headaches seem to have abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed a long marriage, often taking walks in the park. Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. In one of her journals, she writes: "I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the. . . jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in the miraculous wealth of thoughts. "[17]

Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne had three children: Una, Julian, and Rose. Julian Hawthorne ( June 22, 1846 &ndash1934 was an American writer and journalist the son of novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne and Sophia Peabody Rose Hawthorne Lathrop ( May 20, 1851 &ndash July 9, 1926) was an American Roman Catholic religious sister and Una was a victim of mental illness and died young. Julian became a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction. Rose married George Parsons Lathrop and they became Roman Catholics. George Parsons Lathrop (25 August 1851 Honolulu, Hawaii – 19 April 1898 New York) was a poet novelist and brother of Francis Lathrop. After George's death, Rose became a Dominican nun. She founded the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne to care for victims of incurable cancer. The Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne, a Roman Catholic order of nuns under the authority of the Dominican Order, were founded on December 8, 1900

In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed as the "Surveyor fo the District of Salem and Beverly and Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Salem" at an annual salary of $1,200. [18] Like his earlier appointment to the custom house in Boston, this employment was vulnerable to the politics of the spoils system. In the Politics of the United States, a spoils system is an informal practice where a political party after winning an election gives government jobs to its voters as a reward A Democrat, Hawthorne lost this job due to the change of administration in Washington after the presidential election of 1848. Hawthorne wrote a letter of protest to the Boston Daily Advertiser which was attacked by the Whigs and supported by the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal a much-talked about event in New England. [19] Hawthorne was deeply affected by the death of his mother shortly thereafter in July, calling it, "the darkest hour I ever lived. "[20]

Later years

Grave of Nathaniel Hawthorne
Grave of Nathaniel Hawthorne

Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter on March 15, 1850, including a preface which refers to his three-year tenure in the Custom House. The Scarlet Letter is the Magnum opus of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link The book became an immediate best-seller. [21] The House of the Seven Gables (1851) and The Blithedale Romance (1852) followed in quick succession. The House of the Seven Gables is a Novel written in 1851 by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Blithedale Romance ( 1852) is Nathaniel Hawthorne's third major romance

Hawthorne and his family moved to a small red farmhouse near Lenox, Massachusetts at the end of March 1850. Lenox is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. [22] Hawthorne became friends with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. and Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr, (August 29 1809 &ndash October 7 1894 was a Physician by profession but achieved fame as a Writer; he was one of the best Herman Melville (August 1 1819 &ndash September 28 1891 was an American novelist Short story writer Essayist and poet Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link [23] Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse, and his unsigned review of the collection, titled "Hawthorne and His Mosses", was printed in the Literary World on August 17 and August 24. Mosses from an Old Manse was a Short story collection by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1846 Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River [24] Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition of Moby-Dick, which Melville dedicated to Hawthorne in "admiration for his genius". Moby-Dick is an 1851 Novel by Herman Melville. The story tells the adventures of the wandering sailor Ishmael and his voyage on the whaleship Hawthorne's letters to Melville do not survive.

In 1852, he wrote the campaign biography of his old friend Franklin Pierce. Franklin Pierce (November 23 1804 &ndash October 8 1869 was an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States, serving from 1853 to With Pierce's election as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States consul in Liverpool. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary In 1857, his appointment ended and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy. During his time in Italy, the previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a bushy mustache. [25] The family returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of The Marble Faun. The Marble Faun (1860 was the last of the four major romances by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Failing health (which biographer Edward Miller speculates was stomach cancer) prevented him from completing several more romances. Stomach or gastric cancer can develop in any part of the Stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs particularly the Esophagus and Hawthorne died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire while on a tour of the White Mountains with Pierce. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Plymouth is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States, in the White Mountains Region. The White Mountains are a Mountain range that covers about a quarter of the state of New Hampshire and a small portion of western Maine in the Pierce sent a telegram to Elizabeth Peabody to inform Hawthorne's wife in person; she was too saddened by the news to handle the funeral arrangements herself. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody ( May 16, 1804 - January 3, 1894) was an American educator who opened the first English-language Kindergarten [26] Hawthorne was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery is a Cemetery located on Bedford Street near the center of Concord Massachusetts. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were re-interred in plots adjacent to Nathaniel. [27]

Writings

Statue of Hawthorne in Salem, Massachusetts.
Statue of Hawthorne in Salem, Massachusetts.

Hawthorne is best known today for his many short stories (he called them "tales") and his four major romances written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative The Scarlet Letter is the Magnum opus of Nathaniel Hawthorne. The House of the Seven Gables is a Novel written in 1851 by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Blithedale Romance ( 1852) is Nathaniel Hawthorne's third major romance The Marble Faun (1860 was the last of the four major romances by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe was published anonymously in 1828. Fanshawe is a novel written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne defined a romance as being radically different from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience. [28]

Before publishing his first collection of tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote scores of short stories and sketches, publishing them anonymously or pseudonymously in periodicals such as The New England Magazine and The United States Magazine and Democratic Review. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) The United States Magazine and Democratic Review was a periodical published from 1837–1859 by John L (The editor of the Democratic Review, John L. O'Sullivan, was a close friend of Hawthorne's. John Louis O'Sullivan ( November 15, 1813 – March 24, 1895) was an American columnist and editor who used the term " Manifest ) Only after collecting a number of his short stories into the two-volume Twice-Told Tales in 1837 did Hawthorne begin to attach his name to his works. Twice-Told Tales is a Short story collection in two volumes by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the spring of 1837.

Literary style and themes

Hawthorne's work belongs to Romanticism, an artistic and intellectual movement characterized by an emphasis on individual freedom from social conventions or political restraints, on human imagination, and on nature in a typically idealized form. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Romantic literature rebelled against the formalism of 18th century reason.

Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, "Ethan Brand" (1850) tells the story of a lime-burner who sets off to find the Unpardonable Sin, and in doing so, commits it. " Ethan Brand—A Chapter from an Abortive Romance " is a Short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1850 One of Hawthorne's most famous tales, "The Birth-Mark" (1843), concerns a young doctor who removes a birthmark from his wife's face, an operation which kills her. " The Birth-Mark " is a romantic Short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne that examines obsession with human perfection Hawthorne based parts of this story on the penny press novels he loved to read. Other well-known tales include "Rappaccini's Daughter" (1844), "My Kinsman, Major Molineux" (1832), "The Minister's Black Veil" (1836), and "Young Goodman Brown" (1835). "Rappaccini's Daughter" is a Short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1844 and collected in Mosses from an Old Manse " My Kinsman Major Molineux " is a Short story written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1831. "The Minister's Black Veil" is a Short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. " Young Goodman Brown " (1835 is a Short story by American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. "The Maypole of Merrymount" (1836) recounts an encounter between the Puritans and the forces of anarchy and hedonism. " The Maypole of Merry Mount " is a Short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1852) and Tanglewood Tales (1853) were re-tellings for children of some Greek myths, from which was named the Tanglewood estate and music venue. A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1852 is a book by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Tanglewood Tales for Boys and Girls (1853 is a book by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, a sequel to A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Tanglewood is an estate and Music venue in Lenox and Stockbridge Massachusetts and is the home of the annual summer Tanglewood Music Festival

Hawthorne is also considered among the first to experiment with alternate history as literary form. Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction His 1845 short story "P.'s Correspondence" (a part of "Mosses from an Old Manse") is the first known complete English language alternate history and among the most early in any language. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such " P's Correspondence " is a 1845 Short story by the 19th century American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne, constituting a pioneering work of Alternate English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The story's protagonist is considered "a madman" due to his perceiving an alternative 1845 in which long-dead historical and literary figures are still alive; these delusions feature the poets Burns, Byron, Shelley, and Keats, the actor Edmund Kean, the British politician George Canning and even Napoleon Bonaparte. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among Edmund Kean (March 17 1789 &ndash May 15 1833 was an English Actor, regarded in his time as the greatest ever George Canning (11 April 1770 &ndash 8 August 1827 was a British statesman and Politician who served as Foreign Secretary and is at present the shortest serving Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.

Contemporary response to Hawthorne's work praised his sentimentality and moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity. [29] Recent criticism has emphasized Hawthorne's narrative voice, treating it as a self-conscious rhetorical construction, not to be conflated with Hawthorne's own voice. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Such an approach complicates the long-dominant tradition of regarding Hawthorne as a gloomy, guilt-ridden moralist. Moralism is the firm belief that humans are instilled with morals which govern themselves and by following these morals humans can achieve a more meaningful life than they would if

Criticism

Edgar Allan Poe wrote important, though largely unflattering reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse, mostly due to Poe's own contempt of allegory, moral tales, and his chronic accusations of plagiarism. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, However, even Poe admitted, "The style of Hawthorne is purity itself. His tone is singularly effective—wild, plaintive, thoughtful, and in full accordance with his themes. " He concluded that, "we look upon him as one of the few men of indisputable genius to whom our country has as yet given birth. "[30] Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote that "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a writer is a very pleasing act, because his writing is not good for anything, and this is a tribute to the man. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century "[31] Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne is that he cared for the deeper psychology, and that, in his way, he tried to become familiar with it". Henry James, OM ( –) son of theologian Henry James Sr, brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James [32] Poet John Greenleaf Whittier wrote that he admired the "wierd and subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales. John Greenleaf Whittier (December 17 1807 &ndash September 7 1892 was an influential American Quaker Poet and ardent advocate of the abolition of Slavery [33] Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Hawthorne, "Of the American writers destined to live, he is the most original, the one least indebted to foreign models or literary precedents of any kind. Evert Augustus Duyckinck ( November 23, 1816 &ndash August 13, 1878) was an American publisher and biographer "[34]

Selected works

Novels

  • Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (Published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
  • Doctor Grimshawe's Secret, with Preface and Notes by Julian Hawthorne (1882)

Short story collections

  • The Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White Mountains (1889)
  • The Celestial Railroad and Other Short Stories

Selected short stories

Notes

  1. ^ Haas, Irvin. Fanshawe is a novel written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Scarlet Letter is the Magnum opus of Nathaniel Hawthorne. The House of the Seven Gables is a Novel written in 1851 by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Blithedale Romance ( 1852) is Nathaniel Hawthorne's third major romance The Marble Faun (1860 was the last of the four major romances by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 Twice-Told Tales is a Short story collection in two volumes by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the spring of 1837. Mosses from an Old Manse was a Short story collection by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1846 The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales was the final collection of short stories published by Nathaniel Hawthorne in his lifetime appearing in 1852 A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1852 is a book by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. " My Kinsman Major Molineux " is a Short story written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1831. " Young Goodman Brown " (1835 is a Short story by American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. " The Ambitious Guest " is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. "The Minister's Black Veil" is a Short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. " The Man of Adamant " is a Short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. " The Maypole of Merry Mount " is a Short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. " The Great Carbuncle " is a Short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. " Dr Heidegger's Experiment " is a Short story by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, about a scientist who claims to have been sent water from " The Birth-Mark " is a romantic Short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne that examines obsession with human perfection " Egotism or The Bosom-Serpent " is a Short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The United States Magazine and Democratic Review was a periodical published from 1837–1859 by John L " P's Correspondence " is a 1845 Short story by the 19th century American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne, constituting a pioneering work of Alternate "Rappaccini's Daughter" is a Short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1844 and collected in Mosses from an Old Manse The United States Magazine and Democratic Review was a periodical published from 1837–1859 by John L " Ethan Brand—A Chapter from an Abortive Romance " is a Short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1850 Feathertop is also the name of a Mountain in Victoria, Australia; see Mount Feathertop. Historic Homes of American Authors. Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1991. ISBN 0891331808. p. 118
  2. ^ McFarland, 18
  3. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 14. ISBN 0195124146
  4. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. pp. 14-15. ISBN 0195124146
  5. ^ Edwards, Herbert. "Nathaniel Hawthorne in Maine", 'Downeast Magazine', 1962
  6. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 16. ISBN 0195124146
  7. ^ Cheever, 99
  8. ^ Letter to Longfellow, June 4, 1837. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
  9. ^ Cheever, 102
  10. ^ McFarland, 83
  11. ^ Cheever, 104
  12. ^ McFarland, 149
  13. ^ Manning Hawthorne, "Nathaniel Hawthorne at Bowdoin," The New England Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Jun. , 1940), pp. 246-279
  14. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 24. ISBN 0195124146
  15. ^ Cheever, 108
  16. ^ McFarland, 129-130
  17. ^ January 14, 1851, Journal of Sophia Hawthorne. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Berg Collection NY Public Library.
  18. ^ Miller, 242
  19. ^ Cheever, 179
  20. ^ Cheever, 180
  21. ^ Cheever, 181
  22. ^ Miller, 274
  23. ^ Cheever, 174
  24. ^ Miller, 312
  25. ^ McFarland, 210
  26. ^ Miller, 518
  27. ^ Mishra, Raja and Sally Heaney. "Hawthornes to be reunited", The Boston Globe. June 1, 2006
  28. ^ Porte, 95
  29. ^ Person, Leland S. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Bibliographical Essay: Hawthorne and History", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 187. ISBN 0195124146
  30. ^ McFarland, 88-89
  31. ^ Nelson, Randy F. (editor). The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc. , 1981: 150. ISBN 086576008X
  32. ^ Porte, 97
  33. ^ Woodwell, Roland H. John Greenleaf Whittier: A Biography. Haverhill, Massachusetts: Trustees of the John Greenleaf Whittier Homestead, 1985: 293.
  34. ^ McFarland, 88
  35. ^ Publication info on books from Editor's Note to the The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Page by Page Books, accessed June 11, 2007.

Sources

See also

External links

Sites

Works

About Hawthorne


Persondata
NAME Hawthorne, Nathaniel
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hathorne, Nathaniel
SHORT DESCRIPTION American writer
DATE OF BIRTH July 4, 1804
PLACE OF BIRTH Salem, Massachusetts, United States
DATE OF DEATH May 19, 1864
PLACE OF DEATH Plymouth, New Hampshire, United States
For the Primordial demo see Dark Romanticism (Primordial album. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales was the final collection of short stories published by Nathaniel Hawthorne in his lifetime appearing in 1852 Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative Herman Melville (August 1 1819 &ndash September 28 1891 was an American novelist Short story writer Essayist and poet Henry James, OM ( –) son of theologian Henry James Sr, brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James Hawthorne is a book of Literary Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Plymouth is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States, in the White Mountains Region. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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