Citizendia
Your Ad Here

"Daffodil" redirects here. For other uses, see Daffodil (disambiguation).
"Daffodils" redirects here. For the Swedish musical group, see The Daffodils. The Daffodils were a Swedish pop - and Rock band from Älmhult, who started at the end of the 1980s
Narcissus

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Genus: Narcissus
L.
Subgenera, Species, Subspecies

See text. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Liliopsida is a Botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae (or Lily Family Asparagales is an order of Flowering plants The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly Amaryllidaceae is the Botanical name of a family of Flowering plants. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for

Narcissus is the biotanic name for a genus of mainly hardy, mostly spring-flowering, bulbs in the Amaryllis family native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic A bulb is an underground vertical Shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases that are used as Food Storage organs by Amaryllis is a monotypic (only one species Genus of plant also known as the Belladonna Lily or naked ladies. There are also several Narcissus species that bloom in the autumn. Though Hortus Third [1] cites 26 wild species, Daffodils for North American Gardens[2] cites between 50 and 100 excluding species variants and wild hybrids. Through taxonomic and genetic research, it is speculated that over time this number will likely continue to be refined. [3] Daffodil is a common English name, sometimes used now for all varieties, and is the chief common name of horticultural prevalence used by the American Daffodil Society. [4] The range of forms in cultivation has been heavily modified and extended, with new variations available from specialists almost every year.

Contents

Etymology

There are two derivations of the name. One is that of the youth of Greek mythology called Narcissus, who, in at least one of many variations of the tale, became so obsessed with his own reflection as he kneeled and gazed into a pool of water that he fell into the water and drowned. Greek mythology, Narcissus, Narkissos or The Self-Admirer (Νάρκισσος was a Hero of the territory of Thespiae in Boeotia The legend continues that the Narcissus plant first sprang from where he died. The other derivation is that the plant is named after its narcotic properties (narkoa, to numb in Greek). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly [3]

There are several plurals in common use: "Narcissuses", "Narcissi", and "Narcissus". This last is common in American English but is very rare in British usage. The American Webster's Third New International Dictionary gives plurals in the order "Narcissus", "Narcissuses", and "Narcissi", but the British Compact Oxford English Dictionary lists just "Narcissi" and "Narcissuses". Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States.

The name Daffodil is derived from an earlier "Affodell", a variant of Asphodel. The reason for the introduction of the initial "d" is not known, although a probable source is an etymological merging from the Dutch article "de," as in "De affodil. " From at least the sixteenth century "Daffadown Dilly", "daffadown dilly", and "daffydowndilly" have appeared as playful synonyms of the name.

The name jonquil is sometimes used in North America, particularly in the southeastern United States, but strictly speaking that name belongs only to the rush-leaved Narcissus jonquilla and cultivars derived from it. The US Southeast is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, but the Census Bureau does not provide a standard definition of a "Southeast" region In the southern United States, narcissus are sometimes referred to as buttercups.

Flowers of the tazetta-group species Narcissus papyraceus are commonly called paperwhites. Narcissus papyraceus (from Papyrus and aceus; meaning paper like) commonly known as Paperwhite, is a perennial

Description

A daffodil closeup showing the various parts of the flower in detail
A daffodil closeup showing the various parts of the flower in detail

All Narcissus species have a central trumpet-, bowl-, or disc-shaped corona surrounded by a ring of six floral leaves called the perianth which is united into a tube at the forward edge of the ovary. The term perianth has two similar but separate meanings in botany In Flowering plants the perianth is the outer sterile whorls of a Flower (see "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. The three outer segments are sepals, and the three inner segments are petals. A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla Though the traditional daffodil of folklore, poetry, and field may have a yellow to golden-yellow color all over, both in the wild species and due to breeding, the perianth and corona may be variously colored. Breeders have developed some daffodils with double, triple, or ambiguously multiple rows and layers of segments, and several wild species also have known double variants.

Toxicity

All Narcissus varieties contain the alkaloid poison lycorine, mostly in the bulb but also in the leaves . Lycorine is a Toxic Crystalline Alkaloid found in several plant species such as the bush lily ( Clivia miniata) Lycoris [5]

Medicine

In Kampo (traditional Japanese medicine), wounds were treated with narcissus root and wheat flour paste,[6] though it does not appear in the modern Kampo herb list. Kampō (or Kanpō 漢方 medicine is the Japanese study and adaptation of Traditional Chinese medicine. Kampō (or Kanpō 漢方 medicine is the Japanese study and adaptation of Traditional Chinese medicine. The Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus listed narcissus root in De Medicina among medical herbs, described as emollient, erodent, and "powerful to disperse whatever has collected in any part of the body". Aulus Cornelius Celsus (ca 25 BC—ca 50 was a Roman encyclopedist and Physician. In one scientific study, the ethanol extract of the bulbs was found effective in one mouse model of nociception, para-benzoquinone induced abdominal constriction, but not in another, the hot plate test. Nociception (synonym nociperception is defined as "the neural processes of encoding and processing Noxious stimuli. [7]

One of the most common dermatitis problems for florists, "daffodil itch" involves dryness, fissures, scaling, and erythema in the hands, often accompanied by subungual hyperkeratosis (thickening of the skin beneath the nails). Dermatitis is a Blanket term meaning any " Inflammation of the skin" (e Hyperkeratosis results when an excess of Proteins called Keratins are produced It is blamed on exposure to calcium oxalate in the sap. Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms needle-shaped crystals [8][9]

Species

Popular culture

The daffodil is the national flower of Wales. UserPolbot. --> Narcissus longispathus is a species of Plant in the Amaryllidaceae family Narcissus papyraceus (from Papyrus and aceus; meaning paper like) commonly known as Paperwhite, is a perennial The Findern Flower, also known as the "Poet's Daffodil " was brought back from the Crusades by Sir Geoffrey de Fynderne Narcissus pseudonarcissus (known as the Wild daffodil) is a perennial Flowering plant of the family Amaryllidaceae which grows Narcissus tazetta ( Chinese Sacred Lily, Bunch-flowered Narcissus, Joss flower) is a perennial Ornamental plant of Narcissus triandrus is a species of plant in the Amaryllis family native to southwestern Europe. One species, Narcissus obvallaris, grows only in a small area around Tenby. Tenby ( Welsh language: Dinbych-y-Pysgod "little town of the fishes or little fortress of the fish" is a walled Seaside Town in Pembrokeshire In Wales it is traditional to wear a daffodil or a leek on Saint David's Day (March 1). The leek, Allium ampeloprasum var porrum (L also sometimes known as Allium porrum, is a vegetable which belongs along with the Onion and Saint David's Day ( Welsh: Dydd Gŵyl Dewi) is the feast day of Saint David, the Patron saint of Wales, and falls on Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant This has led to suggestions that the word "daffodil" may have been influenced by the name "Dafydd," a Welsh form of "David" (see Etymology).

In some countries the yellow variation is associated with Easter. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year.

The flower is a common decoration during Chinese New Year. Chinese New Year is the most important of the Traditional Chinese holidays.

William Wordsworth's short poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" has become linked in the popular mind with the daffodils that form its main image. I WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUD I

In the movie Big Fish, Edward Bloom plants a field of daffodils outside of Sandra Templeton's window in order to win her heart. Big Fish is a 2003 fantasy Drama film, directed by Tim Burton and written by John August.

There is a Daffodil Festival in Nantucket, MA the last weekend in April of every year. In this celebration of spring hundreds of antique cars are adorned with thousands of daffodils.

Daffodils are a part of E. E. Cummings' poem, "in a time of daffodils". Edward Estlin Cummings (October 14 1894 &ndash September 3 1962 popularly known as E

In the visual novel Narcissu, which is named after the flower, a pair of patients with terminal illnesses (one with cancer) escape from hospice to journey to an island filled with daffodils. Synopsis The anonymous protagonist is diagnosed with Lung carcinoma shortly after his twentieth birthday and is admitted to Hospice care at a hospital in Terminal illness is a medical term popularized in the 20th century to describe an active and Malignant Disease that cannot be cured or adequately treated Palliative care (from Latin palliare to cloak is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of Disease Symptoms

Various cancer charities around the world use the daffodil as a fundraising symbol. "Daffodil Days" are organized to raise funds by offering the flowers in return for a donation.

Jonquil flowers.
Jonquil flowers. The American Cancer Society ( ACS) is the "nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to The Cancer Council Australia is a national not for profit organisation which aims to promote Cancer -control policies and to reduce the illness caused by cancer in The Irish Cancer Society is the national charity in the Republic of Ireland dedicated to eliminating Cancer as a major health problem and improving the lives of those The Canadian Cancer Society is a volunteer-based organization which seeks to eradicate Cancer and to enhance the quality of life of those suffering from it Marie Curie Cancer Care is a Charitable organization (a Registered Charity in the United Kingdom which provides nursing care free of charge to terminally ill

Horticultural divisions

The American Daffodil Society - ADS[4] divides all Narcissus into 13 horticultural divisions, based partly upon flower form and partly upon genetic background. Since the ADS Web site is written for general consumption, the text of the descriptions contained there is relatively broad. [4] Horticulturist Robert F. Gabella of GardenOpus has further clarified herein these definitions by replacement of the words "cup" with "corona", "petals" with "perianth segments", and clarified corona length and corona radius for cases where the corona does not protrude outward. Gabella has further emphasized the prevalence of species phenotype comparable to the genetic lineage of ADS Divisions 5 through 10, and has also called out garden and/or wild origin. A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties [3]

The divisions are:

Color range and classification

Daffodils may be self-colored—i. e. , both perianth and corona identical in color and shade—or the colors between the perianth and corona may differ widely. Some perianths and some coronas also may contain more than one color or shade. Prevalent colors are all shades and tones of yellow, white, orange, pink, red and green. Pinks vary from apricot to rose in shades from pale to deep, and some more recent cultivars have hints of lavender or lilac. Reds vary from orange-red to salmon red to near scarlet. Pink, red, orange and green tones are mainly confined to the corona. However, breeders are currently working against the genera's natural pigmentation and genetic barriers to create cultivars in which pink, rose, red, orange and green tones suffuse or "bleed" from the more highly colored coronas onto the perianth segments of white or yellow. There are an increasing number of commercially available varieties which display this enhanced coloration.

The flower's two regions are assigned color somewhat differently. The perianth colors are assigned from (in the case of multiple colors) the outer edge of the segment inward to the base of the corona. The corona colors are assigned from the base of the corona outward to the rim. Thus, Actaea, a Poeticus (Division 9) Daffodil pictured below, is officially classified as 9 W-GYR, while Accent, a Large Cup (Division 2) Daffodil possessing a white perianth and a pink corona, is officially classified as 2 W-P.


Gallery

Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Narcissus pseudonarcissus

White Jonquil

White Jonquil

White Jonquil

White Jonquil

Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Narcissus tazetta

Narcissus bulbocodium ssp. bulbocodium

Narcissus poeticus 'Actaea'

Jonquil Flowers

Narcissus 'Tahiti'

Narcissus (yellow)

Narcissus (orange and white)

White and yellow Narcissus

Yellow Daffodil

Narcissus papyraceus 'Paperwhite'

Daffodil Narcissus on Vancouver Island

Some white Jonquils

External links

References

  1. ^ Hortus Third, Staff of The L. Narcissus papyraceus (from Papyrus and aceus; meaning paper like) commonly known as Paperwhite, is a perennial Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, 1976, pp. 754-756. (Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, NY; ISBN 0-02-505470-8)
  2. ^ Daffodils For North American Gardens, Brent and Becky Heath, 2001, (Bright Sky Press, Albany, TX; NY, NY; ISBN 0-9704729-7-8)
  3. ^ a b GardenOpus[1]
  4. ^ a b c American Daffodil Society - ADS [2]
  5. ^ Food and nutrition Daffodil dinner David Trinklein, Department of Horticulture, University of Missouri, Accessed March 2008
  6. ^ Carmen Altomonte. Kampo — The Japanese Art of Herbal Healing.
  7. ^ PMID 9379365
  8. ^ Floridata: Narcissus spp
  9. ^ Electronic Textbook of Dermatology-Botanical Dermatology , Occupational Plant Dermatoses

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic