| Naples | |||
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| Coordinates: | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Campania | ||
| Province | Province of Naples | ||
| Founded | 600 BC[1] | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Rosa Russo Jervolino | ||
| Area | |||
| - City | 117 km² (45. Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune The Province of Naples ( Italian: Provincia di Napoli, Nnapulitano: Pruvincia 'e Nàpule) is a province in the Campania A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Rosa Russo Iervolino (born September 17, 1936 in Naples) is an Italian politician Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 2 sq mi) | ||
| Population (January 2007) | |||
| - City | 975,139 (3rd) | ||
| - Density | 8,334. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. ISTAT data updated 2007 January 1. Figures are based on last 2001 Census plus data from official bilancio demografico ( demographic balance Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5/km² (21,586. 3/sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 3,082,756 | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal codes | 80100 | ||
| Area code(s) | 081 | ||
| Patron saints | Saint Januarius | ||
| Website: http://www.comune.napoli.it | |||
Naples (Italian: Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic city in southern Italy, the capital of the Campania region and the province of Naples. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks Saint Januarius, (San Gennaro Bishop of Naples, is a martyr Saint of both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches He Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Neapolitan (autonym napulitano; napoletano is the name given to the varied Italo-Western group of dialects of Southern Italy or more specifically the A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 The Province of Naples ( Italian: Provincia di Napoli, Nnapulitano: Pruvincia 'e Nàpule) is a province in the Campania The city is noted for its rich history, art, culture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,500 years old. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between Culture and Food. Naples is located halfway between two volcanic areas, the volcano Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, sitting on the coast by the Gulf of Naples. Mount Vesuvius (in Italian Monte Vesuvio and in Latin Mons Vesuvius) is an active Stratovolcano east of Naples Campi Flegrei, also known as the Phlegraean Fields (from Greek φλέγος burning) is a large wide Caldera situated to the west of The Gulf of Naples is located in the south western coast of Italy ( Province of Naples, Campania region
Founded by the Ancient Greeks as Neapolis, meaning New City, it held an important role in Magna Graecia and then as part of the Roman Republic in the central province of the Empire. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Neapoli or Neapolis (Νεάπολις πόλις 'new city' may refer to the following places Cities In Greece: The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Naples was the capital city of a kingdom which bore its name from 1282 until 1816 in the form of the Kingdom of Naples, then in union with Sicily it was the capital of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification. The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian
In the modern day, the historic centre of the city is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The metropolitan area of Naples is the second most populated in Italy and one of the largest in all of Europe with around 3. This is a list of the largest Metropolitan areas of Europe. The population figures for both the metropolitan area and central city are given Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 8 million people. In the central area, the city itself has a population of around 1 million people, the inhabitants are known as Neapolitans or poetically partenopei. For other uses see Parthenope Partenope is an Opera by George Frideric Handel composed in 1730 with an Italian The language spoken by its inhabitants, the Neapolitan language is spoken with similar variations throughout most of Southern Italy. Neapolitan (autonym napulitano; napoletano is the name given to the varied Italo-Western group of dialects of Southern Italy or more specifically the Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel
The city is synonymous with pizza, due to the food originating in it. Pizza (ˈpiːtsə, in Italian:) is a popular dish made with an Oven -baked flat generally round Bread that is covered with tomatoes or a tomato-based A strong part of Neapolitan culture which has had wide reaching effects is music, including the invention of the romantic guitar and the mandolin as well as strong contributions to opera and folk standards. Naples has played an important and vibrant role over the centuries not just in the Music of Italy, but in the general history of western European musical traditions The Romantic guitar is the guitar of the Romantic period of Classical music (c A mandolin is a musical instrument in the Lute family (plucked or strummed Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Canzone Napoletana, sometimes referred to as Neapolitan song, is a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Neapolitan language, ordinarily There are popular characters and figures who have come to symbolise Naples; these include the patron saint of the city Januarius, Pulcinella, and the Sirens from the epic Greek poem the Odyssey. The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Saint Januarius, (San Gennaro Bishop of Naples, is a martyr Saint of both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches He Pulcinella, often called Punch or Punchinello in English Polichinelle in French is a classical character that originated In Greek mythology, the Sirens ( Greek singular Seirēn; Greek plural Seirēnes) were three dangerous bird-women The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.
Contents |
History
Greek birth, Roman acquisition
The history of the city can be traced back to the 7th century BC when inhabitants of the nearby Greek colony Cumae founded a city called Parthenope; Cumae itself had been founded by people from Euboea, Greece. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. There is also a small modern Greek Euboean city called Κυμη, near the ruins of the ancient Cuma For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία [3] The exact reasons for doing so are not known for certain, but the Cumaeans built Neapolis (meaning New City) next to the old Parthenope. Neapoli or Neapolis (Νεάπολις πόλις 'new city' may refer to the following places Cities In Greece: Around this time they had held off invasion attempts from the Etruscans. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy [4] The new city grew thanks to the influence of powerful Greek city-state Siracusa and at some point the new and old cities on the Gulf of Naples merged together to become one. A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. Syracuse (Siracusa Sicilian: Sarausa, Classical Greek: / transliterated Syrakousai) is a historic City in The Gulf of Naples is located in the south western coast of Italy ( Province of Naples, Campania region [3]
The city became an ally of the Roman Republic against Carthage; the strong walls surrounding Neapolis stopped invader Hannibal from entering. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Hannibal (Pronounced in Phoenician: Hanniba'al means " Ba'al is my grace " or " Ba'al has given me grace " 247 BC &ndash [5] During the Samnite Wars, the city, now a bustling centre of trade, was captured by the Samnites; however, the Romans soon took it from them and made Neapolis a Roman colony. The First, Second, and Third Samnite wars, between the early Roman Republic and the tribes of Samnium, extended over half a century involving During the Second Samnite War, from 326 BC to 304 BC, between Ancient Rome and the Samnites, the Samnites seized Neapolis in Samnium ( Oscan: Safinim; Italian Sannio) is a historical region of the south central Apennines in Italy, that was home to the Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City [5] The city was greatly respected by the Romans as a place of Hellenistic culture: the people maintained their Greek language and customs; elegant villas, aqueducts, public baths, an odeon, a theatre and the Temple of Dioscures were built, and many powerful emperors chose to holiday in the city including Claudius and Tiberius. This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A villa was originally an Upper-class Country house, though since its origins in Roman times the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one For the stars see Castor (star and Pollux (star, for the sculptural group in the Prado Museum, see Castor and Pollux (Prado, and for Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman [5] It was during this period that Christianity came to Naples; apostles St. Peter and St. Paul are said to have preached in the city. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e Also, St. Januarius, who would become Naples' patron saint, was martyred there. Saint Januarius, (San Gennaro Bishop of Naples, is a martyr Saint of both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches He The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members [6]
Duchy of Naples
Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, Naples was captured by the Ostrogoths, a Germanic people, and incorporated into the Ostrogothic Kingdom. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of Migrants who may have moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder The Ostrogothic Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553. [7] However, Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) took the city back in 536, after famously entering the city via the aqueduct. Flavius Belisarius (Βελισάριος (505(? – 565 was one of the greatest Generals of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most acclaimed generals in history An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another [8] The Gothic Wars waged on, and Totila briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths in 543, before, finally, the Battle of Mons Lactarius on the slopes of Vesuvius decided Byzantine rule. See Gothic War (376-382 for the war on the Danube The Gothic War was a war fought in Italy and the adjoining regions of Dalmatia, Sardinia Totila (died Jul 1 552) was king of the Ostrogoths from 541 until his death The Battle of Mons Lactarius (also known as Battle of the Vesuvius) took place in 553 during the Gothic War waged on behalf of Justinian I against Mount Vesuvius (in Italian Monte Vesuvio and in Latin Mons Vesuvius) is an active Stratovolcano east of Naples [7] Naples was expected to keep in contact with the Exarchate of Ravenna, which was the centre of Byzantine power on the Italian peninsula. The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a centre of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751, when the Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe [9] After the exarchate fell a Duchy of Naples was created; though Naples continued with its Greco-Roman culture, it eventually switched allegiance under Duke Stephen II to Rome rather than Constantinople, putting it under papal suzerainty by 763. This article is about Byzantine governors and ecclesiastical ranks The Duchy of Naples ( Ducatus Neapolitanus) began as a Byzantine province that was constituted in the seventh century in the reduced coastal lands that the Lombards In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation Stephen II (died 799 was the Duke of Naples during an important transitionary period in its history from 755 to his death Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a [9]
The years between 818 and 832 were a particularly confusing period in regard to Naples' relation with the Byzantine Emperor, with feuding between local pretenders to the ducal throne. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians [10] Theoctistus was appointed without imperial approval; this was later revoked and Theodore II took his place. Theoctistus (Teoctisto was the Duke of Naples during a very confused period in her history The Dukes of Naples were the military commanders of the Ducatus Neapolitanus, a Byzantine outpost in Italy one of the few remaining after the coming of However, the general populance chased him from the city and instead elected Stephen III, a man who minted coins with his own initials not that of the Byzantine Emperor. Stephen III (died 832 was the Duke of Naples during an important transitionary period in its history from 821 to his death Naples gained complete independence by 840. [10]
The duchy was under direct control of Lombards for a brief period, after the capture by Pandulf IV of the Principality of Capua, long term rival of Naples; however this only lasted three years before the culturally Greco-Roman influenced dukes were reinstated. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Pandulf IV (also spelled Randulf, Bandulf, Pandulph, Pandolf, Paldolf, or Pandolfo) was the Prince of Capua The Principality of Capua (Principatus Capuae or Capue was a Lombard state in Southern Italy, usually de facto independent but under the varying [10] By the 11th century, like many territories in the area, Naples hired Norman merecenaries, the Christian descendants of the Vikings, to battle their rivals; Duke Sergius IV hired Rainulf Drengot to battle Capua for him. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Sergius IV (died after 1036 was Duke of Naples from 1002 to 1036 Rainulf Drengot (also Ranulph Ranulf or Rannulf was a Norman adventurer and the first count of Aversa ( 1030 &ndash 1045) [11] By 1137, the Normans had grown hugely in influence, controlling previous independent principalities and duchies such as Capua, Benevento, Salerno, Amalfi, Sorrento and Gaeta; it was in this year that Naples, the last independent duchy in the southern part of the peninsula, came under Norman control. The Principality of Capua (Principatus Capuae or Capue was a Lombard state in Southern Italy, usually de facto independent but under the varying The Duchy and later Principality of Benevento was the southernmost Lombard duchy in medieval Italy centred on Benevento, a city central in the Mezzogiorno The Lombard Principality of Salerno was a South Italian state centered on the port city of Salerno, formed out of the Principality of Benevento Republic or Duchy of Amalfi was a de facto independent state centred on the south Italian city of the same name during the tenth and eleventh The Duchy of Sorrento was a small peninsular principality of the Early Middle Ages centred on the Italian city of Sorrento. The Duchy of Gaeta was an early Middle Ages state centred on the coastal South Italian city of Gaeta. The last ruling duke of the duchy Sergius VII was forced to surrender to Roger II, who had proclaimed himself King of Sicily seven years earlier; this saw Naples joining the Kingdom of Sicily, where Palermo was the capital. Sergius VII (died 30 October 1137) was the thirty-ninth and last duke (or Magister militum) of Naples. Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his The following is a list of monarchs of Sicily. Counts of Sicily Sicily was granted pending its Christian reconquest to Robert Guiscard as "duke" The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in [12]
The Kingdom
Norman to Angevin
After a period as a Norman kingdom, the Kingdom of Sicily was passed on to the Hohenstaufens who were a highly powerful Germanic royal house of Swabian origins. The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic [13] The University of Naples Federico II was founded by Frederick II in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom. The University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II is a university located in Naples, Italy. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title [14] Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy, led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning Angevin Dynasty duke Charles I as the king of the kingdom:[15] Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples where he resided at the Castel Nuovo. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Innocent IV, born Sinibaldo Fieschi was Pope from June 28, 1243 to December 7, 1254. The Capetian House of Anjou, or the Second Angevin dynasty, was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, established by Charles Count of Anjou Charles I ( 21 March 1226 &ndash 7 January 1285) commonly called Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest Castel Nuovo (Italian "New Castle" often called Maschio Angioino, is a castle in the city of Naples, southern Italy. [16] During this period much Gothic architecture sprang up around Naples, including the Naples Cathedral, which is the main church of the city. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. The Cathedral of Naples (or Duomo) is the main church of Naples, southern Italy. [17]
In 1281, with the advent of the Sicilian Vespers, the kingdom split in half. The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control The Angevin Kingdom of Naples included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of Sicily became the Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy [15] The wars continued until the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Frederick III recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as the king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII. The Peace of Caltabellotta, signed on August 19, 1302, was the last of a series of treaties including those of Tarascon and Anagni, designed Frederick II or III ( 13 December 1272 &ndash 25 June 1337) was the Regent (from 1291 and subsequently King of Sicily Charles II, known as "the Lame" ( French le Boiteux, Italian lo Zoppo; 1254 &ndash 5 May 1309) was Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 [15] Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting Pisan and Genoese merchants,[18] Tuscan bankers, and with them some of the most championed Renaissance artists of the time, such as Boccaccio, Petrarch and Giotto. The Republic of Pisa was a ''de facto'' independent state centered on the Tuscany city of Pisa during the late tenth and eleventh centuries The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar [19] Alfonso I conquered Naples after his victory against the last Angevin king, René, Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again. Alfonso the Magnanimous (also Alphonso; Catalan: Alfons) (1396 &ndash 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as The Capetian House of Anjou, or the Second Angevin dynasty, was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, established by Charles Count of Anjou René of Anjou ( January 16, 1409 &ndash July 10, 1480) also known as René I of Naples and Good King René ( French [20]
Aragonese to Bourbon
Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of Aragon under Ferrante. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. Ferdinand I of Naples should not be confused with Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, a latter king of Naples [21] The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the Iberian peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as Laurana, da Messina, Sannazzaro and Poliziano arriving in the city. Francesco Laurana (de la Vrana, (c 1430 &ndash before 12 March 1502) was a Dalmatian born sculptor and Medallist in Croatia Antonello da Messina, properly Antonello di Giovanni di Antonio (c Jacopo Sannazaro or Sannazzaro ( 28 July 1458 - April 27, 1530) was an Italian poet humanist and epigrammist Angelo Ambrogini, best known as Poliziano ( July 14, 1454 &ndash September 24, 1494) was a Florentine Classical [22] During 1501 Naples became under direct rule from France at the time of Louis XII, as Neapolitan king Frederick was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted only four years. The Ancien Régime, a French term rendered in English as “Old Rule” “Old Kingdom” or simply “Old Regime” refers primarily to the aristocratic Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Frederick IV ( April 19, 1452 &ndash November 9, 1504) sometimes known as Frederick I or Federico d'Aragona, was the last [23] Spain won Naples at the Battle of Garigliano and, as a result, Naples became under direct rule as part of the Spanish Empire throughout the entire Habsburg Spain period. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Battle of Garigliano was fought on December 29, 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to [23] The Spanish sent viceroys to Naples to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the Inquisition. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. This is a list of viceroys of the Kingdom of Naples. Sometimes the King of Naples if he resided outside of the Kingdom and ruled directly from another kingdom would Don Pedro Álvarez de Toledo ( July 13 1484 - February 21 1553) was the first effective Spanish Viceroy of Naples, responsible for The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain [24]
During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after only Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city [25] It was a cultural powerhouse during the Baroque era as home to artists including Caravaggio, Rosa and Bernini, philosophers such as Telesio, Bruno, Campanella and Vico, and writers such as Battista Marino. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, usually just known as Caravaggio, (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610 was an Italian Artist active in Rome Salvator Rosa ( 1615 - March 15, 1673) was an Italian Baroque painter poet and Printmaker, active in Naples Rome "Bernini" redirects here For people named Bernini see Bernini (surname. Bernardino Telesio (1509 - 1588 was an Italian philosopher and natural scientist Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600) was an Italian Philosopher best-known as an early proponent of Heliocentrism and Tommaso Campanella ( September 5, 1568 &ndash May 21, 1639) baptized Giovanni Domenico Campanella, was an Italian Giambattista Vico, Giambattista Vigo or Giovanni Battista Vico ( June 23, 1668 – January 23, 1744) was an Italian Giambattista Marino (also Giovan Battista Marino; 14 October 1569 - 25 March 1625) was an Italian poet who was born in A revolution led by local fisherman Masaniello saw the creation of a brief independent Neapolitan Republic, though this last only a few months before Spanish rule was regained. A fisherman or fisher is someone who gathers Fish, Shellfish, or other animals from a body of water La muette de Portici Masaniello, an abbreviation of Tommaso Aniello (1622 &ndash July 16, 1647) was a Neapolitan Fisherman, who became The Neapolitan Republic between the years 1647 – 1648 was a Republic created in Naples, which lasted for some months and began after the revolt [23] Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession; it was the Austrian Charles VI who ruled from Vienna, similarly with viceroys. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. [26] However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union, which in the Treaty of Vienna were recognised as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons in 1738 under Charles VII. The War of the Polish Succession ( 1733 - 1738) was sparked by a Polish Civil war over the succession to Augustus II, King of Poland A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and [27]
During the time of Ferdinand IV, the French Revolution made its way to Naples: Horatio Nelson, an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. Ferdinand I ( Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto, January 12, 1751 &ndash January 4, 1825) The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo, where he was protected by a British fleet. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) [28] Naples' lower classes the lazzaroni were strongly pious and Royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war. In spiritual terminology piety is a Virtue. While different people may understand its meaning differently it is generally used to refer either to religious devotion Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state [28] The Republicans conquered Castel Sant'Elmo and proclaimed a Parthenopaean Republic, secured by the French Army. Sant'Elmo is the name of both a hill and a fortress in Naples located near the Certosa di San Martino. The Parthenopaean Republic (Italian Repubblica Partenopea) was a French -supported Republic in the territory of the Kingdom of Naples, formed The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest [28] A counter-revolutionary religious army of lazzaroni under Fabrizio Ruffo was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to Toulon. A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a Revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it in full or in part Fabrizio Ruffo ( September 16, 1744 - December 13, 1827) was an Italian cardinal and Politician, who led the Toulon ( Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm is a city in southern France and a large [28]
Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years Napoleon conquered the kingdom and instated Bonapartist kings including his brother Joseph Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Bonaparte is a French family name of Italian origin Originally Buonaparte, this family claims numerous influential descendents including Corsican Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte King of Naples and Sicily, King of Spain (during a time) and the Indies (never de facto and never de iure [29] With the help of the Austrian Empire and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the Neapolitan War and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. The Neapolitan War between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire, started on 15 March 1815 when Joachim Murat [29] The Congress of Vienna in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the Two Sicilies,[29] with Naples as the capital city. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a railway in 1839,[30] there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. [31]
Italian unification
After the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, culminating in the controversial Siege of Gaeta, Naples became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 as part of the Italian unification, ending Bourbon rule. The Expedition of the Thousand was a military campaign led by the revolutionary general Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860, in which a force of volunteers defeated the Garibaldi redirects here for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation. For other sieges of this city at different dates see Siege of Gaeta. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian The kingdom of the Two Sicilies had been wealthy and 80 million ducats were taken from the banks as a contribution to the new Italian treasury, while other former states in the Italian unification were forced to pay far less. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. The ducat (ˈdʌkət is a Gold coin that was used as a trade currency throughout Europe before World War I. For the US government securities see Treasury security. Also see Treasury management. [31] The ecomony of the area formerly known as Two Sicilies collapsed, leading to an unprecedented wave of emigration,[32] with estimates claiming at least 4 million of those who left from 1876–1913 were from Naples or near Naples. The term Italian Diaspora refers to the large-scale migration of Italians away from Italy in the period roughly between the unification of Italy in 1861 and the beginning of [33]
Naples was the most bombed Italian city of World War II. Naples was the most bombed Italian city in World War IIThe largest raid was on August 4, 1943 by 400 planes of the US Mediterranean Bomber Command World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [34] Though Neapolitans did not rebel under Italian fascism, Naples was the first Italian city to rise up against German military occupation; the people rose up and freed their own city completely by October 1, 1943. The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [35] The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of Santa Chiara which had been destroyed in a United States Air Force raid. Santa Chiara is a religious complex in Naples, southern Italy, that includes the Church of Santa Chiara, a monastery tombs and an archeological museum [34] Special funding from the Italian government's Fund for the South from 1950 to 1984 helped the economy to improve somewhat, including the rejuvenation of the Piazza del Plebiscito and other city landmarks. The Cassa per il Mezzogiorno ( English: Register or Fund for the South) was a public effort by the government of Italy to stimulate economic Piazza Plebiscito is the largest square in Naples. It is named for the Plebiscite taken in 1860 that brought Naples into the unified Kingdom [36] Naples still has some issues, however: high unemployment and landfill management problems, the latter of which has been attributed to the Camorra by the media, a loose confederation of organised crime networks. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials The Naples waste management issue was a series of events surrounding the lack of garbage collection in the city of Naples. Background The origins of the Camorra are not entirely clear Some assert a history going back as far as the 16th century claiming that it is a direct descendant of a Spanish secret "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. [37] Currently, the first official meeting Italian Government under Silvio Berlusconi has moved from Rome to Naples in an effort to demonstrate the volunty of trying to solve these problems once and for all. The politics of Italy take place in a framework of a parliamentary, democratic Republic, and of a Multi-party system. (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor [38]
Architecture, features and city layouts
- See also, Buildings and structures in Naples
The most prominent forms of architecture in Naples are from the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods. Medieval architecture is a term used to represent various forms of Architecture popular in Medieval Europe. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical [39] The historic centre of Naples is typically the most fruitful for architecture and is in fact listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [40] A striking feature of Naples is the fact that it has 448 historical churches, making it one of the most Catholic cities in the world. [41]
Main piazza, palaces and castles
- See also, Palaces in Naples
The central and main open city square or piazza of the city is the Piazza del Plebiscito. Public square and city square redirect here For Public Square Cleveland see Public Square and for City Square in Leeds see Leeds City Square. For the Brazilian footballer see Wilson da Silva Piazza For the American baseball player see Mike Piazza For the coupé car Piazza Plebiscito is the largest square in Naples. It is named for the Plebiscite taken in 1860 that brought Naples into the unified Kingdom It was started by Bonapartist king Joachim Murat and finished by Bourbon king Ferdinand IV. Joachim-Napoléon Murat (born Joachim Murat) ( Gioacchino Napoleone Murat) ( March 25 1767 &ndash October 13 1815) Ferdinand I ( Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto, January 12, 1751 &ndash January 4, 1825) It is bounded on the east by the Royal Palace and on the west by the church of San Francesco di Paola with the colonnades extending to both sides. The Royal Palace is a Palace in Naples, southern Italy. It is one of the four residences used by the Bourbon Kings of Naples during their rule San Francesco di Paola is a church in Naples, southern Italy. Nearby is the Teatro di San Carlo, which is the oldest and largest opera house on the Italian peninsula. The Teatro di San Carlo is an Opera house in Naples, Italy. It is the oldest continuously active such venue in Europe and it is recognized as a An opera house is a theater building used for Opera performances that consists of a stage an orchestra pit audience seating and backstage facilities for costumes [42] Directly across from San Carlo is Galleria Umberto, a shopping centre and active centre of Neapolitan social life in general. Galleria Umberto is a public shopping gallery in Naples, southern Italy. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors
Naples is famous for its historic castles: the ancient Castel Nuovo is one of the most notable architectural representatives on the city, also known as Maschio Angioino; it was built during the time of Charles I, the first ever king of Naples. Castel Nuovo (Italian "New Castle" often called Maschio Angioino, is a castle in the city of Naples, southern Italy. The Capetian House of Anjou, or the Second Angevin dynasty, was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, established by Charles Count of Anjou Charles I ( 21 March 1226 &ndash 7 January 1285) commonly called Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest The following is a list of monarchs of the Kingdom of Naples. Castel Nuovo has hosted some historical religious events: for example, in 1294, Pope Celestine V resigned as pope in a hall of the castle, and following this Pope Boniface VIII was elected pope here by the cardinal collegium, and immediately moved to Rome. Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294
The castle which Nuovo replaced in importance was the Norman founded Castel dell'Ovo. Castel dell'Ovo ( Italian: "Egg Castle" is a castle in the Italian city of Naples. Its name means Egg Castle and it is built on the tiny islet Megarides, where the Cumaean colonists founded the city. For human anatomy see Islets of Langerhans An islet is a small Island. There is also a small modern Greek Euboean city called Κυμη, near the ruins of the ancient Cuma The third most noted castle is Sant'Elmo which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a star. Sant'Elmo is the name of both a hill and a fortress in Naples located near the Certosa di San Martino. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth During the uprising of Masaniello, the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape revolutionaries. La muette de Portici Masaniello, an abbreviation of Tommaso Aniello (1622 &ndash July 16, 1647) was a Neapolitan Fisherman, who became
Museums
Naples hosts a wealth of historical museums and some of the most important in the country. The Naples National Archaeological Museum is one of the main museums, considered one of the most important for artifacts of the Roman Empire in the world. The Naples National Archaeological Museum ( Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli) is located in Naples Italy, at the northwest corner of the original Greek In Archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial [43] It also hosts many of the ruins unearthed at Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as some artifacts from the Greek and Renaissance periods. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in Herculaneum (in modern Italian Ercolano) is an ancient Roman town located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th [43]
Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art gallery, the Museo di Capodimonte is probably the most important in Naples. An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. The Palace and Museum of Capodimonte is a grand Bourbon Palazzo in Naples, Italy, formerly the summer residence of the kings The art gallery features paintings from the 13th to the 18th century including major works by Simone Martini, Raphael, Titian, Caravaggio, El Greco and many others, including Neapolitan School painters Jusepe de Ribera and Luca Giordano. This is a list of the art works dating from between 1200 and 1800 housed in the Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Simone Martini (c 1284 – c 1344 was an Italian painter born in Siena. Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, usually just known as Caravaggio, (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610 was an Italian Artist active in Rome El Greco' ("The Greek " 1541 &ndash April 7 1614 was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance Jusepe de Ribera ( January 12, 1591 - 1652 was a Spanish Tenebrist painter and Printmaker, also known as José de Ribera in Spanish Luca Giordano ( October 18, 1634 &ndash January 12, 1705) was an eclectic peripatetic and influential Italian late Baroque The royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th century furniture and a collection of porcelain and majolica from the various royal residences: the famous Capodimonte Porcelain Factory was just adjacent to the palace. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures The Capodimonte porcelain manufactory was established in Naples in 1743 in direct emulation of the Porcelain being produced at Meissen.
The Certosa di San Martino was formerly a monastery complex but is now a museum and remains one of the most visible landmarks of Naples. The Certosa di San Martino is a former monastery complex now a museum in Naples, southern Italy. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Displayed within the museum are Spanish and Bourbon-era artifacts, as well as displays of the nativity scene, considered to be among the finest in the world. A nativity scene may be used to describe any depiction of the Nativity of Jesus in art, but in the sense covered here also called a crib or manger in the Pietrarsa railway museum is located in the city: Naples has a proud railway history and the museum features, amongst many other things, the Bayard, the first locomotive in the Italian peninsula. The Pietrarsa railway museum is in Naples in southern Italy. It is one of the most complete such facilities in the world A locomotive is a railway Vehicle that provides the motive power for a Train. [30] Other museums include the Villa Pignatelli and Palazzo Como, and one of Italy's national libaries (the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III) is also located in the city. The Villa Pignatelli is a museum in Naples in southern Italy The villa is perhaps the most striking building along the Riviera di Chiaia the road bounding the north side Palazzo Como is a museum in Naples, southern Italy. Its Renaissance Ashlar facade opens to Via Duomo just north of the intersection of Corso The Biblioteca nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III ( Vittorio Emanuele III National Library) is a National library of Italy.
Churches, religious buildings and structures
- See also, Churches in Naples and Archdiocese of Naples
Hosting the Archdiocese of Naples, the Catholic faith is highly important to the people of Naples and there are hundreds of churches in the city. [41] The Cathedral of Naples is the most important place of worship in the city, each year on September 19 it hosts the Miracle of Saint Januarius, the city's patron saint. The Cathedral of Naples (or Duomo) is the main church of Naples, southern Italy. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Saint Januarius, (San Gennaro Bishop of Naples, is a martyr Saint of both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches He The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members [44] In the miracle which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to relics said to be of his body: this is one of the most important traditions for Neapolitans. A relic is an object or a personal item of religious significance carefully preserved with an air of Veneration as a tangible memorial [44] Below is a selective list of some of the most noted churches, chapels, monastary complexes and religious structures in Naples;
Others
There are various other interesting features of note around Naples. Underneath Naples there is a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, which is in part of an underground geothermal zone. Running beneath Naples and the surrounding area is an underground geothermal zone called the " Campi Flegrei " ("fiery fields" In Geology, geothermal refers to heat sources within the planet The general public are able to go on tours of the underground and there is even a museum. Aside from the main piazza there are two more in the form of Piazza Dante and Piazza dei Martiri. For the Brazilian footballer see Wilson da Silva Piazza For the American baseball player see Mike Piazza For the coupé car Piazza Dante is a large public square in Naples, Italy, named for the poet Dante Alighieri. Piazza dei Martiri (in Italian: Martyrs' Square) is a monument square in Naples, Italy, located one block north of the eastern end of the The latter is somewhat controversial: it originally just had a memorial to martyrs but in 1866, after the Italian unification, four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian [45]
Founded in 1667 by the Spanish, the San Gennaro dei Poveri is a hospital for the poor which is still in existence today. San Gennaro dei Poveri is a hospital in Naples in southern Italy A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for It was a forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the gigantic Bourbon Hospice for the Poor started by Charles III. The Albergo Reale dei Poveri is a former public hospital/almshouse in Naples, southern Italy Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work. Today it is no longer a hospital. [46]
Of the public parks in Naples, the most prominent is the Villa Comunale, previously known as the Royal Garden as its building was ordered by Bourbon king Ferdinand IV in the 1780s. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human The Villa Comunale is the most prominent and visible park in Naples, southern Italy. Ferdinand I ( Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto, January 12, 1751 &ndash January 4, 1825) [47] The second most important park is Parco Virgiliano which is very green and has views towards the tiny volcanic islet of Nisida; beyond that in the distance are Procida and Ischia. Parco Virgiliano (the Park of Remembrance) is a scenic park located in Posillipo, Naples, Italy, often confused with the Parco Vergiliano Nisida is a volcanic islet of the Flegrean Islands archipelago in southern Italy. Procida is one of the Phlegrean islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy. For the comune see Ischia (comune. For the part of the human hip see Ischium Ischia is a Volcanic Island in the [48] It was named after Virgil the classical Roman poet who is thought to be entombed nearby. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Virgil's tomb (Italian Tomba di Virgilio) is a Roman burial vault dating back to the Augustan age located in Naples, southern Italy. [48]
Geography
In the area surrounding Naples are the islands of Procida, Capri and Ischia, which are reached by hydrofoils and ferries. Procida is one of the Phlegrean islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy. Capri ( Italian pronunciation Cápri usual English pronunciation Caprí is an Italian island off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side For the comune see Ischia (comune. For the part of the human hip see Ischium Ischia is a Volcanic Island in the Sorrento and the Amalfi Coast are situated south of Naples. Sorrento is a small city in Campania, Italy, with some 16500 inhabitants The Amalfi Coast, or Costiera Amalfitana in Italian, is a stretch of coastline on the southern side of the Sorrentine Peninsula of Italy ( The Roman ruins of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae, which were destroyed in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, are also nearby. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in Herculaneum (in modern Italian Ercolano) is an ancient Roman town located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano. Stabiae was an ancient Roman town located close to the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia approximately 4 Mount Vesuvius (in Italian Monte Vesuvio and in Latin Mons Vesuvius) is an active Stratovolcano east of Naples Naples is also near the volcanic area known as the Campi Flegrei and the port towns of Pozzuoli and Baia, which were part of the vast Roman naval facility, Portus Julius. Campi Flegrei, also known as the Phlegraean Fields (from Greek φλέγος burning) is a large wide Caldera situated to the west of Pozzuoli is a city of the Province of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. Baiae (in modern Italian only Baia) is a Frazione of the Comune of Bacoli, in the Campania region of Italy Portus Julius (alternately spelled in the Latin "Iulius" was the home port for the Roman western imperial fleet the classis Misenensis, named for nearby Cape
Quarters
1. Pianura | 11. San Ferdinando is the neighbourhood of Naples, southern Italy, that includes among other landmarks the Royal Palace, the large adjacent square named Montecalvario | 21. San Carlo all'Arena is a neighbourhood of Naples, southern Italy, to the north-east of the old historic center of the city Piscinola-Marianella |
Shown above are the thirty quarters of Naples: these thirty neighbourhoods or "quartiere" as they are known, are further divided into ten governmental community boards. A quartiere (plural quartieri) is a subdivision of certain Italian towns [49]
Climate
Naples enjoys a typical Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide The mild climate and the geographical richness of the bay of Naples made it famous during Roman times, when emperors chose the city as a favourite holiday location. The Gulf of Naples is located in the south western coast of Italy ( Province of Naples, Campania region
| Weather averages for Naples | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 12 (54) | 12 (54) | 15 (59) | 17 (63) | 22 (72) | 26 (79) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 26 (79) | 21 (70) | 16 (61) | 13 (55) | 20 (68) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 4 (39) | 5 (41) | 6 (43) | 8 (46) | 12 (54) | 16 (61) | 18 (64) | 18 (64) | 16 (61) | 12 (54) | 8 (46) | 5 (41) | 11 (52) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 90 (3. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 5) | 80 (3. 1) | 70 (2. 8) | 70 (2. 8) | 50 (2) | 30 (1. 2) | 20 (0. 8) | 30 (1. 2) | 70 (2. 8) | 130 (5. 1) | 120 (4. 7) | 110 (4. 3) | 940 (37) |
| Source: Weatherbase[50] 19 February 2008 | |||||||||||||
Society
Demographics
The population of Naples itself is around one million people. Its greater metropolitan area, sometimes known as Greater Naples has an additional population of 2. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central 5 million; the towns which are usually included within this area are Arzano, Casandrino, Casavatore, Casoria, Cercola, Marano di Napoli, Melito di Napoli, Mugnano di Napoli, Portici, Pozzuoli, Quarto, San Giorgio a Cremano, San Sebastiano al Vesuvio and Volla. Arzano is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 9 km north of Naples Casandrino is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 11 km north of Casavatore is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 8 km north of Naples Casoria is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 9 km northeast of Cercola is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 9 km northeast of Marano di Napoli is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 9 km northwest Melito di Napoli is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 9 km north of Mugnano di Napoli is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 10 km northwest Portici is a Town and Comune of the Province of Naples in the Campania region of southern Italy. Pozzuoli is a city of the Province of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. San Giorgio a Cremano is a primarily Residential Town and Comune in the Province of Naples, in the Campania region San Sebastiano al Vesuvio is a commune in the Province of Naples, located on the western slopes of Mount Vesuvius. [51] The demographic profile for the Neapolitan province in general is quite young: 19% are under age 14, while 13% are over 65, compared to the national average of 14% and 19%, respectively. [51]
Unlike many northern Italian cities there are far fewer immigrants in Naples, 98. 5% of the people are Italians. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging In 2006, there were a total of 19,188 foreigners in the actual city of Naples; the majority of foreigners are Eastern European, coming particularly from the Ukraine and Poland. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [52] Non-Europeans in general are very low in number, however there are some small Sri Lankan and East Asian immigrant communities. The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora refers to the global Diaspora of the people of Sri Lankan Tamil origin Statistics show that the vast majority of immigrants are female; this is because male workers tend to head North. [51][52]
Economy
The ecomony is measured on a provincial level; the province of Naples is placed 94th out of the total of 103 provinces in Italy in terms of gross value added. The Province of Naples ( Italian: Provincia di Napoli, Nnapulitano: Pruvincia 'e Nàpule) is a province in the Campania Gross Value Added or GVA is a measure in Economics of the value of goods and services produced in an area or sector of an Economy. [53] Statistics do not include wealth generated by the black market or untaxed wages. A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. It is not uncommon for Neapolitan workers to move North because unemployment is at around 28%. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. [54] The business centre of Naples is the Centro Direzionale. The Centro Direzionale, is the new Naples Civic Center a large area of new tall buildings visible from almost any point in Naples or from the bay This was built only in recent times and features skyscraper technology designed by Kenzo Tange; it is an attempt to centralise and improve the business and economy of Naples, also providing jobs with its hotels and shops. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper was a Japanese Architect, and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for Architecture. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis [55]
In recent times, there has been a move away from traditional agriculture-based economy in the province to one based on service industries. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture [53] In early 2002 there were over 249,590 enterprises operating in the province of Naples registered in the Chamber of Commerce Public Register. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. [53] This sector employs the majority of the people, though more than half of these are small enterprises with fewer than 20 workers; 70 companies are medium-sized with more than 200 workers; and 15 have more than 500 workers. [53] Employment in the province of Naples in different sectors breaks down as follows:[53]
| Public services | Manufacturing | Commerce | Construction | Transportation | Financial services | Agriculture | Hotel trade | Other activities | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage | 30. Public services is a term usually used to mean services provided by Government to its Citizens, either directly (through the Public sector) or Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Financial services refer to services provided by the finance industry. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 7% | 18% | 14% | 9. 5% | 8. 2% | 7. 4% | 5. 1% | 3. 7% | 3. 4% |
Education
There are many public and private institutions of higher education in Naples, as well as numerous institutes and research centres. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Naples hosts what is thought to be the oldest state university in the world in the form of the University of Naples Federico II, which was founded by Frederick II during 1224. The University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II is a university located in Naples, Italy. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title [14] It is by far the most important university in southern Italy, with around 100,000 students and over 3000 professors. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects [56] Part of the university is the important Botanical Garden of Naples which was opened in 1807 by Giuseppe Bonaparte (using Bourbon king Ferdinand IV's plans). The Botanical Garden of Naples, Italy (in Italian: Orto botanico di Napoli, also Real Orto Botanico) is a research facility of Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte King of Naples and Sicily, King of Spain (during a time) and the Indies (never de facto and never de iure Its 15 hectares feature around 25,000 samples of vegetation, covering about 10,000 plant species. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, [57]
People from the city are also served by the Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, the second most important university of the city, opened far more recently in 1989, which, despite its name, has strong links to the nearby province of Caserta. The Second University of Naples ( Italian: Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, SUN is a university located in Naples, Italy. The Province of Caserta (Provincia di Caserta is a province in the Campania region of Italy. [58] A unique centre of education in the city is the Istituto Universitario Orientale which specialises in Eastern culture, founded by Jesuit missionary Matteo Ripa in 1732 after he returned from work in the court of Kangxi Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China. The Naples Eastern University ( Italian: Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", better translated as Oriental Studies University of Naples The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various Cultures social structures and philosophical systems of " the East " The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China China proper (also known as Inner China) refers to the historical lands of China where the Han Chinese are the majority Ethnic group, in contrast [59] There are other prominent universities in Naples too, such as the Parthenope University of Naples, the private Istituto Universitario Suor Orsola Benincasa and the Jesuit-run Theological Seminary of Southern Italy. The Parthenope University of Naples ( Italian: Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope") is a university located in Naples, Italy The Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples ( Italian: Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa - Napoli) is a private university located in Naples The San Luigi Papal Theological Seminary of Southern Italy' (Italian Pontificia Facoltà Teologica dell'Italia Meridionale San Luigi) is an institution of higher learning in [60][61] In keeping with its strong musical legacy, Naples has a place to study music in the form of the San Pietro a Maiella music conservatory. The Music Conservatories of Naples The current music conservatory in Naples is San Pietro a Maiella (alternately spelled as "Majella" The earliest music conservatories of Naples go back to the 1500s under the Spanish rule. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [62]
Culture
Cuisine
The city has a long history of producing a variety of noted cuisines and wines; it draws influence from different civilisations who have ruled the city at various times such as the Greeks, Spanish and French. Neapolitan cuisine has ancient historical roots that date back to the Greco-Roman period which was enriched over the centuries by the influence of the different cultures Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [63] Neapolitan cuisine emerged completely as its own distinct form in the 18th century. Neapolitan cuisine has ancient historical roots that date back to the Greco-Roman period which was enriched over the centuries by the influence of the different cultures The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system [63] The ingredients are typically rich in taste while remaining affordable to the general populace. [64]
Perhaps the most well known aspect of Neapolitan cuisine is its rich savoury dishes. Naples is traditionally held as the home of pizza. Pizza (ˈpiːtsə, in Italian:) is a popular dish made with an Oven -baked flat generally round Bread that is covered with tomatoes or a tomato-based [65] The food began as peasant cuisine but under Ferdinand IV it became more well known: famously, the Margherita was named after Queen Margherita after a visit to the city. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground Ferdinand I ( Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto, January 12, 1751 &ndash January 4, 1825) Margherita Maria Teresa Giovanna di Savoia or Margaret of Savoy (born 20 November 1851 in Turin, died 4 January 1926 in Bordighera) was the Queen [65] Cooked traditionally in a wood-burning oven, ingredients are strictly regulated by a 2004 law and must be composed of wheat flour type "00" with the addition of flour type "0" yeast, natural water, peeled tomatoes or fresh cherry tomatoes, marine salt, and extra virgin olive oil. A masonry oven, sometimes colloquially known as a brick oven, is an Oven consisting of a baking chamber made of fireproof Brick, Concrete, Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum, syn Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is a herbaceous usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family A cherry tomato is a smaller garden variety of Tomato. It is marketed at a premium to ordinary tomatoes and is popular as a snack and in Salads Cherry tomatoes Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees [65] Spaghetti is associated with the city and is commonly eaten with the sauce ragù: a Neapolitan symbol is folklore figure Pulcinella eating a plate of spaghetti. Spaghetti is a long thin cylindrical Pasta of Italian origin A variety of pasta dishes are based on it from spaghetti with cheese and pepper or garlic and Neapolitan ragù ( ragù napoletano or ragù alla napoletana in Italian) is one of the two most famous varieties of meat sauces called Ragù. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological Pulcinella, often called Punch or Punchinello in English Polichinelle in French is a classical character that originated [66] Others include parmigiana di melanzane, spaghetti alle vongole and casatiello. Parmigiana is typically Veal or Chicken breast which is crumbed deep (or shallow fried and topped with a red sicilia tomato sauce and mozzarella cheese [67]
Naples also has some noted sweet cuisines, including colourful gelato, similar though more fruit-based than ice cream. Sweet is one of the five Basic tastes and is almost universally regarded as a pleasurable experience Gelato, or the plural Gelati, is Italian ice cream made from a liquid milk or water a solid sugar fats or sweeteners flavorings pastes fruit powders stabilizers guar The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined [68] Some of the pastry dishes include: zeppole, babà, sfogliatelle and pastiera, the latter of which is prepared especially for Easter. This article describes Pastry in food For the Distributed Hash Table system see Pastry_(DHT. A zeppola (plural zeppole, in southern dialects zeppoli) or St A rum baba or baba au rhum is a small yeast cake saturated in liquor usually Rum, and sometimes filled with Whipped cream or Pastry cream. In Italian cuisine Sfogliatelle (pronounced sfol-j'ah-TEL-e (IPA) are filled Pastries that are shaped like shells or cones Pastiera is a type of Italian Cake made with Ricotta cheese It originates from the area of Naples. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. [69] Another seasonal sweet is struffoli, a sweet tasting honey dough decorated and eaten around Christmas. Pignolata is a Sicilian pastry and is also common in Calabria. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the [70] There are some beverages from Naples also: it produces wines from the Vesuvius area such as Lacryma Christi ("tear of Christ") and Terzigno. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Lacryma Christi, (also Lachryma Christi, literally "tear of Christ" is the name of a celebrated Neapolitan type of Wine produced on the slopes Also from Naples is limoncello the highly popular lemon liqueur. Limoncello is a Lemon Liqueur produced in Southern Italy, mainly in the region around the Gulf of Naples, the Sorrentine Peninsula The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants A liqueur is a sweet Alcoholic beverage, often flavored with Fruits, Herbs Spices Flowers Seeds Roots Plants [71][72]
Music
Naples has played an important and vibrant role over the centuries in the general history of western European musical traditions. [73] The history of Naples as a strong musical power can be traced back to the time of Spanish rule where organised music conservatories of Naples were first introduced. The Music Conservatories of Naples The current music conservatory in Naples is San Pietro a Maiella (alternately spelled as "Majella" It was during the late Baroque period that Alessandro Scarlatti (father of Domenico Scarlatti) established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of opera seria which was a new development for its time. Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. Alessandro Scarlatti (May 2 1660 &ndash October 24 1725 was an Italian Baroque Composer especially famous for his Operas and chamber Cantatas Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (October 26 1685 – July 23 1757 was a Neapolitan Composer who spent much of his life in Spain and Portugal. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Opera seria (usually called dramma per musica or Melodramma serio) is an Italian musical term which refers to the noble and "serious" [74] Another form of opera originating in Naples is opera buffa, a comic opera strongly linked to Battista Pergolesi and Piccinni; later Rossini and Mozart would use the genre. The term Opera buffa (plural Opere buffe) was at first used as an informal description of Italian Comic operas variously classified by their authors as Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (January 4 1710 &ndash 16 or March 17 1736 was an Italian Composer, Violinist and organist. Niccolò Piccinni ( January 16, 1728 - May 7, 1800) was an Italian Composer of symphonies sacred music chamber music [75] The grandiose Teatro di San Carlo built in 1737, the oldest working theatre in Europe, was the operatic centre of the city and remains so to this day. The Teatro di San Carlo is an Opera house in Naples, Italy. It is the oldest continuously active such venue in Europe and it is recognized as a [76]
The earliest six-string guitar was created by a Neapolitan named Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779 (known as the romantic guitar); the Vinaccia family had also developed the mandolin. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The Romantic guitar is the guitar of the Romantic period of Classical music (c A mandolin is a musical instrument in the Lute family (plucked or strummed [77][78] Along with the Spanish, Neapolitans became pioneers of classical guitar music with Ferdinando Carulli and Mauro Giuliani being prominent exponents. Ferdinando Maria Meinrado Francesco Pascale Rosario Carulli ( February 9, 1770 &ndash February 17, 1841) was one of the most famous Composers Mauro Giuseppe Sergio Pantaleo Giuliani ( July 27, 1781 &ndash May 8, 1829) was an Italian guitarist and Composer [79] Giuliani was actually from further south in the Kingdom of Naples – Apulia - but had moved to Naples; Giuliani is considered to be one of the greatest guitar players and composers of the 19th century, along with his great Catalan contemporary Fernando Sor. The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea A guitarist is a Musician who plays the Guitar. Guitarists may perform solo pieces or play with ensembles and bands of a wide variety of genres The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Fernando Sor (baptized February 14, 1778 &ndash July 10, 1839) was a Spanish guitarist and Composer, born [80][81] Another Neapolitan musical artist who had an impact on the world stage is opera singer Enrico Caruso, one of the most famous and respected tenors of all time:[82] he was considered a man of the people in Naples and came from a working class background. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Enrico Caruso (born Errico Caruso; February 25 1873 &ndash August 2 1921) was an Italian Opera singer The tenor is the highest male voice within the Modal register, just above the Baritone voice Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types [83]
Perhaps the most well known part of Neapolitan music is the Canzone Napoletana style, essentially the traditional music of the city with a repertoire of hundreds of folk songs, some of which can be traced back to the 1200s. Canzone Napoletana, sometimes referred to as Neapolitan song, is a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Neapolitan language, ordinarily Traditional music is the term now used in the terminology of Grammy Awards for what used to be called " folk music " History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological [84] The songs O sole mio and Funiculì Funiculà are part of this style and are known far and wide outside of Naples. "' " Funiculì Funiculà " is a famous song written by Italian journalist Peppino Turco and set to music by Italian composer Luigi Denza The genre became a formal insitution in 1835 thanks to the introduction of the annual Festival of Piedigrotta songwriting competition. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Piedigrotta Literally "at the foot of the grotto" A section of the Mergellina quarter of Naples, Italy, so-called for the presence [84] Some of the most noted recording artists in this field includes Roberto Murolo, Sergio Bruni and Renato Carosone. Renato Carosone ( 3 January 1920 &ndash 20 May 2001) was among the greatest figures of Italian music scene in the second half of the [85] There are other forms of music played in Naples which are not well known outside the area but hugely popular within it, such as cantautore (singer-songwriter) and sceneggiata, which has been described as a musical soap opera; the most well known artist of this style is Mario Merola. A soap opera is an ongoing episodic work of Fiction, usually broadcast on Television or Radio. Mario Merola ( 6 April 1934 - 12 November 2006) was a Neapolitan singer and actor most prominently known for having rejunevated the traditional [86]
Sports
Football is by far the most popular sport in Naples, brought to the city by the English during the early 1900s,[87] it is deeply embedded in local culture: it is played by everyone from the scugnizzi (street children of Naples) to professional level. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English Street children is a term used to refer to children who live on the streets The most noted club from the city is SSC Napoli who play at the Stadio San Paolo in Fuorigrotta. Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli, commonly referred to as simply Napoli or the abbreviation SSC Napoli, is an Italian professional football club based Stadio San Paolo is a multi-use Stadium in the western suburb of Fuorigrotta of Naples, Italy, and is the third largest football stadium Fuorigrotta (Italian "Beyond the grotto" is a western suburb of Naples southern Italy. They play in the highly prestigious Serie A league and won it twice during the time of Diego Maradona, they also won the UEFA Cup. Serie A (officially known as the Lega Calcio Serie A TIM for Sponsorship reasons is a professional league competition for football clubs located The UEFA Cup is a football competition for European club teams organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA. [88]
The city has produced numerous professional players, the most noted of which are Ciro Ferrara and Fabio Cannavaro, the latter led Italy to the 2006 World Cup as captain and was World Player of the Year. Ciro Ferrara (born February 11, 1967) is an Italian former football defender, who spent most of his career at Juventus. Fabio Cannavaro, Cavaliere Ufficiale OMRI (born September 13, 1973 in Naples) is an Italian World Cup -winning footballer The Italian national football team is controlled by the Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC and represents Italy in international football competition The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th instance of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament The FIFA World Player of the Year is an Association football award given annually to the male and female player who are thought to be the best in the world based Some of the smaller clubs from the city include Sporting Neapolis and Internapoli who play at the Stadio Arturo Collana. Internapoli Camaldoli SSD (also known as Biancocelesti and Partenopei) are an Italian football club based in the Vomero area of Stadio Arturo Collana is a football Stadium in Naples, Italy; it is located in the Vomero area of the city The city also has participants in other sports though less popular: Eldo Napoli represent the city in basketball's variation of Serie A playing at Bagnoli. Basket Napoli is an Italian professional Basketball club based in Naples. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m In Italian professional Basketball, the Serie A or Lega A Basket is the highest level club competition where play determines the national champion Bagnoli is a western seaside suburb of Naples, well beyond the confines of the original city Partenope Rugby are the most noted rugby union side, winning the rugby version of Serie A twice. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Serie A is the name of the second tier of the Italian Rugby Union championship Other sports played to some extent include water polo, horse racing and sailing. Water polo is a team water sport A team consists of six field players and one Goalkeeper. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force
Transport
Naples is well connected in regards to major motorways, known in Italy as autostrada. Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation Autostrada (plural Autostrade) is the Italian word for Motorways Freeways but is also used in several countries including Romania From Naples all the way north to Milan is the A1 known as autostrada del Sole (motorway of the sun), the longest transalpine motorway on the peninsula. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. The Autostrada A1, or Autostrada del Sole (“Autostrada of the Sun” is an Italian motorway which connects Milan with Naples The Autostrada is the Italian national system of Motorways The total length of the system is about 6400 km [89] There are other autostrada from Naples too, such as the A3 which goes southwards right down to Reggio Calabria, as well as the A16 which goes across east to Canosa. The Autostrada A3 Napoli-Reggio Calabria is a motorway in the south of Italy, which runs from Naples to Reggio Calabria via Salerno Reggio di Calabria (Italian pronunciation /ˈrɛʤo ˌdikaˈlabrja/ Calabrian dialect: Rìggiu, Greek-Calabrian: Righi, Greek: Canosa should not be confused with Canossa in northern Italy Canosa di Puglia (or simply Canosa; Latin: Canusium [90] The latter is called the autostrada dei Due Mari (motorway of the Two Seas) because it connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Adriatic Sea. The Tyrrhenian Sea (Mar Tirreno is part of the Mediterranean Sea off of the western coast of Italy. [91]
Within the actual city itself there are many public transport services, including trams, buses, funiculars and trolleybuses. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train A funicular, also known as a funicular railway, incline, inclined railway, inclined plane, or cliff railway, is a type of self-contained [92] Naples also has its own Naples Metro, the underground rapid transit railway system of the city which has several metro stations. Metropolitana di Napoli is the name of the is the transport network of the city of Naples, Italy, which includes 2 underground Rapid transit railway lines A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway This is a list of stations on the Naples Metro and the Funicular lines [92] Suburban rail services are provided by Trenitalia, Circumvesuviana, Ferrovia Cumana and Metronapoli. Trenitalia is the primary operator of trains within Italy. Trenitalia is owned by Ferrovie dello Stato, itself owned by the Italian Government. Circumvesuviana is a Narrow-gauge railway connecting cities near Naples, Italy. The Cumana Railway connects Naples by two separate routes ( Cumana and Circumflegrea) with Torregaveta near Cuma in the town of Bacoli Metropolitana di Napoli is the name of the is the transport network of the city of Naples, Italy, which includes 2 underground Rapid transit railway lines The main general train station of the city is Napoli Centrale, which is located in Piazza Garibaldi. |}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which Passengers may board and alight from Trains [93] Naples has lots of narrow streets, so the general public commonly use compact hatchback cars and scooters are especially common. Hatchback is a term designating an Automobile design containing a passenger cabin with an integrated Cargo space accessed from behind the vehicle by a single A scooter is a style of two-wheeled motor vehicle traditionally defined by characteristics such as a step-through frame wheels less than 16" in diameter and an engine located [94]
The port of Naples has several ferry, hydrofoil and seajet ship services open to the general public, most of which are to places within the Neapolitan province such as Capri, Ischia and Sorrento, or the Salernitan province, such as Salerno, Positano and Amalfi. See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and A hydrofoil is a Boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull. The Province of Naples ( Italian: Provincia di Napoli, Nnapulitano: Pruvincia 'e Nàpule) is a province in the Campania Capri ( Italian pronunciation Cápri usual English pronunciation Caprí is an Italian island off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side For the comune see Ischia (comune. For the part of the human hip see Ischium Ischia is a Volcanic Island in the Sorrento is a small city in Campania, Italy, with some 16500 inhabitants The Province of Salerno (Provincia di Salerno is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Salerno is a town in southern Italy, capital of the province of the same name in the region of Campania. Positano is a small town on the Amalfi Coast ( Costiera Amalfitana) in Campania, Italy. Amalfi is also a town in the Antioquia Departament in Colombia. [95] There are however some which go to destinations further afield, such as Sicily, Sardinia, Ponza and the Aeolian Islands. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) For the commune on this island see Ponza (commune. Ponza (Italian Isola Di Ponza) is the largest of the Italian Pontine Islands The Aeolian Islands ( Italian Isole Eolie) are a Volcanic Archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily. [95] There are many enterprises at the port, which is important for transferring cargo and is a growing centre of commerce in general. Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train, Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer
In summer it is active a service of sea metro, called Metromare which connects the cities in the Gulf of Naples: Bacoli, Monte di Procida, Pozzuoli in the coast north of Naples, andPortici, Ercolano, Torre del Greco, Castellammare di Stabia and Sorrento in the south, and it is served by hydrofoils, this sea metro arrives also to some touristic sites in the Salerno province, such as Salerno itself, Amalfi Positano, Agropoli, Palinuro, Acciaroli, San Marco di Castellabate and Sapri. Bacoli is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 15 km west of Naples Monte di Procida is a small Comune (municipality in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 15 Pozzuoli is a city of the Province of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. Portici is a Town and Comune of the Province of Naples in the Campania region of southern Italy. Ercolano is a town and commune in the Province of Naples, Campania ( Italy) General Description Torre del Greco (English Tower of the Greek is a town and Comune in the Province of Naples in the Italian region Castellammare di Stabia is a Comune in the Province of Naples, Campania region southern Italy. Sorrento is a small city in Campania, Italy, with some 16500 inhabitants A hydrofoil is a Boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull. Salerno is a town in southern Italy, capital of the province of the same name in the region of Campania. Amalfi is also a town in the Antioquia Departament in Colombia. Positano is a small town on the Amalfi Coast ( Costiera Amalfitana) in Campania, Italy. Agropoli is an important city of the pristine area called Cilento in the Province of Salerno, in the Campania region of Italy, located at the beginning History The origin of the name derives from Palinurus, whom in Roman mythology is the helmsman of a ship of the adventurer Aeneas. Geography Acciaroli lies in the central side of Cilento, by Tyrrhenian Sea, and it is the greatest port of its " Comune " (the Sapri is a town and commune in the Province of Salerno in the Campania region of south-western Italy. [96]
Within the scope of suburb San Pietro a Patierno is the Naples International Airport, the most important airport in southern Italy, which serves millions of people each year with around 140 flights arriving or departing daily. San Pietro a Patierno is a suburb of Naples, in southern Italy. Naples International Airport is the airport serving Naples Italy. [97]
Waste management issues
Naples has a waste management problem because the landfills are full. The Naples waste management issue was a series of events surrounding the lack of garbage collection in the city of Naples. Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as The garbage crisis of 2007 has led to serious health warnings but attempts to ease the problem are being hampered by the Camorra, the local mafia. Background The origins of the Camorra are not entirely clear Some assert a history going back as far as the 16th century claiming that it is a direct descendant of a Spanish secret The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century [98] The Camorra has infiltrated parts of the waste management industry in Naples, and a significant part of the budget appears to be disappearing into the pockets of the Camorra.
The problem of the waste management is made worse due to the parallel problem of garbage pollution. Since the mid-1990s, the Camorra has taken over a illegal traffic of handling of garbage disposal all over Italy and mainly in the south and in the region of Campania, with disastrous results for the environment and the health of the general population. Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Heavy metals, industrial waste and chemicals and household garbage are frequently mixed together, dumped in silverness or even near roads and burnt to avoid detection, leading to a severe soil and air pollution. Industrial waste is a type of waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines. Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Together with corrupt politicians and unscrupulous industrialists from all over Italy, the Camorra has created a cartel that has so far proved very difficult to combat for officials. A cartel is a formal (explicit agreement among firms Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry, where there is a small number of sellers and usually involve
International relations
| Historic Centre of Naples* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
 | |
| State Party |  Italy |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iv |
| Reference | 726 |
| Region† | Europe |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1995 (19th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. | |
Naples is involved in town twinning (known as gemellaggio in Italian), a mutual partnership with several cities. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Below are partner cities listed on the official website of the city of Naples;[99]
Partner cities:
Athens
Budapest
Călăraşi
Gafsa
Izmir
Kragujevac
Nablus
Nosy Be
Palma de Mallorca
Santiago de Cuba- Santiago de Cuba Province
- Sighetu Marmaţiei
Since 1995, the historic centre of Naples has been listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, a programme which aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Călăraşi (/kələ'raʃʲ/ the capital of Călăraşi County is situated in south-east of Romania, in Wallachia, on the bank of Gafsa (or Qafsah; قفصة is one of the 24 governorates of Tunisia İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Kragujevac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Крагујевац) is a city in Serbia, the largest city of the Šumadija Nablus ( sometimes Nābulus; Arabic:; næːblʊs is a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank, approximately north of Jerusalem Nosy Be (also Nossi-bé) is an island located just off the northwest coast of Madagascar. Palma is the major City and port on the island of Majorca and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba Santiago de Cuba Province is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba. "Sighet" redirects here For the Hasidic dynasy see Sighet (Hasidic dynasty. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Humanity or mankind is the Human species Human nature (eg Compassion, Altruism) and the Human condition (the totality The deciding committee who evaluate potential candidates described Naples' centre as being "of exceptional value", and went on to say that Naples' "setting on the Bay of Naples gives it an outstanding universal value which has had a profound influence". The Gulf of Naples is located in the south western coast of Italy ( Province of Naples, Campania region [40]
Noted Neapolitans
- For more information, see People from Naples
|
|
References
- ^ "Naples", Britannica. Publius Papinius Statius (ca 45-96 was a Roman Poet of the Silver Age of Latin literature, born in Naples, Italy. Boniface V (died October 25, 625) was Pope from 619 to 625 He was consecrated as pope on December 23, 619. Pope Urban VI (c 1318 &ndash October 15, 1389) born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389 Joan I (1328 – May 12, 1382) born Joanna of Anjou, was Queen of Naples from 1343 until her death Pope Boniface IX (1356 &ndash October 1, 1404) born Piero Tomacelli, was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November Alfonso II of Naples ( November 4, 1448 &ndash December 18, 1495) also called Alfonso II d'Aragon, though he was King of Naples Jacopo Sannazaro or Sannazzaro ( 28 July 1458 - April 27, 1530) was an Italian poet humanist and epigrammist Pirro Ligorio (c 1510 - October 30, 1583) was an Italian architect painter antiquarian and garden designer Giambattista Marino (also Giovan Battista Marino; 14 October 1569 - 25 March 1625) was an Italian poet who was born in Salvator Rosa ( 1615 - March 15, 1673) was an Italian Baroque painter poet and Printmaker, active in Naples Rome Francesco Antonio Picchiati (1619-1694 was an Italian architect from Naples. La muette de Portici Masaniello, an abbreviation of Tommaso Aniello (1622 &ndash July 16, 1647) was a Neapolitan Fisherman, who became Luca Giordano ( October 18, 1634 &ndash January 12, 1705) was an eclectic peripatetic and influential Italian late Baroque Venerable Ludovico Sabbatini ( 30 August 1650, Naples, Italy 11 June 1724, Naples was an Italian Priest and Giambattista Vico, Giambattista Vigo or Giovanni Battista Vico ( June 23, 1668 – January 23, 1744) was an Italian Ferdinando Sanfelice ( 1675 - 1748) was an Italian painter and architect of the Baroque. Domenico Antonio Vaccaro (1678 - 1745 was an Italian painter sculptor and architect the son and pupil of Lorenzo Vaccaro. Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (October 26 1685 – July 23 1757 was a Neapolitan Composer who spent much of his life in Spain and Portugal. Nicola (Antonio Porpora ( August 17, 1686 - March 3, 1768 was an Italian composer of Baroque operas (see Opera seria) and teacher Saint Alphonsus Liguori ( September 27, 1696 &ndash August 1, 1787) was a Roman Catholic Bishop, spiritual Ferdinand I ( Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto, January 12, 1751 &ndash January 4, 1825) Gaetano Filangieri ( August 18, 1752 - July 21, 1788) Italian jurist and philosopher was born in Cercola, a town near Raffaele Sacco ( August 14 1787 - January 20 1872) was an Italian optician (reputed inventor of the Stereoscope) and lyricist Domenico Morelli (1823–1901 was an Italian painter one of the most important Neapolitan artists of the 19th century John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton 1st Baron Acton, KCVO ( 10 January 1834 &ndash 19 June 1902) Giuseppe “Peppino” Turco (born in Naples in 1846 died Naples 1907 was an Italian Songwriter. Lamont Young may also refer to Lamont H Young, Australian geologist Gemito's Fisherboyjpg|thumb|200px|Gemito's Fisherboy, replica at The Louvre Paris (the original being at the Museo Nazionale del Bargello in Florence Ruggero (Ruggiero Leoncavallo (23 April 1857- 9 August 1919 was an Italian Opera Composer. Salvatore Di Giacomo ( March 12 1860 &ndash April 4 1934) was a Neapolitan Poet, Songwriter and Playwright. Ferdinando Russo (1866-1927 was a prominent Neapolitan journalist primarily remembered as a dialect poet and composer of song lyrics Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele III 11 November, 1869 – 28 December, 1947) was a member of the House of Savoy and Enrico Caruso (born Errico Caruso; February 25 1873 &ndash August 2 1921) was an Italian Opera singer Enrico Roberto De Nicola ( November 9, 1877 – October 1, 1959) was an Italian Jurist, Journalist, Antonio Focas Flavio Angelo Ducas Comneno De Curtis Di Bisanzio Gagliardi, Imperial Highness Palatine Count Knight of the Holy Roman Empire Exarch of Ravenna Duke of Macedonia Eduardo De Filippo, often called simply Eduardo ( 24 May, 1900 - 31 October 1984) was an Italian actor playwright screenwriter Renato Caccioppoli (katˈtʃɔpːoli ( 20 January, 1904 – 8 May, 1959) was a noted Italian Mathematician. Giorgio Napolitano (born June 29 1925) is an Italian Politician and former lifetime senator, the eleventh and current President of the Italian Mario Merola ( 6 April 1934 - 12 November 2006) was a Neapolitan singer and actor most prominently known for having rejunevated the traditional Massimo Troisi (February 19 1953 - June 4 1994 was an Italian Academy Award -nominated actor Film director and poet Fabio Cannavaro, Cavaliere Ufficiale OMRI (born September 13, 1973 in Naples) is an Italian World Cup -winning footballer Massimiliano ("Massi" Rosolino (born July 11, 1978) is an Italian swimmer. Roberto Saviano (born 1979) is an Italian writer and journalist com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
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- ^ a b c "Antic Naples", Naples. Rome-in-Italy. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^
"Naples" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. . - ^ a b Wolfram, Herwig. The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520085114.
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- ^ "Swabian Naples", Faculty. ed. umuc. edu, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
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- ^ a b c "Sicilian History", Dieli. net, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ "Naples - Castel Nuovo", PlanetWare. com, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ Bruzelius, Caroline. "ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily. The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.
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- ^ a b "Bombing of Naples", Faculty. ed. umuc. edu, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
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- ^ a b "Naples", Red Travel, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Naples: View across the Piazza del Plebiscito", Telegraph. co. uk, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b "Napoli", Best. unina. it, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b "Saint Gennaro", SplendorofTruth. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Piazza Dei Martiri", INaples. it, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Ceva Grimaldi, Francesco. Della città di Napoli dal tempo della sua fondazione sino al presente (1857). Original from Harvard University.
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- ^ a b "Parco Virgiliano", SkyTeam. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Quartieri", Palapa. it, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Naples, Italy", WeatherBase. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b c "Demographics of Naples", Faculty. ed. umuc. edu, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b "Commune Napoli", ISTAT, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b c d e "Rapporto sullo stato dell'economia della Provincia di Napoli", Istituto ISSM, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Lavoro: a Napoli disoccupazione al 28%", Intrage. it, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "La Storia", CentroDirezionale. info, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "University of Naples "Federico II"", UNINA. it, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ "Orto Botanico di Napoli", OrtoBotanico. UNINA. it, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ "Scuola: Le Università", NapoliAffari. com, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ Ripa, Matteo. Memoirs of Father Ripa: During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking in the Service of the Emperor of China. New York Public Library.
- ^ "Pontificia Facoltà Teologica dell'Italia Meridionale", PFTIM. it, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ "Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa - Napoli", UNISOB. na. it, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ "History", SanPietroaMajella. it, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ a b "La cucina tradizionale napoletana", eat-oline. net, 24 June 2007. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place
- ^ "The Foods Of Sicily - A Culinary Journey", ItalianFoodForever. com, 24 June 2007. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place
- ^ a b c "Pizza - The Pride of Naples", HolidayCityFlash. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "La cucina napoletana", PortaNapoli. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Campania", CuciNet. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Healthy treat: Napoli's Gelato serves up an Italian dessert", Topeka Capital-Journal, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Campania - Cakes and Desserts", Emmeti. it, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Struffoli - Neapolitan Christmas Treats", About. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Lacryma Christi - A Legendary Wine", BellaOnline. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Limoncello", PizzaToday. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Naples", AgendaOnline. it, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Timeline: Opera", TimelineIndex. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "What is opera buffa?", ClassicalMusic. About. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Teatro San Carlo", WhatsOnWhen. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Vinaccia 1779", EarlyRomanticGuiar. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Tyler, James. The Guitar and Its Music: From the Renaissance to the Classical Era. Routledge. ISBN 019816713X.
- ^ "Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers", Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "The Masters of Classical Guitar", LagunaGuitars. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Starobin Plays Sor and Giuliani", FineFretted. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Enrico Caruso", Encyclopædia Britannica, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Enrico Caruso", Grandi-Tenori. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b "History", FestaDiPiedigrotta. it, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Artisti classici napoletani", NaplesMyLove. com, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Mario Merola", Guardian. co. uk, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Storia Del Club, by Pietro Gentile and Valerio Rossano", Napoli2000. com, 23 June 2007. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish
- ^ "Storia", CalcioNapoliNet. com, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ "Driving around Italy", OneStopItaly. com, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ "A3", AISCAT. it, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ "A16 - Autostrada dei due Mari", AISCAT. it, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ a b "Naples Italy Transportation Options", GoEurope. com, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ "The Naples Train Station-Napoli Centrale", RailEurope. com, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ "Naples - City Insider", Marriott. co. uk, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ a b "Ferries from Naples", ItalyHeaven. co. uk, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ "Sea Metro", metrodelmare. com, 12 June 2008. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ "Naples International Airport", Gesac. it, 26 June 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ BBC.co.uk
- ^ "Gemellaggi", Comune di Napoli, 8 January 2008. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
See also
External links
- City Council's website
- Naples travel guide from Wikitravel
- Video Tour Naples
- "A Whiff of Naples Arrives in Hamburg" by Elisabeth Rosenthal, The New York Times, June 9, 2008
Neapolitan (autonym napulitano; napoletano is the name given to the varied Italo-Western group of dialects of Southern Italy or more specifically the The Neapolitan Mastiff, Italian Mastiff, Mastino or Mastini is a large ancient Dog Le Sirenuse are islands off the Amalfi Coast of Italy near Positano and the Isle of Capri. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.
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