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Nancy Clare Cunard (March 10, 1896 – March 17, 1965) was an English writer, editor and publisher, political activist, anarchist and poet. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i She was born into the British upper class but strongly rejected her family's values, devoting much of her life to fighting racism and fascism. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology She became a muse to some of the 20th century's most distinguished writers and artists, including Wyndham Lewis, Aldous Huxley, Tristan Tzara, Ezra Pound, and Louis Aragon, who were among her lovers, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Constantin Brancusi, Langston Hughes, Man Ray, and William Carlos Williams. Percy Wyndham Lewis ( November 18, 1882 &ndash March 7, 1957) was an English painter and Author (he dropped Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 &ndash 22 November 1963 was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Constantin Brâncuşi, ( February 19, 1876 &ndash March 16, 1957) konstanˈtin brɨnˈkuʃʲ was an internationally renowned Romanian Langston Hughes (February 1 1902 &ndash May 22 1967 was an American Poet, Novelist Playwright, Short story writer and Columnist Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised William Carlos Williams ( 17 September 1883 &ndash 4 March 1963) was an American poet closely associated with modernism In later years she suffered from mental illness, and her physical health deteriorated. She died penniless at age 69.

Contents

1910s

Her father was Sir Bache Cunard, an heir to the Cunard Line shipping businesses, interested in polo and fox hunting, and a baronet. Cunard Line is a British shipping company operator of the Ocean liners RMS ''Queen Elizabeth 2'' ( QE2) RMS ''Queen Mary 2'' ( Polo is a team sport played outdoors on Horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team Fox hunting is an activity involving the tracking chase and sometimes killing of a fox traditionally a Red fox, by trained Foxhounds or other Scent hounds A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent a baronetess (abbreviation Btss) is the holder Her mother was born Maud Alice Burke (1872-1948), and was an American heiress; as Lady Emerald Cunard, she became a leading London society hostess, and was later celebrated as a friend of Wallis Simpson. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Wallis Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Spencer, then Simpson; 19 June 1895 or 1896 &ndash 24 April 1986 was an American Nancy had been brought up on the family estate at Nevill Holt, Leicestershire but when her parents separated in 1910 she moved to London with her mother. Nevill Holt is a hamlet and Civil parish in the Harborough district of Leicestershire, England. Leicestershire (ˈlɛstəʃə(r or ˈlɛstəʃɪə(r abbreviation Leics Her education was at various boarding schools, including time in France and Germany.

She had a short-lived marriage during World War I to Sydney Fairbairn, a cricketer, an army officer and wounded war veteran; it lasted less than two years before they separated. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All She was also at that time on the edge of the influential group The Coterie, associating in particular with Iris Tree. For other uses see Coterie The Coterie comprised a fashionable and famous set of English Aristocrats and Intellectuals Iris Tree (1897 - 1968 was an English Poet and actress, described as a bohemian, an eccentric, a Wit and an adventuress

She contributed to the Sitwell anthology Wheels, providing its title poem; it has been said that the venture was originally her project. The Sitwells ( Edith Sitwell, Osbert Sitwell, Sacheverell Sitwell) were three Siblings who formed an identifiable literary and artistic ANThology is the first Major label album by Alien Ant Farm released on March 6, 2001 in the USA and March 19

Cunard's lover Peter Broughton-Adderley was killed in action in France less than a month before Armistice Day. Armistice Day is the anniversary of the symbolic end of World War I on 11 November, 1918. Many who knew her claimed that she never fully recovered from that loss.

Paris

In 1920 Nancy Cunard moved to Paris, where she became involved with literary Modernism, Surrealists and Dada. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Much of her published poetry dates from this period. During her early years in Paris, she was close to Michael Arlen. Michael Arlen (born Rousse, Bulgaria, November 16, 1895, died June 23, 1956) original name Dikran Kouyoumdjian

A brief relationship with Aldous Huxley influenced several of his novels. Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 &ndash 22 November 1963 was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. She was the model for Myra Viveash in Antic Hay (1923) and for Lucy Tantamount in Point Counter Point (1928). Antic Hay is a comic novel by Aldous Huxley, published in 1923 Point Counter Point, published in 1928 was Aldous Huxley 's fourth novel [1]

It has been suggested that she became dependent on alcohol at this time, and may have used other drugs. [2]

The Hours Press

In 1927 Cunard moved into a farmhouse in La Chapelle-Réanville, Normandy. La Chapelle-Réanville is a commune in the Eure department in northern France. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It was there in 1928 that she set up the Hours Press. Previously the small press had been called Three Mountains Press and run as a hobby by William Bird, an American journalist in Paris, who had already produced work by Ezra Pound. See also Alternative media Small press is a term often used to describe Publishers with annual sales below a certain level William Augustus Bird (1888 - 1963 was an American journalist now remembered for his hobby the Three Mountains Press, a Small press he ran while in Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Cunard wanted to support experimental poetry and provide a higher-paying market for young writers; her inherited wealth allowed her to take financial risks that other publishers could not. Hours Press became known for its beautiful book designs and high-quality production. [3]

It brought out the first separately published work of Samuel Beckett, a poem called Whoroscope (1930). Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet It also published Pound's initial XXX Cantos. By 1931, Wyn Henderson had taken over day-to-day operation of the press, and in the same year it published its last book, The Revaluation of Obscenity by sexologist Havelock Ellis. Henry Havelock Ellis ( February 2, 1859 - July 8, 1939) was a British sexologist, physician and social reformer [4]

Political activism

In 1928 (after a two-year affair with Louis Aragon) she began a relationship with Henry Crowder, an African-American jazz musician who was working in Paris. Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist She became an activist in matters concerning racial politics and civil rights in the USA, and visited Harlem. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center In 1931 she published the pamphlet Black Man and White Ladyship, an attack on racist attitudes as exemplified by Cunard's mother, whom she quoted as saying "Is it true that my daughter knows a Negro?"[5] She also edited Negro: An Anthology, collecting poetry, fiction, and nonfiction primarily by African-American writers, including Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. Langston Hughes (February 1 1902 &ndash May 22 1967 was an American Poet, Novelist Playwright, Short story writer and Columnist Zora Neale Hurston ( January 7, 1891 &ndash January 28, 1960) was an American folklorist and author during the time [6] It also included writing by George Padmore and Cunard's own account of the Scottsboro Boys case. George Padmore (1902&ndash September 23, 1959) born Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, was a Trinidadian who became a leading Pan-Africanist The case of the Scottsboro Boys arose in Scottsboro, Alabama during the 1930s when nine black youths ranging in age from twelve to twenty were falsely Press attention to this project in May 1932, two years before it was published, led to Cunard's receiving anonymous threats and hate mail, some of which she published in the book, expressing regret that "[others] are obscene, so this portion of American culture cannot be made public. "

Anti-fascism

In the mid-1930s she took up the anti-fascist fight as well, writing about Mussolini's annexation of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War. See also First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War) was a The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of She predicted, accurately, that the “events in Spain were a prelude to another world war”. Her stories about the suffering of Spanish refugees became the basis for a fundraising appeal in the Manchester Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Cunard herself helped deliver supplies and organize the relief effort, but poor health — caused in part by exhaustion and the conditions in the camps — forced her to return to Paris, where she stood on the streets collecting funds for the refugees. [6]

In 1937, she published a series of pamphlets of war poetry, including the work of W. H. Auden, Tristan Tzara and Pablo Neruda. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Later the same year, she distributed a questionnaire about the war to writers in Europe; the results were published by the Left Review as Authors Take Sides on the Spanish War. [7]

During World War II, Cunard worked, to the point of physical exhaustion, as a translator in London on behalf of the French Resistance. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German

Later life

After the war, she gave up her home at Réanville and travelled extensively. She suffered from mental illness and poor physical health, worsened by alcoholism, poverty, and self-destructive behavior. [6] She was committed to a mental hospital after a fight with London police; but, after her release, her health declined even further, and she weighed only sixty pounds when she was found on the street in Paris and brought to the Hôpital Cochin, where she died two days later. [6][8]

Her body was returned to England for cremation and the remains were sent back to the Cimetière du Père-Lachaise in Paris. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris Her ashes rest in urn number 9016.

Tributes

According to an account of drafts of the poem "Nancy Cunard", by Mina Loy, held in the Yale University Library,

Drafts of Loy’s poem about Nancy Cunard, her friend, fellow poet, and editor of The Hours Press, provide a window on her [Loy's] creative process. Mina Loy ( December 27, 1882 - September 25, 1966) was an Artist, Poet, Playwright, Novelist, The final, published version of the poem ends with lines derived from this draft’s beginning and its final lines are now the poem’s center:

The vermilion wall
receding as a sin
beyond your moonstone whiteness,
Your chiffon voice. [9]

Works

Notes

  1. ^ Anne Chisholm, Nancy Cunard (New York: Penguin Books, 1981) 110–20. The Hogarth Press was founded in 1917 by Leonard and Virginia Woolf. Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician George Padmore (1902&ndash September 23, 1959) born Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, was a Trinidadian who became a leading Pan-Africanist ISBN 0-14-00-5572-X.
  2. ^ "Nancy Cunard, 1896-1965: Biographical Sketch", Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center (University of Texas at Austin). The Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center is a Library and Archive at the University of Texas at Austin, specializing in the collection of literary and
  3. ^ Shari Benstock, Women of the Left Bank: Paris, 1900–1940 (1986; Austin: U of Texas P, 1987) 389–90. ISBN 0-292-79040-6.
  4. ^ Benstock 393–94.
  5. ^ Renata Morresi, Set Apart: Nancy Cunard, HOW2 1. 4 (September 2000).
  6. ^ a b c d Gordon, as reviewed by Caroline Weber, "The Rebel Heiress", The New York Times Book Review, April 1, 2007. The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2 pages.
  7. ^ Benstock, 418-422.
  8. ^ Benstock 423.
  9. ^ Mina Loy,"Nancy Cunard", n. Mina Loy ( December 27, 1882 - September 25, 1966) was an Artist, Poet, Playwright, Novelist, d. , "Mina Loy: Drafts of 'Nancy Cunard' ", Mina Loy Papers, Intimate Circles: American Women in the Arts: Mina Loy and Djuna Barnes, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, accessed January 30, 2008. Djuna Barnes (12 June 1892 &ndash 18 June 1982 was an American Writer who played an important part in the development of 20th century English language Yale University 's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (BRBL was a 1963 gift of the Beinecke family Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  10. ^ Publications, Fathoms from Anywhere: A Samuel Beckett Centenary Exhibition, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin (Photograph of cover of 1st edition), accessed January 30, 2008. The Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center is a Library and Archive at the University of Texas at Austin, specializing in the collection of literary and Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

References

External links

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