Citizendia

Names of numbers larger than a quadrillion are almost never used, for reasons discussed further below. It is debatable which of them should be considered real working English vocabulary and which are merely trivia, curiosities, or coinages. The following table lists those names of numbers which are found in many English dictionaries and thus have a special claim to being "real words". The "Traditional British" values shown are unused in American English and are largely obsolete in British English, but are dominant in many non-English-speaking areas, including continental Europe and Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America; see Long and short scales. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French

Contents

The "standard dictionary numbers"

NameShort scale
(USA and Modern British)		Long scale
(Continental Europe and/or Traditional British)		Authorities
AHD4[1]COD[2]OED2[3]OEDnew[4]RHD2[5]SOED3[6]W3[7]UM[8]
million106106✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
milliard 109✓✓✓✓
billion1091012✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
billiard 1015    [9] [9]✓
trillion10121018✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
trilliard 1021[9]   [9] [9]✓
quadrillion10151024✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
quintillion10181030✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
sextillion10211036✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
septillion10241042✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
octillion10271048✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
nonillion10301054✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
decillion10331060✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
undecillion10361066✓✓✓✓
duodecillion10391072✓✓✓✓
tredecillion10421078✓✓✓✓
quattuordecillion10451084✓✓✓✓
quindecillion (quinquadecillion)10481090✓✓✓✓
sexdecillion (sedecillion)10511096✓✓✓✓
septendecillion105410102✓✓✓✓
octodecillion105710108✓✓✓✓
novemdecillion (novendecillion)106010114✓✓✓✓
vigintillion106310120✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
googol1010010100✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
centillion1030310600✓✓✓✓
googolplex10googol1010100✓✓✓✓✓✓

✓

Apart from million, the words in this list ending with -illion are all derived by adding Latin prefixes (bi-, tri-, etc. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a Milliard is a French -derived word meaning the number 1000000000 (109 one thousand million SI prefix Giga) A googol is the Large number 10100 that is the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeros (in Decimal representation A googol is the Large number 10100 that is the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeros (in Decimal representation ) to the stem -illion. [10] Centillion[11] appears to be the highest name ending in -"illion" that is included in these dictionaries. Trigintillion, often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern (unvigintillion, duovigintillion, duoquinquagintillion, etc. ).

All of the dictionaries included googol and googolplex, generally crediting it to the Kasner and Newman book and to Kasner's nephew. None include any higher names in the googol family (googolduplex, etc. ). The Oxford English Dictionary comments that googol and googolplex are "not in formal mathematical use".

Usage of names of large numbers

Some large numbers have real referents in human experience, and their names are encountered in many contexts. A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. For example, on one day in 2004, Google News showed 78 600 hits on billion, starting with "Turkey Repays USD 1. 6 Billion In Foreign Debt". It showed 9870 hits on trillion and 56 on quadrillion: for example, "The US Department of Energy reports that in 2002, the United States economy consumed 97. 6 quadrillion BTUs (quad BTUs). "

Names of larger numbers, however, have a tenuous, artificial existence. Although they may be found in dictionaries, these names are rarely found outside definitions, lists, and discussions of the ways in which large numbers are named. Even well-established names like sextillion are rarely used, since in the contexts of science, astronomy, and engineering, where large numbers often occur, numbers are usually written using scientific notation. Scientific notation, also sometimes known as standard form or as exponential notation, is a way of writing numbers that accommodates values too large or small to be In this notation, used since the 1800s, powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript, e. g. , "The X-ray emission of the radio galaxy is 1. 3·1045 ergs. " When a number such as 1045 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out: "ten to the forty-fifth. " This is just as easy to say, easier to understand, and less ambiguous than "quattuordecillion" (which means something different in the long scale and the short scale). When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, SI prefixes can be used; one says "femtosecond", not "one quadrillionth of a second", although often powers of ten are used instead of some of the very high and very low prefixes. An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol to form a Decimal multiple or In some cases, specialized units are used, such as the astronomer's parsec and light year or the particle physicist's barn. History The first direct measurements of an object at interstellar distances were undertaken by German Astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1838 A light-year or light year (symbol ly) is a unit of Length, equal to just under ten trillion Kilometres As defined by A barn (symbol b) is a unit of Area. While the barn is not an SI unit it is accepted (although discouraged for use with the SI

Nevertheless, large numbers have an intellectual fascination and are of mathematical interest, and giving them names is one of the ways in which people try to conceptualize and understand them.

One of the first examples of this is The Sand Reckoner, in which Archimedes gave a system for naming large numbers. The Sand Reckoner ( Greek: Ψαμμίτης Psammites) is a work by Archimedes in which he set out to determine an upper bound for the number Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer To do this, he called the numbers up to a myriad myriad (108) "first numbers" and called 108 itself the "unit of the second numbers". Multiples of this unit then became the second numbers, up to this unit taken a myriad myriad times, 108·108=1016. This became the "unit of the third numbers", whose multiples were the third numbers, and so on. Archimedes continued naming numbers in this way up to a myriad myriad times the unit of the 108-th numbers, i. e. , (10^8)^{(10^8)}=10^{8\cdot 10^8}, and embedded this construction within another copy of itself to produce names for numbers up to \left((10^8)^{(10^8)}\right)^{(10^8)}=10^{8\cdot 10^{16}}. Archimedes then estimated the number of grains of sand that would be required to fill the known Universe, and found that it was no more than "one thousand myriad of the eighth numbers" (1063. )

Since then, many others have engaged in the pursuit of conceptualizing and naming numbers that really have no existence outside of the imagination. One motivation for such a pursuit is that attributed to the inventor of the word googol, who was certain that any finite number "had to have a name". Another possible motivation is competition between students in computer programming courses, where a common exercise is that of writing a program to output numbers in the form of English words.

It should be noted, too, that most names proposed for large numbers belong to systematic schemes which are extensible. Thus, many names for large numbers are simply the result of following a naming system to its logical conclusion—or extending it further.

In this article, we present some names that have been given to large numbers, and the context and authority for the names. These numbers are almost pure mathematical abstractions, not physical realities. The names for such numbers are very rarely used. They may have a claim staked out for them in reference books, but they remain more in the nature of curiosities, trivia, or mathematical recreation than genuine working English vocabulary.

Adam, Chuquet and the origins of the "standard dictionary numbers"

The words bymillion and trimillion were first recorded in 1475 in a manuscript of Jehan Adam. Jehan Adam was a French mathematician who flourished in the 15th century Subsequently, Nicolas Chuquet wrote a book Triparty en la science des nombres which was not published during Chuquet's lifetime. Nicolas Chuquet (1445 but some sources say c 1455 &ndash 1488 some sources say c However, most of it was copied by Estienne de La Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, L'arismetique. Estienne de La Roche (1470-1530 was a French Mathematician. Sometimes known as Estienne de Villefranche La Roche was born in Lyon, but his family Estienne de La Roche (1470-1530 was a French Mathematician. Sometimes known as Estienne de Villefranche La Roche was born in Lyon, but his family Chuquet's book contains a passage in which he shows a large number marked off into groups of six digits, with the comment:

Ou qui veult le premier point peult signiffier million Le second point byllion Le tiers poit tryllion Le quart quadrillion Le cinqe quyllion Le sixe sixlion Le sept. e septyllion Le huyte ottyllion Le neufe nonyllion et ainsi des ault's se plus oultre on vouloit preceder

(Or if you prefer the first mark can signify million, the second mark byllion, the third mark tryllion, the fourth quadrillion, the fifth quyillion, the sixth sixlion, the seventh septyllion, the eighth ottyllion, the ninth nonyllion and so on with others as far as you wish to go).

Chuquet is sometimes credited with inventing the names million, billion, trillion, quadrillion, and so forth. This is an oversimplification.

Adam and Chuquet used the long scale of powers of a million; that is, Adam's bymillion (Chuquet's byllion) denoted 1012, and Adam's trimillion (Chuquet's tryllion) denoted 1018. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French

An aide-memoire

An easy way to find the value of the above numbers in the short scale is to take the number indicated by the prefix (such as 2 in billion, 4 in quadrillion, 18 in octodecillion, etc. ), add one to it, and multiply that result by 3. For example, in a trillion, the prefix is tri, meaning 3. Adding 1 to it gives 4. Now multiplying 4 by 3 gives us 12, which is the power to which 10 is to be raised to express a short-scale trillion in scientific notation: one trillion = 1012.

In the long scales, this is done simply by multiplying the number from the prefix by 6. For example, in a billion, the prefix is bi, meaning 2. Multiplying 2 by 6 gives us 12, which is the power to which 10 is to be raised to express a long-scale billion in scientific notation: one billion = 1012.

These mechanisms are illustrated in the table in long and short scales. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French

The googol family

The names googol and googolplex were invented by Edward Kasner's nephew, Milton Sirotta, and introduced in Kasner and Newman's 1940 book, Mathematics and the Imagination,[13] in the following passage:

Words of wisdom are spoken by children at least as often as by scientists. Edward Kasner (1878&ndash1955 ( City College of New York 1897 Columbia University M The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner's nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely 1 with a hundred zeroes after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "Googolplex". A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out. It was first suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you got tired. This is a description of what would actually happen if one actually tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have Carnera a better mathematician than Dr. Einstein, simply because he had more endurance. This article is about the historical boxer for the wrestler having same nickname see Primo Carnera. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical The googolplex is, then, a specific finite number, with so many zeros after the 1 that the number of zeros is a googol.

ValueNameAuthority
10100GoogolKasner and Newman, dictionaries (see above)
10googol = \,\!10^{10^{100}}GoogolplexKasner and Newman, dictionaries (see above)

Conway and Guy [14] have suggested that N-plex be used as a name for 10N. A googol is the Large number 10100 that is the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeros (in Decimal representation This gives rise to the name googolplexplex for 10googolplex; however, the word googolplexian is given by one site. In addition, the terms googolduplex, googoltriplex, etc. have been coined by various persons for the numbers 10googolplex, 10googolduplex, etc. Conway and Guy [14] have proposed that N-minex be used as a name for 10-N, giving rise to the name googolminex for the reciprocal of a googolplex. In Mathematics, a multiplicative inverse for a number x, denoted by 1&frasl x or x &minus1 is a number which None of these names are in wide use, nor are any currently found in dictionaries.

Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers

This table illustrates several systems for naming large numbers, and shows how they can be extended past decillion.

Traditional British usage assigned new names for each power of one million (the long scale): 1,000,000 = 1 million; 1,000,0002 = 1 billion; 1,000,0003 = 1 trillion; and so on. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French It was adapted from French usage, and is similar to the system that was documented or invented by Chuquet. Nicolas Chuquet (1445 but some sources say c 1455 &ndash 1488 some sources say c

Traditional American usage (which, oddly enough, was also adapted from French usage but at a later date), and modern British usage, assigns new names for each power of one thousand (the short scale. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French ) Thus, a billion is 1000 × 10002 = 109; a trillion is 1000 × 10003 = 1012; and so forth. Due to its dominance in the financial world (and by the US-dollar) this was adopted for official United Nations documents. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Traditional French usage has varied; in 1948, France, which had been using the short scale, reverted to the long scale.

The term milliard is unambiguous and always means 109. It is almost never seen in American usage, rarely in British usage, and frequently in European usage. The term is sometimes attributed to a French mathematician named Jacques Peletier du Mans circa 1550 (for this reason, the long scale is also known as the Chuquet-Peletier system), but the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term derives from post-Classical Latin term milliartum, which became milliare and then milliart and finally our modern term. Jacques Peletier du Mans (1517 Le Mans – 1582 Paris) was a humanist, Poet and Mathematician of the French Renaissance Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

With regard to names ending in -illiard for numbers 106·n+3, milliard is certainly in widespread use in languages other than English, but the degree of actual use of the larger terms is questionable. For example, as of 2004, Google searches on French-language pages for trillion, quadrillion, and quintillion return 6630, 312, and 127 hits respectively, whilst searches for trilliard and quadrilliard return only 102 and 7 hits respectively. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " However, one has to take into account that these large numbers are not often needed and that scientists almost always use scientific notation. In German the terms "Milliarde", "Billiarde" etc. are out of question.

The naming procedure for large numbers is based on taking the number n occurring in 103n+3 (short scale) or 106n (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion. In this way, numbers up to 103·999+3 = 103000 (short scale) or 106·999 = 105994 (long scale) may be named. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if n is 20 or smaller, and, for larger n (between 21 and 999), is due to John Horton Conway and Richard Guy. John Horton Conway (born December 26, 1937, Liverpool, England) is a prolific mathematician active in the theory of finite groups Richard Kenneth Guy (born 1916 Nuneaton, Warwickshire) is a British mathematician Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics Since the system of using Latin prefixes will become ambiguous for numbers with exponents of a size which the Romans rarely counted to, like 106,000,258, Conway and Guy have also proposed a consistent set of conventions which permit, in principle, the extension of this system to provide English names for any integer whatsoever. [14]

Names of reciprocals of large numbers do not need to be listed here, because they are regularly formed by adding -th, e. g. quattuordecillionth, centillionth, etc.

For additional details, see Billion (disambiguation) and long and short scales. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French

Base -illion (short scale)ValueU. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French S.
(short scale)		Traditional British
(long scale)		Traditional European (Peletier)
(long scale)
1106MillionMillionMillion
2109BillionThousand millionMilliard
31012TrillionBillionBillion
41015QuadrillionThousand billionBilliard
51018QuintillionTrillionTrillion
61021SextillionThousand trillionTrilliard
71024SeptillionQuadrillionQuadrillion
81027OctillionThousand quadrillionQuadrilliard
91030NonillionQuintillionQuintillion
101033DecillionThousand quintillionQuintilliard
111036UndecillionSextillionSextillion
121039DuodecillionThousand sextillionSextilliard
131042TredecillionSeptillionSeptillion
141045QuattuordecillionThousand septillionSeptilliard
151048QuindecillionOctillionOctillion
161051SexdecillionThousand octillionOctilliard
171054SeptendecillionNonillionNonillion
181057OctodecillionThousand nonillionNonilliard
191060NovemdecillionDecillionDecillion
201063VigintillionThousand decillionDecilliard
211066UnvigintillionUndecillionUndecillion
221069DuovigintillionThousand undecillionUndecilliard
231072TresvigintillionDuodecillionDuodecillion
241075QuattuorvigintillionThousand duodecillionDuodecilliard
251078QuinquavigintillionTredecillionTredecillion
261081SesvigintillionThousand tredecillionTredecilliard
271084SeptemvigintillionQuattuordecillionQuattuordecillion
281087OctovigintillionThousand quattuordecillionQuattuordecilliard
291090NovemvigintillionQuindecillionQuindecillion
301093TrigintillionThousand quindecillionQuindecilliard
311096UntrigintillionSexdecillionSexdecillion
321099DuotrigintillionThousand sexdecillionSexdecilliard
N/A10100Ten duotrigintillionTen thousand sexdecillionTen sexdecilliard
3310102TrestrigintillionSeptendecillionSeptendecillion
3410105QuattuortrigintillionThousand septendecillionSeptendecilliard
3510108QuinquatrigintillionOctodecillionOctodecillion
3610111SestrigintillionThousand octodecillionOctodecilliard
3710114SeptentrigintillionNovemdecillionNovemdecillion
3810117OctotrigintillionThousand novemdecillionNovemdecilliard
3910120NoventrigintillionVigintillionVigintillion
4010123Quadragintillion[15]Thousand vigintillionVigintilliard
5010153QuinquagintillionThousand quinquavigintillionQuinquavigintilliard
6010183SexagintillionThousand trigintillionTrigintilliard
7010213SeptuagintillionThousand quinquatrigintillionQuinquatrigintilliard
8010243OctogintillionThousand quadragintillionQuadragintilliard
9010273NonagintillionThousand quinquaquadragintillionQuinquaquadragintilliard
10010303CentillionThousand quinquagintillionQuinquagintilliard
10110306UncentillionUnquinquagintillionUnquinquagintillion
10210309DuocentillionThousand unquinquagintillionUnquinquagintilliard
10310312TrescentillionDuoquinquagintillionDuoquinquagintillion
11010333DecicentillionThousand quinquaquinquagintillionQuinquaquinquagintilliard
12110366UnviginticentillionUnsexagintillionUnsexagintillion
13010393TrigintacentillionThousand quinquasexagintillionQuinquasexagintilliard
14010423QuadragintacentillionThousand septuagintillionSeptuagintilliard
15010453QuinquagintacentillionThousand quinquaseptuagintillionQuinquaseptuagintilliard
16010483SexagintacentillionThousand octogintillionOctogintilliard
17010513SeptuagintacentillionThousand quinquaoctogintillionQuinquaoctogintilliard
18010543OctogintacentillionThousand nonagintillionNonagintilliard
19010573NonagintacentillionThousand quinquanonagintillionQuinquanonagintilliard
20010603DucentillionThousand centillionCentilliard
30010903TrecentillionThousand quinquagintacentillionQuinquagintacentilliard
400101203QuadringentillionThousand ducentillionDucentilliard
500101503QuingentillionThousand quinquagintaducentillionQuinquagintaducentilliard
600101803SescentillionThousand trecentillionTrecentilliard
700102103SeptingentillionThousand quinquagintatrecentillionQuinquagintatrecentilliard
800102403OctingentillionThousand quadringentillionQuadringentilliard
900102703NongentillionThousand quinquagintaquadringentillionQuinquagintaquadringentilliard
1000103003MillillionThousand quingentillionQuingentilliard
1010100Googolplex

Other large numbers used in mathematics and physics

See also

References

  1. ^ American Heritage Dictionary, 4th edition, ISBN 0-395-82517-2. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French Jacques Peletier du Mans (1517 Le Mans – 1582 Paris) was a humanist, Poet and Mathematician of the French Renaissance The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a Milliard is a French -derived word meaning the number 1000000000 (109 one thousand million SI prefix Giga) A googol is the Large number 10100 that is the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeros (in Decimal representation In Number theory, Skewes' number can refer to any of several extremely large numbers used by the South African mathematician Stanley Skewes as Upper The Avogadro constant (symbols L, N A also called Avogadro's number, is the number of "elementary entities" (usually Atoms Graham's number, named after Ronald Graham, is a large number that is an upper bound on the solution to a certain problem in Ramsey theory. In Mathematics, Steinhaus – Moser Notation is a means of expressing certain extremely Large numbers It is an extension of Steinhaus&rsquos This is a list of articles about Numbers ( not about Numerals. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world Short scale is the English translation of the French Nicolas Chuquet (1445 but some sources say c 1455 &ndash 1488 some sources say c In Linguistics, a number name, or numeral, is a symbol or group of symbols or a Word in a Natural language that represents a Number Jacques Peletier du Mans (1517 Le Mans – 1582 Paris) was a humanist, Poet and Mathematician of the French Renaissance The Indian numbering system, used today in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar (Burma is based on grouping by two An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it Donald Ervin Knuth (kəˈnuːθ (born 10 January 1938) is a renowned computer scientist and Professor Emeritus of the Art of Computer An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol to form a Decimal multiple or A crore is a unit in the Indian numbering system and was formerly a unit in the Persian numbering system still widely used in Bangladesh, India, Maldives The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD) is an American Dictionary of the English language published by [1]
  2. ^ Cambridge Dictionaries Online, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English ISBN 0198611862 (and addendums since publication in 1989. )
  4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, New Edition, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. [2] (subscription required), checked April 2007
  5. ^ The Random House Dictionary, 2nd Unabridged Edition, 1987, Random House. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged was the original name of a large American Dictionary, first published in 1966, and recently
  6. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, 1993, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  7. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged, 1993, Merriam-Webster. Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States.
  8. ^ How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measures. Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi  “billiard unit of quantity equal to 1015, which is one quadrillion in American terminology or 1000 billion in traditional British terminology. The name is coined to parallel milliard, which has long been a name for 1000 million.
    trilliard a unit of quantity equal to 1021, which is one sextillion in American terminology or 1000 trillion in traditional British terminology. The name is coined to parallel milliard, which has long been a name for 1000 million. ”
  9. ^ a b c d e Not verified whether this term is mentioned in this work of reference
  10. ^ p. 316, The History of the English Language, Oliver Farrar Emerson, New York, London: Macmillan and Co. , 1894.
  11. ^ Entry for centillion in the American Heritage Dictionary
  12. ^ Schlosser, Eric [2001] (2002). Eric Schlosser (born August 17, 1959) is an award-winning American journalist and Author known for investigative or Muckraking Fast Food Nation. London, England: Penguin Books, 66. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Penguin Books is a British Publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. ISBN 0-14-100687-0.  
  13. ^ Kasner, Edward and James Newman, Mathematics and the Imagination, 1940, Simon and Schuster, New York. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
  14. ^ a b c The Book of Numbers, J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X.
  15. ^ Often misspelled quardragintillion.

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic