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For other uses, see Name (disambiguation).
Ceremonies, such as baptism, can be used to give names.
Ceremonies, such as baptism, can be used to give names.

A name (etymology: from OE nama; akin to OHG namo, Latin nomen, and Greek όνομα (onoma), ultimately from PIE: *nomn- [1]) is a label for a human or animal, thing, place, product (as in a brand name) and even an idea or concept, normally used to distinguish one from another. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. By the Republican era and throughout the Imperial era, a Name in Ancient Rome for a male citizen consisted of three parts ( tria Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus For other uses of Object see Object. In Philosophy, an object is a thing an Entity, or a Being. In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. In Set theory and its applications throughout Mathematics, a class is a collection of sets (or sometimes other mathematical objects that can be unambiguously In Mathematics, a category is a fundamental and abstract way to describe mathematical entities and their relationships A personal name identifies a specific unique and identifiable individual person. A personal name is the Proper name identifying an individual Person. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning also) and is a proper noun. "A proper name a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic Other nouns are sometimes, more loosely, called names; an older term for them, now obsolete, is "general name".

The use of personal names is not unique to humans. Dolphins also use symbolic names, as has been shown by recent research. Dolphins are Marine mammals that are closely related to Whales and Porpoises There are almost forty species of dolphin in seventeen genera. [2] Individual dolphins have individual whistles, to which they will respond even when there is no other information to clarify which dolphin is being referred to.

Naming is the process of assigning a particular word or phrase to a particular object or property. A word is a unit of Language that carries meaning and consists of one or more Morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a Phonetic In Grammar, a phrase is a group of Words that functions as a single unit in the Syntax of a sentence. This can be quite deliberate or a natural process that occurs in the flow of life as some phenomenon comes to the attention of the users of a language. A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence Attention is the Cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Many new words or phrases come into existence during translation as attempts are made to express concepts from one language in another. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle

Either as a part of the naming process, or later as usage is observed and studied by lexicographers, the word can be defined by a description of the pattern to which it refers. Word usage is how a Word, Phrase, or Concept is used in a Language. The pursuit of lexicography is divided into two related disciplines Practical lexicography is the art or Craft of compiling writing and editing dictionaries A pattern, from the French patron, is a theme of recurring events or objects sometimes referred to as elements of a set

Besides their grammatical function, names can have additional or pure honorary and memorial values. For example, the posthumous name's primary function is commemorative. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death

Care must be taken in translation, for there are ways that one language may prefer one type of name over another. For example, there are "merchants' and sailors' terms" for their own convenience: the spellings Leghorn, Genoa, and Rome do not appear on Italian maps. "Leghorn" redirects here For the breed of chicken see Leghorn chicken. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Also, a feudal naming habit is used sometimes in other languages: the French often refer to Aristotle as "le Stagirite" from one spelling of his place of birth. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Finally, claims to preference or authority can be refuted: the British did not refer to Louis-Napoleon as Napoleon III during his rule. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President

Contents

Philosophical accounts of names

Romeo and Juliet

In the play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet famously says:

'Tis but thy name that is my enemy;
Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the
What's Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,
Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part
Belonging to a man. O, be some other name!
What's in a name? that which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet;

It has been argued that Shakespeare reveals the boundaries of the term name by proposing that a rose would smell sweet regardless of what we call it; therefore suggesting that a name attached to a person should not change them.

Frege

Proper names function the same way as common nouns do in many natural languages. Philosophers have thus often treated the two as similar in meaning. In the late nineteenth century, Frege argued that certain puzzling features of both names and nouns could be resolved if two aspects of the meanings of names and nouns could be recognized, sense and reference:

Proper names are in this sense, special cases of nouns with only one referent, the person themselves. Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege ( 8 November 1848, Wismar, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  &ndash 26 July 1925 The distinction between Sinn and Bedeutung (usually but not always translated sense and reference, respectively was an innovation of the German philosopher In general a reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates by linking to another object

Russell

Main article: Theory of descriptions

Bertrand Russell believed that true names must never be equivalent to a description, but conceded that most of the apparent "names" in English really were equivalent to descriptions, specifically to definite descriptions. The theory of descriptions is one of the philosopher Bertrand Russell 's most significant contributions to the Philosophy of language. Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian A definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun In this position, there are two different functions nouns can serve:

Russell's position is that that most or all English names really do the former. This position came to be known as Descriptivism with respect to singular terms, and was prominent through much of twentieth-century analytic philosophy. Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century

Kripke

In 1970 Saul Kripke gave a series of lectures arguing against Descriptivism, and holding, among other things, that names are rigid designators, expressions that refer to objects independently of any properties those objects have. Saul Aaron Kripke (born on November 13, 1940 in Bay Shore New York) is an American philosopher and Logician now Emeritus Philosophy of language]]In Modal logic and the Philosophy of language, a term is said to be a rigid designator when it designates (picks out denotes refers to the same thing However, often descriptions are used to pick out references, to explain to others which objects are being discussed by reference to an agreed-upon property. According to this theory, it does not follow that any of the agreed-upon properties constitute the meaning of the name.

Kripke's work led to the development of various versions of the Causal theory of reference, which in various forms claims that our words mean what they do, not because of associated descriptions, but because of the causal history of the acquisition of that name in a vocabulary. A causal theory of reference is any of a family of views about how terms acquire specific referents.

In mythology

In multiple world mythologies and folklore, knowing the name of a thing is considered to have power over a thing (to varying degrees).

In Arthurian mythology, part of the code of honor and chivalry practiced by knights is that a knight who loses a duel must reveal his name to the victor. The Matter of Britain is a name given collectively to the Legends that concern the Celtic and legendary History of Great Britain, especially those Honor or Honour (see spelling differences) (the latter directly from the Latin word honos honoris) is the evaluation of a person's Chivalric order Chivalry is a term related to the Medieval institution of Knighthood. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. As practiced from the 11th to 20th centuries in Western societies a duel is an engagement in combat between two individuals with matched weapons in accordance with their combat It is considered a breach of honor or decorum to reveal one's name before combat. A frequent topos is that a defeated knight will, after revealing his name, ask the victor what his name is: if the victor turns out to actually be a much more strong and famous knight (i. e. one of Arthur's knights) the loser actually saves face, because he was beaten by a knight obviously held to already be stronger than him, and thus there is no shame in defeat. However, if a strong and powerful knight is defeated, and the victor turns out to be a relatively unknown and not particularly strong knight, it is a grave humiliation. As a result of this pattern, it is considered extremely odd within the rules of Arthurian society when a knight refuses to take off his helmet or reveal his identity, even after he has won a duel. Sometimes this results from the victorious knight simply not knowing his own name, as was the case with Lancelot and Percival during their early careers; this inability to reveal their own name even in victory led many to incorrectly assume they were trying to intentionally insult the vanquished. In the Arthurian legend, Sir Lancelot ( Lancelot du Lac, also Launcelot) is one of the Knights of the Round Table. Percival or Perceval is one of King Arthur 's legendary Knights of the Round Table. A major exception to this rule is Sir Gawain: Gawain considers himself to be the greatest of his uncle Arthur's knights, and he feels that his honor is so great that he does not need to hide from revealing it. Gawain (ˈgɔːwɪn or /gəˈweɪn/ also called Gwalchmei Gawan Gauvain Walewein etc Thus at the opening of any duel Gawain will simply openly announce "I am Gawain", as it will not diminish his honor to reveal it.

In religious thought

Further information: Names of God

In the ancient world, particularly in the ancient near-east (Israel / Palestine, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia) names were thought to be extremely powerful and to act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This viewpoint is responsible both for the reluctance to use the proper name of God in Hebrew writing or speech, as well as the common understanding in ancient magic that magical rituals had to be carried out "in [someone's] name". God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and By invoking a god or spirit by name, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit's power for some kind of miracle or magic (see Luke 9:49, in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out demons using the name of Jesus. See also List of deities A deity is a Postulated Preternatural or Supernatural Being, who is always The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) ) This understanding passed into later religious tradition, for example the stipulation in Catholic exorcism that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to give up its name, at which point the name may be used in a stern command which will drive the demon away. Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil

Judaism

Names are attributed added significance in traditional Jewish sources. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut In the Jewish religion most children receive their names from relatives who have passed away.

Biblical names

In the Old Testament, the names of individuals are meaningful; for example, Adam is named after the "earth" (Adam) from which he was created. This is a list of names from the Bible, mainly taken from the 19th century Public domain resource: Hitchcock's New and Complete Analysis of the In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. See also Adam and Eve Adam ( Hebrew: אָדָם was according to a literal interpretation of Genesis, the first man created by (Genesis 2)

A change of name indicates a change of status. For example, the patriarch "Abram" is renamed "Abraham" before he is blessed with children. Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: His wife, "Sarai" is similarly renamed "Sarah. A wife is a Female spouse or participant in a Marriage, or Civil union or Civil partnership. Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible " (Genesis 17)

Throughout the Bible, characters are given names at birth that reflect something of significance or describe the course of their lives. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin For example: Solomon meant peace, and the king with that name was the first whose reign was without warfare. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Likewise, Joseph named his firstborn son Manasseh (Hebrew: "causing to forget") as a gesture of forgiveness to his brothers for selling him into slavery. Joseph or Yosef (יוֹסֵ Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄, يوسف Yusuf; "He As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another

Hebrews did not have a surname which was passed from generation to generation. However, they were typically known as the child of their father. For example: David, son of Jesse. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible Jesse or Yishai ( meaning "God's gift" is the father of the Biblical David mentioned in the Books of Samuel of the Hebrew Bible. In a sense, they used their fathers' first names as their own last names, a practice done by most Muslims today. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion

Talmudic attitudes

The Babylonian Talmud maintains that names exert a mystical influence over their bearers, and a change of name is one of four actions that can avert an evil heavenly decree, that would lead to punishment after one's death. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Rabbinical commentators differ as to whether the name's influence is metaphysical, connecting a person to their soul, or bio-socio-psychological, where the connection affects his personality, appearance and social capacities. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living The Talmud also states that all those who descend to Gehenna will rise in the time of Messiah. for the Polish film see Gehenna (film See also Jewish eschatology Gehennam (or gehenom or gehinom (גהינום is However, there are three exceptions, one of which is he who calls another by a derisive nickname. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name.

Technical names for names

Names for names
Name of a. . . Name of name
Person Anthroponym
Place Toponym
Body of water Hydronym
Ethnic group Ethnonym
False name Pseudonym
Author writing under an assumed name Pen name or pseudonym
Other names -onym-suffixed words. Anthroponomastics (or Anthroponymy) a branch of Onomastics, is the study of anthroponyms ( Gk Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. A hydronym (from Greek hudor, "water" and onuma, "name" is a proper name of a body of water An ethnonym ( Gk έθνος ethnos, 'tribe' + όνομα onoma, 'name' is the name applied to a given Ethnic group. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias)

Naming convention

For Wikipedia's own naming conventions see Wikipedia:Naming conventions

A naming convention is an attempt to systematize names in a field so they unambiguously convey similar information in a similar manner.

Several major naming conventions include:

Naming conventions are useful in many aspects of everyday life, enabling the casual user to understand larger structures. In Computer programming a Naming convention is a set of rules for choosing the character sequence to be used for Identifiers in Source code and documentation Computer networking is the Engineering Discipline concerned with communication between Computer systems or devices Networking routers A naming scheme is a plan for naming objects In Computing, naming schemes are often used for objects connected into Computer networks Naming schemes in There are millions of possible objects that can be described in science too many to create Common names for every one Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature is a system of uniquely identifying features on the surface of a Planet or Natural satellite so that the features "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. By the Republican era and throughout the Imperial era, a Name in Ancient Rome for a male citizen consisted of three parts ( tria

Street names within a city may follow a naming convention; some examples include:

Large corporate, university, or government campuses may follow a naming convention for rooms within the buildings to help orient tenants and visitors.

Parents may follow a naming convention when selecting names for their children. Some have chosen alphabetical names by birth order. In some East Asian cultures, it is common for one syllable in a two syllable given name to be a generation name which is the same for immediate siblings. Generation name, variously zibei or banci, is one of the characters in a traditional Chinese name, and is so called because each member of a generation In many cultures it is common for the son to be named after the father. In other cultures, the name may include the place of residence. Roman naming convention denotes social rank. By the Republican era and throughout the Imperial era, a Name in Ancient Rome for a male citizen consisted of three parts ( tria

Products may follow a naming convention. Automobiles typically have a binomial name, a "make" (manufacturer) and a "model", in addition to a model year, such as a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Chevrolet Corvette is a Sports car that has been manufactured by General Motors since 1953 Sometimes there is a name for the car's "decoration level" or "trim line" as well: e. g. , Cadillac Escalade EXT Platinum, after the precious metal. The Cadillac Escalade is a Full-size luxury Sport utility vehicle (SUV sold by the General Motors luxury brand Cadillac Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Computers often have increasing numbers in their names to signify the next generation. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Courses at schools typically follow a naming convention: an abbreviation for the subject area and then a number ordered by increasing level of difficulty.

Many numbers (e. g. bank accounts, government IDs, credit cards, etc) are not random but have an internal structure and convention. Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers. Airline flight numbers, Space shuttle flight numbers, even phone numbers all have an internal convention. Naming in the US Space Shuttle (STS program The shuttle is officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS A telephone number or phone number is a sequence of numbers used to call from one Telephone line to another in a Telephone network.

Brand names

Main article: Brand

The process of developing a name for a brand or product is heavily influenced by marketing research and strategy to be appealing and marketable. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Marketing research or market research is a form of business research and is generally divided into two categories consumer market research and business-to-business (B2B market research which A marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive The brand name is often a neologism or pseudoword. A pseudoword is a unit of speech or text that appears to be an actual word in a certain language (at least superficially while in fact it is not part of the Lexicon.

See also

References

  1. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. Anthroponomastics (or Anthroponymy) a branch of Onomastics, is the study of anthroponyms ( Gk Anthroponomastics (or Anthroponymy) a branch of Onomastics, is the study of anthroponyms ( Gk Old Arabic names are based on a long naming system most Arabs do not simply have given / middle / Family names but a full chain of names Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs For the article on Jewish given and last names see Jewish name. Icelandic names differ from most Western Family name systems by being Patronymic (and sometimes Matronymic) in that they reflect the immediate Indian family names are based on a variety of systems and Naming conventions, which vary from region to region Indonesia is an Archipelago of over 17000 islands only 6000 of which are inhabited that extends in an arc along the equator in modern times usually consist of a Family name ( Surname) followed by a Given name. Javanese people typically have three-part names each part of which is a Given name. A Korean name consists of a Family name followed by a Given name, as used by the Korean people in both North Korea and South Korea Austin Healey, English Rugby union player Brooklyn Beckham, son of David and Victoria Beckham, after a The most popular given names vary nationally, Regionally and culturally. The name at birth is the name a child is given by his or her Parents according to a generally universal custom, and legal requirement to file a form of Birth A name generator is a program that uses Language rules or Word combining techniques to generate a list of Names. The name letter effect is the hypothesis that the probability of certain actions can be influenced by the first letter of the name of the person performing the action In Linguistics, a number name, or numeral, is a symbol or group of symbols or a Word in a Natural language that represents a Number See also List of Pakistani family names In Pakistan, as in other Muslim countries the use of Family names is not as prominent as in Western A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father A personal name is the Proper name identifying an individual Person. A Polish personal name, like names in most European cultures consists of two main elements imię, or the Given name, followed by nazwisko A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death "A proper name a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name used by some Popes and Monarchs during their Reigns Since Medieval times monarchs This article gives the general understanding of naming conventions in the Russian language as well as in languages affected by Russian linguistic tradition A surname is a name added to a Given name and is part of a Personal name. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A unisex name, also known as an epicene name, is a Given name that is often given to either a boy or a girl Vietnamese names generally consist of three parts a Family name, a Middle name, and a Given name, used in that order Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  2. ^ "Dolphins Name Themselves With Whistles, Study Says", National Geographic News, May 8, 2006.  

External links

Dictionary

name

-noun

  1. Any word or phrase which indicates a particular person, place, class, or thing.
  2. Reputation.
  3. (computing): A unique identifier, generally a string of characters.
  4. An investor in Lloyds of London bearing unlimited liability.

-verb

  1. (transitive) To give a name to.
  2. (transitive) To mention, specify.
  3. (transitive) To identify as relevant or important
  4. (transitive) To publicly implicate.
  5. (transitive) To designate for a role.
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