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Nama
Khoekhoegowab
Spoken in: Namibia, Botswana and South Africa 
Region: Orange River, Great Namaland
Total speakers: 250,000

Namibia: approx. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Orange River ( Afrikaans / Dutch: Oranjerivier) Gariep River, Groote River or Senqu River is the longest river in Namaqualand ( Afrikaans: Namakwaland) is an arid region of South Africa, extending along the west coast over 600 miles and covering a total area of 170000 176,000 (1998)
plus 16,000 Haiǁom (1995)
Botswana: 1,500 (2002)
South Africa: 56,000 (1989)
Language family: Kwadi-Khoe
 Khoe
  Khoekhoe
   North Khoekhoe
    Nama 
Official status
Official language in: National language in Namibia
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: khi
ISO 639-3: variously:
hgm – Haiǁom
kqz – Korana
naq – Nama (Namibia)
xii – Xiri 
The distribution of the Nama language in Namibia.
The distribution of the Nama language in Namibia. The Haiǁom are a Khoisan people of Namibia. The Haiǁom speak Haiǁom language which is a Central Khoisan language and a member of the Khoekhoe List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Khoe languages are the largest of the non- Bantu language families indigenous to southern Africa Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages The Haiǁom are a Khoisan people of Namibia. The Haiǁom speak Haiǁom language which is a Central Khoisan language and a member of the Khoekhoe Korana, or ǃOra, is an Moribund Khoisan language of South Africa. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Nama, also known as Khoekhoe or Khoekhoegowab, previously called Hottentot, is the most populous and widespread of the Khoisan languages. The Khoisan languages (also Khoesaan languages) are the indigenous languages of southern and eastern Africa; in southern Africa their speakers are the Khoi It belongs to the Khoe language family, and is spoken in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa by the Nama, Damara, and Haiǁom. The Khoisan languages (also Khoesaan languages) are the indigenous languages of southern and eastern Africa; in southern Africa their speakers are the Khoi Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Nama (in older sources also called Namaqua) are an African Ethnic group of South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. The Damara are a people who live in Namibia, a country in south-western Africa. The Haiǁom are a Khoisan people of Namibia. The Haiǁom speak Haiǁom language which is a Central Khoisan language and a member of the Khoekhoe The name for Nama speakers, Khoekhoen, is from the Nama word khoe "person", with reduplication and the suffix -n to indicate the plural. Reduplication, in Linguistics, is a morphological Process by which the root or stem of a Word, or part of it is repeated According to Ethnologue, there were 250,000 speakers in the 1990s. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian

Nama is a national language in Namibia. A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with In Namibia and South Africa, radio programs are broadcast in Nama. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light.

Contents

Classification

Nama is a Khoe language, which is part of a hypothetical Khoisan phylum, it belongs to the northern branch of the Khoekhoe subbranch of the family (together with now extinct Eini). The Khoe languages are the largest of the non- Bantu language families indigenous to southern Africa The Khoisan languages (also Khoesaan languages) are the indigenous languages of southern and eastern Africa; in southern Africa their speakers are the Khoi

Geographic distribution

Nama has 250,000 speakers in Namibia, South Africa, and (a few in) Botswana. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa.

Dialects

Phonology

Vowels

There are 5 vowel qualities, found as oral /i e a o u/ and nasal /ĩ ã ũ/. The Damara are a people who live in Namibia, a country in south-western Africa. The Sesfontein Damara is a group of the #Nukhoe ( Damara) people residing around !Nani/aus ( Sesfontein) in northwestern Namibia. The Sesfontein Damara is a group of the #Nukhoe ( Damara) people residing around !Nani/aus ( Sesfontein) in northwestern Namibia. The Haiǁom are a Khoisan people of Namibia. The Haiǁom speak Haiǁom language which is a Central Khoisan language and a member of the Khoekhoe A nasal vowel is a Vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through Nose as well as the Mouth. These may be long or short, and there are several sequences or diphthongs: oral [əi ae əu ao ui oa oe] and nasal [ə͠ı ə͠u u͠ı o͠a]. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with ([ə] is phonemically /a/. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU )

Tones

Nama has three tones, /á, ā, à/, which may occur on vowels and nasal stops. Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the The mid tone is not written.

Consonants

Nama has 31 consonants: 20 clicks and a simple set of 11 non-clicks.

Non-clicks

Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Stop p ~ β t ~ ɾ k kʰ ʔ
Affricate ʦ
Fricative s x h
Nasal m n

Between vowels, /p/ is pronounced [β] and /t/ is pronounced [ɾ]. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the

Clicks

The clicks are doubly articulated consonants. Clicks are speech sounds such as English tsk! tsk! used to express disapproval or the tchick! used to spur on a horse Doubly articulated consonants are consonants with two simultaneous primary places of articulation of the same manner (both plosive or both nasal etc Each click consists of one of four primary articulations or "influxes" and one of five secondary articulation or "effluxes". The combination of influxes and effluxes results in 20 phonemes.

The aspirated clicks are often pronounced as affricates. That is, /kǃˣ/ may be pronounced anywhere from [kǃʰ] to [kǃx].

The voiceless nasal accompaniment is difficult to hear when not between vowels, so to foreign ears it may sound like a longer but less raspy version of the aspirated accompaniment.

There have been several orthographies used for Nama, with sometimes conflicting differences in the representation of the clicks. In A Khoekhoegowab dictionary (Haacke 2000) the standardized version of Nama orthography has been used.

accompaniment affricated clicks 'sharp' clicks standardized
orthography
(with "ǃ")
dental
clicks		 lateral
clicks		 alveolar
clicks		 palatal
clicks
Tenuis kǀ kǁ kǃ kǂ <ǃg>
Aspirated kǀˣ kǁˣ kǃˣ kǂˣ <ǃkh>
Nasal ŋǀ ŋǁ ŋǃ ŋǂ <ǃn>
Voiceless nasal with
delayed aspiration		 ŋ̊ǀʰ ŋ̊ǁʰ ŋ̊ǃʰ ŋ̊ǂʰ <ǃh>
Tenuis with glottal stop kǀʔ kǁʔ kǃʔ kǂʔ <ǃ>

Grammar

Nama has a Subject Object Verb word order. See also Grassmann's law Spiritus asper Spiritus lenis Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the In Linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and Verb of a sentence appear or usually

Sample text

Xam-i ke ʼa ǀúrún hòán tì kàóʼao káísep ʼa ǀaísa, ǀóm ǁxáí, xápú kxáó, tsií ǃháése ra ǃxóés ǃʼáróma.

Tsií maátsekám ǁóakas hòásàp ke ǂxam xam-à ǃárop ǃnaa ǂʼoá tsií ǁʼiip tì ǀaísìpà síí kèrè ǀnoóku náú ǀúrún ǀxáa. Tsií maá tsèes hòásàp ke ǁʼiipà kèrè ʼóa-ǀxií tànʼaose. Tsií nee ǂhòas ke ǀúrún ǃhúùp hòárákap ǃnaa kè ǁnàúhè tsií ǂʼánhè ʼií xam-i ʼa ǀúrún tì kàóʼao ǃxáisà. Tsií maá tsèes hííʼap kèrè ʼóa-ǀxií tàn tsiís kxáóǃáa ʼoos ke ǁʼiip tì ǁuusà kèrè koápi "tíí ʼóátse! ǀóm ǃnórótse! xápú kxáótse! ǀóm ǁxáítse! ʼáore kxòetse!" tí.

Xapes ke ǀúí tsekám ǁóaka kxàí-máá tsiíp ke ǂxam xam-à kàrósn ʼoo ǃxóóǀxáapi "ǀóm ǁxáítseǃ ǀóm ǃnórótse! xam ǁ’oatseǃ xápú kxáótseǃ" tí, !xóóǀxáapi tóá tsií kè míí "amʼaseta ke ra ǂóm saáts maá ǀúrún hòán xaa ʼa ǀaísa ǃxáisà. Maá tsèes hòásàts ke saátsà ǂʼoá ǃárop ǃnaa tsií ʼóa-ǀxií tsií ra ǁaute ʼamʼasets saátsà ʼa ǀúrún tì kàó’ao ǃxáisà. Xape, tíí ʼóátseǃ ǀúí tsèets ke nìí ǂʼoá ǃárop ǃnaa. Tsií ǂʼoá tsiíts ǃárop ǃnaa ra ǃuumaa hííʼats ke ǂxarí xuuróp ǂhanúse ra ǃúu ǃxoótì ǃnaa ǂnùa tànásepà nìí mùu. Tsií, tíí ʼóátseǃ ǀóm ǁxáítseǃ ǀóm ǃnórótseǃ xápú kxáótseǃ ǁnaá ǂxarí xuuróp ǀxáats kàrà ǀhaóʼú tsèes ǁnaás ʼáís ke sóresà nìí ǂaa ʼóa-ǀxií tamats hàa hííʼa. ǁnaá xuuróp tì ǀʼòns ke "kxòep" tí ra ǂaíhè.

English Translation

The lion is king of all the beasts because he is very strong, thick of chest, slim of waist, and runs fast.

Every morning, the young lion would go out into the forest and compare his strength with the other beasts. And every day he would return the victor. This news was heard and known throughout the animal world: that the lion was king of the beasts. Every day that he would return victorious, his mother would praise him, "Son of mine! Thick of neck! Slim of waist! Thick of chest! He-man!"

But one morning, when having got up the young lion was stretching, she praised him, "Thick of chest! Thick of neck! Lion-armed! Slim of waist!," finished praising him and said, "I truly believe that you are strongest of all the beasts. Every day you go out into the forest and return, and show me that you are truly king of the beasts. But, my son, one day you will go out into the forest. And while you are out walking around in the forest, you will see a little thing which walks straight, its head sitting on its shoulders. And, Son of mine! Thick of chest! Thick of neck! Slim of waist!, the day you meet that little thing, on that day the sun will set while you have not returned. The name of that little thing is called 'man'.

Bibliography

External links

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