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Muslim Brotherhood
الإخوان المسلمون
Al-ikhwān al-muslimūn
 
Leader Mahdi Akef
 
Founded 1928
Ismailia, Egypt
 
Ideology Islamism; democracy (Islamist democracy)
 
Website
www.ikhwanweb.com
Icon Logo of the Muslim Brotherhood.
Icon Logo of the Muslim Brotherhood. Mohammed Mahdi Akef ( Arabic: ar محمد مهدى عاكف (born July 12, 1928) is the head of the Muslim Brotherhood, an Egypt Ismaïlia (الإسماعيلية is the Capital of Al Isma'iliyah Governorate. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Known as Islamic democracy, two kinds of democratic states can be recognized in the Islamic countries An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity.

The Muslim Brothers (Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان al-ikhwān, the Brotherhood or MB) is an international Sunni radical movement and the world's largest, most influential political Islamist group,[1] particularly in Egypt. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Founded by the Sufi schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928, several linked groups have since formed across many nations of the Muslim world. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Hassan al-Banna ( October 14, 1906 – February 12, 1949, Arabic:حسن البنا was an Egyptian social and Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

These groups are dedicated to the credo:

“ Allah is our objective. The Prophet is our leader. Qur'an is our law. Jihad is our way. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope. [2][3] ”

The Brotherhood claims that it seeks to instill the Qur'an and Sunnah as the "sole reference point for . The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” . . ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community . . . and state". [4]

Since its inception in 1928 the movement has officially opposed violent means to achieve its goals, with some exceptions such as in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or to overthrow secular Ba'athist rule in Syria (see Hama massacre). The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Hama massacre ( مجزرة حماة) occurred on February 2, 1982 when the Syrian army bombarded the town of Hama in order This official position has been questioned, particularly by the Egyptian government who accused it of a campaign of killings in Egypt after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [5]

The Brotherhood has been described as both unjustly oppressed and dangerously violent. Members are regularly arbitrarily arrested;[6][7] the regime of Hosni Mubarak has obstructed the party's attempts to field candidates in elections, with sweeping arrests or harassment of activists just before elections,[8][9] and riot police obstructing voters and blocking access to polling booths in Muslim Brotherhood strongholds. [10] However, supporters of the Brotherhood have demonstrated violence on their part in many occasions and have often clashed with supporters of other parties, specifically the NDP. Outside of Egypt, the group's political activity has been described as evolving away from modernism and reformism towards a more traditional, "rightist conservative" stance. For example, the Muslim Brotherhood party in Kuwait opposes suffrage for women. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed [11]

Among the Brotherhood's more influential members was Sayyid Qutb. Sayyid Qutb (ˈsaɪjɪd ˈqʊtˁb (also Saïd Syed Seyyid Sayid or Sayed last name also Koteb (rather common Qutub Kotb or Kutb (سيد قطب October 9, 1906 Qutb was the author of one of Islamism's most important books, Milestones, which called for the restoration of Islam by re-establishing the Sharia and by using "physical power and Jihad for abolishing the organizations and authorities of the Jahili system,"[12] which he believed to include the entire Muslim world. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Ma'alim fi al-Tariq, also Ma'alim fi'l-tareeq, ( Arabic: معالم في الطريق) or Milestones, first Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. [13] While studying at university, Osama bin Laden was influenced by the religious and political ideas of several professors with strong ties to the Muslim Brotherhood including both Sayyid Qutb and his brother Muhammad Qutb. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Muhammad Qutb, (ˈkʌtəb in English) is an Islamic author scholar and teacher best known as the younger brother of the Egyptian Islamist thinker Sayyid Qutb, and MB supporters now claim that while bin Laden is violent, the Brotherhood's theology and methods are "reformist," "democratic," "non-violent" and "chiefly political,"[14] --although some have suggested otherwise. [15][16][17][18][19]

The Brotherhood is financed by contributions from its members who are required to allocate portion of their income to the movement. Most of these contributions come from members living in oil-rich countries, such as Saudi Arabia. [20]

Contents

Beliefs

In the group's belief, the Quran and Sunna constitute a perfect way of life and social and political organization that God has set out for man. In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis Islamic governments must be based on this system and eventually unified in a Caliphate. The term Islamic state refers to states that have adopted Islam, specifically the Shari'a or "God's Law" as their ideological foundation for their political institution A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history The MB goal, as stated by Brotherhood founder Hassan al-Banna was to reclaim Islam’s manifest destiny, an empire, stretched from Spain to Indonesia. Hassan al-Banna ( October 14, 1906 – February 12, 1949, Arabic:حسن البنا was an Egyptian social and Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. [21] It preaches that Islam enjoins man to strive for social justice, the eradication of poverty and corruption, and political freedom to the extent allowed by the laws of Islam. The Brotherhood strongly opposes Western colonialism, and helped overthrow the pro-western monarchies in Egypt and other Muslim nations during the early 20th century. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings

On the issue of women and gender the Muslim Brotherhood interprets Islam quite strictly. Its founder called for "a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behavior," "segregation of male and female students," a separate curriculum for girls, and "the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes. . . "[22]

The Brotherhood is one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world,[23] and especially so in the Arab world. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings It was founded in Egypt and Egypt is considered the center of the movement; it is generally weaker in the Maghreb, or North Africa, than in the Arab Levant. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Brotherhood branches form the main opposition to the governments in several countries in the Arab world, such as Egypt, Syria and Jordan, and are politically active to some extent in nearly every Muslim country, possibly excluding Turkey. In Politics, the opposition comprises one or more political parties or other organized groups that are opposed to the Government, party or group This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion There are also diaspora branches in several Western nations and in south and east Asia, composed by immigrants previously active in the Brotherhood in their home countries. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings

The movement is immensely influential in many Muslim countries, and where legally possible, it often operates important networks of Islamic charities, creating a support base among Muslim poor. However, most of the countries where the Brotherhood is active are ruled by non-pluralist regimes. As a consequence, the movement is banned in several Arab nations, and restrictions on political activity prevent it from gaining power through elections. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding

The MB is a movement, not a political party, but has created separate political parties in several countries, such as the Islamic Action Front in Jordan and Hamas in Palestine. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members but kept independent from the MB to some degree. [24]

Criticism of actions and beliefs

The Brotherhood's official position of opposing most terror against civilians and condemning the 9/11 attacks is a matter of international controversy. The position has also caused disputes within the movement, with more radical, violent members at times breaking away to form groups such as the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Group) and Al Takfir Wal Hijra (Excommunication and Migration). For the Southeast Asian organization of the same name see Jemaah Islamiyah. Takfir wal-Hijra ( Arabic تكفير والهجرة - Excommunication and Exodus) is a Muslim extremist group which emerged in Egypt in the 1960s [25]

Sincerity

Some observers have questioned the sincerity of the MB's pronouncements. These critics include, but are not limited to:

Links to violence

Unequal rights for non-Muslims

Holocaust denial

Defense

On the other hand, some analysts maintain that whatever the source of modern Jihadi terrorism and the actions of some rogue members, the Brotherhood now has little in common with radical Islamists and modern jihadists who often condemn the Brotherhood as too moderate. They also deny the existence of any centralized and secretive global MB leadership. [42] Others argue that the origins of modern Muslim terrorism are found in Wahhabi ideology, not that of the Muslim Brotherhood. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to

The Brotherhood itself denounces the "catchy and effective terms and phrases" like "fundamentalist" and "political Islam" which it claims are used by "Western Media" to pigeonhole the group, and points to its "15 Principles" for an Egyptian National Charter, including "freedom of personal conviction. . .  . . . opinion. . . forming political parties. . . public gatherings. . . free and fair elections. . . "[43]

Organisation

From transcripts[44] the following hierarchical Organisation structure can be derived:

It has the following divisions (not complete): - Executive leadership - Organisational office - Secretariat general - Education office - Political office - Sisters office

In each country there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essential the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office has. To the duties of every branch belongs fundraising, infiltrating in and overtaking other muslim organisations for sake of uniting the muslims to dedicate them to the general goals of the MB.

The general goals and strategic plans of the MB are only found in Arabic documents. One for Europe called "The Project" is found in 2001 in Switzerland, another for North America is found in 2005 called the "General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America"[45], an evaluation of this Memorandum is made for US-Congress and for the Pentagon [46]. Their influence is fast growing, especially in Europe, but not easy to trace while the active members have to keep their membership secret.

One citation from the document "General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America"[47] make the objectives of the MB clear: "The process of settlement is a "Civilization-Jihadist Process" with all the word means. The Ikhwan must understand that their work in America is a kind of grand Jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and "sabotaging" its miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers so that it is eliminated and God's religion is made victorious over all other religions. "

Main Activity-plan

The main goals on mid-term as approved by the Executive office and the Shura Council are formulated in a 5-year action plan derived from transcripts[48]:

Primary goals

Secundary goals

Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

al-Ḥasan al-Bannā
al-Ḥasan al-Bannā
Main article: History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Ismailia in March 1928 along with six workers of the Suez Canal Company. This article refers to the Egyptian organisation called the Muslim Brotherhood for other organisations that use the same name see the Muslim Brotherhood article Hassan al-Banna ( October 14, 1906 – February 12, 1949, Arabic:حسن البنا was an Egyptian social and Ismaïlia (الإسماعيلية is the Capital of Al Isma'iliyah Governorate. The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation It began as a religious, political, and social movement with the credo, “Allah is our objective; the Quran is our constitution, the Prophet is our leader; Jihad is our way; and death for the sake of Allah is the highest of our aspirations. ”[2][3] Al-Banna called for the return to an original Islam and followed Islamic reformers like Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Muhammad Abduh (or Muhammad 'Abduh) (محمد عبده ( Nile Delta, 1849 - Alexandria, July 11 1905,) was an Egyptian Muhammad Rashid Rida ( September 23, 1865, Syria - August 22, 1935, Egypt) is said to have been "one of the most influential According to him, contemporary Islam had lost its social dominance, because most Muslims had been corrupted by Western influences. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Sharia law based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah were seen as laws passed down by Allah that should be applied to all parts of life, including the organization of the government and the handling of everyday problems. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' [50] The Brotherhood also saw itself as a political and social movement [8]. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific Al-Banna strived to be a populist. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political The Muslim Brotherhood claimed to want to protect the workers against the tyranny of foreign and monopolist companies. It founded social institutions such as hospitals, pharmacies, schools, etc. However, in addition to holding conservative views on issues such as women's rights,[22] it was from the start extremely hostile to independent working-class and popular organisations such as trade unions. [50] This is disputed however by William Cleveland, who points out that the Muslim Brotherhood became involved with the labour movement early on, and supported efforts to create trades unions and unemployment benefits. [51]

By 1936, it had 800 members, then this number increased greatly to up to 200,000 by 1938. By 1948, the Brotherhood had about half a million members. Robin Hallett says: "By the late 1940s the Brotherhood was reckoned to have as many as 2 million members, while it strong Pan-Islamic ideas had gained it supporters in other Arab lands". [52] The Muslim Brotherhood also tried to build up something like an Islamist International, thus founding groups in Lebanon (in 1936), Syria (1937), and Transjordan (1946). Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine It also recruited among the foreign students in Cairo. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Its headquarters in Cairo became a center and meeting place for representative from the whole Muslim world. [50]

In November 1948 police seized an automobile containing the documents and plans of what is thought to be the Brotherhood's "secret apparatus" with names of its members. The seizure was preceded by an assortment of bombings and assassination attempts by the apparatus. Subsequently 32 of its leaders are arrested and its offices raided. [53] The next month the Egyptian Prime Minister of Egypt, Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi, ordered the dissolution of the Brotherhood.

In what is thought to be retaliation for these acts, a member of the Brotherhood, veterinary student Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, assassinated the Prime Minister on December 28, 1948. A month and half later Al-Banna himself was killed in Cairo by men believed to be government agents and/or supporters of the murdered premier.

The Brotherhood has been an illegal organization, tolerated to varying degrees, since 1954 when it was convicted of the attempt to assassinate Gamal Abdel Nasser, head of the Egyptian government. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President The group had denied involvement in the incident and accused the government of staging the incident to use it as a pretext to persecute the group and its members. On this basis from 1954 until Nasser's death in 1971, thousands of Muslim Brotherhood members were systemically tortured under Nasser's secular regime, highlighted in Zainab al Ghazali's Return of the Pharaoh. Zaynab Al-Ghazali (January 2 1917 - August 8 2005 was a prominent Egyptian Islamist and arguably the most famous woman Islamist internationally Zanab Al-Ghazali Al-Jubaili was born in Egypt in 1917 At the age of twenty she formed a major women's charitable organization which rendered valuable service to the Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, promised the Brotherhood that shari'a would be implemented as the Egyptian law and released all of the Brotherhood prisoners. However, as a result of Sadat signing a peace agreement with Israel in 1979, an Islamic group other than the Brotherhood assassinated Sadat in September, 1981.

The Brotherhood is still periodically subjected to mass arrests. It remains an extremely opposition group in Egypt, advocating Islamic reform, democratic system and maintaining a vast network of support through Islamic charities working among poor Egyptians. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system [9]. The political direction it has been taking lately has tended towards more moderate Islamism and Islamic Democracy, somewhat more anti-Western than and a degree to right of Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party. Known as Islamic democracy, two kinds of democratic states can be recognized in the Islamic countries Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi or AK Parti, or AKP) is the incumbent Turkish Political party, which describes

In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood's candidates, who must run as independents due to their illegality as a political party, won 88 seats (20% of the total) to form the largest opposition bloc. The electoral process was marred by many irregularities, including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members. On the other hand observers such as Jameel Theyabi, writing in an op-ed for Dar Al-Hayat, noted that a December 2006 Muslim Brotherhood military parade and the "wearing of uniforms, displaying the phrase, 'We Will be Steadfast', and the drills involving martial arts, betray the group's intent to plan for the creation of militia structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'. . . . "[54]

Meanwhile, approved opposition parties won only 14 seats. This revived the debate within the Egyptian political elite about whether the Brotherhood should remain banned.

General leaders (G. L) or Mentors of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt المرشد العام لجماعة الإخوان المسلمون

  • Founder & First G. leader : Hassan al Banna حسن البنا
  • 2nd G. Hassan al-Banna ( October 14, 1906 – February 12, 1949, Arabic:حسن البنا was an Egyptian social and L : Hassan al Hodeiby حسن الهضيبى
  • 3rd G. L : Omar al Telmesany عمر التلمسانى
  • 4th G. L : Mohamed Hamed Abo al Nasr محمد حامد أبو النصر
  • 5th G. L : Mostafa Mashour مصطفى مشهور
  • 6th G. L : Maimoun al Hedeby مأمون الهضيبى
  • 7th G. L & Current G. L : Mohammed Mahdi Akef محمد المهدى عاكف

Muslim Brotherhood in the Middle East

Bahrain

In Bahrain, the Muslim Brotherhood is represented by the Al Eslah Society and its political wing, the Al-Menbar Islamic Society. Mohammed Mahdi Akef ( Arabic: ar محمد مهدى عاكف (born July 12, 1928) is the head of the Muslim Brotherhood, an Egypt The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf The Al Eslah Society ( جمعية الإصلاح) is an organization in Bahrain that represents the Muslim Brotherhood movement Al Menbar National Islamic Society ( literally "Islamic National Tribune" is the political wing of the Al Eslah Society in Bahrain, associated with the Following parliamentary elections in 2002, Al Menbar became the joint largest party with eight seats in the forty seat Chamber of Deputies. Al Menbar National Islamic Society ( literally "Islamic National Tribune" is the political wing of the Al Eslah Society in Bahrain, associated with the The Council of Representatives ( Majlis an-nuwab) sometimes translated as the "Chamber of Deputies" is the name given to the Lower house of the Bahraini Prominent members of Al Menbar include Dr Salah Abdulrahman, Dr Salah Al Jowder, and outspoken MP Mohammed Khalid. One of Bahrain’s most outspoken Islamist MPs is Sheikh Mohammed Khalid, the Al-Menbar Islamic Society representative from the Northern Governorate. The party has generally backed government sponsored legislation on economic issues, but has sought a clamp down on pop concerts, sorcery and soothsayers. It has strongly opposed the government's accession to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on the grounds that this would give Muslim citizens the right to change religion, when in the party's view they should be "beheaded" [10]. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a United Nations Treaty based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in Municipal councillor, Dr Salah Al Jowder, has campaigned against people being able to look into other people's houses, changing the local by-laws in Muharraq to ensure that all new buildings are fitted with one way glass to prevent residents being able to see out[11]. Muharraq ( (meaning Place of Ashes is Bahrain 's second largest city and served as its capital until 1923 Although a competitor with the salafist Asalah party, it seems likely that Al Menbar will opt for a political alliance in 2006s election to avoid splitting the Sunni Islamist vote. The Al Asalah Islamic Society ( is the main Salafist political party in Bahrain, with four MPs after 2006's general election (down from seven MPs elected

Syria

Main article: History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria

Founded in the 1930s by Syrian students who had participated in the Egyptian Brotherhood, the Brotherhood in Syria played a major role in the mainly Sunni-based resistance movement that opposed the secularist, pan-Arabist Baath Party, which seized power in 1963 (since 1970, it has been dominated by the Alawite Assad family, adding a religious element to its conflict with the Brotherhood). This article refers to the Syrian organisation called the Muslim Brotherhood for other organisations that use the same name see the Muslim Brotherhood article Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs Pan-Arabism is a movement for Unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus For the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco see Alaouite Dynasty, for the former state now in Yemen see Alawi (sheikhdom The Alawites Asad ( is one of many Arabic male Given names meaning " lion " each denoting some aspect of the animal This conflict developed into an armed struggle that continued until culminating in the Hama uprising of 1982, when the rebellion was bloodily crushed by the military. The Hama massacre ( مجزرة حماة) occurred on February 2, 1982 when the Syrian army bombarded the town of Hama in order [12] Since then, the Brotherhood has ceased to be an active political force inside Syria, but it retains a network of support in the country, of unknown strength, and has external headquarters in London and Cyprus. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía In recent years it has renounced violence and adopted a reformist platform, calling for the establishment of a pluralistic, democratic political system. Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures However, membership of the Brotherhood remains a capital offence in Syria, as specified under Emergency Law 49 of 1980. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The leader of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood is Ali Sadr al-Din al-Bayanuni, who lives as a political refugee in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Palestinian territories

The first group in Palestine was formed in Jerusalem in 1936, with other groups springing up the same year in Jaffa, Lod, Haifa, Nablus, and Tulkarm. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Jaffa يَافَا;(יָפוֹ Yafo; also Japho, Joppa) is an ancient Port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world Lod (לוֹד اَلْلُدّْ al-Ludd; Greco-Latin Lydda) is a mixed Arab - Jewish city about 15 km southeast of Tel Aviv in Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with Nablus ( sometimes Nābulus; Arabic:; næːblʊs is a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank, approximately north of Jerusalem Tulkarm or Tulkarem ( طولكرم Ṭūlkarm; טול כרם) is a Palestinian city in the Tulkarm Governorate in the [55] The Brotherhood members fought alongside the Arab armies during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. After Israel's creation, the ensuing Palestinian refugee crisis encouraged more Palestinian Muslims to join the movement. However, the Arab nationalists in control of the West Bank and Gaza were hard on Islamist activists such as the Muslim Brotherhood, judging them to be against the political process and secular nationalism.

After the Six Day War when occupation started, Israel, usually through the Mossad, looked to cultivate Islam as a counterweight to Palestinian nationalism. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations One of Israel's first actions after the war was to release various Muslim Brotherhood activists from prison, including Sheikh Ahmad Yassin, the future founder of Hamas. Sheikh Ahmed Ismail Yassin (1937 – March 22 2004 ( Arabic: ar الشيخ أحمد ياسين was the co-founder with Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, of Hamas From there, political Islamism grew exponentially. Between 1967 and 1987, the year Hamas was founded, the number of mosques in Gaza tripled from 200 to 600. (Dreyfuss 2006) Likewise, antagonistic and sometimes violent opposition to Fatah, the Palestine Liberation Organization and other secular nationalist groups increased dramatically in the streets and on university campuses. Fatah (فتح literally opening, is a reverse Acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (حركة التحرير The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary

The Islamic Resistance Movement, or Hamas, founded in 1987 in Gaza, is a wing of the Brotherhood[13], formed out of Brotherhood-affiliated charities that had gained a strong foothold among the local population. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة During the First Intifada (1987-93), Hamas militarized and transformed into one of the most violent Palestinian militant groups. The First Intifada (1987–1993 (also " Intifada " and "war of the stones" was a mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli

Hamas had refused to accept the 1993 Oslo Accords, and has, particularly during the al-Aqsa Intifada, launched a series of attacks (including suicide bombings) against Israeli civilians. Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. This led many governments, including the USA, Canada, and the European Union, to label Hamas terrorist movement, while the prevailing view in the Arab-Muslim world has been that Hamas is carrying out a war of legitimate resistance. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion

In the general elections of January 2006, Hamas swept to victory, claiming 74 out of the 132 seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). On January 25 2006, elections were held for the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة The Palestinian Legislative Council (sometimes referred to as the Palestinan Parliament) the Legislature of the Palestinian Authority, is a Unicameral Palestine, while still under occupation, thus became the only present-day Arab nation where the Muslim brotherhood has gained power through democratic elections. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. However, when the movement later formed the first non-Fatah government, this engendered considerable controversy, as Western governments refused to deal with a group that they had formally listed as a terrorist organization. Fatah (فتح literally opening, is a reverse Acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (حركة التحرير " Foreign Terrorist Organization " is a designation of non- United States -based organizations declared terrorist by the United States Secretary of State Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international This has caused an economic crisis for the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), as these governments withheld the foreign aid that is the main source of the PNA's income. Aid (from the french word aide, also known as international aid, overseas aid, or foreign aid, especially in the United States) is While these developments are primarily a part of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, they are also closely monitored by supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood in other countries, and seen as a setback to its strategy of participating in democratic elections.

Among the most prominent leaders of Hamas are Sheikh Ahmad Yassin, the founder of the movement who was assassinated by Israel in March 2004, his successor Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, who was also assassinated by Israel in April 2004, and Mahmoud al-Zahar. Sheikh Ahmed Ismail Yassin (1937 – March 22 2004 ( Arabic: ar الشيخ أحمد ياسين was the co-founder with Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, of Hamas For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Dr Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi (عبدالعزيز الرنتيسي ( October 23, 1947 – was the co-founder of the militant Palestinian Islamist organization Mahmud al-Zahar (محمود الزهار (born 1945 is a co-founder of Hamas and a member of the Hamas leadership in the Palestinian occupied Gaza Strip. The political head of the movement is now Khaled Mashal, a hardliner living in exile in Syria, who survived an assassination attempt by Israeli agents in Jordan in 1997. Khaled Mashal, also known as Khaled Mashaal or Khalid Mish'al (خالد مشعل (b Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern

Israel

Main article: Islamic Movement in Israel

The Muslim Brotherhood in Israel -the Islamic Movement- is divided between the southern and northern branches. The Islamic Movement in Israel is a movement that aims to advocate Islam among Israeli Arabs. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Islamic Movement in Israel is a movement that aims to advocate Islam among Israeli Arabs. The southern branch is represented in the Knesset, Israel's parliament while the northern radical branch boycotts Israeli elections. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Jordan

The Jordanian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood was formed in 1942, and is a strong factor in Jordanian politics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Politics of Jordan takes place in a framework of a parliamentary Monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister of Jordan is Head of government, and of While most political parties and movements were banned for a long time in Jordan, the Brotherhood was exempted and allowed to operate by the Jordanian monarchy. The Jordanian monarchy was set up in 1921 with help from the British. The Jordanian Brotherhood has formed its own political party, the Islamic Action Front, which has the largest number of seats of any party in the Jordanian parliament. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The Islamic Action Front ( Jabhat al-'Amal al-Islami, Arabic: جبهة العمل الإسلامي is a Political party in Jordan. The 1952 Constitution provided for the establishment of the bicameral Jordanian National Assembly "Majlis al-Umma [14]

Iran

Although Iran is a predominately Shia country and the Muslim Brotherhood is Sunni in doctrine and does not have any presence there, Olga Davidson and Mohammad Mahallati claim the Brotherhood has had influence among Shia in Iran. [15] Navab Safavi, who founded Fadaian Islam, [16] (also Fedayeen of Islam, or Fadayan-e Islam), an Iranian Islamic organization active in Iran in the 1940s and 1950s, "was highly impressed by the Muslim Brotherhood. Navvab Safavi (born Mojtaba Mir-Lowhi) (1924 &ndash 1955 was a cleric responsible for founding of the Fadayan-e Islam group and with them the assassination " From 1945 to 1951 the Fadain assassinated several high level Iranian personalities and officials who they believed to be un-Islamic. They including anti-clerical writer Ahmad Kasravi, Premier Haj-Ali Razm-Ara, former Premier Abdul-Hussein Hazhir, and Education and Culture Minister Ahmad Zangeneh. [56]

At that time Navab Safavi was an associate and ally of Ayatollah Khomeini who went on to become a figure in the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Safavi is thought to have influenced Khomeini with the ideas of the Brotherhood[56] Khomeini and other religious figures in Iran worked to establish Islamic unity and downplay Shia-Sunni differences.

Iraq

The Iraqi Islamic Party was formed in 1960 as the Iraqi branch of the Brotherhood[17], but as government repression hardened under the Baath Party, the group was forced underground. Iraqi Islamic Party ( Hizb al-Islami al-Airaqi) is a Sunni Islamist Political party in Iraq originating from the Arab region For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus After the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime in 2003, the Islamic Party has reemerged as one of the main advocates of the country's Sunni community. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 It has been sharply critical of the US-led occupation of Iraq, but participates in the political process. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. [18] Its leader is Tariq Al-Hashimi. Tariq al-Hashimi ( طارق الهاشمي) is an Iraqi politician and the general secretary of the Iraqi Islamic Party.

Also, in the north of Iraq there are several Islamic movements inspired by or part of the Muslim Brotherhood network. The Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU) holds seats in the Kurdish parliament, and is the main political force outside the dominance of the two main secularist parties, the PUK and KDP. Kurdistan Islamic Union is a party in Iraqi Kurdistan is in principle independent and is directly responsible for policy matters Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK (est 1975 (یەکیتیا نیشتمانیا کوردستان is a Kurdish Political party in Iraqi Kurdistan. The Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP (Partîya Demokrata Kurdistan (PDK was founded by Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish nationalist who fought numerous revolts against [19]

Saudi Arabia

The Muslim Brotherhood's brand of Islam and Islamic politics differs from the strict Salafi creed officially held by the state of Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Despite this, the Brotherhood has been tolerated by the Saudi government, and maintains a presence in the country. Aside from tolerating the Brotherhood organization, and according to Washington Post report, Saudi Interior Minister Prince Nayef has denounced the Brotherhood, saying it is guilty of "betrayal of pledges and ingratitude" and is "the source of all problems in the Islamic world. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Saud Mohammed Prince Naif (or Nayef bin Abdul Aziz (الأمير نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود [20]"

Kuwait

The Muslim Brotherhood in Kuwait is very conservative and has opposed women's right to vote. [57][58]

Muslim Brotherhood in Africa

Algeria

The Muslim Brotherhood reached Algeria as early as the French Colonial presence in the country. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun led the organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French colonialism. The Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria is known by the name of the Movement for the Society of Peace (MSP), led by Mahfoud Nahnah until his death in 2003. The Movement for the Society of Peace ( French: Mouvement de la société pour la paix, Arabic: Harakat Moudjtamaa As-Silm حركة مجتمع Mahfoud Nahnah (1942-2003 ( Arabic:محفوظ نحناح was the leader of the Islamist political party Movement of Society for Peace in Algeria In 1995, he ran for President of Algeria getting 25. The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces 38 % of the popular vote. The Movement for the Society of Peace, which changed its name from Hamas, received 7% of the vote in the 2002 elections and has 38 members in the parliament. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة MSP is a legal political organization and enjoys parliamentary representation. In the 2004 presidential elections, they endorsed and were part of a coalition supporting current president Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Abdelaziz Bouteflika (abdəlazɪz butəflika ( عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President

Sudan

Until the election of Hamas in Gaza, Sudan was the one country were the Brotherhood was most successful in gaining power, its members making up a large part of the government officialdom following the 1989 coup d'état by General Omar Hassan al-Bashir. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir ( Arabic: عمر حسن أحمد البشير born January 1 1944) is the President of Sudan.

Always close to Egyptian politics, Sudan has had a Muslim Brotherhood presence since 1949. In 1945, a delegation from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt visited Sudan and held various meetings inside the country advocating and explaining their ideology. Sudan has a long and deep history with the Muslim Brotherhood compared to many other countries. By April 1949, the first branch of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood organization emerged. However, simultaneously, many Sudanese students studying in Egypt were introduced to the ideology of the Brotherhood. The Muslim student groups also began organizing in the universities during the 1940s, and the Brotherhood’s main support base has remained to be college educated. In order to unite them, in 1954, a conference was held, attended by various representatives from different groups that appeared to have the same ideology. The conference voted to establish a Unified Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood Organization based on the teachings of Imam Hassan Al-banna.

An offshoot of the Sudanese branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamic Charter Front grew during the 1960, with Islamic scholar Hasan al-Turabi becoming its Secretary general in 1964. For the Afghan Pashtun political party led by Pir Pir Sayyed Ahmad Gillani, see National Islamic Front (Afghanistan. Dr Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi (الدكتور حسن عبد الله الترابي in Arabic) commonly called Hassan al-Turabi (sometimes transliterated The Islamic Charter Front (ICM) was renamed several times most recently being called the National Islamic Front (NIF). For the Afghan Pashtun political party led by Pir Pir Sayyed Ahmad Gillani, see National Islamic Front (Afghanistan. Turabi has been the prime architect of the NIF as a modern Islamist party. He worked within the Institutions of the government, which led to a prominent position of his organization in the country. NIF supported women's right to vote and ran women candidates. The Muslim Brotherhood/NIF's main objective in Sudan was to Islamize the society "from above" and to institutionalize the Islamic law throughout the country where they succeeded. The Brotherhood penetrated into the ruling political organizations, the state army and security personal, the national and regional assemblies, the youth and women organizations of Sudan. They also launched their own mass organizations among the youth and women such as the shabab al-binna, and raidat al-nahda, and launched educational campaigned to Islamize the communities throughout the country. At the same time, they gained control of several newly founded Islamic missionary and relief organizations to spread their ideology. The Brotherhood members took control of the newly established Islamic Banks as directors, administrators, employees and legal advisors, which became a source of power for the Brotherhood.

The Sudanese government has come under considerable criticism for its human rights policies, links to terrorist groups, and war in southern Sudan and Darfur. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled

See also: Darfur conflict, Second Sudanese Civil War, and Human rights in Sudan

The conservatism of at least some elements of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood was highlighted in a August 3, 2007 Al-Jazeera television interview of Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood leader Sheikh Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed. The War in Darfur is a military conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan. The Second Sudanese Civil War (sometimes referred to as Anyanya II) started in 1983 although it was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil Some Human rights organizations have documented a variety of abuses and atrocities carried out by the Sudanese government over the past several years For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" As translated by the Israeli-based MEMRI, Bin Al-Majed told his interviewer that "the West, and the Americans in particular . The Middle East Media Research Institute, or MEMRI for short is a Middle Eastern press monitoring organization located in Washington D . . are behind all the tragedies that are taking place in Darfur,"

Main article: Darfur Conflict

as they "realized that it Darfur is full of treasures"; that "Islam does not permit a non-Muslim to rule over Muslims;" and that he had issued a fatwa prohibiting the vaccination of children, on the grounds that the vaccinations were "a conspiracy of the Jews and Freemasons. Darfur (دار فور daar foor, lit "realm of the Fur " is a region in Sudan. The War in Darfur is a military conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan. Darfur (دار فور daar foor, lit "realm of the Fur " is a region in Sudan. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ "[59]

Somalia

Somalia's wing of the Muslim Brotherhood is known by the name Harakat Al-Islah or "Reform Movement". Nonetheless, the Brotherhood, as mentioned earlier, has inspired many Islamist organizations in Somalia. Muslim Brotherhood ideology reached Somalia in the 1960s, but Al-Islah movement was formed in 1978 and slowly grew in the 1980s. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known The organization structured itself loosely and was not openly visible on the political scene of Somali society. They chose to remain a secret movement fearing the repressive regime of Siad Barre. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b However, they emerged from secrecy when the regime collapsed in 1991 and started working openly thereafter. Most Somalis were surprised to see the new group they had never heard of, which was in the country since 1970s in secrecy.

The chairman of the organization is Dr. Ali Shiekh, who is also the President of Mogadishu University. Mogadishu University ( جامعة مقديشو) is non-governmental university in the Somali capital of Mogadishu. During the 1990s, Al-Islah devoted much effort to humanitarian efforts and providing free basic social services. They are also known to have contributed to educating the Somali people. The leaders of Al-Islah played a key role in the educational network and establishing Mogadishu University. Through their network, they educate more than 120,000 students in the city of Mogadishu. In Somalia, they are known to be a peaceful organization that does not participate in any factional fighting and rejects the use of violence.

Today the group's membership includes urban professionals and students. According to a Crisis Group Report, Somalia’s Islamists, “Al-Islah organization is dominated by a highly educated urban elite whose professional, middle class status and extensive expatriate experiences are alien to most Somalis. ” Although Al-Islah have been criticized by some hardcore Islamists who considered them to be influenced by imperialist western values, Al-Islah speaks of democratic peaceful Somalia. They promote women's rights, human rights, and other Western ideas, which they argue that these concepts originate from Islamic concepts. Al-Islah is gaining momentum in the Somali societies for their humanitarian work and moderate view of Islam.

Tunisia

Like their counterparts elsewhere in the Islamic world in general, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has influenced the Tunisia’s Islamists. One of the notable organization that was influenced and inspired by the Brotherhood is Al-Nahda (The Revival or Renaissance Party), which is Tunisia's major Islamist grouping. Renaissance Party (Arabic Hizb al-Nahda, also Hizb Ennahda; French Parti de la Renaissance) is an un-authorized Islamist opposition An Islamist named Rashid Ghannouchi founded the organization in 1981. While studying in Damascus and Paris, Rashid Ghannouchi embraced the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, which he disseminated on his return to Tunisia. Al Nahda members were allowed to stand in the 1989 election, where they captured around 14% of the votes, and were close to winning a majority in several urban areas. Others say that the real percentage attained by the Islamist candidates was 30-32%. However, the government quickly cracked down harshly, and banned the Nahda organization and imprisoned thousands of members of the organization. Their mouthpiece newspaper is Al-Fajr, and in Tunisia The Arabic language television station El Zeitouna is believed to be connected with Al Nahda movement. The Nahda usually distances itself as a branch from the Muslim Brotherhood.

Libya

Libya was one of the first countries outside Egypt to have a Brotherhood cell. In the late 1940s when the Egyptian members were being prosecuted, King Idris I of Libya offered the Brotherhood refuge and the freedom to spread their ideology. Idris I, GBE (إدريس الأول born Sayyid Muhammad Idris bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Senussi, ( March 12, 1889 - May 25, In 1955, the University of Libya was established in Benghazi, near the Egyptian border, and it drew many Egyptian teachers and lecturers including MB members. The Muslim Brotherhood was able to influence a large number of Libyan students during this period.

Dr. Ezzudine Ibrahim was one of the most influential founders of the Brotherhood in Libya. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brotherhood was a religious and intellectual tendency in Libya and had many followers amongst the intellectuals and students in the university campuses, and by the mid 1970s it developed a structured Brotherhood organization. The Brotherhood in Libya limited itself to peaceful social, political, economic, and cultural activities.

Soon after coming to power, Muammar al-Gaddafi regarded the Brotherhood a potential source of opposition. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi He arrested many Egyptian Brothers and expelled them back to Egypt. In 1973, the security services arrested and tortured members of the Libyan Brotherhood banning the organization and forcing it underground. The secrecy phase helped the Brotherhood to become more popular. The Brotherhood operated secretly in groups of interlinked cells, which was spread in the country. The brotherhood remained underground until the end of 1970s. At the beginning of 1980s, the Brotherhood renamed itself the “Libyan Islamic Group” (Al-Jama’a al-Islamiya al-Libyia) and tried to re-introduce themselves into the Libyan society. On March 2, 2006, the Libyan government released 132 members of the Muslim Brotherhood that were held as political prisoners.

Their core ideology, strategy, operations and membership are the same as Brotherhood groups in other countries: it seeks to replace the existing regime with one following Sharia law through what it claims are peaceful means. It has an active charitable and welfare wing and has attracted many members of the middle classes, mainly academics, students, engineers and business people. The group has been strengthened by the large number of Libyan students who became member or supporters of the Brotherhood while studying abroad in the United Kingdom and the United States, and have returned home to spread its ideology. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the .

Muslim Brotherhood in the West

United States

The Muslim Brotherhood has been active in the US since the 1960s. Its stated goals have included propagating Islam and creating havens for Muslims in the US, and integrating Muslims. A main strategy has been dawah or Islamic renewal and outreach. Da‘wah usually denotes proselytizing of Islam. The Arabic دعوة da‘wah means literally "issuing a summons" In the 1960s, groups such as U. S. military personnel, prison inmates and African-Americans were specifically targeted for dawah. Muslim activists involved with the Muslim Brotherhood have started organizations in the US including the Muslim Students Association in 1963,[20] North American Islamic Trust in 1971, the Islamic Society of North America in 1981, the American Muslim Council in 1990, the Muslim American Society in 1992, and the International Institute of Islamic Thought in the 1980s. The Muslim Students' Association, or Muslim Student Union, of the U The North American Islamic Trust (NAIT is an organization based in Indiana seeking to own and promote Waqf ( Islamic endowment) of The Islamic Society of North America ( ISNA) based in Plainfield Indiana, USA, is an immigrant Muslim umbrella group that describes itself as the The American Muslim Council ( AMC) is an Islamic organization and registered charity in the United States. The Muslim American Society ( MAS) is a Nonprofit organization The International Institute of Islamic Thought ( IIIT) is a privately held Non-profit organization concerned with issues of Islamic thought [20] However, the influence of Muslim Brotherhood at these organizations is disputed. For example, according to Washington Post, Muslim activists say, MSA's members represent "all schools of Islam and political leanings -- many are moderates, while others express anti-U. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D In Politics and Religion, a moderate is an individual who holds an intermediate position between two viewpoints neither to be extreme or radical by those applying S. views or support violence against Israelis. " [20]

The Holy Land Foundation trial has led to the release as evidence of several documents on the Muslim Brotherhood. The Holy Land Foundation was the largest Islamic charity in the United States. In one of these documents, "Ikhwan in America", it is revealed that the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in the US include going to camps to do weapons training (referred to as Special work by the Muslim Brotherhood),[60] as well as engaging in counter-espionage against US government agencies such as the FBI and CIA (referred to as Securing the Group). This article is a subset article of Intelligence cycle security. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all [61]

Elsewhere

In the United Kingdom, the Muslim Association of Britain is the local chapter of the Muslim Brotherhood. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Muslim Association of Britain (MAB is a Muslim group in the United Kingdom established in 1997.

Muslim Brotherhood in the Indian Ocean

Maldives

Adhalath Party (Justice Party (Maldives)) is the offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood in Maldives. The Justice Party ( Dhivehi: އަދާލަތު ޕާޓީ tranliteration in English Adhaalath Party) is an opposition Political party in the Maldives The head of the party is Dr. Abdul Majeed Abdul Bari. Their ideology is based on the books of the Muslim Brotherhood. In the party there can be found followers of Tablighi Jamaat, the Jahmiyyah, Shi'a, Mu'tazilah, Khawarij, modernists, and many others. Tablighi Jamaat ("Conveying Group" ( Arabic: جماعة التبليغ, also Tabligh) is a Muslim Missionary and revival Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the

Footnotes

  1. ^ The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood, Robert S. Leiken & Steven Brooke, Foreign Affairs Magazine
  2. ^ a b FAS Intelligence Resource Program.
  3. ^ a b Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage.
  4. ^ Principles of the Muslim Brotherhood.
  5. ^ Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, 1994?, p. 140
  6. ^ BBC news results full of news of regular arrests.
  7. ^ Egyptian Brotherhood mass arrests [1]
  8. ^ BBC: Scores arrested in Egypt election [2]
  9. ^ BBC News.
  10. ^ Egypt poll clashes leave six dead [3]
  11. ^ Roy, Olivier, Globalized Islam, Columbia University Press, 2004, p. 67
  12. ^ Qutb, Sayyid, Milestones, (1981) p. 55, 62
  13. ^ Qutb, Sayyid, Milestones, (1981) p. 11, 19
  14. ^ American Thinker: Islam's Useful Idiots.
  15. ^ Douglas Farah: The Ongoing Debate over the Muslim Brotherhood.
  16. ^ JCPA Radical Islam-The Muslim Brotherhood: A Moderate Islamic Alternative to al-Qaeda or a Partner in Global Jihad?.
  17. ^ MEMRI: Special Dispatch Series - No. 1638.
  18. ^ JCPA Radical Islam-Al-Qaeda: The Next Goal Is to Liberate Spain from the Infidels.
  19. ^ A ‘Moderate' Path Is Just Another Road to Disaster - March 12, 2007 - The New York Sun.
  20. ^ a b c d e In Search Of Friends Among The Foes U.S. Hopes to Work With Diverse Group
  21. ^ Davidson, Lawrence (1998) Islamic Fundamentalism Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn. , ISBN 0313299781 pp. 97-98;
  22. ^ a b In his tract, "Toward the Light" in Five Tracts of Hasan al-Banna, trans. by Charles Wendell (Berkeley, 1978), ISBN 0520095847 pp. 126f. , al-Banna writes: "Following are the principal goals of reform grounded on the spirit of genuine Islam. . . Treatment of the problem of women in a way which combines the progressive and the protective, in accordance with Islamic teaching, so that this problem - one of the most important social problems - will not be abandoned to the biased pens and deviant notions of those who err in the directions of deficiency and excess. . . a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behaviour; the instruction of women in what is proper, with particular strictness as regards female instructors, pupils, physicians, and students, and all those in similar categories. . . a review of the curricula offered to girls and the necessity of making them distinct from the boys' curricula in many stages of education. . . segregation of male and female students; private meetings between men and women, unless within the permitted degrees of relationship, to be counted as a crime for which both will be censured. . . the encouragement of marriage and procreation, by all possible means; promulgation of legislation to protect and give moral support to the family, and to solve the problems of marriage. . . the closure of morally undesirable ballrooms and dance-halls, and the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes. . . "
  23. ^ The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood, Robert S. Leiken & Steven Brooke, Foreign Affairs Magazine [4]
  24. ^ The Future of Political Islam, Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 138
  25. ^ The Salafist Movement, Frontline (PBS)
  26. ^ Poole, Patrick, (26 March 2007) "Mainstreaming the Muslim Brotherhood" Front Page Magazine, citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquête De L’Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes, p. 39) accessed 4-25-2007
  27. ^ Ehrenfeld and Lappen, (16 June 2006) "The Truth about the Muslim Brotherhood" Front Page Magazine. Frontline is a public affairs television program of varying length produced at WGBH in Boston Massachusetts, and distributed through the
  28. ^ Raymond Ibrahim on Abu Hamza al-Masri on National Review Online.
  29. ^ American Thinker: The Al Qaeda Reader: A Review.
  30. ^ Douglas Farah: The Amazing Deception in the Muslim Brotherhood's Charm Offensive.
  31. ^ Lufti, Manal, "The Brotherhood and America Part III," (14 March 2007) Asharq Alawsat.
  32. ^ Mideast Outpost: THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AND THE COPTS.
  33. ^ Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience by Caryle Murphy, p. 54
  34. ^ Aspden, Rachel (20 February 2006) "The Rise of the Brotherhood" New Statesman 135(4780) p. 15
  35. ^ [5] "Spreading fundamentalist Islam - but does the Muslim Brotherhood also support terrorism?"
  36. ^ a b www.ft.com Far-right has ties with Islamic extreme. By Hugh Williamson and Philipp Jaklin. 8 November 2001
  37. ^ www.cnn.com Links Between American, European Terrorist Groups. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Transcript of interview with Ahmed Huber aired March 5 2002
  38. ^ [6] "Abdulrahman Alamoudi - Head of American Muslim Council goes to jail for 23 years"
  39. ^ article printed in Al Ahram Weekly July 5-9, 1997, quoted in Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience by Caryle Murphy, p. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a 241, 330
  40. ^ Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, by Caryle Murphy, Simon and Schuster, 2002, p. 241, 330
  41. ^ Egyptian Islamists deny Holocaust, 23 December 2005. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  42. ^ The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood.
  43. ^ The Principles of The Muslim Brotherhood.
  44. ^ Zeid al-Noman, "Ikhwan in America", p. 15-16
  45. ^ "General Strategic goal for North America", original with translated memorandum
  46. ^ "Analyses of Muslim Brotherhood's General Strategic Goals for North America Memorandum", by Stephen Coughlin September 7, 2007
  47. ^ "General Strategic goal for North America", original with translated memorandum, page 21(7/18) par. "4- Understanding the role of the Muslim Brother in North America:"
  48. ^ Zeid al-Noman, "Ikhwan in America", page 8
  49. ^ Zeid al-Noman, "Ikhwan in America", page 13
  50. ^ a b c Küntzel, 2002. Pg. 17-19
  51. ^ A History of the Modern Middle East, William Cleveland, p. 200
  52. ^ Hallett, Robin. Africa Since 1875. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press (1974), pg. 138.
  53. ^ Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, 1994?, p. 140
  54. ^ The Brotherhood's Power display (18 December 2006) [7]
  55. ^ Cohen, 1982. Pg. 144
  56. ^ a b The Spirit of Allah : Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution by Amir Taheri, Adler and Adler c1985, p. 107-109
  57. ^ The Future of Political Islam, by Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003) p. 39
  58. ^ Charting the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood.
  59. ^ Al-Jazeera Interviews - Muslim Brotherhood Leader in Sudan.
  60. ^ Zeid al-Noman, "Ikhwan in America", pp. 13 and 16
  61. ^ Zeid al-Noman, "Ikhwan in America", p. 13

References

Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2005.

http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070124/wl_nm/egypt_brotherhood_arrests_dc

See also

External links

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