A music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American Film industry in the early period of cinema. This page is about the visual medium for the Thai film see Video Clip (2007 film. A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Although the origins of music videos go back much further, they came into their own in the 1980s, when MTV's format was based around them. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. The term "music video" first came into popular usage in the early 1980s. Prior to then, such clips were described by various terms including "promotional films" or "promotional clips".

Music videos use a range of styles of filmmaking, including animation, live action filming, documentaries, and non-narrative approaches such as abstract film. The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality Abstract film is a subgenre of Experimental film. Its history often overlaps with the concerns and history of Visual music. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation and live action.

An early station ID from MTV. Station identification (sometimes called a sounder or stinger) is the practice of any type of Radio or Television station or network MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City.

History

Antecedents: 1910s-1950s

In the 1920s, the animated films of Jennifer Hoyer (aptly labelled "visual music") were supplied with orchestral scores. Fischinger also made short animated films to advertise Electrola Records' new releases, making these films possibly the first music videos. Electrola was a Record label founded in Berlin in 1925 by the Gramophone Company. In 1929 the Russian director Dziga Vertov made a 40 minute film called Man with the Movie Camera. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Dziga Vertov (Дзига Вертов Дзиґа Вертов January 15, 1896 &ndash February 12, 1954) was a Soviet pioneer For the TV-series see Man with a Camera. ---- Man with a Movie Camera, sometimes The Man with the Movie Camera, It was an experiment on filming real, actual events, contrary to Georges Méliès theatrical approach. Georges Méliès ( December 8, 1861 &ndash January 21, 1938) full name Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, was a French The film is backed by music played live by an orchestra on theaters, and it has no dialogue.

In the 1936 film version of Show Boat, during Paul Robeson's classic rendition of Ol' Man River, the camera does a full pan around him as he sits on a wharf singing. Show Boat is a musical in two acts with music by Jerome Kern and book (based on a novel by Edna Ferber) and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein Paul LeRoy Bustill Robeson ( April 9, 1898 &ndash January 23, 1976) was a multi-lingual American Actor, athlete " Ol' Man River " (music by Jerome Kern, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II) is a song in the 1927 musical Show Boat, that tells Then the scene dissolves to an expressionist montage set against deliberately artificial backgrounds, showing Robeson "acting" in accordance with the lyrics of the song (toting barges, lifting bales, etc. ). After this, other dock workers file in behind Robeson and seat themselves around him to sing the second chorus of the song, with the scene once again shifting to another expressionist scene, this time of workers toiling.

Sergei Eisenstein's 1938 film Alexander Nevsky, used extended scenes of battles choreographed to a score by Sergei Prokofiev, a score that had already been composed before shooting began, so that the scene could be edited in accordance with the music. Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн January 23, 1898 &ndash February 11, 1948) was Alexander Nevsky (Александр Невский is a Historical drama film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Dmitry Vasiliev and produced Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Серге́й Серге́евич Проко́фьев Sergéj Sergéjevič Prokófjev) ( - 5 March 1953 was a Russian composer who

Animation artist Max Fleischer introduced a series of sing-along short cartoons called Screen Songs, which invited audiences to sing along to popular songs by "following the bouncing ball". Max Fleischer ( July 19, 1883 – September 11, 1972) was an important Austrian American pioneer in the development of the Screen Songs is the name of a series of animated cartoons produced by the Fleischer Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures between 1929 Early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The word cartoon has various meanings based on several very different forms of Visual art and Illustration.

The early animated films by Walt Disney, his Silly Symphonies, were built around music. Walter Elias Disney (December 5 1901 – December 15 1966 was a multiple Academy Award -winning American Film producer, director, Screenwriter Silly Symphonies is a series of Animated Short subjects 75 in total produced by Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1939 The Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Looney Tunes is a Warner Bros Animated cartoon series which ran in many movie theatres from 1930 to 1969 Merrie Melodies is the name of a series of animated cartoons distributed by Warner Bros The musical film is a Film genre in which several Songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative Live action musical shorts, featuring such popular performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theatres. Cabell "Cab" Calloway III ( December 25, 1907 &ndash November 18, 1994) was a famous American Jazz Singer

Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a two-reel short film called Saint Louis Blues (1929) featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Bessie Smith (July 9 1892 or April 15 1894&ndash September 26 1937 was an American Blues singer It was shown in theatres until 1932. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period. Later, in the mid-1940s, musician Louis Jordan made short films for his songs, some of which were spliced together into a bizarre feature film Lookout Sister; these films were, according to music historian Donald Clarke, the ancestors of music videos. Louis Jordan ( July 8, 1908 – February 4, 1975) was a pioneering American Jazz, Blues and Rhythm & blues ^[1]

Another early form of music video were one-song films called "Promotional Clips" made in the 1940s for the Panoram visual jukebox. Panoram was the Trademark name of a visual Jukebox that played music accompanied by a synched filmed image (the effect being the equivalent of today's music videos jukebox is a partially automated music-playing device usually a Coin -operated machine that can play specially selected songs from self-contained media These were short films of musical selections, usually just a band on a movie-set bandstand, made for playing. Thousands of soundies were made, mostly of jazz musicians, but also of "torch singers," comedians, and dancers. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Before the Soundie, even dramatic movies typically had a musical interval, but the Soundie made the music the star and virtually all the name jazz performers appeared in Soundie shorts. The Panoram jukebox with eight three-minute Soundies were popular in taverns and night spots, but the fad faded during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

1950-1959

In 1956, Petrushka, directed by John David Wilson for Fine Arts Films aired as a segment of the Sol Hurok Music Hour on NBC. Petrouchka or Petrushka ( Pétrouchka; Петрушка) is a Ballet with music by the Russian Composer John David Wilson (born August 8, 1919 in Wimbledon, England) is an English Artist, Animator and Fine Arts Films is a production studio based in Northern England. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Igor Stravinsky conducted a live orchestra for the recording of the event. Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to In 1957 Tony Bennett was filmed walking along The Serpentine in Hyde Park, London as his recording of "Stranger in Paradise" played; this film was distributed to and played by UK and US television stations. Tony Bennett (born Anthony Dominick Benedetto; August 3 1926) is an American Singer of popular music, standards The Serpentine (also known as the Serpentine River) is a 28 acre (11 ha recreational lake in Hyde Park London, England, created in 1730 Hyde Park is one of the largest Parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner According to the Internet Accuracy Project, disk jockey-singer J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson was the first to coin the phrase "music video", in 1959. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience ^[2]

1960-1969

See also: List of music videos made in the 1960s

In 1960 the Scopitone, a visual jukebox, was invented in France and short films were produced by many French artists, such as Serge Gainsbourg, Françoise Hardy and Jacques Dutronc to accompany their songs. 1960 1961 The Exciters - Tell Him 1962 1963 Dion: " Ruby Baby Scopitone is a type of Jukebox featuring a 16 mm film component Serge Gainsbourg ɡɛ̃'zbuʁ (2 April 1928 &ndash 2 March 1991 was a French Poet, Singer-songwriter, Actor and Françoise Madeleine Hardy fʁɑ̃swaz aʁˈdi (born January 17, 1944 in Paris) is a French Singer, actress and Jacques Dutronc (born April 28 1943 in Paris) is a French singer composer and actor Its use spread to other countries and similar machines such as the Cinebox in Italy and Color-Sonic in the USA were patented. ^[3] In 1961 Ozzie Nelson directed and edited the video of "Travelin' Man" by his son Ricky Nelson. Oswald George "Ozzie" Nelson ( March 20, 1906 - June 3, 1975) was an American entertainer who originated and starred in Eric Hilliard "Ricky" Nelson, later known as Rick Nelson ( May 8, 1940 &ndash December 31, 1985) was an It featured images of various parts of the world mentioned in the Jerry Fuller song along with Nelson's vocals. In 1964, Kenneth Anger's underground experimental short film Scorpio Rising used popular songs. Kenneth Anger (born February 3, 1927) is an American underground avant-garde film-maker

In Canada, for Singalong Jubilee, Manny Pittson began pre-recording the music audio, went on location and taped various visuals with the musicians lip-syncing, then edited the audio and video together later. Singalong Jubilee was a television program produced between 1961 and 1974 by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Most music numbers were taped in studio on stage, and the location shoot "videos" were to add variety. ^[4]

In 1964 The Beatles' first major motion picture, A Hard Day's Night, used filmed live action sequences accompanied by music. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 A Hard Day's Night is a 1964 British Comedy film written by Alun Owen starring The Beatles — John Lennon, Paul McCartney The US TV series The Monkees from 1966 to 1968 also consisted of film segments that were created to accompany various Monkees songs. For the group's self-titled album see The Monkees (album. For the TV series see The Monkees (TV series. In 1964, The Beatles began filming short promotional films for their songs which were distributed for broadcast on television variety shows in other countries, especially the US as a way to promote their record releases without having to make television appearances. (At the same time, The Byrds began using the same strategy to promote their singles in the United Kingdom, starting with the 1965 single "Set You Free This Time". The Byrds were a popular American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located )

By the time The Beatles stopped touring in late 1966 their promotional films, like their recordings, were becoming increasingly sophisticated. Their films for "Rain" and Paperback Writer" used rhythmic editing, slow motion, and reversed film effects. " Paperback Writer " is a 1966 pop rock song recorded and released by The Beatles. In 1966 the clip of Bob Dylan's "Subterranean Homesick Blues" filmed by D A Pennebaker shows Dylan standing still, holding up a series of cue cards featuring the song's lyrics in time to the music. Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major " Subterranean Homesick Blues " is a Song by Bob Dylan, originally released on the album Bringing It All Back Home in March 1965 Donn Alan "D A" Pennebaker (born July 15, 1925) is an American Documentary filmmaker and one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema

The Kinks made one of the first real "plot" promo clips for a song. The Kinks were an English pop and rock group formed in 1963 and categorised in the US as a British Invasion band For their single "Dead End Street" (1966) a miniature comic movie was made, where members of Kinks acted like undertakers in old London streets. The clip also shows photo stills from Great Depression, uprising dead man and Ray Davies playing an old woman. No lip-sync but clip was edited according to phases of song. The promo clip was banned in BBC because of "poor taste".

Another plot clip was made for The Who's "Happy Jack" in the same year. The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The primary lineup consisted of guitarist Pete Townshend " Happy Jack " is a rock song from British rock band The Who, released in December of 1966 in the UK and peaking at #3 In the little movie the band is acting like a gang of idiotic thieves robbing an apartment. They can't resist eating a cake and this leads to a cream-pie battle with a cop. There is no lip-sync in this clip either.

The Beatles' films for "Strawberry Fields Forever" (directed by Peter Goldmann) and "Penny Lane", in 1967 used techniques borrowed from underground and avant garde film, such as reversed film effects, dramatic lighting, unusual camera angles, and color filtering added in post-production. " Strawberry Fields Forever " is a song by the English rock band The Beatles. " Penny Lane " is a song by The Beatles, written by Paul McCartney, recorded during the Sgt These psychedelic music-themed films attempt to "illustrate" the song in an artful manner. Psychedelic music is a term that refers to a broad set of popular music styles genres and scenes that may include Psychedelic rock, psychedelic folk, Psychedelic

Procol Harum made two promos for their hit "A Whiter Shade of Pale". Procol Harum are a British rock band formed in the 1960s which built an important foundation for what would become Progressive rock, or perhaps more " A Whiter Shade of Pale " is a song by the British band Procol Harum. First, the better known shows band members (the line-up which recorded the song) walking in the ruins, then band performing song onstage and documentary footages of Vietnam war. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Second, more obscure and psychedelic, shows whole band (the classic Procol Harum line-up) running towards camera, then grotesque close-up of Gary Brooker badly lip-syncing the song and several surrealistic footages of band acting and standing by a church. Other frames show band in London crowded streets, Brooker standing somewhere in Picadilly Circus etc.

The Troggs made a monochrome clip for their hit "Love Is All Around", showing singer Reg Presley`s love affair with a girl in the train where the band is traveling. The Troggs are an English rock band from the 1960s that had a number of hits in Britain and the USA, including their most famous song " "Love Is All Around" is a song composed by Reg Presley and performed by The Troggs. Reg Presley (born Reginald Maurice Ball on June 12, 1941, in Andover Hampshire) is an English Singer/songwriter. Clip includes some concert scenes, also several close-ups, a mess silver paper, girl's nude back covered with ornaments, flowers in compartment and other psychedelic elements.

The Doors had a strong interest in film, since both lead singer Jim Morrison and keyboard player Ray Manzarek had studied film at UCLA. This article is about the band For their self-titled debut album see The Doors (album; for the Oliver Stone film see The Doors (film; for Doors in computing James Douglas Morrison (December 8 1943—July 3 1971 was an American Poet, Singer, Songwriter, Writer, and Film director Raymond Daniel Manzarek Jr or Manczarek (b 12 February 1939 Illinois) is an American Musician, Singer, producer The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United The clip for their debut single "Break On Through" is a filmed performance that uses atmospheric lighting, camera work and editing. The 1968 anti-war single "The Unknown Soldier", depicts a mock execution by firing squad with extensive intercutting of archival footage and TV footage of the carnage of the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

The Rolling Stones appeared in promotional clips for songs such as "We Love You" (which made reference to the persecution of Oscar Wilde), "2000 Light Years From Home", "Child of the Moon" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and collaborated with Jean-Luc Godard on the film Sympathy for the Devil. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of " Jumpin' Jack Flash " is a song by English Rock and roll band The Rolling Stones, released as a single in 1968 Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague Sympathy for the Devil (originally titled One Plus One by the film director is a 1968 Film shot mostly in color by director The popularity of the 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine prompted The Byrds and The Beach Boys to also make promotional films. Yellow Submarine is a 1968 animated Feature film based on the music of The Beatles. The Byrds were a popular American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964 The Beach Boys is an American rock band Formed in 1961 the group gained popularity for its close vocal harmonies and lyrics reflecting a California Youth culture

Leonard Nimoy's notorious The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins (1968) is also an example of an early music video. Leonard Simon Nimoy (born March 26, 1931) is an American Actor, Film director, Poet, Musician and " The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins " is a Song composed by Charles Randolph Grean and performed by Leonard Nimoy, telling the story of Bilbo

The Carpenters made a promo clip of their cover of the Beatles hit Ticket to Ride. The Carpenters were a vocal and instrumental duo consisting of Siblings Karen and Richard Carpenter. " Ticket to Ride " is a song by The Beatles from their 1965 Album, Help!. They would also go on to make other videos in the 70s.

After 1969 the independent music movie clips came out of fashion with psychedelic music and style. In late 60s and early 70s bands preferred performing in TV shows which themselves became visually more attractive. Some of them released straight documentaries like The Beatles "Let It Be" or Rolling Stones "Gimme Shelter". The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Let It Be is the twelfth and final original album released by The Beatles. " Gimme Shelter " is a song by the Rock and roll band The Rolling Stones.

1970-1974

On the The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, director Chris Bearde enlisted animator John David Wilson to direct animated segments of current hits of the day reinterpreted by the duo. The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour is a Variety show that ran on CBS in the United States from August 1971 until May 1974 Chris Bearde (born 18 June 1936) is a Comedy Writer, producer and director best known for creating the format for John David Wilson (born August 8, 1919 in Wimbledon, England) is an English Artist, Animator and Songs included Coven's "One Tin Soldier", Three Dog Night's "Black and White" and Melanie's "Brand New Key". Coven is a rock band composed of vocalist Jinx Dawson bassist Oz Osborne (not to be confused with Ozzy Osbourne of Black Sabbath) Chris Nielsen One Tin Soldier is a ‘60s era Anti-war song written by Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter Three Dog Night is an American Rock band, best known for their music from 1968&ndash1975 but still making live appearances as of 2008 Black-and-white is a number of Monochrome forms in Visual arts. Melanie Anne Safka-Schekeryk (born 3 February 1947 in Astoria, New York City) is an American singer-songwriter " Brand New Key " is a pop song written by folk singer Melanie ( Melanie Safka) which became a novelty hit in 1971-2 Wilson later went on to self-produce many more animated videos for artists such as Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan and Jim Croce. Joni Mitchell, CC (born Roberta Joan Anderson on November 7 1943) is a Canadian Musician, Songwriter, and Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major James Joseph Croce, pronounced (CROW-chee ( January 10, 1943 – September 20, 1973) popularly known as Jim Croce, was an

The promotional clip continued to grow in importance, with television programs such as The Midnight Special and Don Kirshner's Rock Concert mixing concert footage with clips incorporating camera tricks, special effects, and dramatizations of song lyrics. The Midnight Special was a weekly musical television series that aired during the 1970s and early 1980s created and produced by Burt Sugarman and airing on NBC Don Kirshner's Rock Concert was a television music variety show that ran during the 1970s and early 1980s created and produced by Don Kirshner and syndicated The film of the Woodstock Festival, and the various concert films that were made during the early 1970s, such as Joe Cocker's Mad Dogs and Englishmen and Pink Floyd's Live at Pompeii concert film used rhythmic cross-cutting. Joe Cocker OBE (born 20 May 1944 is an English rock / Blues Singer who came to popularity in the 1960s and is most known for his gritty Pink Floyd are Pink Floyd Live at Pompeii is a 1972 film featuring Pink Floyd performing six songs at the ruins of the empty ancient Amphitheatre in Pompeii

Many countries with local pop music industries soon copied the trend towards promo film clips. In Australia promotional films by Australian pop performers were being made on a regular basis by 1966; among the earliest known are clips by Australian groups The Masters Apprentices and The Loved Ones. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Masters Apprentices were a leading Australian rock band of the 1960s and early 1970s fronted by singer Jim Keays. For the American punk band see The Loved Ones (American band The Loved Ones were an Australian rock group Surf film makers such as Bruce Brown, George Greenough and Alby Falzon combined images and music. Surf movies fall into three distinct genres the surfing documentary - targeting the surfing enthusiast the 1960s beach party films - targeting the broader community Bruce Brown (born December 1, 1937 in San Francisco California) is an American documentary Film director, known as For the geologist see George Bellas Greenough George Greenough is an innovative surfer and cinematographer from Santa Barbara California Albert Falzon (born 1945 is an Australian surf filmmaker photographer and publisher Nicolas Roeg's 1970 cult film Performance contains a sequence in which star of the film Mick Jagger did a rendition of "Memo From Turner" combined with a psychedelic collage. Nicolas Jack Roeg, BSC (born August 15, 1928 in London) is an English Cinematographer and Film director. Performance is a British film made in 1968 but not released until 1970. Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger, Kt (born 26 July 1943 is a Golden Globe -winning and two-time Grammy -winning English rock " Memo from Turner " is a song by English Rock and roll band The Rolling Stones.

George Greenough's 1972 film Crystal Voyager included a sequence (filmed by Greenough) that was constructed around the extended Pink Floyd track "Echoes". Pink Floyd are " Echoes " is a song by Pink Floyd, including lengthy instrumental passages sound effects and Musical improvisation. In the early 1970s, Australian musician and filmmaker Chris Lofven made monochrome promotional films. David Bowie's promotional clip for the song The Jean Genie, which was released as single in 1972 at was directed by photographer Mick Rock. David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. " The Jean Genie " is a single by David Bowie, released in November 1972 Mick Rock is a photographer best known for his iconic shots of 1970s Glam rock icons such as Queen, David Bowie The Swedish music group, ABBA, used promotional films throughout the 1970s to promote themselves.

In 1975 the band Queen ordered Bruce Gowers to make promo video for their new single "Bohemian Rhapsody" to show it in Top Of The Pops. Queen were an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist Bruce Gowers is an English Music video director best known for children's music video Kidsongs. is a Song written by Freddie Mercury and originally recorded by the band Queen for their 1975 album ''A Night at the Opera''. Top of the Pops, also known as TOTP, was a long-running British music chart Television programme, made and broadcast Video itself was nothing special even in mid 70s: it shows band performing the song and contains some very simple visual effects. The video is considered it be the first successful promotional video, and is widely considered to have kick started the music video era. It was also the first video not to be shot on film.

1980s

Two key innovations in the development of the modern music video were the development of relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use video recording and editing equipment, and the development of a number of related effects such as chroma-key. Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images Chroma Key is the name under which ex- Dream Theater Keyboardist Kevin Moore records The advent of high-quality color videotape recorders and portable video cameras coincided with the DIY ethos of the New Wave era, enabling many pop acts to produce promotional videos quickly and cheaply, in comparison to the relatively high costs of using film. New Wave is a Rock music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the 1980s However, as the genre developed, music video directors increasingly turned to 35 mm film as the preferred medium, while others mixed film and video.

By the mid-1980s releasing a music video to accompany a new single had become customary, and acts such as The Jacksons sought to gain a commercial edge by creating lavish music videos with million dollar budgets; most notable with the video for "Can You Feel It". The Jackson 5 (also spelled The Jackson Five or The Jackson 5ive, and later known as The Jacksons) was an American popular music Family Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" also started a new era for creating promotional clips on video tape rather than on film. Queen were an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist is a Song written by Freddie Mercury and originally recorded by the band Queen for their 1975 album ''A Night at the Opera''. Among the first music videos were clips produced by ex-Monkee Michael Nesmith who started making short musical films for Saturday Night Live. For the group's self-titled album see The Monkees (album. For the TV series see The Monkees (TV series. Robert Michael Nesmith (b December 30, 1942) in Harris County Texas, is an American musician songwriter Actor, producer Saturday Night Live ( SNL) is a weekly late-night 90-minute American Sketch comedy / Variety show based in New York City In 1981, he released Elephant Parts, the first video album and first winner of a Grammy for music video, directed by William Dear. Elephant Parts was also the name of a British Adult humour Comic. The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences A further experiment on NBC television called Television Parts was not successful, due to network meddling (notably an intrusive laugh track and corny gags). The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Television Parts (also known as Michael Nesmith in Television Parts) was a summer TV series run

The early self-produced music videos by Devo, including the pioneering compilation "The Truth About Devolution", directed by Chuck Statler, were also important (if somewhat subversive) developments in the evolution of the genre and these Devo video cassette releases were arguably among the first true long-form video productions. Devo (pronounced DEE-vo (IPA /'diːvoʊ/) or dee-VO (IPA /diː'voʊ/) often spelled "DEVO" or "DEV-O" is an American Video Concert Hall, created by Jerry Crowe and Charles Henderson, was the first nationwide video music programming on American television, predating MTV by almost three years. Video Concert Hall was an early USA Network television program featuring an unhosted rotation of Music videos. The USA Cable Network program Night Flight was one of the first American programs to showcase these videos as an art form. USA Network (commonly referred to as USA) is an American Cable television channel with about 89 million household subscribers as of 2005 Night Flight was a Variety show on the USA Network. An eclectic mix of Short films Cartoons B movies, Stand Premiering in June 1981, Night Flight predated MTV's launch by two months.

Two feature-length films released on the cusp of MTV's first appearance on the dial contributed enormously to the development of the form. This is a list of the first music videos aired on MTV. These Music videos were played on MTV 's first day August 1, 1981. The first was 1981's Shock Treatment, a pseudo-sequel/spinoff of The Rocky Horror Picture Show principally written and scored by RHPS creator Richard O'Brien. Shock Treatment is a 1981 comedy - musical and a follow up to the film The Rocky Horror Picture Show. The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 musical Comedy film that parodies Science fiction and Horror films. Richard Timothy Smith (born March 25 1942) better known under his Stage name Richard O'Brien, is an English-born New Zealand-raised The film broke stylistic ground by being more focused and less visually ambitious – and thus easier to emulate on a tight budget – than either RHPS or Ken Russel's chaotic 1975 adaptation of The Who's music and storyline from the album Tommy, or even a lower-budget affair like The Ramones' Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979). The Ramones were an American rock band often regarded as the first Punk rock group Rock 'n' Roll High School is a 1979 Musical comedy film produced by Roger Corman, directed by Allan Arkush, and featuring The Ramones

Pink Floyd The Wall transformed the group's 1979 concept double-LP of the same title into a confrontational and apocalyptic audio-visual labyrinth of stylized, expressionistic images, sounds, melodies and lyrics. Pink Floyd The Wall is a 1982 Musical film by British director Alan Parker based on the 1979 Pink Floyd album In 1980, New Zealand group Split Enz had major success with the single "I Got You" and the album True Colours, and later that year they joined Blondie in becoming one of the first bands in the world to produce a complete set of promo clips for each song on the album (directed by their percussionist, Noel Crombie) and to market these on video cassette. Split Enz was a successful New Zealand band during the 1970s and early 1980s featuring Phil Judd and brothers Tim Finn and Neil Finn. Blondie is an American rock band that first gained fame in the late 1970s and has so far sold over 60 million records Noel Crombie (born Geoffrey Noel Crombie on 17 April 1953 in Wellington, New Zealand) was a member This was followed a year later by the first American video album, The Completion Backwards Principle, directed by Michael Cotten of The Tubes. The Tubes are a San Francisco -based rock band, which was popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s and was known for its live performances that

During the 1980s promotional videos became pretty much de rigueur for most recording artists, a rise which was famously parodied by UK BBC television comedy program Not The Nine O'Clock News who produced a spoof music video; "Nice Video, Shame About The Song". The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Not the Nine O'Clock News is a Comedy Television programme shown on the BBC from 1979 to 1982 Frank Zappa also parodied the excesses of the genre in his satirical song "Be In My Video". Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21 1940 – December 4 1993 was an American Composer, Electric guitarist Record producer and Film director

In the early to mid 1980s, artists started to use more sophisticated effects in their videos, and added a storyline or plot to the music video. A non-representational music video is one in which the musical artist is never shown. Because music videos are mainly intended to promote the artist, such videos are rare; two early 1980s examples, however, are Bruce Springsteen's Atlantic City directed by Arnold Levine and David Mallet's video for David Bowie/Queen's Under Pressure. " Atlantic City " is a song written and recorded by rock musician Bruce Springsteen, which first appeared on Springsteen's 1982 solo album Nebraska David Mallet is a director particularly noted for his work on Music videos including David Bowie 's innovative " Ashes to Ashes " and Queen David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. Queen were an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist This article refers to the Queen & David Bowie song For other uses of the name see Under Pressure (disambiguation " Under

Billboard credits the independently-produced Video Concert Hall as being the first with nationwide video music programming on American television. See Billboard (Turkish magazine Billboard is a weekly American Magazine devoted to the Music industry Video Concert Hall was an early USA Network television program featuring an unhosted rotation of Music videos.

1981: MTV

In 1981, the U.S. video channel MTV launched, airing "Video Killed the Radio Star" and beginning an era of 24-hour-a-day music on television. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. " Video Killed the Radio Star " is a song by the British New Wave group Buggles released in 1979 With this new outlet for material, the music video would, by the mid-1980s, grow to play a central role in popular music marketing. Many important acts of this period, most notably Adam & the Ants, Madonna and Mylène Farmer, owed a great deal of their success to the skillful construction and seductive appeal of their videos. Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16 1958 known as Madonna, is an American Mylène Farmer born Mylène Jeanne Gautier (12 September 1961 in Montreal, Canada is a French Singer, Songwriter, occasional Some academics have compared music video to silent film, and it is suggested that stars like Madonna have (often quite deliberately) constructed an image that in many ways echoes the image of the great stars of the silent era such as Greta Garbo. Greta Garbo ( 18 September 1905 &ndash 15 April 1990) was a Swedish-American actress during Hollywood 's But the music video which would arguably make the biggest impact on the music video industry was the music video for Michael Jackson's song Thriller. ^[5]

In 1986, Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer" used special effects and animation techniques developed by British studio Aardman Animation. Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950 in Chobham, Surrey, England) is an English Musician and Songwriter. " Sledgehammer " is a hit song by Peter Gabriel from his 1986 album So. Aardman Animations Ltd, also known as Aardman Studios, is an Academy Award -winning British Animation studio based in Bristol, The video for Sledgehammer would go on to be a phenomenal success^[6] and won nine MTV Video Music Awards. It placed at #1 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "Top 100 Music Videos" in 1993, and placing #4 on a similar list from MTV in 1999. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City.

Influential TV shows

Top of the Pops

In the UK the importance of Top of the Pops to promote a single created an environment of innovation and competition amongst bands and record labels as the show's producers placed strict limits on the number of videos it would use. Top of the Pops, also known as TOTP, was a long-running British music chart Television programme, made and broadcast Therefore a good video would increase a song's sales as viewers hoped to see it again the following week. David Bowie scored his first UK number one in nearly a decade thanks to director David Mallet's eye catching promo for "Ashes to Ashes". David Mallet is a director particularly noted for his work on Music videos including David Bowie 's innovative " Ashes to Ashes " and Queen " Ashes to Ashes " is a single by David Bowie, released in 1980 Another act to succeed from this tactic was Madness, who shot on 16 mm and 35 mm short micro-comedic films. Madness are an English pop / Ska band from Camden Town, London, that formed in 1976

Top of the Pops was censorous in its approach to video content, so another method was for an act to produce a promo that would be banned or edited. It would then use the resulting public controversy to promote the release. Early examples of this tactic were Duran Duran's "Girls on Film" and Frankie Goes to Hollywood with "Relax", directed by Bernard Rose. Duran Duran are an English Pop rock band famous for a long series of popular singles, albums and vivid Music videos for which they've won two Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( FGTH) was a UK dance-pop band that were extremely popular in the mid 1980s

The Chart Show

Another important development in music videos was the launch of The Chart Show on the UK's Channel 4 in 1986. The Chart Show (also known as the ITV Chart Show) is an hour-long Music video programme which ran in the UK on Channel 4 Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began This was a program which consisted entirely of music videos (the only outlet many videos had on British TV at the time), without presenters. Instead, the videos were linked by then state of the art computer graphics. Computer graphics are Graphics created by Computers and more generally the Representation and Manipulation of Pictorial Data The show moved to ITV in 1989, and was axed in 1998. Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent By this time the program's use had largely been supplanted by satellite and cable music channels with increasing numbers of people having access to such channels, and the launch of Digital Television occurring around the same time (Ironically, digital television would lead to the rebirth of The Chart Show in 2002 as a digital music channel, Chart Show TV). Digital television (DTV is the sending and receiving of moving images and sound by discrete ( digital) signals in contrast to the analog signals used by Chart Show TV is a British Music television channel owned and operated by CSC Media Group (formerly Chart Show Channels)

Countdown

Although little acknowledged outside Australia, it is arguable that the 1970s–1980s Australian TV pop show Countdown — and to a lesser extent its commercial competitors Sounds and Nightmoves — were important precursors to MTV. Sounds (originally known as Sound Unlimited) was a popular Australian television series featuring pop and rock music

Countdown, which was based on Top of the Pops, was successful in Australia and other countries quickly followed the format. At its highpoint during most of the 1980s it was to be aired in 22 countries including TV Europe. In 1978 the Dutch TV-broadcasting company Veronica started its own version of Countdown, which during the 1980s featured Adam Curry as its best known presenter. Adam Clark Curry (born September 3 1964 in Washington DC) is a broadcasting and Internet personality well known for his stint from 1987 to 1994 as a The program gained international significance in the recording industry in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Produced on a shoestring by the government-owned ABC national TV network, its low budget, and Australia's distance proved to be influential factors in the show's early preference for music video. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. The relative rarity of visits by international artists to Australia and the availability of high-quality, free promotional films meant that Countdown soon came to rely heavily on music videos in order to feature such performers.

The show's talent coordinator, Ian "Molly" Meldrum, and his producers realized that these music videos were becoming an important new commodity in music marketing. Ian Alexander "Molly" Meldrum OAM (born 29 January 1946 in Orbost, Victoria) is an Australian Popular music For the first time, pre-produced music videos gave TV the opportunity to present pop music in a format that rivaled or even exceeded the impact of radio airplay, and it was soon apparent that Countdown could single-handedly break new pop acts and new songs by established artists — a role that up until then been the exclusive preserve of radio. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light.

Although Countdown continued to rely heavily on studio appearances by local and visiting acts, competing shows like Sounds lacked the resources to present regular studio performances, so they were soon using music videos almost exclusively. As the 1980s progressed, the ability to use music videos to give bands the best possible presentation saw record companies making more, and more lavish, promotional videos.

Realising the potential of music video, Countdown negotiated a controversial deal with local record labels, giving them first refusal and a period of exclusive use for any new video that came into the country, and with its nationwide reach and huge audience, the show was able to use music videos to break a number of important new local and overseas acts, notably ABBA, Queen, Meat Loaf, Blondie, Devo, Cyndi Lauper and Madonna. Queen were an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 27 1947 better known by his stage name Meat Loaf, is an American rock Musician Blondie is an American rock band that first gained fame in the late 1970s and has so far sold over 60 million records Devo (pronounced DEE-vo (IPA /'diːvoʊ/) or dee-VO (IPA /diː'voʊ/) often spelled "DEVO" or "DEV-O" is an American Cynthia Ann Stephanie "Cyndi" Lauper (born June 22 1953 is an American Grammy - and Emmy award winning Singer-songwriter and Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16 1958 known as Madonna, is an American This early success in Australia in turn enabled these acts to gain airplay and TV exposure and score breakthrough hits in their home countries.

Directors and creative rights

Since December 1992, when MTV began listing directors with the artist and song credits, music videos have increasingly become an auteur's medium. Few if any filmmakers train specifically to make music videos, and very few can afford to make them exclusively. Most split their time between videos and other film projects. Music video directors - who generally conceive, write, and direct their videos - currently receive no authorship, creative rights, profit participation or residual income from DVDs, iTunes, and other new media on which their work may appear. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is

However, those features of the industry that tend to make music video direction a less-than-lucrative profession, have also made the medium an exciting art-form, one defined by the cross-pollination of ideas and approaches from various disciplines. Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Music video directors, like most filmmakers in general, emerge from disparate backgrounds, and don't share much in the way of common thinking or set-in-stone pedagogy, bringing to the field a diversity of experience. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film.

Censorship

As the concept and medium of a music video is a form of artistic expression, artists have been on many occasions censored if their content is deemed offensive. What may be considered offensive will differ in countries due to censorship laws and local customs and ethics. In most cases, the record label will provide and distribute videos edited or provide both censored and uncensored videos for an artist. In some cases, it has been known for music videos to be banned in their entirety as they have been deemed far too offensive to be broadcast.

The first video to be rejected by Music Television was "Girls on Film" by Duran Duran in 1981 because it contained full frontal nudity; it was also rejected by the BBC. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. " Girls on Film " is the third single by Duran Duran, released on 13 July 1981 Duran Duran are an English Pop rock band famous for a long series of popular singles, albums and vivid Music videos for which they've won two In 1989, Cher's "If I Could Turn Back Time" video (where the singer performs the song in an extremely revealing body suit surrounded by a ship full of cheering sailors) was restricted to late-night broadcasts on MTV. Cher ( IPA: /ʃɛr/ born Cherilyn Sarkisian, May 20 1946 " If I Could Turn Back Time " is a song written by Diane Warren and was released on June 1 1989 as the second North American and

In 1983, Entertainment Tonight ran a segment on censorship and "Rock Video Violence. Entertainment Tonight is a daily Television entertainment news show that is syndicated by CBS Television Distribution throughout the United "^[7] The episode explored the impact of MTV rock video violence on the youth of the early 1980s. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. Excerpts from the music videos of Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, Kiss, Kansas, Billy Idol, Def Leppard, Pat Benatar and the Rolling Stones were shown. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman Duran Duran are an English Pop rock band famous for a long series of popular singles, albums and vivid Music videos for which they've won two Kiss (also typeset as KISS) is an American rock band formed in New York City in December 1972 Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Billy Idol (born William Michael Albert Broad, 30 November 1955, Stanmore, Middlesex) is an English rock Pat Benatar (born Patricia Mae Andrzejewski on 10 January 1953) is an influential four-time Grammy Award -winning American Dr. Thomas Radecki of the National Coalition on TV Violence was interviewed accusing the fledgling rock video business of excessive violence. Night Tracks producer Tom Lynch weighed in on the effects of the video violence controversy. Night Tracks is an American Television series which ran from 1983 to 1992 on SuperStation WTBS (later known as TBS Recording artists John Cougar Mellencamp, Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of Kiss, along with directors Dominic Orlando and Julien Temple, provided a defense of their work. John Mellencamp, previously known as John Cougar and then John Cougar Mellencamp, (born October 7, 1951, in Seymour Indiana) is a Gene Simmons (born Chaim Witz (pronounced Haium on August 25, 1949) is an Israeli -born American Hard rock Bass Stanley Harvey Eisen (born January 20, 1952, Queens New York) known by his stage name Paul Stanley, is an American Hard rock Julien Temple (born November 26, 1953 in London) is an English film documentary and music video director The episode's conclusion was that the controversy will continue to grow.

In 1991 the dance segment of Michael Jackson's "Black or White" was cut because it showed Michael Jackson "inappropriately" touching himself in it. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman " Black or White " was the first single taken from Michael Jackson 's album Dangerous, released in October 1991 Michael Jackson's most controversial video, "They Don't Care About Us" was banned from MTV, VH1, and BBC because of the alleged anti-Semitic message in the song and the visuals in the background of the "Prison Version" of the video. " They Don't Care About Us " is a song by Michael Jackson, released as the third single in the United States and the fourth in Europe from his album HIStory Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility

Madonna is the artist most associated with music video censorship. Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16 1958 known as Madonna, is an American The controversy surrounding her marketing of sexuality began with the video for "Lucky Star", and amplified over time due to clips such as "Like a Virgin". " Lucky Star " is the fifth single by American singer-songwriter Madonna and was released in August 1984 by Sire Records. Like a Virgin is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on November 12, 1984 by Sire Records Outcry occurred over the subject matter discussed in "Papa Don't Preach", although the video is tastefully done. " Papa Don't Preach " is the second single by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her 3rd studio album True Blue and was released "Like a Prayer" courted heavy criticism due to its religious, sexual, and racially-oriented imagery. Like a Prayer is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on March 21, 1989 by Sire Records

In 1990, Madonna's music video for the song "Justify My Love" was banned by MTV due to its depiction of sadomasochism, homosexuality, cross-dressing, and group sex, generating a media firestorm. " Justify My Love " was the first single by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her 1990 greatest hits compilation The Immaculate Collection Sadism refers to Sexual or non-sexual gratification in the infliction of Pain or humiliation upon or by another person Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. Group sex is Sexual behaviour involving more than two participants at the same time The debate over the banning of "Justify My Love" by the Canadian music video network MuchMusic led to the launching in 1991 of Too Much 4 Much, a series of occasional, late-night specials (still being aired in the early 2000s) in which videos officially banned by MuchMusic were broadcast, followed by panel discussion regarding why they were removed. MuchMusic (often referred to only as Much) is a Canadian English language Cable television Specialty channel owned by CTVglobemedia Too Much 4 Much was a Canadian television series which aired on MuchMusic.

Madonna's video for "Erotica" was aired only three times (each time after midnight) due to its sexual depictions of sadomasochism. " Erotica " is the first single from Madonna 's fifth studio album Erotica. Sadism refers to Sexual or non-sexual gratification in the infliction of Pain or humiliation upon or by another person More recently, Madonna's "What It Feels Like for a Girl" was banned in 2001 due to its graphic depiction of violence. " What It Feels Like for a Girl " is the third and final single by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her 8th studio album Music She also pulled her "American Life" video because of its controversial military imagery that seemed inappropriate once the War in Iraq began; subsequently, a new video was made for the song. " American Life " is a pop song written by American Singer-songwriter Madonna and Mirwais Ahmadzaï for Madonna's ninth The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia

Prodigy's video for "Smack My Bitch Up" was banned in some countries due to depictions of drug use and nudity. The Prodigy are an Electronic music group formed by Liam Howlett in 1990 in Braintree Essex, England. " Smack My Bitch Up " is a song by The Prodigy, released as the band's twelfth single on November 17, 1997. The Prodigy's video for "Firestarter" was banned by the BBC because of its references to arson. " Firestarter " is the tenth single released by the English band The Prodigy, released on March 18 1996. Thursday's video for "War All the Time" was banned by MTV because of its supposedly controversial nature. Thursday is a Post-hardcore band from New Brunswick New Jersey that has released four full-length albums. " War All the Time " is the second single and title track from War All the Time. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City.

As of 2005, the Egyptian state censorship committee has banned at least 20 music videos which featured sexual connotations due to Muslim moral viewpoints. The Sex Pistols' video for "God Save the Queen" was banned by the BBC for calling the United Kingdom a fascist regime. The Sex Pistols are an English Punk rock band that formed in London in 1975 " God Save the Queen " was the second single released by the Punk rock band Sex Pistols. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology In 2004, many family groups and politicians lobbied for the banning of the Eric Prydz video "Call on Me" for containing women dancing in an sexually suggestive way, however, the video was not banned. Eric Prydz (born July 19 1979) is a Swedish DJ and producer. Music career In 2004 Prydz released the single " Call on Me " is a song performed by Swedish DJ and producer Eric Prydz. At some point in the past, the video for "(s)AINT" by Marilyn Manson was banned by that artist's label due to its violence and sexual content. Marilyn Manson is an American Alternative metal band based in Los Angeles California. In 2008, Justice's video for their song Stress was boycotted by several major music television channels due to allegations of racism and violence; the video depicts several youths committing various crimes throughout the streets of Paris, with the youths mainly being of North African and Algerian descent. Justice is a Grammy -nominated French electronic music duo consisting of Gaspard Augé (b Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of the country's total land mass ^[8]

Internet

The earliest purveyors of music videos on the internet were members of IRC-based groups, who recorded them as they appeared on television, then digitised them, exchanging the .mpg files via IRC channels. The Moving Picture Experts Group, commonly referred to as simply MPEG, is a Working group of ISO / IEC charged with the development of video and As broadband Internet access has become available more widely, various initiatives have been made to capitalise on the continued interest in music videos. Broadband Internet access, often shortened to just Broadband, is high-speed Internet access—typically contrasted with dial-up access over a Modem MTV itself now provides streams of artists' music videos, while AOL's recently launched AOL Music features a vast collection of advertising supported streaming videos. The internet has become the primary growth income market for Record Company produced music videos. At its launch, Apple's iTunes Store provided a section of free music videos in high quality compression to be watched via the iTunes application. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics The iTunes Store is a software-based online Digital media store operated by Apple Inc More recently the iTunes Store has begun selling music videos for use on Apple's iPod with video playback capability. iPod is a popular brand of Portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Inc

Another new phenomenon, deriving from the popularity of blogging, is the use of so-called music video "codes", lines of HTML code including links to music videos that the individual can simply copy and paste into their blog in order to feature a given video streaming on it. A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure Streaming multimedia is Multimedia that is constantly received by and normally presented to an end-user while it is being delivered by a streaming provider (the YouTube, Google Video, IFilm and MySpace have become primary venues for viewing videos. YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees Google Video is a free video sharing website and also a video service from Google that allows anyone to upload Video Clips to Google's web ifilmcom was an online archive of Short films, movie trailers, and other video clips of interest MySpace is a popular social networking Website offering an interactive user-submitted network of friends personal profiles blogs groups photos music and

In 2007 the RIAA issued cease-and-desist letters to YouTube users to prevent single users from sharing videos, which are the property of the music labels. After its merger with Google, YouTube assured the RIAA that they would find a way to pay royalties through a bulk agreement with the major record labels. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online Royalties (sometimes running royalties) are usage-based payments made by one party (the "licensee" to another (the "licensor" for ongoing use of an This was complicated by the fact that not all labels share the same policy toward music videos. Some welcome the development and upload music videos to various online outlets themselves, viewing the music videos as free advertising for their catalog artists. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Other labels view music videos not as an advertisement, but as the product itself.

Unofficial music videos

Unofficial, fan-made music videos ("bootleg" tapes) are typically made by synchronizing existing footage from other sources, such as television series or movies, with the song. The first known fan video, or songvid, was created by Kandy Fong in 1975 using still images from Star Trek loaded into a slide carousel and played in conjunction with a song. Vidding is the practice of creating fan-made music videos (sometimes called songvids or fanvids that edit clips from favorite TV shows anime series movies or even official music Fan videos made using videocassette recorders soon followed. PLEASE BEAR IN MIND THAT THIS IS A GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT VCRs/VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDERS ^[9] With the advent of easy distribution over the internet and cheap video-editing software, fan-created videos began to gain wider notice in the late 1990s.

Such videos are sometimes known as OPV, Original Promotional Videos (or sometimes Other People's Videos). In the case of anime music videos, the source material is drawn from Japanese anime or from American animation series. An anime music video (abbreviated AMV) is a Music video consisting of clips from one or more Anime series or movies set to songs the term usually (anime in Japanese, Since neither the music nor the film footage is typically licensed, distributing these videos is usually copyright infringement on both counts. 'Copyright infringement' (or copyright violation) is the unauthorized use of material that is covered by Copyright law in a manner that violates Singular examples of unofficial videos include one made for Danger Mouse's illegal mash-up of the Jay-Z track "Encore" with music sampled from The Beatles' White Album, in which concert footage of The Beatles is remixed with footage of Jay-Z and rap dancers, as well as a recent politically charged video by Franklin Lopez of subMedia, cut from television footage of the Katrina aftermath, set to an unofficial remix of Kanye West's "Gold Digger", inspired by the rap-artist's comment "George Bush doesn't care about black people. Brian Joseph Burton, better known by his Stage name Danger Mouse, is an American artist and producer. A mashup or bootleg (also mash up and mash-up) is a song or composition created from the combination of the music from one song with the A cappella Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4 1969 better known as Jay-Z, is an American Rapper and former CEO of Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States Kanye Omari West (ˈkɑnjɛj born June 8 1977 is a ten-time Grammy Award -winning American Rapper, Record producer and Singer. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. " Fans gave P!nk an unofficial music video for the song "Dear Mr. President" (in which she criticizes George W. Bush's administration), since she stated that will not be released as an official single from her I'm Not Dead album. Alecia Beth Moore (born September 8 1979 known professionally as P!nk is a two-time Grammy -winning American Singer-songwriter who gained prominence " Dear Mr President " is a song by Pink featuring the Indigo Girls, and was recorded for Pink's fourth album I'm Not Dead. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. I'm Not Dead is the fourth Album by pop singer Pink, released in North America on April 4, 2006 (see

In 2007 a new form of lip sync-based music video called lip dub became popular in which a group of people are filmed lip singing in a seemingly random spot then dubbing over it in post editing with the original audio of the song. Lip-sync or Lip-synch (short for lip Synchronization) is a technical term for matching lip movements with voice A Lip dub is a type of video that combines Lip synching and audio dubbing to make a Music video. These videos have the feeling of being spontaneous and authentic and are spread virally through mass participatory video sites like YouTube. YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees

Timeline

• 1941: A new invention hits clubs and bars in the USA: The Panoram Soundie is a jukebox that plays short videoclips along with the music. jukebox is a partially automated music-playing device usually a Coin -operated machine that can play specially selected songs from self-contained media
• 1956: Hollywood discovers the genre of music-centered films. A wave of rock'n'roll films begins (Rock Around the Clock, Don't Knock the Rock, Shake, Rattle and Rock, Rock Pretty Baby, The Girl Can't Help It, and the famous Elvis Presley movies). Rock Around the Clock is the title of a 1956 musical motion picture that featured Bill Haley and His Comets Don't Knock the Rock was a 1956 Rock and roll film starring Alan Dale as a rock star who returns to his hometown to rest up for the summer only Shake Rattle and Rock! is the name of two unrelated films a 1956 American International Pictures musical and a made-for-television movie produced in 1994 and starring The Girl Can't Help It is a 1956 comedy / Musical film, starring Jayne Mansfield, Tom Ewell, and Edmond O'Brien Some of these films integrate musical performances into a story, others are simply revues.
• 1960: In France a re-invention of the Soundie, the Scopitone, gains limited success. Scopitone is a type of Jukebox featuring a 16 mm film component
• 1961: Ricky Nelson's Travelin' Man video is shown on television. Eric Hilliard "Ricky" Nelson, later known as Rick Nelson ( May 8, 1940 &ndash December 31, 1985) was an " Travelin' Man " was a number-one Billboard Hot 100 song in late-May 1961 by Ricky Nelson.
• 1962: British Television invents a new form of music television. Shows like Top Of The Pops, Ready! Steady! Go! and Oh, Boy start as band vehicles and become huge hits. Top of the Pops, also known as TOTP, was a long-running British music chart Television programme, made and broadcast This article referes to the TV show For the song go to READY STEADY GO (Song: Ready Steady Go! or simply RSG! was
• 1964: The US-Television market adapts the format. Hullabaloo is one of the first US shows of this kind, followed by Shindig! (NBC) and American Bandstand; The Beatles star in A Hard Day's Night
• 1965: Bob Dylan films Subterranean Homesick Blues as a segment for D. A. Pennebaker's film, Dont Look Back, with two alternate takes. A Hard Day's Night is a 1964 British Comedy film written by Alun Owen starring The Beatles — John Lennon, Paul McCartney Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major " Subterranean Homesick Blues " is a Song by Bob Dylan, originally released on the album Bringing It All Back Home in March 1965 Donn Alan "D A" Pennebaker (born July 15, 1925) is an American Documentary filmmaker and one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema Dont Look Back is a 1967 Documentary film by DA Pennebaker that principally covers Bob Dylan 's 1965 concert tour of the
• 1966: The first conceptual promos are aired, for the Beatles' "Paperback Writer" and "Rain". " Paperback Writer " is a 1966 pop rock song recorded and released by The Beatles. " Rain " is a song by the British rock band The Beatles, credited to Lennon/McCartney. Early in 1967, even more ambitious videos are released for "Penny Lane" and "Strawberry Fields Forever". " Penny Lane " is a song by The Beatles, written by Paul McCartney, recorded during the Sgt " Strawberry Fields Forever " is a song by the English rock band The Beatles.
• 1968: The Rolling Stones collaborate with Jean-Luc Godard on Sympathy for the Devil
• 1970: The record industry discovers these TV-Shows as a great opportunity to promote their artists. Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague Sympathy for the Devil (originally titled One Plus One by the film director is a 1968 Film shot mostly in color by director They focus on producing short "Promos", early music videos which started to replace the live performance of the artist on the TV-stage. Also, the Atlanta-produced Now Explosion starts a 26-week run in syndication. The Now Explosion was an early experiment in Music video produced in Atlanta Georgia in 1970
• 1973: The first of forty-six different Schoolhouse Rock music videos begin airing during Saturday morning cartoons on ABC. Schoolhouse Rock! is a series of animated musical educational short films that aired during Saturday morning children's programming on U A Saturday morning cartoon is the colloquial term for the animated television programming which was typically scheduled on Saturday mornings on the major American The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network.
• 1974: ABBA pioneer the use of "Promos" with their clips, directed by Lasse Hallström. Lars Sven "Lasse" Hallström (b 2 June 1946 Stockholm Sweden) is a Swedish Film director. These contain innovative effects, camera angles, and a less static look than is the norm at the time. The band continue using such videos throughout the 1970s.
• 1975: "Bohemian Rhapsody", a groundbreaking video released by Queen, marks the beginning of the video era and sets the language for the modern music video. is a Song written by Freddie Mercury and originally recorded by the band Queen for their 1975 album ''A Night at the Opera''. Queen were an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist The video is considered one of the first to use advanced visual effects.
  • "Tommy", the film adaptation of The Who's rock opera is released. The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The primary lineup consisted of guitarist Pete Townshend Rock operas, Concept albums Song cycles and Oratorios all differ from a conventional rock album which usually includes songs that are unrelated to each
• 1979: Devo releases "The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprise", which is the first music video to include computer animation, as well as traditional animation. Devo (pronounced DEE-vo (IPA /'diːvoʊ/) or dee-VO (IPA /diː'voʊ/) often spelled "DEVO" or "DEV-O" is an American
  • Another 1979 video with computer animation is "Computer Games", by New Zealand band MiSex. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Mi-Sex (also spelt ‘’MiSex’’ was a New Zealand / Australian new wave rock band active from 1978 to 1984.
• 1980: "Ashes to Ashes", considered a groundbreaking video, is released by David Bowie. " Ashes to Ashes " is a single by David Bowie, released in 1980 David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger.
• 1981: MTV, the first 24-hour satellite music channel, launches in August. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. Initially few cable TV operators carry it, but it rapidly becomes a major hit and cultural icon.
  • "Shock Treatment" is released in theatres.
• 1981: Michael Nesmith wins the first ever music video Grammy, for Elephant Parts. Robert Michael Nesmith (b December 30, 1942) in Harris County Texas, is an American musician songwriter Actor, producer Elephant Parts was also the name of a British Adult humour Comic.
  • Pink Floyd The Wall is released in theatres. Pink Floyd The Wall is a 1982 Musical film by British director Alan Parker based on the 1979 Pink Floyd album
• 1983: Night Tracks debuts on Superstation WTBS (later known as TBS) with up to 14 hours of music videos each weekend by 1985. Night Tracks is an American Television series which ran from 1983 to 1992 on SuperStation WTBS (later known as TBS TBS is an American Cable television network that shows sports and a variety of programming with a focus on comedy This allows nearly all U. S. households with Cable TV to view music videos regularly, as MTV still isn't widely available at this point in time compared to WTBS.
• 1983: Friday Night Videos debuts on the NBC television network, allowing nearly all U. Friday Night Videos was a Music video show broadcast on the American NBC television network from July 29, 1983 to S. households to view music videos regularly. Michael Jackson's Billie Jean video is released on TV, and for the first time a black artist's video is featured in heavy rotation on MTV with the video for his Beat It hit single. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman
• 1984: Laura Branigan's video for her hit song "Self Control" is refused airplay by MTV, who demand certain cuts be made to remove content they find objectionable. Laura Branigan (July 3 1957 – August 26 2004 was an American singer and actress of Irish ancestry " Self Control " is the name of an international hit song recorded in 1984 by Laura Branigan, also known for the hit " Gloria " as well as the album
• 1984: Prince releases Purple Rain, a cheesy and low-rated movie, but its soundtrack is nominated for an Oscar. Prince Rogers Nelson (born June 7 1958 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American musician "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. But it is successful, selling 15 million copies.
• 1984: Michael Jackson's short film Thriller is released, changing the concept of music videos forever. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman Michael Jackson's Thriller is a 13-minute Music video for the song of the same name released on December 2 1983 and directed by John Landis The Making of Thriller home video is also released in 1984. It is the first ever video about the making of a music video and it becomes the best selling VHS to date.
  • MTV presents its first Video Music Awards, hosted by Dan Aykroyd and Bette Midler. The MTV Video Music Awards were established in the end of the summer of 1984 by MTV to celebrate the top Music videos of the year Daniel Edward "Dan" Aykroyd, CM (born July 1, 1952) is an Academy Award -nominated and Emmy Award -winning Canadian-American Bette Midler (born December 1, 1945) is anAmerican Singer, Actress and Comedian, also known (as her informal stage name as
  • The Grammys award Best Short Form Music Video, as well as Best Long Form Music Video. The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences The Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video has been awarded since 1984. The Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video has been awarded since 1984.
• 1985: a-ha find instant stardom with their hit song "Take On Me", significantly due to heavy rotation play of the song's video, which features a combination of live action and rotoscoping animation. a-ha is a band from Norway. They initially rose to fame during the 1980s but have had continued success in the 1990s and 2000s " Take on Me " is a song by the Norwegian band A-ha. The song is a track from a-ha's first album Hunting High and Low, released Rotoscoping is an Animation technique in which Animators trace over live-action film movement frame by frame for use in Animated films Originally The groundbreaking video wins several awards and is consistently rated as one of the best for decades to come.
• 1985: Madonna's video for her hit single "Material Girl" is released. Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16 1958 known as Madonna, is an American " Material Girl " is the second single and Signature song by American Singer-songwriter Madonna from her 2nd studio album It is largely based on Marilyn Monroe's performance of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes A huge storm of interest explodes for the video. Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma " Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend " is a song introduced by Carol Channing in the original Broadway production of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Gentlemen Prefer Blondes is a 1953 film adaptation of the 1949 stage musical, released by 20th Century Fox, directed by Howard Hawks The video is considered one of the most memorable and always comes up in "The Best Videos" lists.
• 1986: "Sledgehammer", the groundbreaking video from Peter Gabriel, furthers the revival of animation in music video, utilizing stop-motion photography and winning several awards. " Sledgehammer " is a hit song by Peter Gabriel from his 1986 album So. Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950 in Chobham, Surrey, England) is an English Musician and Songwriter. Stop motion (or frame-by-frame) animation is an Animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own
• 1989: MTV renames its "Video Vanguard Award" the "Michael Jackson Vanguard Award" in honor of the pop star's contributions to the art of music video. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman
• 1989: Madonna's controversial video for "Like a Prayer" is released. Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16 1958 known as Madonna, is an American "Like a Prayer" is the first single by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her 4th studio album Like a Prayer.
• 1990: MTV bans Madonna's Justify My Love video. Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16 1958 known as Madonna, is an American " Justify My Love " was the first single by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her 1990 greatest hits compilation The Immaculate Collection It is released as a video single, the first of its kind.
• 1991: Nirvana release the "Smells Like Teen Spirit" video, catapulting Kurt Cobain - and the grunge genre - into the American and Worldwide mainstream. Nirvana was an American rock band that was formed by singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen Washington. " Smells Like Teen Spirit " is a song by the American rock band Nirvana. Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20 1967 – c April 5 1994 was an American musician who served as lead singer, Guitarist, and songwriter for the Seattle
  • First use of the now-familiar morphing special effect in a music video, with Michael Jackson's "Black or White" (directed by John Landis), from his album Dangerous. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman John David Landis (born August 3, 1950) is an American movie Actor, director, writer, and producer.
• 1992: MTV begins to credit music video directors.
• 1995: Release of the most expensive music video ever "Scream", from Michael Jackson's HIStory album, a duet with his sister Janet. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16 1966 is an American recording artist and entertainer
• 1996: Pop-up Video is first aired on VH1. Pop-Up Video is a popular VH1 television show that "popped up" Bubbles — officially called "info nuggets" — containing VH1 (known as VH-1 Video Hits One from 1985 to 1994 and VH1 Music First until 2003) is an American Cable television
• 1996: M2 is launched as a 24-hour music video channel, as MTV has largely replaced videos with other content. MTV2 is a cable network that is widely available in the United States on Digital cable and Satellite television, and is progressively being
• 1999: M2 is renamed to MTV2. MTV2 is a cable network that is widely available in the United States on Digital cable and Satellite television, and is progressively being
  • Making the Video, a series chronicling the production of a music video, premieres on MTV. Making the Video is an MTV show consisting of half-hour episodes which chronicles the process of filming various Music videos Usually the director outlines
• 2001: Bjork releases the video for Pagan Poetry which was controversial for its depictions of sexual acts and body piercings. Björk Guðmundsdóttir (born 21 November 1965 is an Icelandic Singer-songwriter, Composer, actress and music producer. " Pagan Poetry " was the second single from singer Björk 's album Vespertine.
• 2002: MTV Hits is launched, as MTV2 is gradually showing fewer music videos (now virtually non-existent on MTV). MTV Hits is an American Music video channel that debuted on May 1, 2002.
• 2005: Grandaddy fan Stewart Smith releases unofficial "Jed's Other Poem" music video online along with the source code that created it. Grandaddy was an Indie rock group from Modesto, California, United States. It is the first open source music video and is later sanctioned by Grandaddy's label, V2 Records. V2 redirects here For the rocket see V-2 rocket. For other meanings see V2 (disambiguation.
• 2007: Musicbox (URL: musicbox. sonybmg. com) is launched by Sony BMG. Sony BMG Music Entertainment is a diverse music and entertainment group This online portal signifies the first free streaming effort owned and operated by a major label.
• 2007: The Music video "Girlfriend" by Avril Lavigne, becomes the all-time most-viewed video on the internet. Avril Lavigne Whibley (born September 27 1984 better known by her birth name of Avril Lavigne (ˈævrɨl ləˈviːn is a Canadian Grammy Award
• 2008: The first 3D video ever is made by Dave Meyers and Missy Elliott for her single Ching-a-Ling / Bjork also makes one for Wanderlust. Dave or David Meyers may refer to Dave Meyers (director - an American music video director David Meyers (basketball - college Melissa Arnette "Missy" Elliott (born July 1 1971 is a five-time Grammy Award -winning American rapper, singer, Songwriter, and " Ching-a-Ling " is a song by Missy Elliott, and is the lead single for the Step Up 2 the Streets soundtrack. Björk Guðmundsdóttir (born 21 November 1965 is an Icelandic Singer-songwriter, Composer, actress and music producer. Volta is the Grammy -nominated sixth full-length studio album from Icelandic singer Björk, a follow-up to 2004 's Medúlla

Music video stations

Here are some of the most popular music video stations from around the world:

Music video shows

See also

• List of most expensive music videos
• Music video director
• Video art
• Video clip
• One shot (music video)
• Concert video design

Notes

References

• Banks, Jack (1996) Monopoly Television: Mtv's Quest to Control the Music Westview Press ISBN 0-8133-1820-3
• Clarke, Donald (1995) The Rise and Fall of Popular Music St. Donald Clarke is an American writer on Music. He was the author/editor of the Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (1989 1998 which is now available free on his Martin's Pressy ISBN 0-312-11573-3
• Denisoff, R. Serge (1991) Inside MTV New Brunswick: Transaction publishers ISBN 0-88738-864-7
• Durant, Alan (1984). Cited in Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
• Frith, Simon, Andrew Goodwin & Lawrence Grossberg (1993) Sound & Vision. Simon Frith is a former rock Critic and a Sociologist who specializes in Popular music culture Lawrence Grossberg (b December 3 1947 is an internationally renowned scholar of Cultural studies and Popular culture whose work focuses primarily on popular music The music video reader London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-09431-3
• Goodwin, Andrew (1992) Dancing in the Distraction Factory : Music Television and Popular Culture University of Minnesota Press ISBN 0-8166-2063-6
• Kaplan, E. Ann (1987) Rocking Around the Clock. Music Television, Postmodernism, and Consumer Culture London & New York: Routledge ISBN 0-415-03005-6
• Kleiler, David (1997) You Stand There: Making Music Video Three Rivers Press ISBN 0-609-80036-1
• Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Richard Middleton FBA is Professor of Music at Newcastle University in Newcastle upon Tyne. Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
• Shore, Michael (1984) The Rolling Stone book of rock video New York: Quill ISBN 0-688-03916-2
• G. Turner, Video Clips and Popular Music, in Australian Journal of Cultural Studies 1/1,1983, 107-110
• Vernallis, Carol (2004) Experiencing Music Video: Aesthetics and Cultural Context Columbia University Press ISBN 0-231-11798-1
• Altrogge, Michael: Tönende Bilder: interdisziplinäre Studie zu Musik und Bildern in Videoclips und ihrer Bedeutung für Jugendliche. Band 1: Das Feld und die Theorie. Berlin: Vistas 2001
• Altrogge, Michael: Tönende Bilder. Das Material: Die Musikvideos. Bd 2. Berlin: Vistas 2001
• Altrogge, Michael: Tönende Bilder: interdisziplinäre Studie zu Musik und Bildern in Videoclips und ihrer Bedeutung für Jugendliche. Band 3: Die Rezeption: Strukturen der Wahrnehmung. Berlin: Vistas 2001
• Bühler, Gerhard (2002): Postmoderne auf dem Bildschirm – auf der Leinwand. Musikvideos, Werbespots und David Lynchs WILD AT HEART
• C. Hausheer/A. Schönholzer (Hrsg. ), Visueller Sound. Musikvideos zwischen Avantgarde und Populärkultur, Luzern 1994
• Helms, Dietrich; Thomas Phleps (Hrsg. ): Clipped Differences. Geschlechterrepräsentation im Musikvideo. Bielefeld: Transcript 2003
• Keazor, Henry / Wübbena, Thorsten: Video Thrills The Radio Star. Musikvideos: Geschichte, Themen, Analysen. Bielefeld: 2007 (Revised Edition), ISBN 3-899-42728-9
• Kirsch, Arlett: Musik im Fernsehen. Eine auditive Darstellungsform in einem audiovisuellen Medium. Berlin: Wiku 2002
• Kurp, Matthias / Huschild, Claudia & Wiese, Klemens (2002): Musikfernsehen in Deutschland. Politische, soziologische und medienökonomische Aspekte
• Neumann-Braun, Klaus / Schmidt, Axel / Mai, Manfred (2003): Popvisionen. Links in die Zukunft
• Neumann-Braun, Klaus / Mikos, Lothar: Videoclips und Musikfernsehen. Eine problemorientierte Kommentierung der aktuellen Forschungsliteratur; Berlin: Vistas 2006
• Quandt, Thorsten (1997). Musikvideos im Alltag Jugendlicher. Umfeldanalyse und qualitative Rezeptionsstudie. Deutscher Universitätsverlag

External links

• High Quality Hindi/English MP4 Music Videos - Free
• Music on Television a brief history
• Music Video
• Watch and download official music videos
• AboveTheLine.TV Music Video Social Community Where Bands Can Find Music Video Directors
• Mvdbase.com
• Videoville.org a music video wiki