Music radio - Citizendia

Music radio is a radio format where music is the primary source of broadcast content on both commercial and non-commercial stations. Radio programming is the content that is broadcast by Radio stations The original inventors of radio such as Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo This article is about Broadcast radio, for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. After the rise of television brought about the decline of old time radio and its dramatic content, music formats became one of the dominant forms of radio in many countries, though radio drama and comedy continues, often on public radio. Old-Time Radio (OTR and the Golden Age of Radio refer to a period of Radio programming lasting from the proliferation of radio broadcasting in the early 1920s until Public broadcasting refers to radio television and other electronic media outlets that receive some or all of their funding from the public Music has been one of the driving factors in the advancement of radio technology, from the adoption of wide-band FM to the current upswing in digital media.

Music radio and culture

Music radio, particularly top 40, has often acted as both a barometer and an arbiter of musical taste, and radio airplay is one of the defining measures of success in the mainstream musical world. The Top Forty or Top 40 is a music industry shorthand for the currently most-popular songs in a particular genre. In fact, the rise of rock music to popularity is intimately tied to the history of music radio. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Early forms of rock had languished in poor areas of the South. It was enjoyed mostly by rural blacks, with notable exposure in Memphis, Tennessee due to the all African American programming of WDIA. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa WDIA is an AM Radio station in Memphis Tennessee, in the United States of America. Rock music entered the mainstream during the 1950s because of controversial white DJs such as Dewey Phillips and Wolfman Jack with an appreciation for black music. "Daddy-O" Dewey Phillips ( May 13, 1926 &ndash September 28, 1968) was one of rock 'n' roll's pioneering disk jockeys along the lines

For many years, many listeners have been dissatisfied with the content of radio programming since the decline of early free form rock radio. The popularity of offshore pirate radio stations in the United Kingdom was an early symptom of frustration with the often overly safe and occasionally politicized playlists of commercial radio. The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions

The growth of Internet radio from a small experimenter's toy in the mid-90s to a huge phenomenon allowing both small do-it-yourselfers and large commercial stations to make their offerings available worldwide was seen as a threat to over-the-air music broadcasting, and was nearly shut down by onerous licensing demands made by the recording industry. Meanwhile, the rise of satellite radio services as a major competitor have brought many of the advantages of Internet radio to an increasingly mobile listening public, including lack of censorship, greater choice, a more eclectic approach to format programming, and static-free digital sound quality. Indeed, one-size-fits-all programming is no longer seen as tenable by some, as the diversity of musical tastes among the listening public have created a proliferation of radio formats in what some might call a form of narrowcasting. Music radio formats constantly evolve and each format can often be sub-divided into many speciality formats Narrowcasting has traditionally been understood as the dissemination of information (usually by radio or television to a narrow audience not to the general public

How it works

Cost of programming

Stations usually adopt a music format to gain the greatest number of listeners for the least expense. This reasoning is common in both commercial and non-commercial stations. Since the programming content has already been produced, all that a station has to provide is the low-cost on-air programming between records.

Most music radio stations pay licensing fees to licensing agencies such as ASCAP or BMI, as do most commercial businesses that wish to use music as part of their business. The American Society of Composers Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP) is a non-profit Performance rights organization that protects its Broadcast Music Incorporated ( BMI) is a US Performing rights organization. As a result, while most commercial stations might get their music for free, they still have to pay royalties to actually play it. Some small neighborhood-sized stations can play unlisted locally-produced music, and avoid these fees.

Licensing issues nearly destroyed Internet radio during the first years of the 21st century; in the United States, Congress intervened to create a royalty structure that, while expensive to independent operators running on a shoestring, was far less onerous than the scale demanded by the RIAA. Currently, one service provider, Live365, provides programs that handle licensing issues; in addition, both XM and Sirius provide commercial packages that allow the exclusive use (though not rebroadcast) of their music programming by businesses license-free. Live365 is an Internet radio network where members can create their own online radio station or listen to other Live365 broadcasters' online stations

Commercial radio

Commercial stations charge advertisers for the estimated number of listeners. The larger the audience, the higher the stations' rate card can be for commercial advertising.

Commercial stations program the format of the station to gain as large a slice of the demographic audience as possible.

A station's value is usually measured as a percentage of market share in a market of a certain size. The measurement in U. S. markets has historically been by Arbitron, a commercial statistical service that uses listener diaries. Arbitron ( is a Radio audience research company in the United States which collects listener data on radio audiences similar to that collected by Nielsen Media Arbitron diaries were historically collected on Thursdays, and for this reason, most radio stations have run special promotions on Thursdays, hoping to persuade last-minute Arbitron diarists to give them a larger market-share. Stations are contractually prohibited from mentioning Arbitron on the air.

Market share is not always a consideration, because not all radio stations are commercial. Public radio is funded by government and private donors. Public broadcasting refers to radio television and other electronic media outlets that receive some or all of their funding from the public Since most public broadcasting operations don't have to make a profit, no commercials are necessary.

Also, Satellite radio either charges subscribers or is operated by a public broadcasting service. A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR is a Digital radio signal that is broadcast by a Communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical Therefore, satellite radio rarely carries commercials or tries to raise money from donors. The lack of commercial interruptions in satellite radio is an important advantage. Often the only breaks in a satellite music station's programming are for station identification and DJ introductions. Station identification (sometimes called a sounder or stinger) is the practice of any type of Radio or Television station or network

Internet radio stations exist that follow all of these plans. Internet radio (also known as web radio, net radio, streaming radio and e-radio) is an audio Broadcasting service transmitted via

Much early commercial radio was completely freeform; this changed drastically with the payola scandals of the 1950s. Payola, in the American Music industry, is the illegal practice of payment or other inducement by record companies for the broadcast of recordings on Music As a result, DJs seldom have complete programming freedom. Occasionally a special situation or highly respected, long established personality is given such freedom. Most programming is done by the program director. Program directors may work for the station or at a central location run by a corporate network. The DJ's function is generally reduced to introducing and playing songs. Many stations target younger listeners, because advertisers believe that advertising can change a younger person's product choice. Older people are thought to be less hard to change.

Programming

Music radio has several possible arrangements. Originally, it had blocks of sponsored airtime that played music from a live orchestra. In the 1930s, phonograph records, especially the single, let a disc jockey introduce individual songs, or introduce blocks of songs. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Since then, the program has been arranged so that commercials are followed by the content that is most valuable to the audience.

Because dead air does not attract listeners, the station tries to fill its broadcast day with sound. This article is about the novel Dead Air for other uses of the term see Dead air. Audiences will only tolerate a certain number of commercials before tuning away. In some regions, government regulators specify how many commercials can be played in a given hour.

Programming is different for non-traditional broadcasting. The Jack FM format eliminates DJs entirely, as do many internet radio stations. Jack-FM is the Moniker and on-air Brand of 49 Radio stations in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. The music is simply played. If it is announced, it is by RDS (for FM broadcast) or ID3 tags (for Internet broadcast). Satellite radio usually uses DJs, but their programming blocks are longer and not distinguished much by the time of day. In addition, receivers usually display song titles, so announcing them is not needed.

Internet and satellite broadcasting are not considered public media, so treaties and statutes concerning obscenity, transmission of ciphers and public order do not apply to those formats. So, satellite and internet radio are free to provide sexually explicit, coarse and political material. Typical providers include Playboy Radio, uncensored rap and hard rock stations, and "outlaw" country music stations. Playboy Radio is a Radio station on Sirius Satellite Radio. Playboy Radio was originally launched on XM Satellite Radio in September 2002 Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Hard rock (also referred to as heavy rock) is a variation of Rock music which has its earliest roots in mid-1960s garage and Psychedelic rock Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains.

The wide reach and selective, non-broadcast usage of the internet allows programmers access to special interest audiences. As a result, both mainstream and narrow-interest webcasts flourish; in particular, electronic music stations are much more common on the Internet than they are in satellite or broadcast media.

Jingles are the radio equivalent of neon signs. A jingle is a memorable Slogan, set to an engaging Melody, mainly broadcast on Radio and sometimes on Television commercials. Jingles are brief, bright pieces of choral music that promote the station's call letters, frequency and sometimes disc-jockey or program segment. In Broadcasting and Radio communications a call sign (also known as a callsign or call letters, or abbreviated as a call, or otherwise Jingles were produced for radio stations by commercial speciality services. The most famous jingle service was called PAMS (External link), based in Texas. PAMS (an Acronym for Production Advertising Merchandising Service) based in Dallas Texas, was the most famous Jingle production company Jingles are not as common as they used to be, often being replaced by recorded voiceovers (sometimes called "stingers").

The station will usually have a policy of announcing time, station call letters and frequency as often as six times per hour, in order to build station loyalty. Jingles can be very useful for giving the station a branded sound in a pleasant, minimal amount of air-time. The legal requirement for station identification in the U. Station identification (sometimes called a sounder or stinger) is the practice of any type of Radio or Television station or network S. is once per hour, approximately at the top of the hour, or at the conclusion of a transmission.

News, time-checks, real-time travel advice and weather reports are often quite valuable to listeners. The news headlines and station identification are often given just before a commercial. Time, traffic and weather are given just after. The engineer typically sets the station clocks to standard local time each day, by listening to WWV or WWVH (see atomic clock). An atomic clock is a type of Clock that uses an Atomic resonance Frequency standard as its timekeeping element

Although valued by commuters and older people, these segments are less valued by young people, so many stations that prefer to attract young listeners, prefer to play music, and shorten or omit these segments.

While most music stations that do offer news reports may simply "tear and read" news items (from the newswires or the Internet), larger stations (generally those affiliated with news/talk stations) may employ an editor to rewrite headlines, and provide summaries of local news. The summaries allow more news to fit in less air-time. Some stations can share news collection with TV or newspapers in the same media conglomerate. An emerging trend is to use the radio station's web site to provide in-depth coverage of news and advertisers head-lined on the air. Similarly, many stations contract with agencies such as Smartraveler and AccuWeather for their weather and traffic reports instead of having in-house staff to do the job. AccuWeather is an American media company that provides for profit Weather forecasting services worldwide

Most radio stations maintain a call-in telephone line for use during promotions and gags, or to take record requests. DJs generally answer the phone and edit the call during music plays. Some stations take requests by e-mail or even online chat.

Promotions are usually the on-air equivalent of lotteries for listeners. Promotional budgets usually run about $1 per listener per year. In a large market, a successful radio station can pay a full time director of promotions, and several lotteries per month of vacations, automobiles and other prizes. Lottery items are often bartered from advertisers, allowing both companies to charge full prices while incurring wholesale costs. For example, consider a cruise vacation. Cruising companies often have unused capacity, and when given the choice, prefer to pay their bills by bartering vacations. Since the ship will sail in any case, bartered vacations cost the cruise company little or nothing. The promotion is itself advertising for the company providing the prize.

Programming by time

Most music stations have DJs that play music from a playlist determined by the program director, arranged by blocks of time. Though practices differ by region and format, what follows is a typical arrangement in a North American urban commercial radio station.

The first block of the day is the "drive-time" block in the early morning (typically 5 or 6AM) to midmorning (9 to 11AM). This block usually includes news bulletins and traffic and weather advisories for commuters, as well as light comedy from the morning DJ team (many shock jocks started as or still work on drive-time radio). Shock Jock was an Australian television comedy series broadcast on TV1. Some stations emphasize music, and reduce gags and call-ins in this period.

The midday block is mostly music. For a period around noon a station may play nonstop music or go to an all-request format for people eating lunch.

In the early evening, the evening rush-hour programming resembles the midday programming, but adds traffic and weather advisories for commuters. Some stations insert a short snippet of standup comedy around 5 o'clock when commuters leave work.

The evening block, if present, returns to music.

The overnight programming is generally low-key music with quiet announcing. Some stations play documentaries or even infomercials, while some others play syndicated DJs like Delilah. Infomercials (or informercials are Television commercials that run for one minute or for as long as a typical Television program It is not uncommon to play more adventurous selections during late night programming blocks, since late night is generally not considered significant for ratings.

Weekends, especially Sundays, often carry different programming. Common syndicated programming includes music countdown shows from DJs such as Rick Dees and Casey Kasem, retrospective shows, and world music such as the Putumayo World Music Hour. Rick Dees is an American comedic performer entertainer and radio personality best known for his #1 internationally syndicated radio show The Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown Kemal Amin "Casey" Kasem, (born on April 27 1932, in Detroit Michigan) is an American Radio personality and Voice Putumayo World Music is a New York City based Record Stations may carry shows with different genres of music such as blues or jazz. Community affairs and religious programming is often on Sunday mornings. In addition, weekend evenings are particularly specialized; a dance station might have a sponsored dance party at a local club, or a classical station may play an opera.

Many music stations in the United States perform news and timechecks only sparingly, preferring to put more music on the air. News is often restricted to the talk-heavy commuting hours. The BBC takes a different approach, with all of its stations giving news updates. BBC 1xtra produces its own news segments under the name TX.

Music formats

Main article: Radio format

Some well-known music-radio formats are Top 40, Freeform Rock and AOR (Album Oriented Rock). This article is about Broadcast radio, for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. It turns out that most other stations (such as Rhythm & Blues) use a variation of one of these formats with a different playlist. In its most general form a playlist is simply a list of Songs The term has several specialized meanings in the realms of Radio Broadcasting and The way stations advertise themselves is not standardized. Some critical interpretation is needed to recognize classic formulas in the midst of the commercial glitz.

See List of music radio formats for further details, and note that there is a great deal of format evolution as music tastes and commercial conditions change. Music radio formats constantly evolve and each format can often be sub-divided into many speciality formats For example, the Beautiful music format that developed into today's Easy listening and Soft rock formats is nearly extinct due to a lack of interest from younger generations, whereas classic rock has become popular over the last 20 years or so and Jack FM has arisen only since 2000 or so. Beautiful music (sometimes abbreviated as BM, or BM / EZ for beautiful music / easy listening) is a mostly-instrumental music format that Easy listening music is a style of Popular music and radio format that emerged in the mid-20th century evolving out of swing and Big band music Soft rock, also referred to as light rock or easy rock, is a style of Music which uses the techniques of Rock and roll to compose a softer Classic rock was originally conceived as a Radio station programming format which evolved from the Album oriented rock (AOR format in the early-1980s Jack-FM is the Moniker and on-air Brand of 49 Radio stations in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.

Top 40

The original formulaic music radio format was Top 40. The Top Forty or Top 40 is a music industry shorthand for the currently most-popular songs in a particular genre. In this format, disc-jockeys would select one of a set of the forty best-selling singles (usually in a rack) as rated by Billboard magazine or from the station's own chart of the local top selling songs. In general, the more aggressive "Top 40" stations could sometimes be better described as "Top 20" stations. They would aggressively skirt listener boredom to play only the most popular singles.

Top 40 radio would punctuate the music with jingles, promotions, gags, call-ins, and requests, brief news, time and weather announcements and most importantly, advertising. The distinguishing mark of a traditional top-40 station was the use of a hyperexcited disc-jockey, and high tempo jingles. The format was invented in the US and today can be heard world wide. Todd Storz and Gordon McLendon invented Top 40 radio. Bill Drake and Rick Sklar have had a lasting modern influence. This is an excellent, brief history of the format..

Variants and hybrids include the freeform-like Jack FM (mentioned below under Freeform Rock) and the "Mix" formats mentioned below under Oldies. Jack-FM is the Moniker and on-air Brand of 49 Radio stations in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. Top 40 music is heavily criticized by some music fans as being repetitive and of low quality, and is almost exclusively dominated by large media conglomerates such as Clear Channel Communications and CBS Corporation. Clear Channel Communications is a media conglomerate company based in the United States. CBS Corporation () is an American Media conglomerate focused on Broadcasting, Publishing, Billboards, and Television Top 40 tends to be underrepresented on the Internet, being mostly the domain of commercial broadcasters such as Virgin Radio UK. Virgin Radio is a brand owned by the Virgin Group used by a number of different radio stations worldwide under licence from Virgin

Some of the most famous Top 40 stations of have been Musicradio 77 WABC/New York, Boss Radio 93 KHJ/Los Angeles Musicradio 89 WLS/Chicago, and The Big 68 WRKO/Boston. WABC (770 kHz known as "NewsTalkRadio 77" is a radio station in New York City. The City of New York KHJ Radio in Los Angeles, California broadcasts Spanish-language entertainment programming as La Ranchera. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West WLS is a Chicago Radio station. The call letters stand for W orld's L argest S tore (for its original owner Sears Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. WRKO (680 AM) is a Radio station based in Boston Massachusetts, currently owned by Entercom.

Freeform and progressive rock

A later development was freeform radio, later commercially developed as progressive rock radio, and still later even more commercially developed as AOR (Album-Oriented Rock), in which selections from an album would be played together, with an appropriate introduction. Freeform, or freeform radio, is a Radio station programming format in which the Disc jockey is given total control over Progressive rock is a Radio station programming format that prospered in the late 1960s and 1970s in which the Disc jockeys are given wide latitude

Traditional freeform stations prided themselves on offering their disc jockeys freedom to play significant music and make significant social commentary and humor. This approach developed commercial problems because disc jockeys attracted to this freedom often had tastes substantially different from the audience, and lost audience share. Also, freeform stations could lack predictability, and listeners' loyalty could then be put at risk. Progressive rock radio (not to be confused with the progressive rock music genre) was freeform in style but constrained so that some kind of rock music was what was always or almost always played. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved

Responsible jocks would realize their responsibility to the audience to produce a pleasant show, and try to keep the station sound predictable by listening to other jocks, and repeating some of their music selections. WNEW-FM in New York during the 1970s exemplified this approach to progressive rock radio. WWFS (1027 FM) is a New York City Radio station owned and operated by CBS Radio.

At their best, freeform stations have never been equaled for their degree of social activism, programmatic freedom, and listener involvement. However, to succeed, the approach requires genius jocks, totally in-tune with their audience, who are also committed to the commercial success of the radio station. This is a rare combination of traits. Even if such people are available, they often command extremely high salaries. However, this may be an effective approach for a new station, if talented jocks can be recruited and motivated at low salaries.

Freeform radio is particularly popular as a college radio format; offshoots include the recent (and somewhat controversial, due to its lack of on-air personalities) eclectic-pop format known as variety hits, which plays a wide assortment of mostly top-40 music from a span of several decades; and podcast radio, a mostly-talk format pioneered by Infinity Broadcasting's KYOU station in California and Adam Curry's Podcast show on Sirius Satellite Radio. Adult hits (sometimes also called variety hits or Classic hits) is a Radio format, popular in the early 2000s, that does not adhere to a specific A podcast is a series of audio or Video digital-media files which is distributed over the Internet by syndicated Download KYCY (1550 AM) is a Radio station in San Francisco, owned by CBS Radio.

AOR (album-oriented rock)

AOR (album-oriented rock) developed as a commercial compromise between top-forties-style formulas and progressive rock radio/freeform. Album-oriented rock (sometimes referred to as Adult-oriented rock or as West Coast Rock) abbreviated AOR and originally called album-oriented radio Album-oriented rock (sometimes referred to as Adult-oriented rock or as West Coast Rock) abbreviated AOR and originally called album-oriented radio A program director or music consultant would select some set of music "standards" and require the playlist to be followed, perhaps in an order selected by the jock. The jock would still introduce each selection, but the jock would have available a scripted introduction to use if he was not personally familiar with a particular piece of music and its artist. Obviously a computer helps a lot in this process.

A useful, relatively safe compromise with the artistic freedom of the jocks is that a few times each hour, usually in the least commercially valuable slots of the hour, the disc-jockey can highlight new tracks that he or she thinks might interest the audience. The audience is encouraged to comment on the new tracks, allowing the station to track audience tastes. The freedom to introduce new artists can help a station develop its library.

Significant AOR offshoots include classic rock and adult album alternative. Album-oriented rock (sometimes referred to as Adult-oriented rock or as West Coast Rock) abbreviated AOR and originally called album-oriented radio Classic rock was originally conceived as a Radio station programming format which evolved from the Album oriented rock (AOR format in the early-1980s Adult album alternative (also triple-A, AAA, or adult alternative) is a Radio format broadcast mostly on FM.

Oldies, standards, and classic rock

Classic rock or oldies formats have been described as having the weakness of not playing new artists. Classic rock was originally conceived as a Radio station programming format which evolved from the Album oriented rock (AOR format in the early-1980s Oldies is a generic term commonly used to describe a Radio format that usually concentrates on Top 40 music from the 1950s 1960s and 1970s (about 1955-1977 This is true in a creative sense, but not a commercial one. Stations will not get good ratings or revenue if they frequently play songs unfamiliar to their audience. This is why "Top 40" stations played only the biggest hits and why oldies and classic rock formats do the same for the eras they cover. Nevertheless, there seems to be a cottage industry of Internet stations specializing in specific forms of classic rock and oldies, particularly psychedelic rock and progressive rock. Psychedelic rock is a style of Rock music that attempts to replicate the mind-altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved

The oldies and classic rock formats have a strong niche market, but as the audience becomes older the station becomes less attractive to advertisers. Advertisers perceive older listeners as set in their brand choices and not as responsive to advertising as younger, more impulsive listeners. Oldies stations must occasionally change to more youthful music formats; as a result, the definition of what constitutes an "oldies" station has gradually changed over the years. This is why many oldies stations, like WCBS-FM in New York City and WJMK in Chicago, have switched over to the younger-orientated Jack FM format in recent years — although WCBS-FM reverted back to its oldies format on July 12, 2007, and the "Jack FM" format was moved to its HD2 subchannel. WCBS-FM (1011 MHz is a radio station in New York City owned by CBS Radio. The City of New York WJMK (1043 FM is a rock -leaning Variety hits Radio station in Chicago, Illinois. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Jack-FM is the Moniker and on-air Brand of 49 Radio stations in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

This preference for younger listeners caused the decline of the "Big Band" or "Standards" music formats that covered music from the 1930s to the 1950s. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive As the audience grew too old for advertisers, the radio stations that carried these formats saw a sharp loss of ratings and revenue. This left them with no choice but to adopt more youthful formats, though the Standards format (also known as the Great American Songbook from the series of albums produced by rocker Rod Stewart) has undergone something of an off-air revival, with artists such as Stewart, Tony Bennett and Queen Latifah putting their own interpretation on the music. Great American Songbook (sometimes abbreviated as "GAS" is a term referring to the interrelated music of Broadway musical theater Roderick "Rod" David Stewart, CBE (born 10 January 1945 is a Singer and Songwriter born and raised in London England and currently Tony Bennett (born Anthony Dominick Benedetto; August 3 1926) is an American Singer of popular music, standards

During the mid-to-late-'90s, the "Mix" format -- a loosely-defined mixture of Top-40 and classic rock with something of an emphasis on adult contemporary music -- began to appear across the country. Adult contemporary music, frequently abbreviated AC, refers to styles of popular music that ranges from "lush Sixties pop often vocal -based and rooted in While the format has no particular standard identity, most "mix" stations have rotations consisting largely of pop and rock music from the '80s and '90s (and often the '70s), with some current material mixed in. In addition, stations devoted to the pop music of the '70s, '80s, and '90s on their own have developed as the audiences that grew up with that music grew older and nostalgic for the sounds of their youth.

Classical, pop, easy-listening, jazz, dance

These formats all have small but very loyal audiences in the largest markets. Most follow formats similar to the above (Top 40s, Freeform, AOR and Oldies), except with a different playlist. Public service stations following these formats tend to be "freeform" stations.

Classical music radio is just as it sounds -- radio designed to appeal to the listener of classical music. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music internet classical Most classical stations specialize primarily in instrumental classical music and chamber music, though there are more special interest classical stations (often found through media such as satellite radio or internet radio) that carry classical pop music or operatic music. A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR is a Digital radio signal that is broadcast by a Communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical Internet radio (also known as web radio, net radio, streaming radio and e-radio) is an audio Broadcasting service transmitted via

Easy listening and Adult Contemporary are related formats that play largely down-tempo pop music of various styles. Easy listening music is a style of Popular music and radio format that emerged in the mid-20th century evolving out of swing and Big band music Adult contemporary music, frequently abbreviated AC, refers to styles of popular music that ranges from "lush Sixties pop often vocal -based and rooted in The difference is mostly in the era and styles covered -- Easy Listening is mostly older music done in the style of standards from the early 20th century (typical artists include Johnny Mathis and Frank Sinatra) internet streaming combined with Big Band music and more modern performers in the same style such as Céline Dion and Josh Groban, while Adult Contemporary focuses more on newer pop music from the 1970s on. Easy listening music is a style of Popular music and radio format that emerged in the mid-20th century evolving out of swing and Big band music John Royce "Johnny" Mathis (born September 30, 1935) is an American Singer of Popular music. Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra (December 12 1915 &ndash May 14 1998 was an American singer and actor A big band is a type of Musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late Adult contemporary music, frequently abbreviated AC, refers to styles of popular music that ranges from "lush Sixties pop often vocal -based and rooted in An ancestor to the easy listening format is Beautiful Music, a now-rare format (though XM features one channel of it, called Sunny) focusing mostly on smooth jazz or classical arrangements of pop music and original compositions in a similar vein. Beautiful music (sometimes abbreviated as BM, or BM / EZ for beautiful music / easy listening) is a mostly-instrumental music format that Perhaps the best-known Adult Contemporary station currently in operation is WLTW in New York City, better known as 106.7 Lite FM. WLTW (1067 FM, "1067 Lite FM" is a Radio station with an Adult contemporary format in New York City. The City of New York

Jazz stations generally play either traditional jazz forms or smooth jazz. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Smooth jazz, also sometimes referred to as new adult contemporary music is generally described as a genre of music that utilizes instruments (and at times improvisation The jazz station, more than any other except the college station, is stereotyped as having a small listenership and a somewhat overly highbrow on-air personality, and many are college-run stations. California State University Long Beach sponsors KJAZZ 88.1, which has a fairly significant online listenership as well. Two very well-known smooth jazz stations are WNUA in Chicago and 94.7 The Wave in Los Angeles, both of which were introduced in 1987, and still continue to enjoy tremendous success in the format today. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar)

Dance music is a niche, and so-called "rhythmic pop" stations have had a fierce but not always commercially sustainable following. There was a wide spectrum of disco-format radio stations during the late '70s, but virtually all of them died out during the disco backlash; WXKS in Boston is one of the few notable survivors, now a Clear Channel Communications-owned top-40 station of considerable influence. WXKS-FM, better known as Kiss 108, is a radio station in Boston Massachusetts, licensed to nearby Medford. Clear Channel Communications is a media conglomerate company based in the United States. Nevertheless there are a large number of dance music stations available both on the internet and on satellite radio, mostly specializing in various forms of electronica. Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range Both major US satellite radio services include disco stations.

Alternative and modern rock

Rock music has a long and honorable radio tradition going back to DJs like Wolfman Jack and Alan Freed, and as a result variations on rock radio are fairly common. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Alan Freed (December 15 1921 &ndash January 20 1965 also known as Moondog, was an American Disc-jockey who became The classic rock and oldies formats are discussed above; in addition to those, however, there are several genres of music radio devoted to different aspects of modern rock music. Classic rock was originally conceived as a Radio station programming format which evolved from the Album oriented rock (AOR format in the early-1980s Alternative rock grew out of the grunge scene of the late '80s and early '90s and is particularly favored by college radio and adult album alternative stations; there is a strong focus on songwriters and bands with an outsider sound or a more sophisticated sound than the "three chord wonder" cliché. Adult album alternative (also triple-A, AAA, or adult alternative) is a Radio format broadcast mostly on FM. Meanwhile, other stations focus on heavy metal, punk rock, or the various post-punk and pop-influenced sounds known collectively as "modern rock".

Narrow-interest rock stations are particularly common on the Internet and satellite radio scenes, broken down into genres such as punk, metal, classic rock, indie music, and the like. Indie rock is genre of Alternative rock that primarily exists in the independent Underground music scene There is a general feeling among radio connoisseurs that rock radio is becoming badly watered down by big corporate ownership, leading to a considerable do-it-yourself spirit.

Country

While stereotyped as rural music, the Country music format is common and popular throughout the United States and in some other countries. Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. Emphasis is generally on current pop country, though stations specializing in older country music have popped up here and there. Country has been a popular radio format since the early days of music radio. Country stations play a mix of music from Classic country to Hot Country and anywhere in between. Classic Country is a radio format that specializes in playing mainstream country hits from past decades

Urban (hip-hop/R&B)

Main article: Urban contemporary

The explosive rise in popularity during the 1980s of rap music has led to a large number of radio stations specializing in rap/hip-hop and R&B music (with the exception of classic R&B such as Motown, which is as often as not the province of Oldies stations). Urban contemporary is a music Radio format. The term was coined by the late New York DJ Frankie Crocker in the mid 1970s Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with "Motown" redirects here For the city see Detroit Michigan. This format is popular among all ethnic groups and social classes.

Public radio formats

Some music radio is broadcast by public service organizations, such as National Public Radio or the BBC.

Community Radio

Community radio often relies heavily on the music format because it is relatively cheap and generally makes for easy listening. A prime example of this is Australia's premier community radio station 104.1 Territory FM.

Dance music radio

Dance music radio focuses on live DJ sets and hit singles from genres of techno, house, electro, drum and bass, UK garage and big beat. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk UK Garage ( UKG) is an umbrella term that refers to several different varieties of modern Electronic dance music generally connected to the evolution of house Big beat (sometimes called chemical breaks) is a term deployed in the mid 1990s by the British music press to describe the music of The Chemical Brothers, While some stations play all kinds of electronic dance music, others (mainly pirate radio stations) focus on particular genres. Synonyms Since around the mid-1980s electronic dance music has enjoyed popularity in many Nightclubs and as of 2006 is the predominant type of music played in The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions This format is popular in England, Germany, Netherlands and some other countries.

Regional differences

Outside of English-speaking world, several radio formats built around local musical genres are popular. The English-speaking world consists of those countries or regions that use the English language to one degree or another Examples include Portuguese Fado and Russian Shanson. FADO - False and Authentic Documents Online A computerised image-archiving system to help combat illegal immigration and organised crime ACT Council Joint Action 98/700/JHA Russian Shanson - also spelt Chanson (from French " Chanson " is a Neologism for a Musical genre covering a range of Russian songs based on the

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