Music of Turkey: Topics
Turkish classic Military Turkish folk Oriental Turkish pop Religious music Turkish rock Rebetiko Turkish style Arabesque
Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock
Awards	Kral MV, MÜ-YAP, MGD
Charts	Billboard Charts
Music Festivals	Istanbul International Music Festival, Istanbul International Jazz Festival, Izmir European Jazz Festival, Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival
Media	Rolling Stone (Türkiye), MTV (Türkiye)
National anthem	"Independence March"
Turkish Marches	"Tenth year March", "Ottoman marches", "European marches"
Ethnic music
Armenian - Azeri - Bosnian - Greek - Jewish - Kurdish - Pontic - Romani - Zaza - Other immigrants and minorities
Regional folk styles
Aegean - Rumeli - Black Sea - Cyprus
Ottoman regional styles
Albanian - Arabic - Armenian - Balkans - Cypriot - Egyptian - Greek - Hungarian - Kurdish - Persian - Polish - Pontic - Thracian

The music of Turkey includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music and music from Ottoman Empire dominions such as Persian music, Balkan music and ancient Byzantine music, as well as more modern European and American popular music influences. Ottoman classical music ( Klâsik Türk Mûsikîsi, Sanat Mûsikîsi, Saray Mûsikîsi) developed in palaces mosques and Mevlevi Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military Marching band in the world Turkish folk music ( Türk Halk Müziği) has combined the distinct cultural values of all those civilisations which have lived in Anatolia and the Ottoman Belly dance is a Western term for a traditional Middle Eastern Dance form Turkish pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Turkish cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles including Rock and roll, tango The Mevlevi Order or the Mevleviye are a Sufi order founded by the followers of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi, a 13th century Persian Turkish rock or Anatolian Rock (Anadolu Rock is a fusion of Turkish folk and Rock music. Rebetiko, plural rebetika, ( Greek ρεμπέτικο and ρεμπέτικα respectively occasionally transliterated as Rembetiko "Turkish music", in the sense described here is not really Music of Turkey, but rather a musical style that was occasionally used by the European composers of the Arabesque or Arabesk ( Turkish: Arabesk is a genre termed so by Turkish musicologists for a type of sound to come out of Turkey in the 1950s and 1960s "Turkish music", in the sense described here is not really Music of Turkey, but rather a musical style that was occasionally used by the European composers of the Belly dance is a Western term for a traditional Middle Eastern Dance form Turkish folk music ( Türk Halk Müziği) has combined the distinct cultural values of all those civilisations which have lived in Anatolia and the Ottoman History Before Turkish hip hop took hold in Turkey specifically Istanbul and Ankara it originally grew out of Turkish ethnic enclaves in Germany Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military Marching band in the world Ottoman classical music ( Klâsik Türk Mûsikîsi, Sanat Mûsikîsi, Saray Mûsikîsi) developed in palaces mosques and Mevlevi The State Opera and Ballet (Devlet Opera ve Balesi is the national directorate of Opera and Ballet companies of Turkey, with venues in Ankara Turkish pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Turkish cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles including Rock and roll, tango The Mevlevi Order or the Mevleviye are a Sufi order founded by the followers of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi, a 13th century Persian Turkish rock or Anatolian Rock (Anadolu Rock is a fusion of Turkish folk and Rock music. The Billboard charts are music sales airplay and digital ranking reports distributed to the general public by Billboard magazine More than 100 Festivals are held in Turkey every year Along with festivals of local scale held in almost every city of the country cultural events and other festivals of international The Istanbul International Music Festival, formerly Istanbul Festival, ( Uluslararası İstanbul Müzik Festivali) is a cultural event held every June and July in The Istanbul International Jazz Festival, formerly Istanbul Festival, (Uluslararası İstanbul Caz Festivali is a cultural event held every July in Istanbul, The İzmir European Jazz Festival, ( İzmir Avrupa Caz Festivali) is a cultural event held in the first half of every March in İzmir, Turkey. The Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival has been organized by the Turkish State Opera and Ballet directorate since 1994 with international participation by Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published MTV (Music Television Türkiye is the Turkish subsidiary of MTV, officially launched on October 23, 2006. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's The İstiklâl Marşı (Independence March is the Turkish National Anthem, officially adopted on March 12, 1921 - two years before The Ottoman Empire used anthems since its foundation in the late 13th century but did not use a specific royal or National anthem until the 19th century Armenia is situated close to the Caucasus Mountains, and its music is a mix of indigenous Folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan 's well-known Music of Azerbaijan includes various styles that reflect influences from the music of the Iran, Caucasus and Central Asia. Like the surrounding Balkan countries Bosnia and Herzegovina has had a turbulent past marked by frequent foreign invasions and occupation The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. Cypriot music has certain similarities to traditional Greek Music, and their Jewish music, the music of Jews, is quite diverse and dates back thousands of years Kurdish Music ( Sorani Kurdish:گۆرانی کوردی Gorani Kurdi) ( Kurmanji Kurdish: Muzîk û strana kurdî) refers to music performed in Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Typically nomadic the Roma people have long acted as wandering entertainers and tradesmen The Aegean Islands (Νησιά Αιγαίου Nisiá Aigaíou; Ege Adaları are a group of Islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece Rumelia or Rumeli ( Turkish: Rumeli ("Land of the Romans" from Rum: "Greek" "Roman" and El The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC) (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC) commonly called Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs though its The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Albania is a Southeast European nation that was ruled by Enver Hoxha 's communist government for much of the later part of the 20th century it is now a democratic Arabic music or Arab music ( Arabic: موسيقى عربية;) includes several genres and styles of Music ranging from Arabic classical Armenia is situated close to the Caucasus Mountains, and its music is a mix of indigenous Folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan 's well-known The music of Southeastern Europe or Balkan music is a type of music distinct from others in Europe The music of Cyprus includes a variety of classical folk and popular genres Egyptian music has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since ancient times The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. Cypriot music has certain similarities to traditional Greek Music, and their Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. Kurdish Music ( Sorani Kurdish:گۆرانی کوردی Gorani Kurdi) ( Kurmanji Kurdish: Muzîk û strana kurdî) refers to music performed in Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music Artists from Poland, including famous composers like Chopin or Penderecki and traditional regionalized Folk musicians create a lively and diverse Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Music of Thrace is the Music of Thrace, a region in Southeastern Europe spread over southern Bulgaria ( Northern Thrace) northeastern Asian music encompasses numerous different musical styles originating from a large number of Asian cultures The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music The music of Southeastern Europe or Balkan music is a type of music distinct from others in Europe Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire composed to Greek texts as ceremonial festival or church music Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more In turn, it has influenced these cultures through the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish ^[1] Turkey is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and is a crossroad of cultures from across Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus and South and Central Asia. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south

The roots of traditional music in Turkey spans across centuries to a time when the Seljuk Turks colonized Anatolia and Persia in the 11th century and contains elements of both Turkic and pre-Turkic influences. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the emergence in the early 1930s drive for Westernization. ^[2]

With the absorbance of immigrants from various regions the diversity of musical genres and musical instrumentation also expanded. Turkey has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of Armenian, Greek, Polish, Azeri and Jewish communities, among others. Armenia is situated close to the Caucasus Mountains, and its music is a mix of indigenous Folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan 's well-known The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. Cypriot music has certain similarities to traditional Greek Music, and their Artists from Poland, including famous composers like Chopin or Penderecki and traditional regionalized Folk musicians create a lively and diverse The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ ^[1] Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which, in turn, support a number of regional musical styles.

Contents 1 Historical background 2 Classical music 2.1 Musical instruments 2.2 Ottoman harem music: belly dancing 2.3 Romani influences 2.4 Military music 2.5 Turkish influence on Western classical music 2.6 Western influence on Turkish classical music 3 Folk music 3.1 Folk instruments 3.2 Folk Literature 3.3 Religious music 3.4 Regional folk styles 4 Kanto(Cantare Music) 5 Popular music 5.1 Mainstream pop 5.2 Turkish hip hop 5.3 Arabesque 5.4 Anatolian rock 5.5 Pop-rock, Rock 5.6 Underground and Clubs 6 Music industry 7 Music education 8 Holidays and festivals 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 Further reading 12 External links

Historical background

Arts of the Turkish Republic

Architecture Carpet making Cinema Comic books Cuisine Rakkas Dance Rakkase Dance Folk Dance Modern Dance Folklore Literature Music Poetry Sculpture Television Theater Shadow Theater Visual arts

Traditional music in Turkey falls into two main genres; classical art music and folk music. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military Marching band in the world The following is a list of Turkish Architects in alphabetical order A carpet is any loom-woven felted textile or grass floor covering Turkish cinema is an important part of Turkish culture, and has flourished over the years delivering entertainment to audiences in Turkey, expatriates across Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Middle Eastern and The köçek phenomenon (plural köçekler in Turkish is one of the significant features of Ottoman Empire culture. Belly dance is a Western term for a traditional Middle Eastern Dance form The tradition of Folklore —folktales jokes legends and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich and is incorporated into every day life and events For the history/introduction of Turkish Prose covering all eras see Turkish literature. For the history/introduction of Turkish Poetry covering all eras see Turkish literature. Television in Turkey was introduced in 1967. This is a list of television stations in Turkey A Actionmax (Digiturk Shadow play (Chinese 皮影戏 pi ying xi or shadow puppetry is an ancient form of Storytelling and Entertainment using opaque often articulated figures Turkish classical music is characterized by an Ottoman elite culture and influenced lyrically by neighbouring regions and Ottoman provinces, such as Persian and Byzantine vocal traditions and South European cultures. Ottoman classical music ( Klâsik Türk Mûsikîsi, Sanat Mûsikîsi, Saray Mûsikîsi) developed in palaces mosques and Mevlevi Ottoman classical music ( Klâsik Türk Mûsikîsi, Sanat Mûsikîsi, Saray Mûsikîsi) developed in palaces mosques and Mevlevi Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire composed to Greek texts as ceremonial festival or church music The music of Southeastern Europe or Balkan music is a type of music distinct from others in Europe ^[3] Earlier forms are sometimes termed as saray music in Turkish, meaning royal court music, indicating the source of the genre comes from Ottoman royalty as patronage and composer. ^[4] Neo-classical or postmodern versions of this traditional genre are termed as art music or sanat musikisi, though often it is unofficially termed as alla turca. In addition, from the saray or royal courts came the Ottoman military band, Mehter takımı in Turkish, considered to be the oldest type of military marching band in the world. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military Marching band in the world It was also the forefather of modern Western percussion bands and has been described as the father of Western military music. ^[5]

Turkish folk music is the music of Turkish-speaking rural communities of Anatolia, the Balkans, and Middle East. Turkish folk music ( Türk Halk Müziği) has combined the distinct cultural values of all those civilisations which have lived in Anatolia and the Ottoman The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. While Turkish folk music contains definitive traces of the Central Asian Turkic cultures, it has also strongly influenced and been influenced by many other indigenous cultures. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Religious music in Turkey is sometimes grouped with folk music due to the tradition of the wandering minstrel or aşık (pronounced ashuk), but its influences on Sufism due to the spritiual Mevlevi sect arguably grants it special status. Religious music (also sacred music) is Music performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence For the Albanian use of the term to describe a pederastic lover see Albanian pederasty An Ashik ( aşık, aşıq, عاشیق Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف The Mevlevi Order or the Mevleviye are a Sufi order founded by the followers of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi, a 13th century Persian ^[6]

It has been suggested the distinction between the two major genres comes during the Tanzîmat period of Ottoman era, when Turkish classical music was the music played in the Ottoman palaces and folk music was played in the villages. The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 ^[7][3] However, with the type of cultural cross-breeding the empire allowed, both genres relate to the multitudes of ethnic groups to be found in the make-up of the Ottoman Empire. In that sense they are the first examples of their kind in world music. The term world music includes Traditional music (sometimes called Folk music or roots music of any culture that are created and played by indigenous musicians ^[7][3] Although Turkish classical and folk music have generally enjoyed a broad popularity regardless of subcultures, regional classical music has had lapses in prominence.

When the modern Turkish state was proclaimed in 1923, the new republic aimed at creating a nation with a distinct and unified culture. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This included replacing the culture of Istanbul, which was perceived as the Ottoman elite, by the culture of rural Anatolia, which was considered Turkish. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Hence, folk music was promoted, while classical music became less popular. ^[2] Moreover, western classical music was introduced and encouraged in accordance with one of the most important policies of the new state, westernization of the society. ^[2] By the 1960s, western popular music had been introduced to Turkey, with the name hafif-batı müziği (light-western music). At the same time, socialist movements were getting popular in accordance with the world. Musicians who were inspired by these movements started adapting folk music with contemporary sounds and arrangements, giving rise to Anatolian rock and protest music or özgün muzik (authentic music). Turkish rock or Anatolian Rock (Anadolu Rock is a fusion of Turkish folk and Rock music. A protest song is a Song which Protests against perceived problems in Society. Increasing immigration in the 1970s from southeastern rural areas to big cities in the west, and particularly to Istanbul, gave rise to a new cultural synthesis, which was regarded as a degeneration of Istanbul music by some musicologists whom favoured Ottoman classical music. Paradoxically things had come full circle; a genre that had once been thought as foreign was now viewed as Turkish or alla turca, as it was reminiscent of a time when Turks were at the height of their power in world events. ^[2]

The new residents of metropolitan areas suffered from hard economical conditions and had difficulties in adapting to the big city from rural life. This newly constructed culture proceeded to generate its own music, derogatively termed by Istanbul musicologists as arabesque or arabesk, due to its high pitched wailing and exaggerated symbolisms of suffering. Arabesque or Arabesk ( Turkish: Arabesk is a genre termed so by Turkish musicologists for a type of sound to come out of Turkey in the 1950s and 1960s Arabesque was a synthesis of Turkish folk and middle-eastern music, similar to the growing left-wing subculture's own "arabesque", which was a new version of protest music fused in folk traditions. In the era influenced by the military government, arabesque and özgün genres were labeled "degenerate" and discouraged by the government, while Turkish classical music and contemporary music were promoted. ^[2]

Despite this however, western-style pop music lost popularity to arabesque in the late 70s and 80s, with even its greatest proponents Ajda Pekkan and Sezen Aksu falling in status. Ayşe Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish Pop music Singer and Actress Sezen Aksu (born Fatma Sezen Yıldırım) (born July 13, 1954 in Denizli) is a Turkish pop music singer song-writer It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of an opening economy and society. With the support of Aksu, the resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as Tarkan and Sertab Erener. Tarkan Tevetoğlu (born October 17, 1972) popularly known as Tarkan, is a World Music award winning German-born Turkish Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish Pop star and also a cross-over soprano with a register as high as High-F The late 1990s also saw an emergence of underground music producing alternative Turkish rock, electronica, hip-hop, rap and dance music in opposition to the mainstream corporate pop and arabesque genres, which many believe have become too commercial. Turkish rock or Anatolian Rock (Anadolu Rock is a fusion of Turkish folk and Rock music. Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range History Before Turkish hip hop took hold in Turkey specifically Istanbul and Ankara it originally grew out of Turkish ethnic enclaves in Germany Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) is an Art form that generally refers to movement of the body usually rhythmic Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Arabesque or Arabesk ( Turkish: Arabesk is a genre termed so by Turkish musicologists for a type of sound to come out of Turkey in the 1950s and 1960s ^[8]

Classical music

Main article: Turkish classical music

Ottoman court music has a large and varied system of modes or scales known as makams, and other rules of composition. See also List of Makams, Maqam In Turkish classical music, Mevlevi music and some Mosque music a system of Melody types called makam A number of notation systems were used for transcribing classical music, the most dominant being the Hamparsum notation in use until the gradual introduction of western notation. Hampartsoum Limondjian (Համբարձում Լիմոնջեան (1768– June 29 1839) was an Ottoman Armenian Composer of Turkish classical music is taught in conservatories and social clubs, the most respected of which is Istanbul's Üsküdar Musiki Cemiyeti.

A specific sequence of classical Turkish musical forms become a fasıl, a suite an instrumental prelude (peṣrev), an instrumental postlude (saz semaisi), and in between, the main section of vocal compositions which begins with and is punctuated by instrumental improvisations taksim. Taksim ( Turkish for "division" was the objective of Turkish Cypriots who supported a partition of the island of Cyprus into Turkish and Greek ^[7] However shorter şarkı compositions, precursors to modern day songs, are a part of this tradition, many of them extremely old, dating back to the 14th century; many are newer, with late 19th century songwriter Haci Arif Bey being especially popular. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Haci Arif Bey (1831-1885 was a Turkish composer from Istanbul, most known for his compositions in the şarkı form the most common secular

Composers and Performers

Other famous proponents of this genre include Sufi Dede Efendi, Prince Cantemir, Baba Hamparsum, Kemani Tatyos Efendi, Sultan Selim III and Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent. Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi (1778-1846 was a composer of Turkish classical music. Dimitrie Cantemir ( October 26 1673 &ndash August 21 1723) was twice Prince of Moldavia (in March-April 1693 and in 1710–1711 Hampartsoum Limondjian (Համբարձում Լիմոնջեան (1768– June 29 1839) was an Ottoman Armenian Composer of Tatyos Ekserciyan (1858-March 13 1913 or Tatyos Efendi was a famous composer of classical Turkish music, and his works continue to be among the best-remembered and Selim III ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) ( December 24, 1761 &ndash July 28/29 Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 The most popular modern Turkish classical singer is Münir Nurettin Selçuk, who was the first to establish a lead singer position. Münir Nurettin Selçuk (1900 &ndash April 27 1981) was Other performers include Bülent Ersoy, Zeki Müren, Müzeyyen Senar and Zekai Tunca. Zeki Müren (1931–1996 was a prominent Turkish singer composer and actor

Musical instruments

Main article: Turkish musical instruments

Traditional instruments in Turkish classical music today include tanbur long-necked plucked lute, ney end-blown flute, kemençe bowed fiddle, oud plucked short-necked unfretted lute, [kanun] plucked zither, violin, and in Mevlevi music, kudüm drum. Turkish musical instruments can be broadly classified into five categories namely Ottoman classical, Western influenced modern, Ottoman Harem Music, The term tanbūr ( Persian: تنبور) can refer to various long-necked Fretted Lutes originating in the Middle East The ney ( Persian: نی; Arabic: ناي; also nai, nye, nay, A kemenche ( Turkish: kemençe Laz: Ç'ilili(ჭილილი Greek: κεμεντζές is a bottle-shaped 3-stringed type of Rebec or The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud Kudüm is one of the most fundamental rhythm instruments in classical Turkish music

Ottoman harem music: belly dancing

Further information: Belly dancing

From the makams of the royal courts to the melodies of the royal harems, a type of dance music emerged that was different from the oyun havası of fasıl music. Belly dance is a Western term for a traditional Middle Eastern Dance form HAREM is the first evaluation contest of Named entity recognition (NER for Portuguese and its call for participation was announced in September 2004 In the Ottoman Empire, the harem was that part of a house set apart for the women of the family. It was a place in which non-family males were not allowed. Eunuchs guarded the sultan's harems, which were quite large, including several hundred women who were wives and concubines. A eunuch (ˈjuːnək is a Castrated man in particular one castrated early enough to have major hormonal consequences the term usually refers to those castrated in order to There, female dancers and musicians entertained the women living in the harem. Belly dance was performed by women for women. Belly dance is a Western term for a traditional Middle Eastern Dance form This female dancer, known as a rakkase, hardly ever appeared in public. ^[9]

This type of harem music was taken out of the sultan's private living quarters and to the public by male street entertainers and hired dancers of the Ottoman Empire, the male rakkas. These dancers performed publicly for wedding celebrations, feasts, festivals, and in the presence of the sultans. ^[9]

Modern oriental dance in Turkey is derived from this tradition of the Ottoman rakkas. Some mistakenly believe that Turkish oriental dancing is known as Çiftetelli due to the fact that this style of music has been incorporated into oriental dancing by Greeks and Romany people, illustrated by the fact that the Greek belly dance is sometimes mistakenly called Tsifteteli. Çiftetelli ( Greek: Τσιφτετέλι tsiftetelli; Turkish: Çiftetelli chiftetelli; Armenian: Ծիւտետեղի The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Çiftetelli ( Greek: Τσιφτετέλι tsiftetelli; Turkish: Çiftetelli chiftetelli; Armenian: Ծիւտետեղի However, Çiftetelli is a form of folk music of local origin, whereas rakkas, as the name suggests, is possibly of a more mideastern origin. ^[9] Dancers are also known for their adept use of finger cymbals as instruments, also known as zils. This page is about the Russian car and truck factory For other meanings see ZIL (disambiguation.

Romani influences

Further information: Romani music

Roma are known throughout Turkey for their musicianship. Typically nomadic the Roma people have long acted as wandering entertainers and tradesmen The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Their urban music brought echoes of classical Turkish music to the public via the meyhane or taverna. This type of fasıl music (a style, not to be confused with the fasıl form of classical Turkish music) with food and alcoholic beverages is often associated with the underclass of Turkish society, though it also can be found in more respectable establishments in modern times. The contemporary concept of the underclass is a sanitized term for what was known in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the undeserving poor and may have been coined by American sociologist ^[2]

Roma have also influenced the fasıl itself. Played in music halls, the dance music (oyun havası) required at the end of each fasıl has been incorporated with Ottoman rakkas or belly dancing motifs. The rhythmic ostinato accompanying the instrumental improvisation (ritimli taksim) for the bellydance parallels that of the classical gazel, a vocal improvisation in free rhythm with rhythmic accompaniment. Popular musical instruments in this kind of fasıl are the clarinet, violin, kanun, and darbuka. The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The Kanun or formally the Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit (The Code of Lekë Dukagjini is a set of laws developed by Lekë Dukagjini and used mostly in northern Albania The goblet drum (also chalice drum) is a goblet shaped Hand drum used mostly in Arabic, Assyrian, Persian, Balkan, Clarinetist Mustafa Kandıralı is a well known fasil musician.

Military music

Main article: Ottoman military band

The Janissary bands or Mehter Takımı is considered to be the oldest type of military marching band in the world. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military Marching band in the world ^[5] Individual instrumentalists were mentioned in the Orhun inscriptions, which are believed to be the oldest written sources of Turkish history, dating from the 8th century. The Old Turkic script (also Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script; Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları, 鄂爾渾文字 The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. However, they were not definitively mentioned as bands until the 13th century. The rest of Europe borrowed the notion of military marching bands from Turkey from the 16th century onwards.

Turkish influence on Western classical music

Main article: Turkish music (style)

Musical relations between the Turks and the rest of Europe can be traced back many centuries,^[10] and the first type of musical Orientalism was the Turkish Style. "Turkish music", in the sense described here is not really Music of Turkey, but rather a musical style that was occasionally used by the European composers of the "Turkish music", in the sense described here is not really Music of Turkey, but rather a musical style that was occasionally used by the European composers of the ^[11] European classical composers in the 18th century were fascinated by Turkish music, particularly the strong role given to the brass and percussion instruments in Janissary bands. The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system A brass instrument is a Musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular Resonator. The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish ينيچرى ( yeniçeri) meaning "new soldier" comprised Infantry units that formed

Joseph Haydn wrote his Military Symphony to include Turkish instruments, as well as some of his operas. Turkish instruments were also included in Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony Number 9. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Symphony No 9 in D minor Op 125 "Choral" is the last complete Symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote the "Ronda alla turca" in his Sonata in A major and also used Turkish themes in his operas, such as the Chorus of Janissaries from his Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782). Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's Piano Sonata No 11 in A major K 331 (300i is a sonata in three movements Andante Die Entführung aus dem Serail ( K 384; The Abduction from the Seraglio; also known as Il Seraglio) is an Opera Singspiel This Turkish influence introduced the cymbals, bass drum, and bells into the symphony orchestra, where they remain. Cymbals are a modern percussion instrument Cymbals consist of thin normally round plates of various Cymbal alloys; see Cymbal making for a discussion of their A bass drum is a large Drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. A bell is a simple Sound -making device The bell is a Percussion instrument and an Idiophone. Jazz musician Dave Brubeck wrote his "Blue Rondo á la Turk" as a tribute to Mozart and Turkish music. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States David Warren Brubeck (born December 6, 1920 in Concord California) better known as Dave Brubeck, is an American jazz pianist

Western influence on Turkish classical music

While the European military bands of the 18th century introduced the percussion instruments of the Ottoman janissary bands, a similar development was emerging in the opposite direction, that is the Europeanisation of the Ottoman army band, in the 19th century. Güher Pekinel and Süher Pekinel (born March 29 1953, Istanbul) as identical Twins are world-renowned Turkish Pianists The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar It was also during this period that the famous opera composer Gaetano Donizetti's brother, Giuseppe Donizetti, was invited to become Master of Music to Sultan Mahmud II in 1827. Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 &ndash 8 April 1848 was an Italian composer from Bergamo, Lombardy. Giuseppe Donizetti (6 November 1788 Bergamo - 12 February 1856 Istanbul) was from 1828 Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music at the court Mahmud II ( Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) ( July 20, 1785 July 1, 1839 ^[12]

After the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of a Turkish republic, the transfer of the former Imperial Orchestra or Mızıka-ı Hümayun from Istanbul to the new capital of the state Ankara, and renaming it as the Orchestra of the Presidency of the Republic, Riyaset-i Cumhur Orkestrası, signalled a Westernization of Turkish music. The military and political events during the decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the era between 1828 to 1908 Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. The name would later be changed to the Presidential Symphony Orchestra or Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası. Presidential Symphony Orchestra (Turkish Cumhurbaskanligi Senfoni Orkestrasi) is the presidential symphony orchestra of Turkey located in capital Ankara ^[2]

Further inroads came with the founding of a new school for the training of Western style music instructors in 1924, renaming the Istanbul Oriental Music School as the Istanbul Conservatory in 1926, and sending talented young musicians abroad for further music education. These students include well-known Turkish composers such as Cemal Reşit Rey, Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Ahmet Adnan Saygun, Necil Kazım Akses and Hasan Ferit Alnar, who became known as the Turkish Five. Cemal Reşit Rey ( October 25 1904 - October 7 1985) was a famous Turkish Composer, Pianist, Script writer Ulvi Cemal Erkin ( March 14 1906 &ndash September 15 1972) was a Turkish Composer. Ahmed Adnan Saygun (born in İzmir on September 7, 1907 - died in İstanbul on January 6, 1991) was a Turkish The Turkish Five is a term used to describe the five pioneers of western classical music in Turkey ^[7] The founding of the Ankara State Conservatory with the aid of the German composer and music theorist Paul Hindemith in 1936 showed that Turkey in terms of music wanted to be like the West. Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 &ndash 28 December 1963 was a German Composer, Violist, violinist teacher music theorist and conductor. ^[2]

However, on the order of the founder of the republic, Atatürk, following his philosophy to take from the West but to remain Turkish in essence, a wide-scale classification and archiving of samples of Turkish folk music from around Anatolia was launched in 1924 and continued until 1953 to collect around 10,000 folk songs. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Hungarian composer Béla Bartók visited Ankara and the south-eastern Turkey in 1936 within the context of these works. Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest ^[13]

By 1976, Turkish classical music had undergone a renaissance and a state musical conservatory in Istanbul was founded to give classical musicians the same support as folk musicians. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Modern day advocates of Western classical music in Turkey include Fazıl Say, İdil Biret, Suna Kan and the Pekinel sisters. Fazıl Say (born January 14 1970) is a world wide acknowledged Pianist and Composer. İdil Biret (born 21 November 1941 in Ankara, Turkey) is a Turkish concert Pianist, renowned Suna Kan, born on October 21, 1936 in Adana, Turkey is a Turkish Violinist of classical music. Güher Pekinel and Süher Pekinel (born March 29 1953, Istanbul) as identical Twins are world-renowned Turkish Pianists

Folk music

Main article: Turkish folk music

Folk music or Türkü generally deals with subjects surrounding daily life in less grandiose terms than the love and emotion usually contained in its traditional counterpart, Ottoman court music. A kemenche ( Turkish: kemençe Laz: Ç'ilili(ჭილილი Greek: κεμεντζές is a bottle-shaped 3-stringed type of Rebec or The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey ^[7]

Most songs recount stories of real life events and Turkish folklore, or have developed through song contests between troubadour poets. The tradition of Folklore —folktales jokes legends and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich and is incorporated into every day life and events ^[14] Corresponding to their origins, folk songs are usually played at weddings, funerals and special festivals.

Regional folk music generally accompanies folk dances, which vary significantly across regions. For example, at marriage ceremonies in the Aegean guests will dance the Zeybek, while in other Rumeli regions the upbeat dance music Çiftetelli is usually played, and in the southeastern regions of Turkey the Halay is the customary form of local wedding music and dance. Zeybeks or sometimes Zeibeks were people living in Asia Minor. Rumelia or Rumeli ( Turkish: Rumeli ("Land of the Romans" from Rum: "Greek" "Roman" and El Çiftetelli ( Greek: Τσιφτετέλι tsiftetelli; Turkish: Çiftetelli chiftetelli; Armenian: Ծիւտետեղի Hora (dance region Trakya. Zeybek dance region Aegean,Southern MarmaraMiddle-eastern Anatolia ^[2] Greeks from Thrace and Cyprus that have adopted çiftetelli music sometimes use it synonymously to mean oriental dance, which indicates a misunderstanding of its roots. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Belly dance is a Western term for a traditional Middle Eastern Dance form Çiftetelli is a folk dance, differing from a solo performance dance of a hired entertainer.

The regional mood also affects the subject of the folk songs, e. g. folk songs from the Black Sea are lively in general and express the customs of the region. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Songs about betrayal have an air of defiance about them instead of sadness, whereas the further south travelled in Turkey the more the melodies resemble a lament. A lament or lamentation is a Song, Poem or piece of music expressing Grief, Regret or Mourning. ^[15]

As this genre is viewed as a music of the people, musicians in socialist movements began to adapt folk music with contemporary sounds and arrangements in the form of protest music. A protest song is a Song which Protests against perceived problems in Society.

In the 70s and 80s, modern bards following the aşık tradition such as Aşik Veysel and Mahsuni Şerif moved away from spiritual invocations to socio-politically active lyrics. Aşık Veysel Şatıroğlu ( October 25, 1894 – March 21, 1973) also known as just Aşık Veysel Aşık Mahzuni Şerif ( 17 November 1940 — 17 May 2002) also known as Mahsuni Şerif, was a Turkish folk musician Ashik

Other contemporary progenitors took their lead such as Zülfü Livaneli, known for his mid-80s innovation of combining poet Nazim Hikmet's radical poems with folk music and rural melodies, and is well-regarded by left-wing supporters in politics. Ömer Zülfü Livaneli (b 1946 Ilgın, Turkey) is a popular Turkish folk musician (singer and composer a novelist newspaper Columnist Nazım Hikmet Ran ( November 20, 1901 – June 3, 1963) commonly known as Nazım Hikmet (nɑːˌzɯm hikˈmɛt was a Turkish ^[2]

In more recent times, saz orchestras, accompanied with many other traditional instruments and a merger with arabesque melodies have kept modern folk songs popular in Turkey. ^[2]

Folk instruments

Folk instruments range from string groups as bağlama, bow instruments such as the kemençe (a type of stave fiddle), and percussion and wind, including the zurna, ney and davul. The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central A kemenche ( Turkish: kemençe Laz: Ç'ilili(ჭილილი Greek: κεμεντζές is a bottle-shaped 3-stringed type of Rebec or For other meanings see Zurna (disambiguation For other spellings see Surna (disambiguation The The ney ( Persian: نی; Arabic: ناي; also nai, nye, nay, Names A large double-headed Drum with many names depending on the country and region some of which include davul (davul daul Regional variations place importance on different instruments, e. g. the darbuka in Rumeli and the kemençe around the Lazistan region. The goblet drum (also chalice drum) is a goblet shaped Hand drum used mostly in Arabic, Assyrian, Persian, Balkan, Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe A kemenche ( Turkish: kemençe Laz: Ç'ilili(ჭილილი Greek: κεμεντζές is a bottle-shaped 3-stringed type of Rebec or Lazistan ( Lazona - ლაზონა in Laz, ლაზეთი - lazeti or ჭანეთი - č’aneti in Georgian) was the The folklore of Turkey is extremely diverse. Nevertheless, Turkish folk music is dominantly marked by a single musical instrument called saz or bağlama, a type of long-necked lute. The saz (from Persian:) is a family of Plucked string instruments popular in Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from Traditionally, saz is played solely by traveling musicians known as ozan or religious Alevi troubadours called aşık. Alevis (Aleviler Elewî are a religious sub-ethnic and cultural community in Turkey, numbering in the millions ^[6]

Due to the cultural crossbreeding prevalent during the Ottoman Empire, the bağlama has influenced various cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, e. g. the Greek baglamas. The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central In Turkish baglamak means 'to tie' as a reference to the strings of the instrument. Like most stringed instruments, it can either be played with a plectrum (i. e. , pick), or with a fingerpicking style. The zurna and davul duo is also popular in rural areas, and are played at weddings and other local celebrations. For other meanings see Zurna (disambiguation For other spellings see Surna (disambiguation The Names A large double-headed Drum with many names depending on the country and region some of which include davul (davul daul A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage.

Folk Literature

Further information: Turkish folk literature

A large body of folk songs are derived from minstrels or bard-poets called ozan in Turkish. Turkish folk literature is an Oral tradition deeply rooted in its form in Central Asian nomadic traditions They have been developing Turkish folk literature since the beginning of 11th century. The musical instrument used by these bard-poets is the saz or baglama. The saz (from Persian:) is a family of Plucked string instruments popular in Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central They are often taught by other senior mistrels, learning expert idioms and procedure and methods about the performance of the art. ^[16] These lessons often take place at minstrel meetings and coffeehouses frequented by them. A coffeehouse ( French / Portuguese: café; Spanish: cafetería; Italian: caffè Those bard-poets who become experts or alaylı then take apprentices for themselves and continue the tradition. ^[16]

A minstrel's creative output usually takes two major forms. One, in musical rhyming contests with other bards, where the quarrel ends with the defeat of the minstrel who cannot find an appropriate quatrain to the rhyme and two, story telling. ^[14] These folk stories are extracted from real life, fokelore, dreams and legends. ^[16] One of the most well-known followings are those bards that put the title aşık in front of their names.

Religious music

Mosque music

"Mosque music," a term for music associated with mainstream religion in Turkey, includes ezan (call-to-prayer), Kur'an-ı Kerim (Koran recitation), Mevlit (Ascension Poem), and ilahi (hymns usually sung in a group, often outside a mosque). On musical grounds, mosque music in large urban areas often resembles classical Turkish music in its learned use of makam and poetry, e. g. , a Mevlit sung at Sultan Ahmet mosque in Istanbul. Dervish/Sufi music is rarely associated with a mosque. Kâni Karaca was a leading performer of mosque music in recent times. Kâni Karaca (1930-May 29 2004 born in Adana Turkey was a Turkish singer ^[17]

Alevi influences: The Aşık (Ashik) traditions

It is suggested that about a third of the Turkish population are Alevis, whose folk music is performed by a type of travelling bard or ozan called aşık, who travels with the saz or baglama, an iconic image of Turkish folk music. Alevis (Aleviler Elewî are a religious sub-ethnic and cultural community in Turkey, numbering in the millions For the Albanian use of the term to describe a pederastic lover see Albanian pederasty An Ashik ( aşık, aşıq, عاشیق The saz (from Persian:) is a family of Plucked string instruments popular in Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central ^[6] These songs, which hail from the central northeastern area, are about mystical revelations, invocations to Alevi saints and Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, whom they hold in high esteem. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH In Turkish aşık literally means 'in love'. Whoever follows this tradition has the Aşık assignation put before their names, because it is suggested that music becomes an essential facet of their being, for example as in Aşık Veysel.

Middle Anatolia is home to the bozlak, a type of declamatory, partially improvised music by the bards. Bozlak is a form of Turkish folk song from Central Anatolia accompanied by the long-necked Saz (bozuk saz and Ney or Kaval. Neşet Ertaş has so far been the most prominent contemporary voice of Middle Anatolian music, singing songs of a large spectrum, including works of premodern Turkoman aşıks like Karacaoğlan and Dadaloğlu and the modern aşıks like his father, the late Muharrem Ertaş. Neşet Ertaş (born 1937 is a Turkish Folk music singer Lyrics writer and a virtuoso of the traditional Turkish instrument Bağlama. Karacaoğlan is a 17th century Turkish folk poet and Ashik. His exact dates of birth and death are unknown but it is widely accepted that he was born around 1606 and Around the city of Sivas, aşık music has a more spiritual bent, afeaturing ritualized song contests, although modern bards have brought it into the political arena. Sivas (the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia, Greek: Σεβάστεια, Armenian ^[14]

Sufi influences: The Mevlevi traditions

Followers of the Mevlevi Order or whirling dervishes are a religious sufi sect unique to Turkey but well-known outside of its boundaries. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف The Mevlevi Order or the Mevleviye are a Sufi order founded by the followers of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi, a 13th century Persian They are not to be confused with other dervish sects that carry out self-mutilation in certain areas of Iran and Pakistan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Dervishes of the Mevlevi sect simply dance a sema by turning continuously to music that consists of long, complex compositions called ayin. Darvesh or Dervish ( Arabic and Persian: درویش) as it is known in European languages refers to members of Sufi These pieces are both preceded and followed by songs using lyrics by the founder and poet Mevlana Jelaleddin Rumi. ^[18] With the musical instrument known as the ney at the forefront of this music, internationally well-known musicians include Necdet Yasar, Niyazi Sayin, Kudsi Ergüner and Ömer Faruk Tekbilek. The ney ( Persian: نی; Arabic: ناي; also nai, nye, nay, Kudsi Erguner, (born 1952) is a Turkish musician He is considered a master of traditional Mevlevi Sufi and is one of the best-known players Ömer Faruk Tekbilek (born 1951 Adana, Turkey) also known as Omar Faruk Tekbilek, is a Turkish Virtuoso Flautist.

Regional folk styles

Minorities and indigenous peoples have added and enhanced Turkish folk styles, while they have adopted Turkish folk traditions and instruments. Folk songs are identifable and distinguished by regions.

Aegean and Rumeli regions

The region of Rumeli or Roumelia is used to indicate the part of Turkey which is in Europe, namely provinces of Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ and the western part of Istanbul Province. Rumelia or Rumeli ( Turkish: Rumeli ("Land of the Romans" from Rum: "Greek" "Roman" and El Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost Kırklareli (see also its other names) is the capital of Kırklareli Province in Eastern Thrace, the European part of Turkey. Tekirdağ (see also its other names) is a city in Eastern Thrace, Turkey. Folk songs from this region share similarities with Balkan and Greek folk music, especially from the ethnic minorities and natives of Thrace. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Cypriot folk music also shares folk tunes with this region, e. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC) (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC) commonly called Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs though its g. the Çiftetelli dance. These type of folk songs also share close similarities with Ottoman court music, strengthening the suggestion by some that the distinction between court and folk music wasn't always so clear. ^[1][7] However, it could arguably be that folk songs from Istanbul were closely influenced by its locality, which would include Ottoman rakkas and court music.

The Turkish islands in the Aegean and cities like İzmir share similar motifs, such as the Zeybek dance. The Aegean Islands (Νησιά Αιγαίου Nisiá Aigaíou; Ege Adaları are a group of Islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Zeybeks or sometimes Zeibeks were people living in Asia Minor.

Black Sea and Capsian Sea regions

Central Asian Turkic peoples from the Caspian Sea and areas have had a huge influence in the purest forms of Turkish folk music, most notably from the Azeris and Turkmen. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. This article is about the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. For the distinct group of Turk peoples of Iraq see Iraqi Turkmen.

Pontic Greeks on the eastern shore of the Black Sea or Karadeniz regions have their own distinct style of folk music, motifs from which were used with great success by Helena Paparizou. The term Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Πόντιοι Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or gr Έλληνες The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Elena Paparizou ( Έλενα Παπαρίζου; born January 31 1982 ^[19] The diaspora of Greek speaking Pontic people from that region introduced Pontic music to Greece after 1924 population exchange between Turkey and Greece. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The region's dance style uses unique techniques like odd shoulder tremors and knee bends. Folk dances include the gerasari, trgona, kots, omal, serra, kotsari and tik. The Omal (also called Duz Horon or Flat Horon) was one of the first Dances to be developed from the region of Pontos. Serra, was a Pontic Greek Dance named after the region of Pontos. Kochari (Քոչարի Koçari Κότσαρι ქოჩარი Laz: Koçari Köçəri is a Folk dance from the Kars and Artvin provinces ^[19]

Southeastern regions

Southeastern regions carry influences from Turkmen music, Kurdish music, Zaza motifs and Armenian music. This article is about the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. For the distinct group of Turk peoples of Iraq see Iraqi Turkmen. Kurdish Music ( Sorani Kurdish:گۆرانی کوردی Gorani Kurdi) ( Kurmanji Kurdish: Muzîk û strana kurdî) refers to music performed in Armenia is situated close to the Caucasus Mountains, and its music is a mix of indigenous Folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan 's well-known These usually include epic laments.

Kanto(Cantare Music)

Main article: Kanto (music)

Italian theater and opera has had a profound effect on Turkish culture in the past century. Kanto (Cantare Music Italian theater and opera has had a profound effect on Turkish culture in the past century Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The culture of Turkey is diverse combining elements derived from Ottoman, European and Middle Eastern traditions Like the terminology ofseamanship, the terminology of music and theater derived from Italian. In the argot of the improvisational theater of Istanbul the stage was called "sahano", backstage was referred to as "koyuntu", backdrops depicting countryside were "bosko", the appiause was "furi" and the songs sung between the acts and plays were called "kanto". Bosko is an animated Cartoon character created by Animators Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising.

The improvised pieces were stage adaptations of the Karagöz (shadow puppet) and Ortaoyunu (traditional form of Turkish theatre performed in the open) traditions, aithough in much more simplifled form. Karagöz (meaning blackeye in Turkish) and Hacivat (also written Hacivad) are the lead characters of the traditional Turkish The themes explored in these traditional theater arts as well as their stock characterizations and stereotypes were used as the framework tor the new extemporaneous performances of the tuluat (improvised) theater.

As with their Italian counterparts the Turkish troupes employed songs and music before the show and between the acts to peak people's interest and draw in customers.

Kanto: songs sung between the acts as solos or duets, based on traditional eastern makam (modes) but performed on western instruments.

Kanto: "first the introduction, then the lyrics, shake your shoulders to a violin, solo, cock your head and shimmy in oriental dance style, leap around like a partridge, then slowly disappear behind the curtain. "

Kanto: the irreplaceable unifying feature of ali Turkish tuluat theater. We can divide kanto into two periods. The division, particulariy in terms of musical structure, is very clear between the early kanto and the kanto of the Post-Republic perlod. It is further possible to identify two styles within the early period. Galata and Direklerarası (both neighbourhoods of Old Istanbul).

Kanto first took root in the musical the aters of Galata, a part of town frequented by sailors, rowdies and roustabouts. Ahmet Rasim Bey paints a vivid picture of the Galata theaters in his novel Fuhs-i Akit (An Old Whore).

"Everyone thought Peruz was the most flirtatious, most skillful and the most provocative. The seats closest to the stage were always crammed full. . . They said of Peruz, 'she is a trollop who has ensnared the heart of many a young man and has made herself the enemy of many. 'Her songs would hardly be finished when chairs, flowers, bouquets and beribboned letters. Come flying from the boxseats. It seemed the building would be shaken to the ground. "

Direklerarası was a littie off the beaten track and İn comparison to Galata was a more refined center of entertainment. Direklerarası was said to be quite lively at night during the month of Ramadan (Ramazan in Turkish) and certainly once its attractions was its family atmosphere. It was here that the troupes of Kel Hasan and Abdi Efendi and later that of Neshid enjoyed a great popularity. It was under the influence of these masters that kanto experienced its golden years.

The troupes orchestra would be made up ofsuch instruments as the trumpet, trombone, violin, and trap drum and cymbals. The trombone is a Musical instrument in the brass family Like all brass instruments it is a lip-reed Aerophone: sound is produced when the player’s The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Cymbals are a modern percussion instrument Cymbals consist of thin normally round plates of various Cymbal alloys; see Cymbal making for a discussion of their The orchestra would start to play popular songs of the day and marches in front of the theatre about and hour before the show to drum up interest. This intermission or Antrak music ended up with the well known Izmir March, a sign that the show time was approaching. The play began as the musicians went in and took their places at the side of the stage.

The kanto singers of the period were also composers. Set to extraordinarily simple melodies which were the fashion of the day, the lyrics relied heavily of tensions between men and women as well as reflecting topical events. The compositions were in such fundamental makams as Rast, Hüzzam, Hicaz, Hüseyni and Nihavent. See also List of Makams, Maqam In Turkish classical music, Mevlevi music and some Mosque music a system of Melody types called makam Kanto songs are remember both by the names of their interpreters and by their creators, artists such as Peruz, Shamran, Kamelya, Eleni. Küçük and Büyük Amelya, Mari Ferha and Virjin. That kanto brought an erotic element to the stage performance was an important aspect and one that should not be overlooked or separated out.

Art and cultural life gained new dimensions with the changes brought about by the 1923 formation of the Turkish Republic. It was a period of rapid transformation and its effect were widespread. Turkish women had finally won the freedom to appear on the stage, breaking the monopoly previously held by Rûm (Istanbul Greek) and Armenian women who performed in musical and non-musical theatre. Rûm, also Roum or Rhum (in Arabic الرُّومُ ar-Rūm, Persian / Turkish Rum) is a very indefinite Institutions like Darulbedayi (Istanbul City Theatre) and Darulelhan (Istanbul Conservatory of Music) had long been turning out trained artists.

Western lifestyles and western style art put pressure on the traditional Turkish formats and these were swept off to the side. The operetta, the tango then later the Charleston and the fox-trot overshadowed kanto. Kanto's popoularity began to fade, the citys centers of entertained shifted and the theaters of Galata and Direklerarası were closed down. Turkish female artists were unreceptive to kanto's inherent ribairy and chose to keep their distance from it.

But there came a change agah in the 1935's, there was a revival of interest in the kanto form. Aithough rather far from its fundamental principles a new type of kanto was önce again popular.

It is important to point out that kanto had now moved from the stage to the recording studio. While the subjects dealt with in the lyrics were stili the same old quarreis between men and woman, mixed in with satirical takes on fashion and current events. the songs were being written with the 78 rpm phonograph in mind. So much so that every record label hired their own kanto composers-and rather famous ones at that! With Columbia at the fore, record labels commissioned kanto from Kaptanzade Ali Rıza Bey, Refik Fersan, Dramalı Hasan, Sadettin Kaynak, Cümbüş Mehmet and Mildan Niyazi Bey. Sadettin Kaynak (1895 &ndash 1961 was a prominent composer of Turkish classical music. The makams were the same but the instrumentation had changed. Kanto were now accompanied by cümbüş (a fretlees banjo like instrument) the ud (a fretless) lute, and calpara (castenets). Foxtrot, Charleston (dance) and Rumba (dance) rhythms dominated. FoxTrot is an American Comic strip written and illustrated by Bill Amend. The Charleston is a Dance named for the city of Charleston South Carolina. Rumba is a dance organically related to the Rumba genre of Afro-Cuban music. The tunes were being written and sung more tor listening than tor dancing. Female soloists include Makbule Enver, Mahmure, and Neriman; Beşiktaşlı Kemal Senman was the most sought after male singer tor duets.

Among the topics explored by the new kantocu (singer or composer of kanto) perhaps the most frequent subjert of satire was the new role of women brought about by the formation of the Republic. Songs like Sarhoş Kızlar (Drunken Girls) or Şoför Kadınlar (Women Drivers) were sung seemingly in revenge tor ali the suffering they had endured at the hands of men in the past. Other topical songs include Daktilo (The Typewriter) which brought to mind the newly formed Secretaires 7 Society. Songs such as Bereli Kız (The Girl with the Beret) and Kadın Asker Olursa (Women Were Soldiers) were full of mockery and ridicule.

The early period kanto were largely nurished by Istanbul culture. It was much the same in the Post-Republican period. The city's large and diverse population provided both the characters and the events that were the mainstay of kanto. Kanto was heavily influenced by musical theatre. Roman (gypsy) music and culture. which was itself of the subject of satire, left its mark on kanto form. Another major influence was Rum music. The importance of the Istanbul Rum, who were so fond of entertainment and of singing and playing, must not be underestimated. It is a natural and inevitable resuit of cultural exchange. As it was, almost all the kanto singers were either Rum or Armenian, artist like Pepron, Karakas, Haim, Samran and Peruz who performed during the period following 1903. Haim is the surname of Corey Haim Paul Ben-Haim Mathilda May (born Karima Mathilda Haim) French actress

Eventually kanto became more of a definition, a generalized genre than a musical term. Any tune that was outside of the days musical conventions, anything light that appealed to current trends and tastes was labeled kanto. Any music played with different instruments that was free rhythmic or somehow novel was labeled kanto, it was the product of a middie class urban culture, of urban Istanbul.

This music, kanto, from the beginning of this century has been accepted as the forerunner oftoday's pop culture and it succeeded in remaining popular tor close to halt a century.

Popular music

Popular music is distinguished from the traditional genres as those styles that entered the Turkish musicality after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, either due to attempts of national modernization from 1924 onwards, the opening of the republic to Western musical influences or modern fusions and innovations from artists themselves. ^[2]

Mainstream pop

Main article: Turkish pop music

Turkish pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Turkish cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles, including rock and roll, tango, and jazz. Turkish pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Turkish cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles including Rock and roll, tango Tarkan Tevetoğlu (born October 17, 1972) popularly known as Tarkan, is a World Music award winning German-born Turkish Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Tango is a style of music that originated among European immigrant populations of Argentina and Uruguay. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States As more styles emerged, they were also adopted, such as hip hop, heavy metal and reggae. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s

The self named "superstar" of the "arrangement" (aranjman) era of the 70s was Ajda Pekkan who also debuted, along with Enrico Macias, at Olympia, Paris, while MFÖ (Mazhar, Fuat, Özkan) was the celebrated group of the pop scene with an outstanding dexterity in their use of Turkish prosody and their success of amalgamating Western and Turkish cultural ingredients and perspectives. Ayşe Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish Pop music Singer and Actress Enrico Macias (born Gaston Ghrenassia December 11, 1938) is a Jewish French singer Paris Olympia is a Music hall at 28 Blvd des Capucines in the 9th arrondissement Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Mazhar-Fuat-Özkan (commonly referred to as MFÖ is a Turkish band Also one of the most renowned Turkish pop stars of the last decades is probably Sezen Aksu. Sezen Aksu (born Fatma Sezen Yıldırım) (born July 13, 1954 in Denizli) is a Turkish pop music singer song-writer She contributed considerably to the unique Turkish pop sound of this period, allowing it gain ground from its humble beginnings in the early 50s and 60s to the popular genre it is today. She was also one of the strongest advocates for Turkey to enter the Eurovision Song Contest. Her one-time vocalist and later protegé Sertab Erener won the contest in 2003. Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish Pop star and also a cross-over soprano with a register as high as High-F Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

The biggest male pop stars in Turkey are arguably Tarkan and Mustafa Sandal. Tarkan Tevetoğlu (born October 17, 1972) popularly known as Tarkan, is a World Music award winning German-born Turkish Mustafa Sandal, commonly known as Musti, is a famous Turkish pop singer. Tarkan achieved chart success in Europe and Latin America with his single "Şımarık", also composed by Sezen Aksu, which has been covered by numerous artists. "Şımarık" ("Spoiled" in Turkish is a 1997 song by Tarkan. ^[20] Mustafa Sandal has also enjoyed chart success in Europe with his 2005 single "İsyankar", which peaked at number 4 and went gold. " İsyankar " ("Rebellious" was Mustafa Sandal's fourth CD single and third CD single to be internationally released ^[21]

Turkish hip hop

Main article: Turkish hip hop

Turkish hip hop or oriental hip hop is a creation of the Turkish migrant worker community in Germany, which some suggest was a suitable outlet for a young generation disillusioned with Germany's treatment of its migrant class. History Before Turkish hip hop took hold in Turkey specifically Istanbul and Ankara it originally grew out of Turkish ethnic enclaves in Germany History Before Turkish hip hop took hold in Turkey specifically Istanbul and Ankara it originally grew out of Turkish ethnic enclaves in Germany The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world the United Nations' definition is very broad essentially including anyone ^[22] In 1995, the Turkish-German community produced a major hip hop crew named Cartel which caused controversy in Turkey and Germany for its revolutionary lyrics. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Cartel is a 1995 Turkish hip hop group that received attention and popularity in both Turkey and Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hip hop now enjoys wide popularity among the younger generation in Turkey. Ceza (formerly "Nefret") and Sagopa Kajmer are popular figures of contemporary rap music in Turkey. Ceza (real name Bilgin Özçalkan) (pronounced jeh-ZAH meaning punishment in Turkish is the most commercially famous and influential Turkish Rapper Another popular Turkish hip-hop group is called "Turks with Attitude" who have a popular track called "My Melody". This track samples from the American rapper Rakim's "Check Out my Melody", using a traditional form of Turkish music called arabesque to blend the two styles and cultures together.

Arabesque

Main article: Arabesque music

Starting in the 1970s, immigration from predominantly southeastern rural areas to big cities and particularly to Istanbul gave rise to a new cultural synthesis. Arabesque or Arabesk ( Turkish: Arabesk is a genre termed so by Turkish musicologists for a type of sound to come out of Turkey in the 1950s and 1960s This changed the musical makeup of Istanbul. The old tavernas and music halls of fasıl music were to shut down in place of a new type of music. ^[2] These new urban residents brought their own taste of music, which due to their locality was largely middle eastern. Musicologists derogatively termed this genre as arabesque due to the high pitched wailing that is synonymous with Arabic singing.

Its mainstream popularity rose so much in the 1980s that it even threatened the existence of Turkish pop, with rising stars such as Muslum Gurses and Ibrahim Tatlises. Müslüm Akbaş (*) better known as Müslüm Gürses is a Turkish folk Singer. İbrahim Tatlıses (born İbrahim Tatlı, affectionately known as İbo) is a singer of mixed Arab and Kurdish background born in the town ^[2] The genre has underbeat forms that include Ottoman forms of belly-dancing music known as fantazi from singers like Ebru Gündeş and with performers like Orhan Gencebay who added Anglo-American rock and roll to arabesque music. Belly dance is a Western term for a traditional Middle Eastern Dance form Ebru Gündeş (born 12 October 1974 in İstanbul) is a Turkish Pop folk singer Orhan Gencebay (born August 4, 1944 in Samsun, Turkey as Orhan Kencebay) is a Turkish Musician, Bağlama Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African

Anatolian rock

Main article: Anatolian rock

The Turkish rock scene began in the mid- to late 1960s, when popular United States and United Kingdom bands became well-known. Turkish rock or Anatolian Rock (Anadolu Rock is a fusion of Turkish folk and Rock music. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Soon, a distinctively Turkish fusion of rock and folk emerged; this was called Anatolian rock, a term which nowadays may be generically ascribed to most of Turkish rock. ^[2] Cem Karaca and Barış Manço are the best known performers and Moğollar is the best known group of older classical Anatolian rock music. Cem Karaca ( April 5, 1945 - February 8, 2004) was a prominent Turkish rock musician and one of the most important figures Barış Manço (also spelt Baris Mancho in some European album releases ( January 2, 1943 - February 1, 1999) was a Turkish Moğollar (meaning Mongols in Turkish) is one of the pioneer bands in Turkish rock Music for about 40 years and one of the founders

Pop-rock, Rock

As a singular phenomenon amidst popular currents since the mid-70s, Bülent Ortaçgil appeared as the urban songwriter/musician with a distinct musical quality, and became a role model for inspiring young musicians. Bülent Ortaçgil (born March 1 1950) is a Turkish Composer and Singer. He was the only Turkish musician for whom a tribute album was compiled that included several prominent performers from a wide gamut of different genres. ^[23]

Other recent rock bands with a more western sound include maNga, Duman and Mor ve Ötesi who enjoy large mainstream success. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly Duman (Smoke is a Turkish rock band The band combines elements of traditional Turkish folk music with Modern rock. Mor ve Ötesi (literally Purple and Beyond; a word play on morötesi, meaning Ultraviolet) is a Turkish Alternative rock band Şebnem Ferah and Teoman are two examples of individual rock artists with substantial fan-bases. Şebnem Ferah (born April 12, 1972 in Yalova, Turkey) is a Turkish singer and song-writer Fazlı Teoman Yakupoğlu ( 20 November 1967, Giresun, Turkey) using the stage name Teoman, is a popular Turkish Turkey also boasts numerous large-scale rock festivals and events. A rock festival, or a rock fest, is a large-scale outdoor Rock music Concert, featuring multiple acts often spread out over several days Annually held rock festivals include Barışarock, H2000 Music Festival, Rock'n Coke, and RockIstanbul. Barışarock (read as Barışarak in Turkish, meaning rock for peace or through peace) is an annual Rock The H2000 Music Festival is the name of a large scale open air rock and Alternative music festival series annually held in Turkey. Rock'n Coke is a Turkish Rock festival sponsored by Coca-Cola. RockIstanbul is the name of an old large scale open air Rock festival series annually had been organized in Istanbul, Turkey.

Underground and Clubs

There are many clubs across Turkey, especially across its Aegean region. The alternative music scene however is derived mostly from Istanbul's thriving underground club scene that sees Djs merging the past with the present, utilising traditional motifs with new age sounds and electronic music. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Mercan Dede is one of Turkey's most successful Dj's, mixing trance with historical and mystic Sufi songs. Arkın Ilıcalı (born 1966 in Bursa, Turkey) better known as Mercan Dede, also known as DJ Arkın Allen, is a Turkish composer Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف

Music industry

Further information: Music industry

The Turkish music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to radio stations and community and state orchestras. The music industry is the business of Music. Although it encompasses the activity of many music-related businesses and organizations it is currently dominated by the "big Most of the major record companies are based in Istanbul's region of Unkapanı and they are represented by the Turkish Phonographic Industry Society (MÜ-YAP). In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music ^[24] The major record companies produce material by artists that have signed to one of their record labels, a brand name often associated with a particular genre or record producer. In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing Record companies may also promote and market their artists, through advertising, public performances and concerts, and television appearances.

In recent years, the music industry has been embroiled in turmoil over the rise of the Internet downloading of copyrighted music and general piracy; many musicians and MÜ-YAP have sought to punish fans who illegally download copyrighted music. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for ^[24] On 13 June 2006 it was reported that MÜ-YAP and The Orchard, the world's leading distributor and marketer of independent music, had reached an agreement on digital global distribution, representing approximately 80% of the Turkish music market. ^[25]

There is not a substantial singles market in Turkey. ^[2] It is album orientated, although popular singers such as Yonca Evcimik and Tarkan have released singles with success. Yonca Evcimik (born September 16 1963, Istanbul, Turkey) is a popular Turkish pop singer and actress Tarkan Tevetoğlu (born October 17, 1972) popularly known as Tarkan, is a World Music award winning German-born Turkish ^[26] Most music charts not related to album sales, measure popularity by music video feedback and radio airplay. ^[27]

Turkish radio stations often broadcast popular music. Each music station has a format, or a category of songs to be played; these are generally similar to but not the same as ordinary generic classification. This article is about Broadcast radio, for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. With the introduction of commercial radio and television in the early 1990s ending the monopoly of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), a multitude of radio and TV stations were opened by newspaper media moguls. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation also known as TRT, ( Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu) was founded in 1964, it is the national A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. ^[2] These media chains sponsor award ceremonies such as the Kral TV awards for music, but most accredited music awards are based on sales given out by industry societies such as MÜ-YAP and the Magazine Journalists Society (MJS). ^[28][29]

Though major record companies dominate the Turkish industry, an independent music industry (indie music) does exist. In Popular music, independent music, often abbreviated as indie, is a term used to describe independence from major commercial record labels and an autonomous Indie music is mostly based around local record labels with limited, if any, retail distribution outside a small region. Artists sometimes record for an indie label and gain enough acclaim to be signed to a major label; others choose to remain at an indie label for their entire careers. Indie music may be in styles generally similar to mainstream music, but is often inaccessible, unusual or otherwise unappealing to many people. Indie musicians often release some or all of their songs over the Internet for fans and others to download and listen to. ^[8]

Perhaps the most successful Turkish name associated with the indie music outside of Turkey is Ahmet Ertegün of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün ( July 31, 1923 &ndash December 14, 2006) was the Turkish American co-founder and executive of Atlantic Atlantic Records ( Atlantic Recording Corporation) is an American Record label best known for its many recordings of Rhythm & blues, Rock His promotion of some of the most famous R&B and soul artists in North America and his contribution to the American music industry has earned a place in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, together with his brother Nesuhi. The music industry is the business of Music. Although it encompasses the activity of many music-related businesses and organizations it is currently dominated by the "big The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States Nesuhi Ertegün ( November 26, 1917 &ndash April 15, 1989) was a Turkish -American record producer and executive of Atlantic Records

Music education

Further information: Music education

Music is an important part of education in Turkey, and is a part of most or all school systems in the country. Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music The Turkish Education System was built in accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms after the Turkish War of Independence. High schools generally offer classes in singing, mostly choral, and instrumentation in the form of a large school band or social clubs and communities for Turkish classical or folk music, known as cemiyets. A school band is a group of Student musicians who rehearse and perform Instrumental Music together ^[2] Music may also be a part of theatrical productions put on by a school's drama department. Many public and private schools have sponsored music clubs and groups, most commonly including the marching band that performs Mehter marches at school festivals. A marching band is in the broadest terms a group of performers that consist of instrumental Musicians and sometimes dance teams / color guard who generally perform

Higher education in the field of music in Turkey is mostly based around large universities, connected to state music academies and conservatories. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects An academy ( Greek Ἀκαδημία is an institution of higher learning research or honorary membership A university school of music or college of music, or academy of music or conservatoire ( French, but used in British English) &mdash Universities may also have a musicology department, and do research on many styles of music especially the Turkish traditional genres, while also keeping a database of sounds in their sound libraries. Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music ^[2]

Holidays and festivals

Further information: Festivals and public holidays

Music is an important part of several Turkish holidays and festivals, especially playing a major part in the springtime celebration of Newroz and religious festivities such as Ramadan. More than 100 Festivals are held in Turkey every year Along with festivals of local scale held in almost every city of the country cultural events and other festivals of international The official Holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of March 191981 that replaced the Act 2739 of May 27 1935 Nowrūz ( /noruz/ ↔, (English New Day various local pronunciations and spellings) is the traditional Iranian New year Holiday celebrated Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic ^[2] New year is a traditional time for the belly dancer and weddings are celebrated with upbeat tunes, while funerals are mourned with musical laments. Patriotic songs like the national anthem, "The Independence March", are a major part of public holiday celebrations such as National Children's Day celebrations on 23 April and 30 August Victory Day celebrations, a holiday that marks Turkish independence. The İstiklâl Marşı (Independence March is the Turkish National Anthem, officially adopted on March 12, 1921 - two years before The official Holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of March 191981 that replaced the Act 2739 of May 27 1935 Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed ^[2] Music also plays a role at many regional festivals that aren't celebrated nationwide, for example a music and dance parade and festival in Zonguldak. Zonguldak (Sandraka is a city and the capital of Zonguldak Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey.

Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir are also home to numerous music festivals which showcase styles ranging from the blues and jazz to indie rock and heavy metal. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. A music festival is a Festival oriented towards Music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as Musical genre, Nationality or locality Some music festivals are strictly local in scope, including few or no performers with a national reputation, and are generally operated by local promoters. Recently large soft drink companies have operated their own music festivals, such as Rock'n Coke and Fanta parties, which draw huge crowds. Rock'n Coke is a Turkish Rock festival sponsored by Coca-Cola. Fanta is a global Brand of fruit-flavored Soft drinks from the The Coca-Cola Company.

See also

• Turkish musical instruments
• Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest
• List of music festivals in Turkey
• List of Turkish musicians
• List of Turkish audio engineers
• List of Turks in world culture
• Mercan Dede
• Burhan Ocal
• Selim Sesler
• Laco Tayfa
• Babazula
• Wojciech Bobowski
• Arif Mardin
• The Ertegün Brothers
• Emre Araci

Notes and references

Further reading

• Head, Matthew (2000). Orientalism, Masquerade and Mozart's Turkish Music (Royal Musical Association Monographs S. ). Ashgate. ISBN 0-947854-08-8.  
• Bellman, Jonathan (1993). The Style Hongrois in the Music of Western Europe. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1-55553-169-5.  
• Popescu-Judetz, Eugenia (1999). Prince Dimitrie Cantemir: Theorist and Composer of Turkish music. Pan Books. ISBN 975-7652-82-2.  
• Tietze, Andreas & Yahalom, Joseph (1995). Ottoman Melodies - Hebrew Hymns: A 16th Century Cross-Cultural Adventure. Akademiai Kiado, Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica. ISBN 963-05-6864-0.  
• Stokes, Martin (2000). Sounds of Anatolia. Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.  
• Bartok, Bela & Suchoff, Benjamin (1976). Turkish Folk Music from Asia Minor (The New York Bartok Archive Studies in Musicology, No. 7). Princeton Univ Pr. ISBN 0-691-09120-X.  
• Whose Song is it?. Yildirim, Ali © Tarkan Deluxe. Retrieved on November 9, 2004. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• Yunus Emre: Sufi and Mystic. Yildirim, Ali © Tarkan Deluxe. Retrieved on December 18, 2004. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• Turkish Music. Turkish Embassy. Retrieved on April 16, 2006. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

External links

{{sisterlinks|Music of Turkey}

• (http://www.onlineizlesek.com Comprehensive Turkish Music Video Archive
• (http://www.turkishmusicportal.org Comprehensive website about Turkish Music
• (http://www.istanbulpark.de/c/ytm_gallery/ytm_top_page.php Turkish Top 20
• (http://www.turkish-clarinet.com Turkish Clarinet Music
• (http://www.tuerkeimusik.de) (Turkish music conquers the charts)
• Music of Turkey
• Crossing The Bridge: Sounds from Istanbul
• Turkish Music and Voice Library
• Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative
• Ney Making House Web Site
• Golden Horn Records
• Insomnia Radio: Turkiye (Turkish Indie Music Available in English & Turkish)
• Lifting the Boundaries: Muzaffer Efendi and the Transmission of Sufism to the West by Gregory Blann
• Field music of the Ottoman Court and Europe
• Mevlit "Merhaba bahrı" excerpt sung by Kâni Karaca
• Kanto
• TUĞÇE BECERİKLİ -- Ben Kalender Meşrebim Güzel Çirkin Aramam(Kanto)
• Feza Neverd Interesting instrumental music composed by Mehmet Gencler, for free download. .

Music of Southeastern Europe
Albania - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bulgaria - Cyprus - Greece Montenegro - Roma - Romania - Serbia - Republic of Macedonia - Thrace - Turkey - Yugoslavia

The music of Southeastern Europe or Balkan music is a type of music distinct from others in Europe Albania is a Southeast European nation that was ruled by Enver Hoxha 's communist government for much of the later part of the 20th century it is now a democratic Like the surrounding Balkan countries Bosnia and Herzegovina has had a turbulent past marked by frequent foreign invasions and occupation Bulgarian music is part of the Balkan tradition which stretches across Southeastern Europe, and has its own distinctive sound The music of Cyprus includes a variety of classical folk and popular genres The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. Cypriot music has certain similarities to traditional Greek Music, and their The music of Montenegro represents a mix of the country's unique musical tradition and Western musical influences Typically nomadic the Roma people have long acted as wandering entertainers and tradesmen Romania is a European country whose population consists mainly (approx The Music of the Serbian people and Serbia presents a mixture of the traditional music which is part of the wider Balkan tradition with its own distinctive Music of the Republic of Macedonia and Ethnic Macedonians has many things in common with the music of neighbouring Balkan countries Music of Thrace is the Music of Thrace, a region in Southeastern Europe spread over southern Bulgaria ( Northern Thrace) northeastern Music of Yugoslavia was the Music of Yugoslavia. Meaning Music of Yugoslavia can mean Music of Kingdom of Yugoslavia

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