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Museum of Modern Art
Established November 7, 1929
Location 11 West 53rd Street, Manhattan, New York, USA
Visitor figures 2. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 5 million/year
Director Glenn D. Lowry
Website www.moma.org
This article is about the museum in New York City. Glenn D Lowry is the current Director of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA in New York City. For other museums, see Museum of Modern Art (disambiguation).

The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the See also Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or simply Midtown, is an area of Manhattan, New York City home to world-famous commercial Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It has been singularly important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is often identified as the most influential museum of modern art in the world. [1] The museum's collection offers an unparalleled overview of modern and contemporary art, [2] including works of architecture and design, drawings, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books, film, and electronic media. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Plans are a set of two-dimensional diagrams or drawings used to describe a place or object or to communicate building or fabrication instructions Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil An illustration is a visualization such as a Drawing, Painting, Photograph or other work of Art that stresses subject more than Electronic media are media that utilize Electronics or Electromechanical energy for the End user ( Audience) to access the content

MoMA's library and archives hold over 300,000 books, artist books, and periodicals, as well as individual files on more than 70,000 artists. The archives contain primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. Contemporary art can be defined variously as art produced at this present point in time or art produced since World War II.

Contents

History

The idea for the Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1928 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.) and two of her friends, Lillie P. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, ( October 26, 1874 &ndash April 5, 1948) was a prominent socialite and Philanthropist and the second-generation John Davison Rockefeller Jr (January 29 1874 &ndash May 11 1960 was a major Philanthropist and a pivotal member of the prominent Rockefeller family. Bliss and Mrs. Cornelius J. Sullivan[3]. Mary Quinn Sullivan ( November 24 1877 – December 5 1939) was born Mary Josephine Quinn in Indianapolis Indiana to Thomas F They became known variously as "the Ladies", "the daring ladies" and "the adamantine ladies". They rented modest quarters for the new museum and it opened to the public on November 7, 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the ’29 Crash, the Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of October 1929 Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the former president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, to become president of the new museum. Abby became treasurer. At the time, it was America's premier museum devoted exclusively to modern art, and the first of its kind in Manhattan to exhibit European modernism. [4]

Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees. Paul Sachs (1878 - 1965 was Harvard associate director of the Fogg Art Museum, a partner in the financial firm Goldman Sachs and the developer of one of the early Francis Welch Crowninshield (1872–1947 better known as Frank or Crownie ( informal) was a French -born America -based Journalist Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. The Fogg Art Museum is the oldest of Harvard University 's art museums Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr Jr., a promising young protege. Alfred Hamilton Barr Jr ( January 2, 1902 &ndash August 15, 1981) known as Alfred H Under Barr's guidance, the museum's holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful loan exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne, and Seurat. Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903 was a leading Post-Impressionist painter. Georges-Pierre Seurat ( December 2, 1859  &ndash March 29, 1891) was a French painter and Draftsman. [5]

First housed in six rooms of galleries and offices on the twelfth floor of Manhattan's Heckscher Building,[6] on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, the museum moved into three more temporary locations within the next ten years. Abby's husband was adamantly opposed to the museum (as well as to modern art itself) and refused to release funds for the venture, which had to be obtained from other sources and resulted in the frequent shifts of location. Nevertheless, he eventually donated the land for the current site of the Museum, plus other gifts over time, and thus became in effect one of its greatest benefactors. [7]

The entrance to the Museum of Modern Art
The entrance to the Museum of Modern Art

During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, such as the lone Vincent van Gogh exhibition on November 4, 1935. Containing an unprecedented sixty-six oils and fifty drawings from the Netherlands, and poignant excerpts from the artist's letters, it was a major public success and became "a precursor to the hold van Gogh has to this day on the contemporary imagination". The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands [8]

The museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939-40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 The Art Institute of Chicago is one of America's premier Fine art museums In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars and historians. This was wholly masterminded by Barr, a Picasso enthusiast, and the exhibition lionized Picasso as the greatest artist of the time, setting the model for all the museum's retrospectives that were to follow. [9]

When Abby Rockefeller's son Nelson was selected by the board of trustees to become its flamboyant president in 1939, at the age of thirty, he became the prime instigator and funder of its publicity, acquisitions and subsequent expansion into new headquarters on 53rd Street. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the Museum's board of trustees, in 1948, and took over the presidency when Nelson took up position as Governor of New York in 1958. David Rockefeller Sr (born June 12, 1915) is a prominent American Banker, Statesman, Globalist and the current patriarch

David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the Museum garden and name it in honor of his mother, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden. Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8 1906&ndash January 25 2005 was an influential American Architect. He and the Rockefeller family in general have retained a close association with the Museum throughout its history, with the Rockefeller Brothers Fund funding the institution since 1947. The Rockefeller family, the renowned Cleveland family of John D The Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF ( Philanthropy for an Interdependent World) is an international philanthropic organisation created and run by members of the Rockefeller Both David Rockefeller, Jr. and Sharon Percy Rockefeller (wife of Senator Jay Rockefeller) currently sit on the board of trustees. David Rockefeller Jr (born July 24, 1941) is a philanthropist and an active participant in nonprofit and environmental areas John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) generally known as Jay Rockefeller, has served as a Democratic U

In 1937, MoMA had shifted to offices and basement galleries in the Time & Life Building in Rockefeller Center. Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City. Its permanent and current home, now renovated, designed in the International Style by the modernist architects Philip Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone, opened to the public on May 10, 1939, attended by an illustrious company of 6,000 people, and with an opening address via radio from the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The International style was a major Architectural style of the 1920s and 1930s Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Edward Durell Stone (March 9 1902 Fayetteville, Arkansas - August 6 1978 New York City New York) was an American Modernist [10]

Artworks

Considered by many to have the best collection of modern Western masterpieces in the world, MoMA's holdings include more than 150,000 individual pieces in addition to approximately 22,000 films and 4 million film stills. The collection houses such important and familiar works as the following:

La Bohémienne endormie (The Sleeping Gypsy – Zingara che dorme) by Henri Rousseau, 1897
La Bohémienne endormie (The Sleeping Gypsy – Zingara che dorme) by Henri Rousseau, 1897

It also holds works by a wide range of influential American artists including Cindy Sherman, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Jasper Johns, Edward Hopper, Chuck Close, Georgia O'Keefe, and Ralph Bakshi. The Sleeping Gypsy or La Bohémienne endormie is an 1897 Oil painting by French Naïve artist Henri Rousseau. Henri Julien Félix Rousseau ( May 21, 1844 &ndash September 2, 1910) was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the The Sleeping Gypsy or La Bohémienne endormie is an 1897 Oil painting by French Naïve artist Henri Rousseau. Henri Julien Félix Rousseau ( May 21, 1844 &ndash September 2, 1910) was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the The Starry Night ( Dutch: De sterrennacht) is a Painting by Dutch post-impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon ( The Young Ladies of Avignon) is a large Oil painting by Pablo Picasso that depicts five Prostitutes Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 La persistencia de la memoria ( 1931) or The Persistence of Memory is the most famous Painting by artist Salvador Dalí Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Broadway Boogie-Woogie is a painting by Piet Mondrian completed in 1943 shortly after he moved to New York in 1940 Pieter Cornelis (Piet Mondriaan, after 1912 Mondrian, (pronounced Dutch pit 'mɔndrian later pit 'mɔndɹiɔn ( March 7, 1872 &ndash February For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903 was a leading Post-Impressionist painter. Water Lilies (or Nympheas) is a series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet (1840-1926 A triptych (pronounced "trip-tick" trip'tik (or US: 'tɹʷɪp Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Henri Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954 was a French Artist, known for his use of Colour and his fluid brilliant and original draughtsmanship The City Rises ( La città che sale) (1910 is an important painting by the italian painter Umberto Boccioni. Umberto Boccioni ( October 19 1882 &ndash August 17 1916) was a painter and a sculptor. The Song of Love (also known as Le chant d'amour or Love Song; 1914 is a painting by the Italian metaphysical Giorgio de Chirico ( July 10, 1888 &ndash November 20, 1978) was an influential pre-Surrealist and then Surrealist Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28 1912 &ndash August 11 1956 was an influential American painter and a major force in the abstract expressionist movement Christina's World is the most famous work by American painter Andrew Wyeth, and one of the best-known American paintings of the 20th century Andrew Newell Wyeth (born July 12, 1917) is an American realist painter and regionalist artist. Frida Kahlo (July 6 1907 – July 13 1954 was a Mexican painter, who has achieved great international popularity Painting (1946 is an oil-on-linen Painting by the Irish -born artist Francis Bacon. Francis Bacon' (28 October 1909 – 28 April 1992 was an Irish-born British figurative painter. Cindy Sherman (born January 19, 1954 in Glen Ridge New Jersey) Jean-Michel Basquiat ( December 22 1960 - August 12, 1988) was an American Artist. Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking Edward Hopper ( July 22, 1882 &ndash May 15, 1967) was an American painter and Printmaker. Chuck Thomas Close (born July 5, 1940, Monroe Washington) is an American painter and photographer who achieved fame as a Photorealist, through Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15 1887—March 6 1986 was an American Artist She is associated with the American Southwest where she found artistic inspiration Ralph Bakshi (born October 29 1938 is an American director of animated and occasionally live-action films

MoMA developed a world-renowned art photography collection, first under Edward Steichen and then John Szarkowski, as well as an important film collection under the Museum of Modern Art Department of Film and Video. Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist Edward Steichen (March 27 1879 – March 25 1973 was an American photographer, painter, and Art gallery and Museum curator born John Szarkowski ( December 18, 1925 &ndash July 7, 2007) was an influential Photographer, Curator, historian and critic The Museum of Modern Art Department of Film and Video, founded in 1935 contains works of international cinema focusing on the art and history of the film medium The film collection owns prints of many familiar feature-length movies, including Citizen Kane and Vertigo, but the department's holdings also contains many less-traditional pieces, including Andy Warhol's eight-hour Empire and Chris Cunningham's music video for Björk's All Is Full of Love. Citizen Kane ( 1941) is an American Dramatic film, and the first Feature film directed by Orson Welles, who also co-authored Vertigo ( is a Psychological thriller directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring James Stewart and Kim Novak and featuring Barbara For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol Empire ( 1964) is a silent black and white film made by Andy Warhol. Chris Cunningham is an acclaimed English Music video Film director and Video artist. Björk Guðmundsdóttir (born 21 November 1965 is an Icelandic Singer-songwriter, Composer, actress and music producer. " All Is Full of Love " is a song by Björk, released as the fifth and final single from her album Homogenic. MoMA also has an important design collection, which includes works from such legendary designers as Paul László, the Eameses, Isamu Noguchi, and George Nelson. Paul László or Paul Laszlo ( 6 February 1900 – 27 March 1993) was a Hungarian-born modern Architect and interior designer Charles (1907-1978 and Ray (1912–1988 Eames (ˈiːmz were American designers married in 1941 who worked and made major contributions in many fields of design was a prominent Japanese American Artist and landscape architect whose artistic career spanned six decades from the 1920s onward Biography George Nelson (1908–1986 was one of the founders of American Modernism, along with Charles and Ray Eames. The design collection also contains many industrial and manufactured pieces, ranging from a self-aligning ball bearing to an entire Bell 47D1 helicopter. A ball bearing is an engineering term referring to a type of Rolling-element bearing which uses Balls to maintain the separation between the moving parts WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Exhibition houses

At various points in its history, MoMA has sponsored and hosted temporary exhibition houses, which have reflected seminal ideas in architectural history.

Renovation

Inside the MoMA building.
Inside the MoMA building. Marcel Lajos Breuer ( 21 May 1902 Pécs, Hungary &ndash 1 July 1981 New York City) Architect and Gregory Ain ( March 28, 1908 &ndash January 9, 1988) was an American Architect active in the mid-20th century

MoMA's midtown location underwent extensive renovations in the 2000s, closing on May 21, 2002 and reopening to the public in a building redesigned by the Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi, on November 20, 2004. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction Yoshio Taniguchi (谷口吉生 Taniguchi Yoshio; born 1937 is a Japanese architect best known for his redesign of the Museum of Modern Art in New From June 29, 2002 until September 27, 2004, a portion of its collection was on display in what was dubbed MoMA QNS, a former Swingline staple factory in the Long Island City section of Queens. Swingline is a division of ACCO Brands that specializes in manufacturing Staplers and Hole punches The company was formerly located in Long Island Long Island City (often abbreviated LIC) is the western-most neighborhood of the borough of Queens in New York City.

The renovation project nearly doubled the space for MoMA's exhibitions and programs and features 630,000 square feet of new and redesigned space. The Peggy and David Rockefeller Building on the western portion of the site houses the main exhibition galleries, and The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Education and Research Building on the eastern portion provides over five times more space for classrooms, auditoriums, teacher training workshops, and the Museum's expanded Library and Archives. These two buildings frame the enlarged Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden, home to two works by Richard Serra. Richard Serra (born November 29, 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and Video artist known for working with large

MoMA's reopening brought controversy as its admission cost increased from US$12 to US$20, making it one of the most expensive museums in the city; however it has free entry on Fridays after 4pm, thanks to sponsorship from Target Stores. Target Corporation ( is an American Retailing company that was founded in Minneapolis Minnesota in 1902 The architecture of the renovation is controversial. At its opening, some critics thought that Taniguchi's design was a fine example of contemporary architecture, while many others were extremely displeased with certain aspects of the design, such as the flow of the space. [14][15][16]

MoMA has seen its average number of visitors rise to 2. 5 million from about 1. 5 million a year before its new granite and glass renovation. The museum's director, Glenn D. Lowry, expects average visitor numbers eventually to settle in at around 2. Glenn D Lowry is the current Director of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA in New York City. 1 million. [17]

Officers and Board of Trustees

Vice Chairmen:


Notable Trustees:

Life Trustees

Honorary Trustees:

Further reading

See also

References

  1. ^ Kleiner, Fred S. Rene d'Harnoncourt (17 May 1901 - 13 August 1968 was a director of the Museum of Modern Art, New York from 1949 to 1967 John Davison Rockefeller Jr (January 29 1874 &ndash May 11 1960 was a major Philanthropist and a pivotal member of the prominent Rockefeller family. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, ( October 26, 1874 &ndash April 5, 1948) was a prominent socialite and Philanthropist and the second-generation Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth David Rockefeller Sr (born June 12, 1915) is a prominent American Banker, Statesman, Globalist and the current patriarch David Rockefeller Jr (born July 24, 1941) is a philanthropist and an active participant in nonprofit and environmental areas The Rockefeller family, the renowned Cleveland family of John D Mary Quinn Sullivan ( November 24 1877 – December 5 1939) was born Mary Josephine Quinn in Indianapolis Indiana to Thomas F ; Christin J. Mamiya (2005). "The Development of Modernist Art : The Early 20th Century", Gardner's Art Through The Ages : The Western Perspective. Thomson Wadsworth, 796. ISBN 0495004782.  “The Museum of Modern Art in New York City is consistently identified as the institution most responsible for developing modernist art . . . the most influential museum of modern art in the world. ” 
  2. ^ Museum of Modern Art - New York Art World
  3. ^ Jeffers, Wendy (2004-10). "Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: patron of the modern". Magazine Antiques. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
  4. ^ First modern art museum featuring European works in Manhattan - Michael FitzGerald, Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995. (p. 120)
  5. ^ Origins of MoMA and first successful loan exhibition - see John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988. (pp. 217-18)
  6. ^ Carter B. Horsley. The Crown Building (formerly the Heckscher Building). The City Review.
  7. ^ John D. Rockefeller, Jr. one of MoMA's greatest benefactors - see Bernice Kert, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 1993. (pp. 376,386)
  8. ^ Precursor to the current hold of van Gogh in public imagination - Ibid. , (p. 376)
  9. ^ MoMA's international prominence through the Picasso retrospective of 1939-40 - see FitzGerald, op. cit. (pp. 243-62)
  10. ^ Time Magazine. 1939: The formal opening of MoMA
  11. ^ Denzer, Anthony (2008). Gregory Ain: The Modern Home as Social Commentary. Rizzoli Publications. ISBN 0-8478-3062-4.  
  12. ^ MoMA Announces Selection of Five Architects to Display Prefabricated Homes Outside Museum in Summer 2008
  13. ^ Pogrebin, Robin. "Is Prefab Fab? MoMA Plans a Show", New York Times, January 8, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned  
  14. ^ Updike, John (2004-11-15). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Invisible Cathedral. The New Yorker. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Retrieved on 2007-02-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation  “Nothing in the new building is obtrusive, nothing is cheap. It feels breathless with unspared expense. It has the enchantment of a bank after hours, of a honeycomb emptied of honey and flooded with a soft glow. ”
  15. ^ Smith, Roberta (2006-11-01). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Tate Modern's Rightness Versus MoMA's Wrongs. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation  “The museum’s big, bleak, irrevocably formal lobby atrium . . . is space that the Modern could ill afford to waste, and such frivolousness continues in its visitor amenities: the hard-to-find escalators and elevators, the too-narrow glass-sided bridges, the two-star restaurant on prime garden real estate where there should be an affordable cafeteria . . . Yoshio Taniguchi’s MoMA is a beautiful building that plainly doesn’t work. ”
  16. ^ Rybczynski, Witold (2005-03-30). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Street Cred: Another Way of Looking at the New MOMA. Slate. com. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation
  17. ^ "Build Your Dream, Hold Your Breath." 6 August 2006 The New York Times.

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