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Murray Gell-Mann
Murray Gell-Mann lecturing in 2007
Murray Gell-Mann lecturing in 2007
Born September 15, 1929 (1929-09-15) (age 78)
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Residence United States
Nationality American
Fields Physicist
Institutions Santa Fe Institute
California Institute of Technology
University of New Mexico
Alma mater Yale University, MIT
Doctoral advisor Victor Weisskopf
Doctoral students Kenneth G. Wilson
Sidney Coleman
Rod Crewther
James Hartle
Christopher Hill
H. Jay Melosh
Barton Zwiebach
Kenneth Young
Known for Elementary particles
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1969)

Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning The Santa Fe Institute (SFI is a non-profit research institute located in Santa Fe New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of Complex systems The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena The University of New Mexico ( UNM) is a Public University in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Weisskopf redirects here For people known under English version of that name see Whitehead. Kenneth Geddes Wilson (born June 8, 1936) is an American Theoretical physicist. Sidney Richard Coleman ( 7 March 1937 &ndash 18 November 2007) was an eminent theoretical physicist who studied under Murray Rodney James Crewther (born 1945 is a physicist notable in the field of Gauge field theories James Burkett Hartle is an American Physicist. He has been a professor of physics at the University of California Santa Barbara since 1966 and he Christopher Hill may refer to several different people Christopher Hill, an English bishop Christopher J Dr H Jay Melosh (born June 23, 1947 is an American Geophysicist, renowned as an expert on Impact cratering Barton Zwiebach (born Oct 4 1954) is a string theorist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, born in Lima, In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them

Contents

Biography

Born on New York's Lower East Side into a family of Jewish immigrants from Czernowitz [1], Gell-Mann quickly revealed himself as a child prodigy. The Lower East Side is a Neighborhood in the southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine List of child prodigies|Fictional child prodigies A child prodigy is a one who masters one or more skills or arts at an early age Propelled by an intense boyhood curiosity and love for nature, he entered Yale at fifteen after graduating valedictorian from the Columbia Grammar and Preparatory School. Valedictorian is an academic title typically conferred upon the highest ranked student among those being graduated from an educational institution History Columbia Grammar School was founded in 1764 just ten years after the founding of Kings College (later Columbia University He was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 1969 for his discovery of a system for classifying subatomic particles.

Gell-Mann's work in the 1950s involved recently discovered cosmic ray particles that came to be called kaons and hyperons. For the 1962 Bruce Conner film see Cosmic Ray (film Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on In Particle physics, a kaon (/ˈkeɪɒn/ also called K-meson and denoted) is any one of a group of four Mesons distinguished by the fact that they In Particle physics, a hyperon is any Baryon containing a Strange quark, but no Charm quarks or Bottom quarks Properties Classifying these particles led him to propose a new quantum number called strangeness. Quantum numbers describe values of conserved numbers in the dynamics of the Quantum system. Another of Gell-Mann's triumphs is the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula, which was, initially, a formula from empirical results, but was later explained by the quark model. The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula relates the Baryon number B, the Strangeness S, the Isospin Iz of Hadrons Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining many puzzling aspects of the physics of these particles. Abraham (Bram Pais (May 19 1918 Amsterdam, The Netherlands &mdash July 28 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark) was a Dutch -born American

In 1961, this led him (and Kazuhiko Nishijima) to introduce a classification of elementary particles called hadrons (also independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman at around the same time). In Particle physics, a hadron ( from the ἁδρός hadrós, " stout, thick " ( Yuval Ne'eman (יובל נאמן born 14 May 1925, died 26 April 2006) was an Israeli Soldier, physicist This scheme is now explained by the quark model. In Physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for Hadrons in terms of their valence quarks, i Gell-Mann's own name for the classification scheme was the eightfold way, because of the octets of particles in the classification. In Physics, the Eightfold Way is a term coined by American Physicist Murray Gell-Mann for a theory organizing subatomic Baryons The term is a reference to the eightfold way of Buddhism — a choice which is reflective of Gell-Mann's eclectic interests.

Gell-Mann, and, independently, George Zweig, went on, in 1964, to postulate the existence of quarks, the particles from which the hadrons are composed. George Zweig (born 1937 in Moscow Russia into a Jewish family was originally trained as a Particle physicist under Richard Feynman and later turned his attention In Physics, a quark (kwɔrk kwɑːk or kwɑːrk is a type of Subatomic particle. In Particle physics, a hadron ( from the ἁδρός hadrós, " stout, thick " ( The name was coined by Gell-Mann and is a reference to the novel Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce ("Three quarks for Muster Mark!" - book 2, episode 4). Finnegans Wake is a fictional work by James Joyce, published in 1939 James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Zweig had referred to the particles as "aces" but Gell-Mann's name caught on.

Quarks were soon accepted as the underlying elementary objects in the study of the structure of hadrons. In 1972 he introduced with Harald Fritzsch the quantum number 'color' and later, in a joint paper with Heinrich Leutwyler, the full theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) was released as the gauge theory of strong interactions (cf. Quantum chromodynamics (abbreviated as QCD is a theory of the Strong interaction ( color force a Fundamental force describing the interactions of the references).

The quark model is part of QCD, and has been robust enough to survive the discovery of other flavours of quarks. In Particle physics, flavour or flavor (see spelling differences) is a Quantum number of Elementary particles related to their

Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, working together, and a rival group of George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, were the first to discover the vector structure of the weak interaction in physics. Richard Phillips Feynman (ˈfaɪnmən May 11 1918 – February 15 1988 was an American Physicist known for the Path integral formulation of quantum Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan (born September 16, 1931, Pallam, in Kottayam district of Kerala, India) also named Robert Eugene Marshak ( October 11, 1916 – December 23, 1992) was an American Physicist dedicated to learning research and education The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature This work followed the seminal discovery of parity violation by Chien-Shiung Wu, as suggested by Chen-Ning Yang and T. D. Lee. In Physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one Spatial Coordinate. Chien-Shiung Wu ( May 13, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese -born American Physicist with an expertise Chen-Ning Franklin Yang ( (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese -born American Physicist who worked on Statistical mechanics Tsung-Dao Lee ( TD Lee,) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese -born American Physicist, well known for his work

In the 1990s his interest turned to the emerging study of complexity, where he was closely associated with the Santa Fe Institute. In general usage complexity often tends to be used to characterize something with many parts in intricate arrangement The Santa Fe Institute (SFI is a non-profit research institute located in Santa Fe New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of Complex systems He wrote a popular science book about these matters, The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. The title of the book is taken from a line of an Arthur Sze poem: "The world of the quark has everything to do with a jaguar circling in the night. "

George Johnson wrote a major biography of Gell-Mann, which is entitled Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics. George Johnson (born January 20 1952 in Fayetteville Arkansas) is a science writer and author working from Santa Fe New Mexico.

Gell-Mann is also a collector of East Asian antiquities and a keen linguist.

Timeline

He earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Yale University in 1948, and a PhD in physics from MIT in 1951. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Gell-Mann was a postdoctoral research associate in 1951 and a visiting research professor at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois from 1952-1953. After serving as Visiting Associate Professor at Columbia University in 1954-55, he became a professor at the University of Chicago before moving to the California Institute of Technology, where he taught from 1955 until 1993. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena

He is currently the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at Caltech as well as a University Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena The University of New Mexico ( UNM) is a Public University in Albuquerque, New Mexico. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. He is a member of the editorial board of the Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc In 1984 Gell-Mann co-founded the Santa Fe Institute — a non-profit research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico — to study complex systems and disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory. The Santa Fe Institute (SFI is a non-profit research institute located in Santa Fe New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of Complex systems Santa Fe ( Navajo: Yootó is the Capital of the state of New Mexico.

Personal life

Murray Gell-Mann and John Seely Brown in 2007
Murray Gell-Mann and John Seely Brown in 2007

Spouse: J. Margaret Dow (m. 1955, d. 1981) and Marcia Southwick (m. 1992) Children: Elizabeth Sarah Gell-Mann (b. 1956), Nicholas Webster Gell-Mann (b. 1963), Nicholas Southwick Levis (b. 1978), stepson

Trivia

Awards

External links

Awards and honors

References and further reading

Persondata
NAME Gell-Mann, Murray
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Physicist
DATE OF BIRTH September 15, 1929
PLACE OF BIRTH Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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