Murong Fuyun (慕容伏允) (597-635), formal title Busabo Khan (步薩鉢可汗), was a ruler of the Xianbei/Qiang/Tibetan state Tuyuhun. Events By Topic Education The King's School is founded in Canterbury. Events By Topic Religion Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in Northumbria, England The Xianbei ( were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. The Tibetan people are indigenous to Tibet and surrounding areas stretching from Central Asia in the North and West to Myanmar and China Proper He first became ruler when his brother Murong Shifu was assassinated in 597, and became one of the longest-ruling monarchs in Tuyuhun history. During his reign, he had major conflicts with China's Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, and in 635, during a Tang invasion, he was assassinated due to the people's resentment of his hostile attitude toward Emperor Taizong of Tang that led to the invasion. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the
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Background
Murong Fuyun's father Murong Kualü's reign (r. 540-591) as khan had been a turbulent one, particularly late in his reign, when even his crown princes were said to have been fearful for their deaths. Events By place Byzantine Empire General Belisarius conquers Milan and the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna Events By Place Europe Agilulf marries Theodelinda and becomes king of the Lombards. Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. As for his relations with China, then divided between Sui Dynasty (under the reign of Emperor Wen) and Chen Dynasty (under the reign of Chen Shubao), he was constantly attacking the provinces of Sui that were on the border of Tuyuhun, although after Sui destroyed Chen in 589, Murong Kualü was fearful and vacated the border region. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Background Yang Jian's clan was from Hongnong Commandery (弘農 roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan) Chen Dynasty (陳朝 ( Pinyin: Chén cháo (557-589 was the fourth and the last of the Southern dynasties in China, eventually destroyed by the Sui Background Chen Shubao was born in 553 when his father Chen Xu was serving as a mid-level official under Emperor Yuan of Liang at Emperor Yuan's capital Events By Place Europe October 17 — The Adige River overflows its banks flooding the church of St He died in 591 and was succeeded by Murong Fuyun's older brother Murong Shifu, who offered to submit to Emperor Wen and further to offer a daughter to serve as Emperor Wen's concubine -- which Emperor Wen (who had very few, if any, concubines, due to his love for his wife Empress Dugu Qieluo) declined. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Empress Dugu Qieluo (獨孤伽羅 ( 544 - September 10, 602) formally Empress Xian (獻皇后 literary meaning "the wise empress" However, after that, there was a time of peace between Tuyuhun and Sui. Indeed, in 596, Emperor Wen created the daughter of a clansman Princess Guanghua and married her to Murong Shifu. Events By Topic Religion King Ethelbert of Kent asks for missionaries to visit his kingdom
For reasons lost to history, there was a major disturbance in Tuyuhun in 597, and Murong Shifu was assassinated. Events By Topic Education The King's School is founded in Canterbury. The people supported Murong Fuyun as khan. He sent emissaries to Sui to explain the situation and to ask for permission to, pursuant to Tuyuhun customs, marry Princess Guanghua as well. Emperor Wen agreed. (He and Princess Guanghua thereafter had at least one son, Murong Shun. Murong Shun (慕容順 (d 635 regal title Zhugulüwugandou Khan (趉故呂烏甘豆可汗 or in short Gandou Khan (甘豆可汗 Tang Dynasty noble )
During Emperor Yang of Sui's reign
Emperor Wen died in 604 and was succeeded by his son Yang Guang (as Emperor Yang), and initially, the relationship between Tuyuhun and Sui remained peaceful, with Murong Fuyun sending emissaries to submit tributes to Emperor Yang in 607, along with emissaries from Gaochang and the khan of Eastern Tujue himself, the Qimin Khan Ashina Ran'gan. Events By Place Ancient Japan Prince Shotoku issues a Seventeen-article constitution. Background Yang Guang was born in 569 during the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. Events By Place Europe Ceolwulf of Wessex fights the South Saxons. Gaochang ( is the site of an ancient Oasis city built on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, China. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. However, later that year, the Sui official Pei Ju returned from a tour of the Xiyu states, and knowing that Emperor Yang was looking for targets to conquer, suggested to him that Xiyu states had a lot of treasures and that Tuyuhun was easy to conquer. Pei Ju (裴矩 (547?-627 Courtesy name Hongda (弘大 formally Duke Jing of Anyi (安邑敬公 was a high level official during the Chinese The Western Regions or Xiyu ( was a historical name specified in the Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to 8th century that referred to the regions west of Jade Emperor Yang started considering attacking Tuyuhun, as a result. At one point, when Murong Fuyun sent Murong Shun as an emissary to Sui, Emperor Yang detained him.
In 608, Pei persuaded the Tiele tribes to attack Tuyuhun, and Tiele forces defeated Tuyuhun forces. Events By Place Europe Eochaid Buide succeeds Áedán mac Gabráin as king of Dál Riata. The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people Murong Fuyun took his people east, entering Sui's Xiping Commandery (西平, roughly modern Xining, Qinghai) to ask for refuge and aid against the Tiele. Xining ( Simplified Chinese: 西宁 Traditional Chinese: 西寧 Tibetan: ཟི་ནིང་ Pinyin: Xīníng Wylie: Zi-ning (青海 qīnghǎi is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake. Emperor Yang sent his cousin Yang Xiong (楊雄) the Prince of Ande and Yuwen Shu the Duke of Xu to escort Murong Fuyun. Yuwen Shu (宇文述 (d 616 Courtesy name Botong (伯通 formally Duke Gong of Xu (許恭公 was an official and general of the Chinese As Yuwen's forces approached, however, Murong Fuyun became apprehensive of the strength of his forces and decided to flee. Yuwen attacked him, and was said to have killed 3,000 Tuyuhun soldiers, and captured some 200 Tuyuhun nobles and 4,000 households. Murong Fuyun fled southwest into the mountains. Sui took over former Tuyuhun lands and divided it into four commanderies, settling minor criminals in those lands.
By 609, however, Murong Fuyun appeared to have exited the mountains and taken the land back, and Emperor Yang, this time commanding the army himself, again attacked Tuyuhun. Events By Place Asia Edessa is taken by the Sassanids. The tax Census of the Sui Dynasty Emperor Yang's forces, while suffering some minor setbacks, were again able to send Murong Fuyun fleeing, reaffirming Sui's control over the Tuyuhun lands. With Murong Shun in his hands, he created Murong Shun as khan and had him, assisted by Ni Luozhou (尼洛周) the Prince of Dabao, trying to head toward the Tuyuhun people to take over control. On the way, however, Ni was assassinated, and Murong Shun retreated back to Sui. In 613, Pei again persuaded the tribes submitting to Western Tujue's Heshana Khan to attack Tuyuhun. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. The Western Turkic Khaganate was formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century ( 600 – 603 AD after the Göktürk Heshana Khan (曷娑那可汗 (d 619 at one point known as Chuluo Khan (處羅可汗 personal name Ashina Daman (阿史那達漫 was a khan of the
Little is known about Tuyuhun's status under Murong Fuyun the next several years, but at the time, Sui itself was collapsing, engulfed in agrarian rebellions throughout its territory.
During Emperor Gaozu of Tang's reign
By 619, Emperor Yang was dead, killed at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and Murong Shun, who had been with Emperor Yang at Jiangdu, had returned to the Sui capital Chang'an, then taken over by one of the generals who had rebelled against Emperor Yang, Li Yuan, who had also since then taken the throne and established a new state of Tang as its Emperor Gaozu, still fighting for supremacy of China with many other rebel rulers. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Yangzhou administers 7 county-level divisions. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Background and early career Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor was Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Emperor Gaozu negotiated with Murong Fuyun, who had by now recovered the Tuyuhun lands, to attack one of his rivals, Li Gui the Emperor of Liang. As prince Li Gui was from Wuwei Commandery (武威 roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu) and he served as a militia officer in the local government Murong Fuyun agreed, and requested that Murong Shun be released. Emperor Gaozu agreed, and Murong Shun was able to return to Tuyuhun. (However, by this time, Murong Fuyun had already created another son to be his crown prince, and it was said that Murong Shun was depressed thereafter. )
Starting 622, Murong Fuyun, apparently under the advice of his strategist the Prince of Tianzhu, began frequent pillaging attacks on Tang's prefectures bordering Tuyuhun, making several attacks per year. Events Religion July 16 — Year one of the Islamic calendar begins during which the Hijra occurs — Prophet Muhammad The attacks continued throughout the rest of Emperor Gaozu's reign, up to 626 (when he was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Li Shimin (as Emperor Taizong)). Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines defeat the Avars and Slavs, who were besieging Constantinople Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the
During Emperor Taizong of Tang's reign
The Tuyuhun attacks appeared to decrease in frequency once Emperor Taizong took the throne, but did continue. Emperor Taizong of Tang (r 626 - 649) the second emperor of Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, throughout most of his reign faced challenges Sometime before 634, Murong Fuyun appeared to make an overture toward peace -- by sending an emissary to offer tributes to Emperor Taizong -- but even before the emissary left, Tuyuhun forces attacked and pillaged Shan Prefecture (鄯州, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai). Events By Place Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in the Battle of Heavenfield and See Haedong for disambiguation Haidong ( Simplified Chinese: 海东 Traditional Chinese: 海東 Pinyin: Hǎidōng (青海 qīnghǎi is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake. When Emperor Taizong sent emissaries to rebuke Murong Fuyun and summoned Murong Fuyun to Chang'an to meet him, Murong Fuyun refused, but responded by requesting that a Tang princess be given to his son, the Prince of Zun, in marriage. Emperor Taizong agreed, but ordered that the Prince of Zun personally arrive in Chang'an to marry the princess. When the Prince of Zun failed to do so, Emperor Taizong cancelled the marriage. Meanwhile, Murong Fuyun also attacked Lan and Kuo (廓州, also in modern Haidong) Prefectures and detained the Tang emissary Zhao Dekai (趙德楷). Emperor Taizong sent a number of emissaries to Tuyuhun to discuss the matter and also summoned Tuyuhun emissaries and personally had discussions with them. Murong Fuyun still did not relent.
In fall 634, Emperor Taizong sent the generals Duan Zhixuan (段志玄) and Fan Xing (樊興) to attack Tuyuhun with Tang forces, supplemented by soldiers from the Qibi (契苾) and Dangxiang tribes. The Tangut ( identified with the state of Western Xia, were a Qiangic - Tibetan people who moved to northwestern China sometime before When Duan began the attack, however, after minor successes, Tuyuhun forces simply began to elude him and refuse to engage him. Apparently immediately after he withdrew, Tuyuhun forces again attacked Liang Prefecture (涼州, roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu). Wuwei is located in northwest central Gansu province In the north it borders Inner Mongolia, in the southwest Qinghai. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
Around the new year 635, Emperor Taizong sent Li Jing to attack Tuyuhun again. Events By Topic Religion Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in Northumbria, England Li Jing (李靖 Pinyin: Lǐ Jìng ( 571 - July 2, 649) né Yaoshi (藥師/药师 Pinyin: Yàoshī formally In summer 635, Tang forces began engaging Tuyuhun forces, and after some minor victories by Li Jing's subordinate Li Daozong, Murong Fuyun, apparently following the same strategies he used against Duan, burned the grasses and fled. Events By Topic Religion Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in Northumbria, England Li Daozong (李道宗 (603?-656? Courtesy name Chengfan (承範 was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. Most of Li Jing's subordinates believed that it was dangerous to venture further without adequate grazing supplies and advised withdrawal, but Hou Junji opposed the idea, pointing out that this was the opportunity to destroy Tuyuhun. Hou Junji (侯君集 (d April 29, 643) was a major general and chancellor of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, particularly known Li Jing agreed, and divided his forces into two branches -- with Li Jing himself and Xue Wanjun (薛萬均) and Li Daliang (李大亮) heading northwest, and Hou and Li Daozong heading southwest. Both prongs continued to be successful. Eventually, Li Jing received news of Murong Fuyun's location and surprised Murong Fuyun, defeating his remaining forces. Murong Fuyun himself managed to flee, but the nobles, led by Murong Shun, killed the Prince of Tainzhu and surrendered. Murong Shun (慕容順 (d 635 regal title Zhugulüwugandou Khan (趉故呂烏甘豆可汗 or in short Gandou Khan (甘豆可汗 Tang Dynasty noble Murong Fuyun, in flight, was killed by his subordinates. [1] Emperor Taizong created Murong Shun the dual titles of Prince of Xiping and Zhugulüwugandou Khan (or Gandou Khan in short), to succeed Murong Fuyun.
Notes and references
- ^ The Zizhi Tongjian indicated that Murong Fuyun was killed by his subordinates, but both the Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang indicated that he committed suicide. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. The Book of Tang ( or the Old Book of Tang (舊唐書/旧唐书 is the first classic work about the Tang Dynasty. The New Book of Tang ( is a classic work of history about the Tang Dynasty edited by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi (宋祁 and other official scholars of the
- Zizhi Tongjian, vols. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. 178, 180, 181, 182, 187, 190, 191, 192, 194.
- Book of Sui, vol. The Book of Sui ( was the official history of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty, and it ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial 83. [1]
- Book of Tang, vol. The Book of Tang ( or the Old Book of Tang (舊唐書/旧唐书 is the first classic work about the Tang Dynasty. 198. [2]
- New Book of Tang, vol. The New Book of Tang ( is a classic work of history about the Tang Dynasty edited by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi (宋祁 and other official scholars of the 221, part 1. [3]
| Preceded by Murong Shifu |
Ruler of Tuyuhun 597-635 |
Succeeded by Murong Shun (Gandou Khan) |
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