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 TEM micrograph of the mumps virus.
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Mumps or epidemic parotitis is a viral disease of the human species. Parotitis is an Inflammation of one or both Parotid glands the major salivary glands located on either side of the face in humans A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The word "mumps" originally meant "to mumble", and came to be applied to the disease because of the side effects it causes. Prior to the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide, and is still a significant threat to health in the third world. Vaccination is the administration of Antigenic material (the Vaccine) to produce immunity to a disease Several varieties of mumps vaccine have been used since 1949 and at least 10 strains were in use in 2006 The first Vaccine was a killed Mumps virus vaccine developed The term childhood disease is sometimes subjective and does not refer to an accepted categorical list Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically [1]
Painful swelling of the salivary glands (classically the parotid gland) is the most typical presentation. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva For the toad wart see Parotoid gland. The parotid gland is the largest of the Salivary glands It is found wrapped around the Mandibular ramus [2] Painful testicular swelling and rash may also occur. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male A rash is a change of the Skin which affects its color appearance or Texture. While symptoms are generally not severe in children, the symptoms in teenagers and adults can be more severe and complications such as infertility or subfertility are relatively common, although still rare in absolute terms. Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception. Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception. [3],[4],[5] The disease is generally self-limited, running its course before receding, with no specific treatment apart from controlling the symptoms with painkillers.
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| Mumps Classification and external resources |
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| ICD-10 | B26. |
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| ICD-9 | 072 |
| DiseasesDB | 8449 |
| MedlinePlus | 001557 |
| eMedicine | emerg/324 emerg/391 ped/1503 |
Symptoms
The more common symptoms of mumps are:
- Parotid inflammation (or parotitis) in 60–70% of infections and 95% of patients with symptoms. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings A00-A79 - Bacterial infections and other intestinal infectious diseases and STDs (A00-A09 Intestinal Infectious diseases ( The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing Health information from the world's largest medical Library eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors For the toad wart see Parotoid gland. The parotid gland is the largest of the Salivary glands It is found wrapped around the Mandibular ramus Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens Parotitis is an Inflammation of one or both Parotid glands the major salivary glands located on either side of the face in humans [2] Parotitis causes swelling and local pain, particularly when chewing. Parotitis is an Inflammation of one or both Parotid glands the major salivary glands located on either side of the face in humans It can occur on one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral).
- Fever
- Headache
- Orchitis, referring to painful inflammation of the testicle. Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Orchitis is an often very painful condition of the Testicles involving inflammation swelling and frequently infection [6] Males past puberty who develop mumps have a 30 percent risk of orchitis. [7]
Other symptoms of mumps can include sore face and/or ears and occasionally in more serious cases, loss of voice.
Prodrome
Fever and headache can occur already as prodromal symptoms of mumps, together with malaise and anorexia. In Medicine, a prodrome is an early non-specific Symptom (or set of symptoms indicating the start of a Disease before specific symptoms occur Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness an "out of sorts" feeling often the first indication of an infection or other disease Anorexia (deriving from the Greek "α(ν-" ( a(n-, a prefix that denotes absence + "όρεξη (orexe = appetite is the decreased sensation
Signs and tests
A physical examination confirms the presence of the swollen glands. Usually the disease is diagnosed on clinical grounds and no confirmatory laboratory testing is needed. If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis, a test of saliva, or blood may be carried out; a newer diagnostic confirmation, using real-time nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, has also been developed [8]. Serology is the scientific study of blood serum. In practice the term usually refers to the Diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum An estimated 20%-30% of cases are asymptomatic. [9]
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for mumps. Symptoms may be relieved by the application of intermittent ice or heat to the affected neck area and by Acetaminophen/Paracetamol (Tylenol) for pain relief. Paracetamol ( INN) (ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl -ˈsɛtə- or acetaminophen ( USAN) is a widely-used Analgesic and Antipyretic Medication Aspirin use is discouraged in young children because of studies showing an increased risk of Reye's syndrome. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA (əˌsɛtɨlsælɨˌsɪlɨk ˈæsɨd is a Salicylate drug, often used as an Analgesic to relieve Reye's syndrome is a potentially fatal Disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs especially the Brain and Liver. [10] Warm salt water gargles, soft foods, and extra fluids may also help relieve symptoms.
Patients are advised to avoid fruit juice or any acidic foods, since these stimulate the salivary glands, which can be painful.
Prognosis
Death is very unusual. The disease is self-limiting, and general outcome is good, even if other organs are involved. Mumps viral infections in adult males carries a 25% risk that the testes may become infected leading to sterility. After the illness, life-long immunity to mumps generally occurs. Immunity is a material term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid Infection, Disease, or other unwanted biological invasion
Complications
Known complications of mumps include:
- Infection of other organ systems
- Sterility in men (this is quite rare, and mostly occurs in older men)
- Mild forms of meningitis (rare, 40% of cases occur without parotid swelling)
- Encephalitis (very rare, rarely fatal)
- Profound (91 dB or more) but rare sensorineural hearing loss, uni- or bilateral
- Pancreatitis manifesting as pain abdomen and vomiting
- Oophoritis (inflammation of ovaries) but fertility is rarely affected. Meningitis is Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the Brain and Spinal cord, known collectively as the Meninges. Encephalitis is an acute Inflammation of the Brain, commonly caused by a viral Infection.
Prevention
The most common preventative measure against mumps is immunization with a mumps vaccine. Several varieties of mumps vaccine have been used since 1949 and at least 10 strains were in use in 2006 The first Vaccine was a killed Mumps virus vaccine developed The vaccine may be given separately or as part of the MMR immunization vaccine which also protects against measles and rubella. The MMR vaccine is a mixture of three live Attenuated viruses administered via injection for Immunization against Measles, Mumps and Rubella Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a Disease caused by Rubella virus In the US, MMR is now being supplanted by MMRV, which adds protection against chickenpox. Chickenpox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with Varicella zoster virus (VZV The WHO (World Health Organization) recommends the use of mumps vaccines in all countries with well-functioning childhood vaccination programmes. In the United Kingdom it is routinely given to children at age 15 months. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the routine administration of MMR vaccine at ages 12-15 months and at 4-6 years. The American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP) is an organization of Pediatricians physicians trained to deal with the medical care of infants children and adolescents [11] In some locations, the vaccine is given again between 4 to 6 years of age, or between 11 and 12 years of age if not previously given. Efficacy of the vaccine depends on the strain of the vaccine, but is usually around 80%. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease [12],[13] The Jeryl Lynn strain is most commonly used in developed countries, but has been shown to have reduced efficacy in epidemic situations. The Leningrad-Zagreb strain is commonly used in developing countries, but appears to have superior efficacy in epidemic situations. [14]
Some anti-vaccine activists protest against the administration of a vaccine against mumps, claiming that the attenuated vaccine strain is harmful, and/or that the wild disease is beneficial. A vaccine controversy is a dispute over the morality ethics effectiveness or safety of Vaccination. Disagreeing, the WHO, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain currently recommend routine vaccination of children against mumps. The American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP) is an organization of Pediatricians physicians trained to deal with the medical care of infants children and adolescents The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in unincorporated The American Academy of Family Physicians ( AAFP) was founded in 1947 to promote the science and art of family medicine. History The BMA founded in 1832 by Charles Hastings was originally known as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association (PMSA the first meeting of which was held in the boardroom The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB is the Statutory regulatory and professional body for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians in England The British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain had previously recommended against general mumps vaccination, changing that recommendation in 1987. In 1988 it became United Kingdom government policy to introduce mass child mumps vaccination programmes with the MMR vaccine, and MMR vaccine is now routinely administered in the UK.
Before the introduction of the mumps vaccine, the mumps virus was the leading cause of viral meningoencephalitis in the United States. However, encephalitis occurs rarely (less than 2 per 100,000). [15] In one of the largest studies in the literature, the most common symptoms of mumps meningoencephalitis were found to be fever (97%), vomiting (94%) and headache (88. 8%). [16] The mumps vaccine was introduced into the United States in December 1967: since its introduction there has been a steady decrease in the incidence of mumps and mumps virus infection. There were 151,209 cases of mumps reported in 1968. Since 2001, the case average was only 265 per year, excluding an outbreak of >6000 cases in 2006 attributed largely to university contagion in young adults. [17][18]
See also
References
- ^ Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Isselbacher KJ, Eds. (2004). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th, McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-140235-7.
- ^ a b Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K (2008). "Mumps". Lancet 371 (9616): 932–44. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 18342688.
- ^ Preveden T, Jovanovic J, Ristic D (1996). "[Fertility in men after mumps infection without manifestations of orchitis]". Med Pregl 49 (3-4): 99-102. PubMed.
- ^ Shakhov EV, Krupin VN (1990). "[The clinico-statistical characteristics of the testicular generative function in male subfertility following mumps]". Urol Nefrol (Mosk) (2): 46-50. PubMed.
- ^ Tsvetkov D (1990). "[Spermatological disorders in patients with postmumps orchitis]". Akush Ginekol (Sofiia) 29 (6): 46-9. PubMed.
- ^ Manson AL (1990). "Mumps orchitis". Urology 36 (4): 355-8. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PubMed.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Real-time PCR for mumps diagnosis on clinical spec...[J Clin Virol. 2006] – PubMed Result
- ^ http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/295/20/2348.pdf#search=%22orchitis%20iowa%20health%2030%2020%22
- ^ The significance of these studies has been questioned.
- ^ [2]PDF
- ^ Schlegel M, Osterwalder JJ, Galeazzi RL, Vernazza PL (1999). "Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during disease outbreak in Eastern Switzerland: cohort study". BMJ 319 (7206): 352. PMID 10435956.
- ^ [3] Summary]. WHO: Mumps vaccine. Retrieved on 2006-04-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Peltola H, Kulkarni PS, Kapre SV, Paunio M, Jadhav SS, Dhere RM (2007). "Mumps outbreaks in Canada and the United States: Time for new thinking on mumps vaccines". Clin Infect Dis 45: 459–66. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Atkinson W, Humiston S, Wolfe C, Nelson R (Editors). (2006). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 9th, Centers for Disease Control and prevention. Fulltext.
- ^ Kanra G, Isik P, Kara A, Cengiz AB, Secmeer G, Ceyhan M (2004). "Complementary findings in clinical and epidemiologic features of mumps and mumps meningoencephalitis in children without mumps vaccination". Pediatr Int 46 (6): 663-8. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PubMed.
- ^ Summary of Notifiable Diseases - United States, 2006
- ^ 2006 mumps outbreak occurred despite high vaccination rate - Los Angeles Times
External links
- Original version based on the National Library of Medicine's Medline Plus website. The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM) operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest Medical library. Update Date: 08/15/01. Update date included for cross-reference against newer versions.
- Schlegel M, Osterwalder JJ, Galeazzi RL, Vernazza PL (1999). "Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during disease outbreak in Eastern Switzerland: cohort study". BMJ 319 (7206): 352. PubMed fulltext @ BMJJournals.com.
- NHS.uk – Encyclopedia – 'NHS Direct Online Health Encyclopaedia: Mumps', National Health Service (UK)
- WHO.int – "Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals: Mumps vaccine", World Health Organisation
- MicrobiologyBytes: Paramyxoviruses"
- nih.gov – "NIH database entry: complete genome of Miyahara strain of Mumps"
- cdc.gov – Collection of information from the CDC concerning mumps
Dictionary
mumps
-noun
- (pathology) A contagious disease caused by a virus of the genus Rubulavirus, mostly occuring in childhood, which causes swelling of glands in the face and neck.
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