| ?Mumbai Maharashtra • India |
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| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| Area • Elevation |
603.4 km² (233 sq mi) • 8 m (26 ft) |
| District(s) | • Mumbai City • Mumbai Suburban |
| Population • Density |
13. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Nariman Point (नरिमन पॉईंट is Mumbai 's premier business district Cuffe Parade is an upmarket neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is in the southern most region of the city just north of Navy Nagar. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. To help compare different Orders of magnitude and geographical regions we list here areas between 100 km² and 1000 km² A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. Mumbai City District (मुंबई जिल्हा is a district of Maharashtra. The Mumbai suburban district (मुंबई उपनगर जिल्हा is a district of the state of Maharashtra, India. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 662. 885 million (1st) (2008) • 21,880 /km² (56,669 /sq mi) (1st) (2008) |
| Municipal commissioner | Jairaj Phatak |
| Mayor | Shubha Raul |
| Codes • Pincode • Telephone • UN/LOCODE • Vehicle |
• 400 xxx • +022 • INBOM • MH 01—04 |
| Website: www.mcgm.gov.in | |
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Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई, Mumbaī, IPA:/ˈmumbəi/ ), formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. With an estimated population of thirteen million, it is the most populous city in the world. The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a [1] Along with the neighbouring suburbs of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it forms, at nineteen million, the world's fifth most populous metropolitan area. Navi Mumbai ( Marathi: नवी मुंबई IAST: New Muṃbaī formerly known as New Bombay, is a city on the west coast of the state of WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Thane ( Marathi / Konkani: ठाणे (formerly Thana) is a city in Maharashtra Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. The Konkan (Marathi कोकण also called the Konkan Coast or Karavali, is a rugged section of the western coastline of India from Raigad A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored Mumbai's port handles over half of India's maritime cargo. [2]
Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment center of India, generating 5% of India's GDP[3] and accounting for 25 per cent of industrial output, forty per cent of maritime trade, and seventy per cent of capital transactions to India's economy. The economy of India, measured in USD exchange-rate terms is the twelfth largest in the world with a GDP of around $1 trillion (2008 [4] Mumbai is one of the world's top ten centers of commerce by global financial flow,[5] home to such important financial institutions as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India and the corporate headquarters of many Indian companies and numerous multinational corporations. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer The Reserve Bank of India (RBI भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक is the Central bank of India, and was established on April The Bombay Stock Exchange Limited (मुंबई शेयर बाज़ार Mumbaī Śeyar Bājār) (formerly The Stock Exchange Mumbai; popularly called The National Stock Exchange of India Limited or S&P CNX NIFTY ( NSE) is a Mumbai -based Stock exchange. Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, is the commercial capital of India contributing 10% of factory employment 40% of Income tax collections 60% of Customs duty This is a list of major companies based in India. Please note that the list is highly incomplete and does not have every company of all sizes Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers The city also houses India's Hindi film and television industry, known as Bollywood. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The Indian film industry is the largest in the world in terms of ticket sales and number of films produced annually (877 feature films and 1177 short films were released in the year 2003 Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its high standard of living, attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri of many communities and cultures. Although Standard of living in India is modest and is constantly improving India suffers from substantial poverty with 27 The culture of India has been shaped by the long History of India, its unique geography and the absorption of customs traditions and ideas from some of its neighbors
Contents |
Names
The name Mumbai is an eponym, etymologically derived from Mumba or Maha-Amba— the name of the Hindu goddess Mumbadevi, and Aai — mother in Marathi. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Mumba Devi Mandir, or Mumba Devi Temple, is an old Hindu temple in the city of Mumbai (formerly Bombay) dedicated to the goddess, Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. [6] The former name Bombay had its origins in the 16th century when the Portuguese arrived in the area and called it by various names, which finally took the written form Bombaim, still common in current Portuguese use. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. After the British gained possession in the 17th century, it was anglicised to Bombay, although it was known as Mumbai or Mambai to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as Bambai in Hindi, Urdu. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English [7] [8] The name was officially changed to its Marathi pronunciation of Mumbai in 1995.
A widespread explanation of the origin of the traditional English name Bombay holds that it was derived from a Portuguese name meaning good bay. Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. The Taj Mahal Palace is a prestigious Hotel located in the Colaba region of Mumbai, India, next to the Gateway of India. [9] This is based on the fact that bom (masc. ) is Portuguese for good whereas the English word bay is similar to the Portuguese baía (fem. , bahia in old spelling). The normal Portuguese rendering of good bay would have been boa bahia rather than the grammatically incorrect bom bahia. However, it is possible to find the form baim (masc. ) for little bay in sixteenth-century Portuguese.
Other sources have a different origin for the Portuguese toponym Bombaim. Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. José Pedro Machado's Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa ("Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") mentions what is probably the first Portuguese reference to the place, dated from 1516, as Benamajambu or Tena-Maiambu,[10] pointing out that "MAIAMBU"' seems to refer to Mumba-Devi, the Hindu goddess after which the place is named in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century, the spelling seems to have evolved to Mombayn (1525)[11] and then Mombaim (1563). [12] The final form Bombaim appears later in the 16th century, as recorded by Gaspar Correia in his Lendas da Índia ("Legends of India"). [13] J. P. Machado seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, asserting that Portuguese records mentioning the presence of a bay at the place led the English to assume that the noun (bahia, "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay, adapted from Portuguese. [14] .
History
Artefacts found near Kandivali in northern Mumbai indicate that these islands had been inhabited since the Stone Age. Kandivali or Kandivli ( Marathi कांदिवली is the name of a suburb of Mumbai, India. The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking Documented evidence of human habitation dates back to 250 BC, when it was known as Heptanesia (Ptolemy) (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands). Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c In the 3rd century BC, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Aşoka. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi During its first few centuries, control over Mumbai was disputed between the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps and the Satavahanas. The Indo-Scythians are a branch of the Indo-Iranian Sakas ( Scythians) who migrated from southern Siberia into Bactria, The Western Satraps, or Western Kshatrapas ( 35 - 405) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India ( Saurashtra The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( The Hindu rulers of the Silhara Dynasty later governed the islands until 1343, when the kingdom of Gujarat annexed them. The Hindu Silhara dynasty ruled the region around present-day Mumbai between 810 and 1240. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Some of the oldest edifices of the archipelago – the Elephanta Caves and the Walkeshwar temple complex date from this era. Elephanta Island (also called Gharapuri Island or place of caves) is one of a number of islands in Mumbai Harbour, east of Mumbai,
In 1534, the Portuguese appropriated the islands from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Bahadur Shah (ruled 1526-1535 and 1536-1537 was a Sultan of Gujarat, at the time an independent realm but now a state in the Republic of India. They were ceded to Charles II of England in 1661, as dowry[15] for Catherine de Braganza. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage Catherine Henrietta of Braganza (25 November 1638 &ndash 31 December 1705 was a Portuguese Infanta and the Queen consort of Charles II of These islands, were in turn leased to the British East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £10 per annum. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency P Q R The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency. The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built This project, known as the Hornby Vellard, was completed by 1845, and resulted in the total area swelling to 438 km². The Hornby Vellard was a project to build a Causeway uniting all Seven islands of Bombay into a single island with a deep natural harbour Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of In 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the town of Thane. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Thane ( Marathi / Konkani: ठाणे (formerly Thana) is a city in Maharashtra During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy and subsequently enhancing the city's stature. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea. The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: [16] Over the next thirty years, the city grew into a major urban centre, spurred by an improvement in infrastructure and the construction of many of the city's institutions. The population of the city swelled to one million by 1906, making it the second largest in India after Calcutta. As capital of the Bombay Presidency, it was a major base for the Indian independence movement, with the Quit India Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 being its most rubric event. The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a Civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January After India's independence in 1947, it became the capital of Bombay State. The State of Bombay is a former state of India. During British rule, portions of the western coast of India under direct British rule were part of the In the 1950 the city expanded to its present limits by incorporating parts of Salsette island which lay to the north.
After 1955, when the State of Bombay was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, there was a demand that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. Flora Fountain is a stone Fountain situated in Fort business district in the heart of South Mumbai, Mumbai, India. Hutatma Chowk (Marathi हुतात्मा चौक (" Martyrs Square" is the official name of a square in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti ( Marathi: संयुक्त महाराष्ट्र समिति roughly translated as United Maharashtra Committee, was The State of Bombay is a former state of India. During British rule, portions of the western coast of India under direct British rule were part of the Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. However, the Samyukta Maharashtra movement opposed this, and insisted that Mumbai be declared the capital of Maharashtra. Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti ( Marathi: संयुक्त महाराष्ट्र समिति roughly translated as United Maharashtra Committee, was Following protests in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra state was formed with Mumbai as its capital on May 1, 1960. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
The late 1970s witnessed a construction boom and a significant influx of migrants, which saw Mumbai overtake Kolkata as India's most populous city. This influx caused unrest among local Maharashtrians who worried about the loss of culture, jobs, and language. [17] The Shiv Sena Party was formed by Balasaheb Thackeray for the purpose of securing the interests of Maharashtrians. Shiv Sena ( Devanāgarī: शिव सेना Śīv Senā, meaning Army of Shiva, referring to Shivaji Bhosle) is a Political party Bal Keshav Thackeray (बाळ केशव ठाकरे (born January 23, 1926) popularly known as Balasaheb Thackeray is the founder and [18] The city's secular fabric was torn apart in the riots of 1992–93, after large scale sectarian violence caused extensive loss of life and property. Although numerous riots have occurred in the City of Mumbai, India (Bombay since Independence, the Bombay Riots usually refers to the riots in Mumbai A few months later, on March 12, a series of co-ordinated bombings at several city landmarks by the Mumbai underworld killed around three hundred people. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions that took place in Bombay (now Mumbai) India on March 12, 1993 The Indian mafia refers to certain criminal organizations found in some of India 's major cities In 1995, the city was renamed Mumbai by the Shiv Sena government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local appellations. There have also been terrorist attacks, sponsored by Islamic extremists, on public transport buses in past years. In 2006, Mumbai was also the site of a major terrorist attack in which over two hundred people were killed when several bombs exploded almost simultaneously on the Mumbai Suburban Railway. The Mumbai Suburban Railway ( Marathi: मुंबई उपनगरीय रेल् system part of the public transportation system of Mumbai, is [19]
- See also: Timeline of Mumbai events
Geography
Mumbai is located on seven now-merged islands (see seven islands of Bombay) which are Isle of Bombay, Mazagaon, Colaba, Old Woman's Island, Parel, Worli, and Salsette Island. The History of Mumbai, can be traced back to 600 BC, when evidences of the first known settlement here have been discovered Navi Mumbai ( Marathi: नवी मुंबई IAST: New Muṃbaī formerly known as New Bombay, is a city on the west coast of the state of WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Thane ( Marathi / Konkani: ठाणे (formerly Thana) is a city in Maharashtra Mumbai is India 's most populous city It is located on Salsette Island off the coast of Maharashtra. Seven islands were united to form the city of Mumbai (formerly Bombay Isle of Bombay Colaba Old Woman's Island (Little Colaba Isle of Bombay was one of Seven islands of Bombay, that were merged to create city of Bombay. Mazagaon, also spelled Mazgaon and Mazagon, and pronounced by the Catholics as 'Mazgon' or 'Maz-a-gon' and the Marathi-speakers as Mazhgav Colaba (कुलाबा is a part of the city of Mumbai, India. The Old Woman's Island, also known as Little Colaba is one of the seven islands composing the city of Mumbai, India. Parel is central part of Mumbai. It is also the name of a Railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway. Worli ( Marathi:वरळी is a locality in Mumbai, the largest city in India. Salsette (साष्टी ( Portuguese: Salsete Marathi: Sashti (साष्टी is an island in Maharashtra state on India 's west Mumbai lies at the mouth of Ulhas River off the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. The Ulhas River is a river of western India. It originates near Karjat in the Western Ghats Range and flows westward through Raigad and The Konkan (Marathi कोकण also called the Konkan Coast or Karavali, is a rugged section of the western coastline of India from Raigad Much of Mumbai is just above sea level, and the average elevation ranges from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft). Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface Northern Mumbai is hilly, and the highest point in the city is 450 metres (1,450 feet). A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit [20] Mumbai spans a total area of 603 km² (233 sq mi). Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile.
Four lakes supply water to Mumbai: Lakes Vihar, Vaitarna, Tulsi and Tansa. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located within the metropolitan limits, in Borivili National Park, and supply part of the city's drinking water. Tulsi Lake is a Fresh water lake in northern Mumbai. It is stated to be the second largest lake in Mumbai and supplies part of the city’s Potable Vihar Lake is located near Vihar village on the Mithi River within the precincts of the Borivali National Park, also called the Sanjay Gandhi National Park The Borivali National Park, officially known as the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, is a unique National Park in that it lies within borders of a city The waters of a fifth lake also within the city, Powai, is not used. Powai is a northern suburb of Mumbai, that shares its name with a lake in the same locality Mumbai also has three small rivers within the city limits originating in the National Park. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. A tidal creek is the portion of a Stream that is affected by ebb and flow of ocean Tides in the case that the subject stream discharges to an ocean sea or strait The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity. Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. The western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acid and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone[21] owing to the presence of three fault lines in the vicinity. The area is classified as a Zone III region, which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6. 5 on the Richter-scale may be expected.
Mumbai is classified as a metropolis of India, under the jurisdiction of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. The Brihan Mumbai Mahanagarpalika ( Marathi: बृहन्मुंबई महानगर पालिका) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation It consists of two distinct regions — the city and the suburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maharashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as the Island City. [22]
- See also: List of Mumbai beaches
Climate
The climate of the city, being in the tropical zone, and near the Arabian Sea, may be broadly classified into two main seasons — the humid season, and the dry season. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: The humid season, between March and October, is characterized by high humidity and temperatures of over 30 °C (86 °F). Between June and September, the monsoon rains lash the city supplying most of the city's annual rainfall of 2,200 millimetres (86. 6 in). The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 millimetres (135. 9 in) in 1954. [23] The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37. Overview Thousands of schoolchildren were stranded due to flooding and could not reach home for up to 18 hours 16 inches) on 2005-07-26. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus [24] The dry season, between November and February, is characterized by moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill during January and February.
Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 °C (100 °F) to a low of 11 °C (52 °F). The record high is 43. 3 °C (109. 9 °F) and record low is 7. 4 °C (45. 3 °F) on 1962-01-22. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. [25]. Though 7. 4 °C (45. 3 °F) is the lowest recorded by one of the two official meteorological weather stations, a low of 6. 5 °C (43. 7 °F) was recorded on February 8, 2008 at a weather station near Kanheri Caves that lies within city limits. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Kanheri Caves are located north of Borivli on the western outskirts of Mumbai, India, deep within the green forests of the Sanjay Gandhi [26]
Economy
Mumbai is India's largest city. Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, is the commercial capital of India contributing 10% of factory employment 40% of Income tax collections 60% of Customs duty Mumbai serves as an important economic hub of the country, contributing 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all income tax collections, 60% of all customs duty collections, 20% of all central excise tax collections, 40% of India's foreign trade and 40 billion Rupees (US$ 1 billion) in corporate taxes. Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods Excise or Excise tax (sometimes called an excise duty) is a type of Tax charged on goods produced within the country (as opposed to Customs duties International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. This list compares various sizes of positive Numbers including counts of things Dimensionless quantity and probabilities. The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Corporate tax refers to a Tax levied by various jurisdictions on the Profits made by companies or associations. [27] Mumbai's per-capita income is Rs. 48,954 which is almost three times the national average. [28] Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including State Bank Of India, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and four of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai. State Bank of India (SBI ( is the largest Bank in India. It is also measured by the number of branch offices and employees the second largest bank in the The Tata Group ( Hindi: टाटा समूह is a multinational conglomerate based in Mumbai, India. The Fortune Global 500 is a ranking of the top 500 Corporations worldwide as measured by Revenue. Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area, the World Trade Centre (Mumbai)[29] being the most prominent one. Up until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Mumbai is home to the Bhabha Atomic Research Center, and most of India's specialized, technical industries, having a modern industrial infrastructure and vast, skilled human resources. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC is India 's primary nuclear research facility Rising venture capital firms, start-ups and established brands work in aerospace, optical engineering, medical research, computers and electronic equipment of all varieties, shipbuilding and salvaging, and renewable energy and power. This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of Optics.
State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry, too, employs many residents, directly or indirectly. In Dharavi, in central Mumbai, there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories. Dharavi is a mega slum and administrative ward over parts of Sion Bandra(E Kurla and Kalina suburbs of Mumbai, India. Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods [30]
The media industry is another major employer in Mumbai. Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered here. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood produces the largest number of films per year in the world; and the name Bollywood is a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Marathi television and Marathi film industry are also based in Mumbai. Marathi Language Television Industry started in India in 1984. Marathi cinema (मराठी चित्रपट is one of the oldest in regional Indian films industry
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and BPO boom in this decade. In Economics, the term boom and bust refers to the movement of an economy through Economic cycles. Business process outsourcing ( BPO) contains the transmission of processes along with the associated operational activities and responsibilities to a third party with at least The middle class in Mumbai is the segment most impacted by this boom and is the driver behind the consequent consumer boom. Upward mobility among Mumbaikars has led to a direct increase in consumer spending. Mumbai has been ranked 10th among the world's biggest centres of commerce in terms of financial flow in a survey compiled by Mastercard Worldwide. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer [31]
Civic administration
The city is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation), with executive power vested in the Municipal Commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by the state government. The Brihan Mumbai Mahanagarpalika ( Marathi: बृहन्मुंबई महानगर पालिका) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation The Brihan Mumbai Mahanagarpalika ( Marathi: बृहन्मुंबई महानगर पालिका) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation The Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai is the chief of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. The Indian Administrative Service ( IAS) is the administrative Civil service of the Indian government. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the twenty four municipal wards, five nominated Councillors, and a titular Mayor. The city of Mumbai, India, is divided into administrative divisions The Mayor of Mumbai is the first citizen of the Indian city of Mumbai. The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees each ward for administrative purposes. Almost all the state political parties field candidates in the elections for Councillors. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region consists of 7 Municipal Corporations and 13 Municipal Councils. In addition to the BMC, it includes the Municipal Corporations of Thane, Kalyan - Dombivali, Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar, Bhiwandi - Nizampur and Ulhasnagar. The Brihan Mumbai Mahanagarpalika ( Marathi: बृहन्मुंबई महानगर पालिका) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Thane ( Marathi / Konkani: ठाणे (formerly Thana) is a city in Maharashtra WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kalyan-Dombivali is a city and a Municipal corporation with It's Head Quarters located in Kalyan in Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC is municipal organisation of Mumbai 's satellite town Navi Mumbai (formerly New Bombay) WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mira-Bhayandar is an urban town beside Mumbai city in the district of Thane, in the western state of Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation is a civic body formed in 2002 to administer the industrial township of Bhiwandi, which is a city in Thane District in the WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ulhasnagar ( Hindi / Marathi: उल्हासनगर is a city located on coast of the [32]
The Greater Mumbai forms two districts of Maharashtra, with each district under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. History & Premises The Bombay High Court (मुंबई उच्च न्यायालय was inaugurated on August 14, 1862. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory For the Indian musical form see Dadra. Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( Gujarati: દાદરા અને નગર હવેલી Marathi A district is an administrative division of a state in India India is divided into twenty-eight states and seven Union territories (UT The District Collector is a Central Indian Government appointee who is in charge of the governance of a district in a state. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city. Elections in India are more than a process of voting someone to rule the nation
The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an IPS officer. The Mumbai Police has the task of policing the vast Metropolitan area of Mumbai, one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world The Police Commissioner of Mumbai is the chief of the Mumbai Police. Indian police redirects here For other uses see Indian police (disambiguation. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. [33] The Mumbai Fire Brigade department is headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and 6 Divisional Officers. The Mumbai Fire Brigade is responsible for the provision of fire protection in the City of Greater Mumbai as well as responding to building collapses drowning cases gas
Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. History & Premises The Bombay High Court (मुंबई उच्च न्यायालय was inaugurated on August 14, 1862. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory For the Indian musical form see Dadra. Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( Gujarati: દાદરા અને નગર હવેલી Marathi Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. In Indian cities the Small Causes Court is responsible for adjudicating matters related to civil cases A Sessions Court is a Court of law which exists in several Commonwealth countries Mumbai also has a special TADA (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.
The city elects six members to the Lok Sabha and thirty-four members to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha (State assembly). The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is the federal and supreme Legislative body of India. The Maharashtra state assembly the Vidhan Sabha (महाराष्ट्र विधान सभा is the Bicameral legislature of the Indian Mumbai is headed by mayor Shubha Raul, Municipal Commissioner Jairaj Phatak, and Sheriff Indu Shahani. Shubha Raul (born 1967) ( Marathi:mr शुभा राऊळ is the Mayor of the Indian metropolis Mumbai. The Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai is the chief of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Jairaj Moreshwar Phatak is the 25th municipal commissioner of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC India. The Sheriff of Mumbai is an apolitical titular position of authority bestowed for one year on a prominent citizen of Mumbai (Bombay Indu Shahani (b March 19, 1954) is the current Sheriff of Mumbai.
Transport
Most of Mumbai's inhabitants rely on public transport to travel to and from their workplace. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (छत्रपती शिवाजी टरमीनस formerly Victoria Terminus, and better known by its abbreviation CST or Bombay The Central Railway is one of the largest of the 16 zones of Indian Railways. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Public Transport in Mumbai involves the transport of millions of its citizens by train road and water Transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway, BEST buses, taxis, auto rickshaws, ferries, and aeroplanes. The Mumbai Suburban Railway ( Marathi: मुंबई उपनगरीय रेल् system part of the public transportation system of Mumbai, is An auto rickshaw or tuk tuk ( auto autorick or rickshaw in popular parlance is a Motor vehicle that is one of the chief
The city is the headquarters of two railway zones – the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered near Churchgate. Indian Railways (भारतीय रेल Bhāratīya Rail) abbreviated as IR (hi भारे is a Department of the Government of India under the Ministry Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (छत्रपती शिवाजी टरमीनस formerly Victoria Terminus, and better known by its abbreviation CST or Bombay Churchgate (चर्चगेट is an area in downtown South Mumbai (formerly Bombay The backbone of the city's transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, is composed of three separate networks running the length of the city, in a north-south direction. The Mumbai Suburban Railway ( Marathi: मुंबई उपनगरीय रेल् system part of the public transportation system of Mumbai, is The Mumbai Metro, an underground and elevated railway system that is currently under construction, will run from Versova to Andheri to Ghatkopar when the first phase is completed in 2009. The Mumbai Metro is the planned mass Rapid transit and Light rail system in Mumbai, India. Mumbai is well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Indian Railways (भारतीय रेल Bhāratīya Rail) abbreviated as IR (hi भारे is a Department of the Government of India under the Ministry Trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central and Bandra terminus. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (छत्रपती शिवाजी टरमीनस formerly Victoria Terminus, and better known by its abbreviation CST or Bombay Dadar (दादर is a Place in Mumbai, and has a Railway station on the Mumbai Suburban Railway on both the Western Railway Lokmanya Tilak Terminus ( station code=LTT) formerly known as Kurla Terminus ( station code=CLAT) is a Railhead in suburb of Mumbai Mumbai Central, previously Bombay Central is the railway station on the Western Railway Mumbai suburban and outstation lines Bandra (वांद्रे is a suburb of Mumbai (formerly Bombay) popularly nick-named "Queen Of The Suburbs" Mumbai's suburban rail systems carry a total of 2. 2 billion passengers every year, one third of the world's population.
Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai and Thane. Navi Mumbai ( Marathi: नवी मुंबई IAST: New Muṃbaī formerly known as New Bombay, is a city on the west coast of the state of WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Thane ( Marathi / Konkani: ठाणे (formerly Thana) is a city in Maharashtra Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes. The BEST runs a total of 3,400 buses,[34] ferrying 4. 5 million passengers over 340 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, and air-conditioned buses. MSRTC buses provide intercity transport and connect Mumbai with other major cities of Maharashtra and other states. Maharashtra State Road Transport Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai
Black and yellow-metered, taxis traverse most of the metropolis. Mumbai has a centuries old history and many sites of tourist interest A taxis (plural taxes, ˈtæksiːz is an Innate behavioural response by an Organism to a directional stimulus. Auto rickshaws operate in the suburban areas of Mumbai. An auto rickshaw or tuk tuk ( auto autorick or rickshaw in popular parlance is a Motor vehicle that is one of the chief Rickshaws run on Compressed Natural Gas, are the main form of hired transport. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG is a Fossil fuel substitute for Gasoline (petrol Diesel, or Propane Fuel. These three-wheeled vehicles are a quick way to get around. They are the cheapest form of hired transport and can accommodate up to three passengers.
Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly, Sahar International Airport) is the busiest airport in South Asia. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport ( Marathi:छ्त्रपती शिवाजी अंतरराष्ट्रीय विमानतळ, formerly Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport ( Marathi:छ्त्रपती शिवाजी अंतरराष्ट्रीय विमानतळ, formerly [36] The Juhu aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport. Juhu Aerodrome an Airport serving Mumbai (formerly Bombay was India 's first Civil aviation airport opening in 1928 as the then Vile Parle A flying club or aero club is an organisation that allows its members to pursue flying activities usually by renting aircraft to them A heliport is a small Airport suitable only for use by Helicopters Heliports typically contain one or more Helipads and may have limited facilities such The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, has been sanctioned by the Government and would help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. Proposed New Navi Mumbai International airport is a new international airport which is to come up at Kopra- Panvel area is being built through public-private partnership Mumbai handles about 25% of the domestic and 38% of the international air passenger traffic in the country.
With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the country's passenger traffic, and much of India's cargo. [37] It is also an important base for the Indian Navy, being the headquarters of the Western Naval Command. The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. [38] Ferries from Ferry Wharf allow cheap access to islands and beaches in the area. Ferry Wharf is a Wharf along the Thane Creek, along the coast of Dockyard Road on the Eastern seafront of Mumbai.
Utility services
The BMC supplies potable water to the city, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a few lakes further north. The Brihan Mumbai Mahanagarpalika ( Marathi: बृहन्मुंबई महानगर पालिका) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not The water is filtered at Bhandup, which is Asia's largest water filtration plant. Bhandup is a Suburb of Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, in the state of Maharashtra, India and is also the name of a Railway Even India's first underground water tunnel will come up in Mumbai. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [39] The BMC is also responsible for the road maintenance and garbage collection in the city. The Brihan Mumbai Mahanagarpalika ( Marathi: बृहन्मुंबई महानगर पालिका) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and Deonar in the east. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Gorai is a village in the North-western part of Mumbai, India. Mulund ( Marathi मुलुंड is a north-eastern Suburb of Mumbai, India. Deonar is a eastern suburb of Chembur in Mumbai, India. Famous residents include Hindi movie legends Raj Kapoor and Ashok Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed off by two independent marine outfalls of 3. Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other Worli ( Marathi:वरळी is a locality in Mumbai, the largest city in India. Bandra (वांद्रे is a suburb of Mumbai (formerly Bombay) popularly nick-named "Queen Of The Suburbs" 4 km (2. 1 mi) and 3. 7 km (2. 3 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively. A third outfall at Malad is in the planning stages.
Electricity is provided by BEST in the island city, and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, and Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Reliance Infrastructure, formerly known as Reliance Energy and prior to that as Bombay Suburban Electric Supply (BSES, is a company under the Reliance - Anil Started as the Tata Hydroelectric Power Supply Company in 1911 it is an amalgamation of two entities Tata Hydroelectric Power Supply Company and Andhra Valley Power Supply Company (1916 Mahavitaran (महावितरणor MSEDCL(Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd-Mahadiscom controlled by Government of Maharashtra is a public sector company Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the city's electricity is hydroelectric and nuclear based. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Nuclear Energy is released by the splitting (fission or merging together (fusion of the nuclei of Atom (s Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity. The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile WLL services. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited ( is an Indian Government -owned Telephone service provider in the cities of Mumbai, Thane, New Delhi In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient WLL redirects here Not to be confused with Weight Load Limit the maximum weight that a given apparatus can bear Wireless local loop (WLL is a term for the use of a wireless Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar, Airtel, BPL group, Reliance Communications and Tata Indicom. Vodafone Essar, previously Hutchison Essar is a cellular operator in India that covers 16 telecom circles in India. Bharti Airtel, formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited (BTVL is India 's largest cellular service provider with more than 75 million subscribers as of August BPL is an Indian electronics company The acronym stands for "British Physical Laboratories". Reliance Communications (formerly Reliance Infocomm) along with Reliance Telecom and Flag Telecom, is part of Reliance Communications Ventures (RCoVL Introduction Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL is a part of the Tata Group of companies an Indian conglomerate Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city. GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies Broadband internet penetration is increasing in the city, with MTNL and Tata being the leading service providers. Broadband Internet access, often shortened to just Broadband, is high-speed Internet access—typically contrasted with dial-up access over a Modem The Tata Group ( Hindi: टाटा समूह is a multinational conglomerate based in Mumbai, India.
Since 1995, many parts of the city also have access to piped gas, provided by Mahanagar Gas Limited, which also provides compressed natural gas to 127 gas stations.
- See also: Mumbai's water sources
Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai is about 13 million,[40] with the population of the urban agglomerate exceeding 16 million. [41] The Rural Mumbai Metropolitan Region has a population of 1. 04 million. [32] As of the 2008 extrapolations carried out by the World Gazetteer, Mumbai has a population of 13,662,885[42] and the Mumbai Metropolitan Area has a population of 20,870,764. [43] The population density is estimated to be about 22,000 persons per square kilometre. The overall literacy rate of the city is above 86%, higher than the national average. [44] There are 875 females to every 1,000 males – which is lower than the national average.
The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (68% of the population), Muslims (17% of the population), and Christians and Jains (4% each). A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. The remainders are Parsis, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jews and Atheists. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Atheism
According to the 1991 census, the ethnic groups demographics are - Maharashtrians (53%), Gujaratis (22%), North Indians (17%), Tamilians (3%), Sindhis (3%), Tuluvas/Kannadigas (2%) and others. The Marathi people or Maharashtrians ( Marathi: मराठी माणसं or महाराष्ट्रीय are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group Gujarati people ( Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko ? Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. The Tuluvas ( Tulu: ತುಳುವ are speakers of the Tulu language. Kannadiga ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | masculine|) or Kannadati ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡತಿ | feminine|) refers to populations
Mumbai has a large polyglot population unlike any other metropolitan city of India. The Status of Indian cities comprises two ranking systems used by the Government of India to allocate compensatory allowances to the cities in the country Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra state, is widely spoken. Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Other languages spoken are Hindi and English. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Marathi, Hindi, Indian English and some invented colloquial words are spoken on the streets. Bambaiya Hindi (also spelled Bambaiyya Hindi, Hindi: बंबय्या हिंदी is a dialect of Hindi commonly spoken in and around the Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora English is extensively spoken, and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. White-collar worker refers to a salaried professional or an educated Worker who performs semi-professional office administrative and sales coordination tasks as opposed to
Like other metropolises in the developing world, Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries — widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health, civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. A metropolis (from the Greek μήτηρ mētēr meaning 'mother' and πόλις pólis meaning 'city/town' is a big City, in most cases with Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. According to 2001 census of India, about 54% of the city's population lives in slums. [45] Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum is located in central Mumbai and houses over 1 million people[46]. Dharavi is a mega slum and administrative ward over parts of Sion Bandra(E Kurla and Kalina suburbs of Mumbai, India. A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of crime in 2004, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The city's main jail is the Arthur Road Jail. Arthur Road Jail, built in 1926 is Mumbai 's largest and oldest Prison. The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991-2001 decade was 1. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. 12 million, which amounted to 54. 8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai. [47]
- See also: Growth of Mumbai and Mumbai statistics
People and Culture
A resident of Mumbai is called a Mumbaikar, Mumbaite or Bombayite. The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai 's population over the last four centuries 1661 10000 inhabitants 1675 60000 Mumbai statistics Open Spaces in Mumbai Aarey Milk Colony: 4000 acres (16 km² Godrej Mangroves Vikhroli 3000 A resident of Mumbai is called a Mumbaikar or Bombayite People prefer to stay close to a railway station for easy access to the Metropolis. The Asiatic Society of Bombay is based in Mumbai, India. It can trace its origin to the Literary Society of Bombay which first met in Mumbai on 26 November Mumbaikar is the Marathi word to signify a resident of Mumbai. Many residents live close to major railway stations for easy access to their workplaces, as a significant amount of time is spent on daily commuting. Mumbai's appetizing foods and cuisines have been influenced by the rich but not too spicy styles of cooking from the surrounding Maharashtra and Gujarat states. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Some of the unique and famous palatable specialties include Dhan Sak, Khicheri, Bombli Batata Bhaji, Kamag Kakri, Solachi Kadhi, Min Vela Curry and Curried Bombay Duck. The Bombay duck or bummalo ( Harpadon nehereus, Bengali: bamaloh, Gujarati: bumla, Marathi: bombil [48] Local roadside fast food includes vada pav, panipuri, paav bhaji, and bhelpuri. Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly Vada pav (also spelled wada pav, pronounced WUH-dah POW is an Indian Vegetarian Fast food commonly eaten in Maharashtra, Panipuri, also known as Gol Gappa or Gup chup is a popular street snack in the Indian subcontinent, especially in India. Bhelpuri ( Hindi भेलपूरी Marathi भेळ is a type of Chaat or small plates of savory snacks synonymous with the beaches of Mumbai
Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema (Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with his silent movies followed by his Marathi talkies), with the oldest film broadcast here in the early 20th century. The Indian film industry is the largest in the world in terms of ticket sales and number of films produced annually (877 feature films and 1177 short films were released in the year 2003 Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke (Marathi दादासाहेब फाळके ( April 30, 1870 - February 16 Marathi cinema (मराठी चित्रपट is one of the oldest in regional Indian films industry Mumbai also boasts of large number of cinemas, including the world's largest IMAX dome theatre,[49] which feature mainstream Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Many film festivals are avidly attended throughout the year. Besides catering to cinephiles, the city has a thriving theatrical tradition in Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, English and other regional languages.
Contemporary art is well-represented in both government funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. Girgaum Chaupati, commonly known as just Chaupati (pronounced as chow-patty, is one of the most famous public Beaches adjoining Marine Drive in Girgaum The government-funded art galleries include The Jehangir Art Gallery and The National Gallery of Modern Art. An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. The Jehangir Art Gallery is Mumbai ( India)’s most famous art gallery and a tourist attraction The National Gallery of Modern Art ( NGMA) was established in 1954 by the Government of India with a gallery in New Delhi. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city. The Asiatic Society of Bombay is based in Mumbai, India. It can trace its origin to the Literary Society of Bombay which first met in Mumbai on 26 November A public library (also called circulating library) is a Library which is accessible by the Public and is generally funded from public sources (such The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in the heart of South Mumbai near the Gateway of India which houses rare and ancient exhibits of Indian history. The Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai, India, was founded in the early years of the 20th century by some prominent citizens of Bombay with the help South Mumbai ( Marathi:दक्षिण मुंबई the southern-most precinct of the city of Mumbai, India, comprises the city's main business localities The Gateway of India (भारताचे प्रवेशद्वार is a Monument in Mumbai, India. [50] Mumbai also has a very popular zoo named Jijamata Udyaan which also harbours a beauteous garden within its boundaries. Victoria Gardens is a zoo and a garden located at Byculla, in the heart of Mumbai. [51] The city of Mumbai is home to many well known Indian poets. Urdu Poets Sahir Ludhianvi Majrooh Sultanpuri Kaifi Azmi Nida Fazli Javed
Mumbai has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Elephanta Caves. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (छत्रपती शिवाजी टरमीनस formerly Victoria Terminus, and better known by its abbreviation CST or Bombay The Elephanta Caves are the focal point of Gharapuri Island which was renamed the Elephanta Island by the Portuguese located in the Mumbai harbour off [52] The Western Railways is also planning to make a proposal to the UNESCO to include the Churchgate building in the list of World Heritage Sites. The Western Railway is one of the 16 zones of Indian Railways, and is among the busiest Railway networks in India. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Churchgate (चर्चगेट is an area in downtown South Mumbai (formerly Bombay A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [53] Popular places in the city are Nariman Point, Girgaum Chowpatti, Juhu Beach, and Marine Drive. Nariman Point (नरिमन पॉईंट is Mumbai 's premier business district Girgaum Chaupati, commonly known as just Chaupati (pronounced as chow-patty, is one of the most famous public Beaches adjoining Marine Drive in Girgaum Juhu is a Suburb of Mumbai. It is famous for its sprawling beach the Juhu Beach. Marine Drive ( Marathi: मरीन ड्राईव is a 3-kilometre-long Boulevard in South Mumbai in the city of Mumbai. Essel World[54] is an international-style theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach. Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom, is also located in Mumbai. [55]
Mumbai residents celebrate Western and Indian festivals with great fanfare. Ganesha Chaturthi ( IAST: Gaṇeśa Caturthī Devanagari: गणेश चतुर्थी or Ganesha Festival is a day on which Lord Ganesha Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin India, being a multicultural and multireligious society celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions Festivals and celebrations are observed by residents of all communities and religions. Diwali, Holi, Christmas, Navratri, Good Friday, Eid, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the most popular festivals in the city. Diwali, or Deepavali, (also called Tihar and Swanti in Nepal (Markiscarali is a major Indian and Nepalese festival and a significant Holi ( or language|Bhojpuri]] also called the Festival of Colours, is a popular Hindu spring Festival observed in India, Navratri ( Sanskrit: नवरात्रि is a Hindu Festival of worship and dance Good Friday, also called Holy Friday or Great Friday, is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday ("Pascha" Dasara, also called "Navaratri" is among the most important festivals celebrated in India. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Ganesha Chaturthi ( IAST: Gaṇeśa Caturthī Devanagari: गणेश चतुर्थी or Ganesha Festival is a day on which Lord Ganesha Durga Puja (দুর্গা পূজা ‘Worship of Durga’ also referred as Durgotsab (bn দুর্গোৎসব ‘Festival of Durga’ is an annual Maha Shivratri or Maha Sivaratri or Shivaratri or Sivaratri ( Night of Shiva or "Great Night of Shiva" is a Hindu festival celebrated every year on The Kala Ghoda Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artistes in the fields of music, dance, theater, film and all the genres of art that make for the vibrantly rich culture of Mumbai. [56] A week long fair known as the Bandra Fair or the Mount Mary Festival is celebrated by people of all faiths. [57] The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai. [58] The Elephanta Festival which is celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands, is dedicated to the classical Indian Dance and Music with artists from across the country converging on the occasion conjuring a mesmerizing atmosphere on this picturesque island. Elephanta Island (also called Gharapuri Island or place of caves) is one of a number of islands in Mumbai Harbour, east of Mumbai, [59]
Mumbai has several sister cities:[60]
Los Angeles, United States
Yokohama, Japan
Stuttgart, Germany- Berlin, Germany
Saint Petersburg, Russia
London, United Kingdom
Media
Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications and television and radio stations. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The United States of America —commonly referred to as the is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Below is a list of Newspapers published in India. Assamese Language Aiir Dainik Batori Aji Assamese Daily Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the Times of India, Mid-day, DNA, Hindustan Times, Mumbai Mirror, Asian Age and Indian Express. The Times of India ( TOI) is a leading English-language Broadsheet Daily newspaper in India. Daily News and Analysis ( DNA) is a daily English newspaper published from Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Pune Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement Mumbai Mirror is a Compact newspaper in the city of Mumbai. Its first issue was published on 30 May 2005 by the Times Group The Asian Age is an Indian daily newspaper The Asian Age has editions in four major cities in India and one in London. For bi-furicated southern edition see The New Indian Express The Indian Express is an Indian newspaper owned by Ramnath Goenka Marathi newspapers include Loksatta, Sakal, Lokmat and Maharashtra Times. Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. The Loksatta is a Marathi newspaper in Maharashtra, India. Lok means people in Marathi/ Hindi. Sakaal (सकाळ meaning "morning" in Marathi) is a Marathi language newspaper based in Pune, Maharashtra. Lokmat is a popular Marathi language newspaper It is the fourth largest Indian daily and in Marathi, it sells 1 Maharashtra Times (महाराष्ट्र टाईम्स is a Marathi daily newspaper based out of Mumbai, India. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages with Navbharat Times in Hindi and The Urdu Times Daily in Urdu being the popular ones. Navbharat Times is the largest Hindi Daily in Delhi and Bombay. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published in Gujarati since 1822. The Bombay Samachar is the oldest continuously published Newspaper in India. Bombay Durpan - the first Marathi newspaper - was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832. [61] Popular magazines are Saaptahik Sakaal, Lokprabha in Marathi and India Today, Outlook in English. Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. India Today is an Indian weekly Newsmagazine published by Living Media India Limited, in publication since 1975. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
Numerous Indian and foreign channels can be watched in Mumbai. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Television in India is a huge industry and has thousands of programmes in all the states of India Mumbai households receive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a majority of them are produced to cater to the city's polyglot populace. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households. Doordarshan (दूरदर्शन literally Tele-Vision) is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public Zee Marathi, ETV Marathi, DD Sahyadri, Zee TV, STAR Plus and news channels are popular. Zee Marathi ( Marathi:झी मराठी is India -based Satellite television channel which carries broadcasts in Marathi. ETV Marathi is a popular Marathi -language television channel Zee TV is an India -based Satellite television channel in the Zee Network umbrella which carries broadcasts in Hindi and other regional STAR Plus is India 's most watched and #1 Hindi language based general entertainment television channel Popular news channels entirely dedicated to the city include Sahara Samay Mumbai. Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS is a term used to refer to Satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception also referred to more broadly as direct-to-home Popular DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include Dish TV and Tata Sky. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS is a term used to refer to Satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception also referred to more broadly as direct-to-home Not to be confused with the American service Dish Network. Dish TV is India’s first direct to home entertainment service Tata Sky is a DTH satellite television provider in India,using MPEG-2 digital compression technology transmitting using INSAT 4A at 83 There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی Amplitude modulation ( AM) is a technique used in electronic communication most commonly for transmitting information via a Radio Carrier wave [62] Mumbai also has access to popular Commercial radio providers like WorldSpace, Sirius and XM. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006 has met a very poor response in Mumbai due to the arduous competition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS is a term used to refer to Satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception also referred to more broadly as direct-to-home [63]
Bollywood, the Hindi film industry that is the largest film producer in the world, is based in Mumbai. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India A film producer is a person who creates the conditions for making movies. Bollywood produces more than 800 films a year, twice as many as Hollywood. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century It has an audience of 3. 6 billion people. [64] Film studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for many movie sets. The Marathi Film Industry is also based in Mumbai. Marathi cinema (मराठी चित्रपट is one of the oldest in regional Indian films industry
Education
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. There are twelve Radio stations in Mumbai, with eight broadcasting on the FM band of which two are by AIR, three stations broadcasting on the AM Urdu Poets Sahir Ludhianvi Majrooh Sultanpuri Kaifi Azmi Nida Fazli Javed Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai is India's largest interactive science center located in Worli. The Brihan Mumbai Mahanagarpalika ( Marathi: बृहन्मुंबई महानगर पालिका) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation The schools are affiliated either with the Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE), the all-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) and the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (often abbreviated as CISCE) is a private non-governmental board of School Education in India Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction. Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools. A majority of residents prefer private schools because of better infrastructure and the use of English as a medium of instruction. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling, and then enroll for two years in Junior College, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce or science. The term junior college refers to different educational institutions in different countries The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine etc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates. The University of Mumbai (मुंबई विद्यापीठ(formerly University of Bombay) is a University situated in Maharashtra state of A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai which is India's premier engineering schools, National Institute of Industrial Engineering [NITIE], VJTI (Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute), SNDT Women's University, and Tata Institute of Social Sciences are the other universities in Mumbai. The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay ( Marathi / Hindi: भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान मुंबई popularly Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute ( VJTI) (established 1887) is one of India's premier engineering and technical institutes located in Mumbai Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University ( SNDT) is a women's university in the city of Mumbai, India. Tata Institute of Social Sciences is a prominent social work institute based in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
Mumbai is home to two of India's important research institutions – The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR),Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR is a premier institution in India for higher education and research The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC is India 's primary nuclear research facility
- See also: List of Mumbai Colleges
Sports
Cricket is the most popular sport in the city, and is usually played in the maidans (grounds) around the city. Founding The CCI was incorporated as a company on November 8, 1933, during the MCC's 1933-34 tour of India with its registered office in New Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Gully cricket, a modified form of cricket, is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city. Backyard cricket, street cricket, beach cricket (Galli Cricket in India Galli = Alley) or garden cricket is an informal Ad hoc Mumbai is home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). World Cup 2011 India Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh will be jointly hosting the 2011 Cricket World Cup. International cricket is widely watched, and the city comes to a virtual standstill on days when the Indian cricket team plays important matches. The Indian cricket team is an international Cricket team representing India. The local Mumbai cricket team is among the strongest competitors and the most successful team in the Ranji Trophy, the nation's top domestic cricketing circuit. The Mumbai cricket team is a Cricket team representing the city of Mumbai in Indian domestic cricket The Ranji Trophy is a domestic First-class cricket championship played in India between different city and state sides equivalent to the County Championship The city is represented by Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League, and by Mumbai Champs in the Indian Cricket League. Mumbai Indians' is a Cricket team in the Indian Premier League. The Indian Premier League (also known as the " DLF Indian Premier League" and often abbreviated as IPL) is a Twenty20 Cricket competition Mumbai Champs is one of the six teams competing in the Indian Cricket League (ICL The Indian Cricket League (ICL is a private Cricket league that runs parallel to the Indian Premier League (IPL managed by BCCI. The city has two international cricket stadiums, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. Ground Facts and Figures Capacity 40000 Floodlights Yes End names Garware Pavilion End Tata End Curator Sudhir Founding The CCI was incorporated as a company on November 8, 1933, during the MCC's 1933-34 tour of India with its registered office in New The Wankhede stadium is set to host the final of 2011 Cricket World Cup. The 2011 Cricket World Cup will be the tenth time this tournament has been held and will be held in the four Asian Test cricket playing countries India Pakistan Eminent cricketers from Mumbai include Sachin Tendulkar, Sunil Gavaskar and Vijay Hazare. Sunil Manohar Gavaskar ( Marathi:सुनिल मनोहर गावसकर (born 10 July 1949 in Bombay, Maharashtra) nicknamed Sunny Vijay Samuel Hazare (11 March 1915&ndash18 December 2004 was an Indian Cricket player from the state of Maharashtra.
Football is the second most popular sport with the city. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Football World Cup is one of the most widely watched television events in Mumbai. The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international Association football The Mumbai FC (Mumbai Football Club) is one of the renowned Indian football clubs based in Mumbai. Mumbai FC is an Indian Football club based in Mumbai. Their home ground is the Thakur College ground in Kandivali. [65] India's national sport, field hockey, has gone into decline in the recent years, losing out in terms of popularity to cricket. Field hockey is a Team sport in which players attempt to score goals by hitting the Ball across the pitch with a stick Mumbai is home to the Maratha Warriors, one of the few teams competing for the Premier Hockey League (PHL) from Maharashtra. Team Lineup Players The squad as of December 20th 2006 is as follows The Premier Hockey League (PHL is a professional league competition for Field Hockey clubs in the top division of the Indian hockey system Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Chess is also a very popular indoor sport played in Mumbai. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas, and include tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf. Gymkhana (derived from the Hindustani word for "racket court" is an Indian term which originally referred to a place where sporting events take place Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Squash is a racquet sport that was formerly called squash racquets, a reference to the "squashable" soft ball used in the game (compared with the Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles or two opposing pairs (doubles who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court Mumbai also plays Rugby union, one of the few Indian cities to do so. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Every February, Mumbai holds the Derby races in the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. A derby (pronounced "dar-bee" /dɑːbɪ/ in most of the English-speaking world and "dur-bee" /dɚbɪ/ in North American English) is a type of horse race The Mahalaxmi Racecourse is a Horse racing ground in the Indian city of Mumbai. In recent times Formula 1 racing has also caught on. The Force India team of Formula One has also unveiled its 2008 car in Mumbai. Force India F1 is a Formula One Motor racing team The team was formed in October 2007, when a consortium led by Vijay Mallya and Michiel [66] In March 2004, Mumbai Grand Prix was held as part of the F1 powerboat world championship. F1 Powerboat World Championship is a competition of power Yachts with rules similar to Formula 1 car racing Other sports such as volleyball and basketball are mostly popular in schools and colleges. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m
In 2004, the Mumbai Marathon, an annual marathon event, was established in a bid to bring the sport to the Indian public. The Mumbai Marathon is an international event held annually in January Since 2006, Mumbai has also played host to the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an International Series tournament of the ATP Tour. The Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open (known as the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open for sponsorship reasons is a professional Tennis tournament played The International Series (previously known as the World Series) is a series of professional Tennis tournaments held internationally that are part of the ATP Tour The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP was formed in 1972 to protect the interests of male professional Tennis players Mcdowell's Derby is held in February at the Turf club in Mumbai. United Breweries Group or UB Group, based in Bangalore, is a conglomerate of different companies with a major focus on the Brewery Derby (pronounced "dar-bee" /dˈɑːbɪ/ is a city in the East Midlands of England. Turf Club may refer to Turf Club (Gentlemen's Club, a club in London UK Turf Club Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg
See also
References
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- ^ Raj Thackeray has a point
- ^ Ashraf, Syed Firdaus (2004-04-23). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Know your party. Elections 2004 Rediff Special. Rediff News. Retrieved on 2007-12-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
- ^ "Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks", BBC, 2006-09-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Retrieved on 2008-08-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.
- ^ Krishnadas Warrior. Kanheri, Lungs of Mumbai. Retrieved on 2007-12-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
- ^ The Seismic Environment of Mumbai. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Retrieved on 2007-12-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
- ^ MMRDA Projects. Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Retrieved on 2007-12-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
- ^ Mumbai Plan. Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra).
- ^ "Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day", Mumbai: Daily News and Analysis, 2006-07-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ Herrera, Maximiliano. Extreme temperatures. Retrieved on 2007-12-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
- ^ "City continues to hover in 8-9 degree C range", Mumbai: Times of India, 2008-02-10. The Times of India ( TOI) is a leading English-language Broadsheet Daily newspaper in India. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead
- ^ (2003) Manorama Yearbook. Malayala Manorama, pp 678. ISBN ISBN 81-900461-8-7.
- ^ Maharashtra - trivia. Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ Welcome To World Trade Center, Mumbai. WTC Mumbai. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Waste not, want not in the £700m slum, The Guardian, 4 March 2007
- ^ Mumbai among world's top 10 financial flow hubs. Rediff News (2007-06-18). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
- ^ a b Presentation on Mumbai Transformation Process. The Cities Alliance. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ MUMBAI POLICE : CUSTODIANS OF YOUR TRUST. Mumbai Police. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
- ^ Composition of Bus Fleet. BEST Undertaking. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
- ^ Travel Biz Monitor :: Mumbai airport gets ready for new innings
- ^ Travel Biz Monitor :: Mumbai airport gets ready for new innings
- ^ (2006) Manorama Yearbook 2006. Kottayam, India: Malayala Manorama. ISBN 8189004077.
- ^ (2003) Manorama Yearbook 2003. Kottayam, India: Malayala Manorama, pp 524. ISBN 8189004077.
- ^ Country's first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai. DNA (Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. ). Retrieved on 2008-02-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ Cities with more than one Million Population. Census of India, 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-06-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
- ^ Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population of more than one million in 2001. Census of India, 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
- ^ IIndia: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population. World Gazetteer. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ India: metropolitan areas. World Gazetteer. Retrieved on 2008-01-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ Census GIS India - Census of India 2001. Census of India (2006).
- ^ Haub, Carl, Sharma, O P. India's Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition. CNET Networks, Inc. . Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ National Geographic: Dharavi, Mumbai's Shadow City
- ^ HIGHLIGHTS OF ECONOMIC SURVEY OF MAHARASHTRA 2005-06. DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, MUMBAI. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Howard Hillman. Mumbai Cuisine. HQP / Hillman Quality Publications. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ AdLabs: The IMAX Experience. AdLabsCinemas. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
- ^ CHHATRAPATI sHIVAJI mAHARAJ vASTU sANGRAHALAYA. Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai. Retrieved on 2007-01-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ Veermata Jeejabai Udyan. Mumbai on the net. Retrieved on 2007-01-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ India: World heritage sites centre. UNESCO. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Retrieved on 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
- ^ A heritage tag for Churchgate?. Diligent Media Corporation (DNA). Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Essel World. Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Water Kingdom. My CityPedia Publications. Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Kala Ghoda Association. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ Mount Mary Festival/ Bandra Fair. wcities. com. Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ The Banganga Festival. Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince
- ^ The Elephanta Festival. Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince
- ^ http://www.mcgm.gov.in/
- ^ Privatising emancipation: A Book Critique. LANGUAGE POLITICS, ELITES, AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE: Veena Naregal. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-12-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes
- ^ Radio stations in Maharashtra, India. ASIAWAVES: Radio and TV Broadcasting in South and South-East Asia. Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ Few takers for CAS in Mumbai. Times Internet Limited. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.
- ^ Bollywood vs. Hollywood (GIF image). Business Week (2002). Retrieved on 2007-12-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes
- ^ Mumbai Football Club launched. Rediff. com India Limited. . Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai. uk. reuters. com. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
External links
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This article contains Indic text. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated |
- Official site of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
- Mumbai the Capital City of Maharashtra State
- Official site of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
- Official City Report
- Mumbai travel guide from Wikitravel
- The Mumbai Pages — a vast collection of information on the city
- Mumbai Suburban Rail Map (including Proposed Metrol Rail Project)
Further reading
- Agarwal, Jagdish; Bombay - Mumbai: A Picture Book (1998) — Wilco Publishing House ISBN 81-87288-35-3
- BusinessWeek; August 12, 2005; "China and India" special coverage
- Chaudhari, K. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. K; History of Bombay (1987) — Modern Period Gazetteers Dept. , Govt. of Maharashtra
- Contractor, Behram; From Bombay to Mumbai (1998) — Oriana Books
- Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; Bombay, The Cities Within (1995) — India Book House Pvt. Behram Contractor (1930 – 2001 also known as Busybee, was one of the popular figures in Indian journalism Ltd. ISBN 81-85028-80-X
- Fox, Edmund A; Short History of Bombay Presidency (1887) — Thacker & Co — No ISBN
- Imperial Gazetteer of India: vol. vii, Behrampore to Bombay. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1908. 421 pages.
- Katiyar, Arun & Bhojani, Namas; Bombay, A Contemporary Account (1996) — Harper Collins ISBN 81-7223-216-0
- MacLean, James Mackenzie; A Guide to Bombay (1875 & 1902) — Various editions; No ISBN
- Mappls — Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai (1999) — CE Info Systems Ltd. Arun Katiyar is a media Expert with over two decades of professional experience ISBN 81-901108-0-2
- Our Greater Bombay (1990) — Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research
- Mehta, Suketu ; Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (2004) — Knopf ISBN 0-375-40372-8
- Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India (1995) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563688-0
- The Oxford School Atlas; 28th Revised Edition (1991) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4
- Tindall, Gillian; City of Gold (1992) — Penguin ISBN 0-14-009500-4
- Virani, Pinki; Once was Bombay (1999) — Viking ISBN 0-670-88869-9
- Sharada Dwivedi,Goddess Island Indian Express, June 6, 2005
Suketu Mehta (born 1963) is a writer based in New York City. He was born in Calcutta, India, and raised in Mumbai where he lived until Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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