Citizendia

Actress Halle Berry was born to a white mother and a black father
Actress Halle Berry was born to a white mother and a black father

The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose parents are not the same race, or the descendants of such mixed people. Halle Maria Berry (ˈhæli ˈbɛri born August 14 1966 is an Academy Award - Emmy Award - and Golden Globe -winning American actress former African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets

Multiracial also describes a society or group that is composed of people from more than one racial or ethnic group. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions

Contents

What makes a person multiracial?

See also Admixture

According to Michael Levin, most people can be clearly identified as belonging to one race or another, meaning that most people can trace at least 75% of their ancestors to the same geographic region associated with a major racial group. Notions of race based on Human genetic variation have replaced historical approaches such as Craniology with the advent of Human genetics in Michael Levin (PhD Columbia University) is professor of philosophy at City University of New York, who has published works on Metaphysics, However Levin insists that anyone with fewer than 75% of their ancestors originating from the same broad geographic region should be considered multiracial:

Hybrid populations with multiple lines of descent are to be characterized in just those terms: as of multiple descent. Thus, American Negroids are individuals most of whose ancestors from 15 to 5000 generations ago were sub- Saharan African. Specifying 'most' more precisely in a way that captures ordinary usage may not be possible. '> 50%' seems too low a threshold; my sense is that ordinary attributions of race begin to stabilize at 75%. An individual, half of whose ancestors are East Asian and half Caucasian, is to be categorized as just that, of half northeast Asian and half Caucasian ancestry. Nothing in continental cladistics precludes mixed ancestry, any more than the concept of a breed of dog excludes mixtures. [1]

Meanwhile the company DNAPrint Genomics analyzes DNA to determine the exact percentage of Indo-European, sub-Saharan, East Asian, and Native American heritage someone has and assigns the to the categories White, Black, East Asian, Native American, or mixed race accordingly. DNAPrint Genomics ( is a Genetics company with a wide range of products related to genetic profiling According to U. S. sociologist Troy Duster and ethicist Pilar Ossorio:

Some percentage of people who look white will possess genetic markers indicating that a significant majority of their recent ancestors were African. Troy Duster is a sociologist with research interests in the sociology of science public policy race and ethnicity and deviance Some percentage of people who look black will possess genetic markers indicating the majority of their recent ancestors were European. [2]

Words for this concept, including from other languages, used in English

In the English-speaking world many terms for people of various multiracial descents exist, some of which are pejorative or are no longer used. The English-speaking world consists of those countries or regions that use the English language to one degree or another Mulato and mestizo are used in Spanish and métis in French for people of multiracial descent, and these terms are also in certain contexts used in the English-speaking world. Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin A Métis is a person born to parents who belong to different groups defined by visible physical differences regarded as racial or the descendant of such persons French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In Canada, the Métis are a people of mixed white and First Nation descent. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Terms like "mulatto" for people of partly African descent and "mestizo" for people of partly Native American descent are still used in English, but mostly when referring to the past or to the demography of Latin-America. "Half-breed" is a now old-fashioned and pejorative term used for people of partial Native American ancestry. Half-breed is a term used to describe anyone who is Bi-racial. Mestee, once widely used, is now used mostly for members of old mixed-race groups, such as Melungeons, Redbones, Brass Ankles and Mayles. Melungeon (mɛlʌndʒʌn is a term traditionally applied to one of a number of "tri-racial isolate" groups of the Southeastern United States, mainly in the Cumberland " Redbone " is a term used to describe certain racially mixed Ethnic groups in the United States, especially in the Sabine River area of Louisiana The Chestnut Ridge people (CRP are a Melungeon (or "tri-racial isolate" community residing just northeast of Philippi, Barbour County in north-central In South Africa, and much of English speaking southern Africa, the term "Coloured" is used to describe a mixed race person. While the term is socially accepted, it is becoming an out dated term owing to it's apartheid historical significance.

In English, the terms "miscegenation and "amalgamation" have been used for "race-mixing", but these terms are now often considered offensive and are becoming obsolete. Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting Amalgamation is a now largely archaic term for the Intermarriage and interbreeding of different ethnicities or races.

Place in society

Societal acceptance of interracial marriages and the children born from interracial relationships varies widely from person to person and region to region, and over time. Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children In Nazi Germany, harsh race laws were enacted to establish racial purity, although Nazi soldiers in Scandinavia (a few countries considered by the Nazis to have a mostly "Nordic" population) interbred with local women. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Scandinavians and Anglo-Saxons were considered to be equal to Germans in the Nazi worldview. In the United States, especially the South, marriage between African Americans and European Americans has historically been looked down upon and legislated against through anti-miscegenation laws. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other These state laws were declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 in Loving v. Virginia. State law in the United States, is the Law of each separate U The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Loving v Virginia,, was a landmark Civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court declared Virginia 's Anti-miscegenation As recently as 2003, Taylor County High School in Taylor County, Georgia has held separate prom celebrations for black and white students;[3] however, some similar phenomena occur equally because of cultural differences and not specific prohibitions on marriage or dating. Taylor County is a County located in the US state of Georgia. However, recent data suggests that multiracial marriages are becoming increasingly common in the United States, including the South.

Censuses notwithstanding, any count of numbers of mixed-race people is subject to dispute. People may identify themselves as members of one single racial category despite having (potentially many) ancestors belonging to other categories, for various reasons. For instance, genetic studies of Afro-Caribbean people show an ancestry that is on average 10% European and 90% African. The British African Caribbean community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa [4] Also, a considerable portion of the U. S. population identified as Black actually have some Native American or European American ancestry. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants Some of these categorization phenomena occur due to current or past cultural stereotyping or segregation.

Multiracial individuals are often stereotypically presumed to have struggles with identity crises, perhaps due to having a sense of identity that is very different than people who claim to be of just one race. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group Erik Erikson, the psychologist who coined the term identity crisis, believes that the identity crisis is the most important conflict human beings encounter when they go through Most multiracial people cannot or do not identify with just one group.

Latin America

Jamaican reggae and dancehall artist Sean Paul's father is a Sephardic Jew of Portuguese descent, and his mother is of Afro-Caribbean and Chinese Jamaican descent
Jamaican reggae and dancehall artist Sean Paul's father is a Sephardic Jew[5] of Portuguese descent, and his mother is of Afro-Caribbean and Chinese Jamaican descent

Mestizo is the common word used to describe multiracial people in Latin America, especially people with and Amerindian and Spanish or other European ancestry. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Dancehall is a type of Jamaican Popular music which developed in the late 1970s initially as a more sparse and less political and religious variant of Reggae The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating Sean Paul Henriques (born January 8 1973) in Upper Saint Andrew Parish, a few miles north of his birthplace Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Chinese Jamaicans' are the descendants of migrants and immigrants from China, who are citizens of Jamaica, or descendants of Jamaicans Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Mestizos make up a large portion of Latin Americans including a majority in some countries. [6]

In Latin America, racial mixture was officially acknowledged from colonial times, resulting in an official nomenclature for every conceivable mixture present in the various countries. Initially, this classification was used as a type of caste system, where rights and privileges were accorded depending on one's official racial classification. Official caste distinctions were abolished in many countries of the Spanish-speaking Americas as they became independent of Spain, but several have remained in common usage to this day. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Race and racial mixture have played a significant role in the politics of many Latin American countries. In some countries, notably Mexico, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Panama, Belize, and other Latin countries, a majority of the population can be described as biracial or multiracial (depending on the country). The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Belize (bəˈliːz formerly British Honduras, is a country in Central America.

The Mexican philosopher and educator José Vasconcelos authored an essay on the subject, La Raza Cósmica, celebrating racial mixture. José Vasconcelos Calderón ( February 28 1882, Oaxaca Oaxaca &ndash June 30 1959, Mexico City) was a Mexican Published in 1925 La Raza Cósmica ( The Cosmic Race) is an essay written by late Mexican Philosopher, secretary of education and 1929 presidential candidate Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who is himself of Spanish, indigenous and African ancestry, has made positive references to the mixed race ancestry of most Latin Americans from time to time. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela.

Brazil

According to the 2000 official census, 38. 5% of Brazilians identified themselves as pardo skin color[7]. In Brazil, the Pardos are a mixture of Whites Blacks and Amerindians, varying from light to dark complexion as used by the Brazilian Institute That option is normally marked by people that consider themselves multiracial (mestiço)[8]. The term pardo is formally used in the official census, but is not used by the population. In Brazilian society, most people that are multiracial call themselves moreno, light-moreno or dark-moreno. These terms are not considered offensive, and focus more on skin color than on ethnicity (it is considered more like the others human characteristics such as being tall or short).

The most common multiracial groups are between African and European (mulato), and Amerindian and European (caboclo or mameluco). Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white A caboclo (or caboco, from Tupi kaa'boc, 'who came from forest' is a term used in Brazil describing a person of mixed Brazilian Amerindian and But there are also African and Amerindian (cafuzo), and East-Asian (mostly Japanese) and European (ainocô). All groups are more or less found throughout the whole country. Most of the Brazilian multiracials, however, have three origins: Amerindian, European and African.

Since multiracial relations in Brazilian society have occurred for many generations, today, some people find it difficult to trace their own ethnic ancestry, and there is a high level of integration between all groups. However, there is a great social and economic difference between European descendants (found more among the upper and middle classes) and African, Amerindian and multiracial descendants (found more among the middle and lower classes).

South Africa

Multiracial South Africans are commonly referred to as coloureds. In the South African Namibian Zambian Botswanan and Zimbabwean context the term Coloured (also known as Bruinmense According to the 2001 South African Census, they are the second largest miniority (8. 9%) after white South Africans (9. 2%).

Malaysia and Singapore

Malaya's population comprises many ethnic groups, with the Malays making up the majority, close to 60% of the population. By constitutional definition, Malays are Muslim who practice Malay norms and culture. Therefore, technically, a Muslim of any race who practices Malay norms and culture can be considered a Malay and have equal rights when it comes to Malay rights as stated in the constitution. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion About 25% of the population are Malaysians of Chinese descent. The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong Malaysians of Indian descent comprise about 8% of the population. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country About 90% of the Indian community are Tamils but various other groups are also present, including Malayalis, Punjabis and Gujaratis. There are also various non-Malay peoples who are designated as indigenous, mostly in East Malaysia. East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South These make up about 7% of the population. [citation needed]

Non-Malay indigenous groups make up more than half of the state of Sarawak's population, constitute about 66% of Sabah's population, and also exist in much smaller numbers on the Peninsula, where they are collectively known as Orang Asli. The non-Malay indigenous population is divided into dozens of ethnic groups, but they share some general cultural similarities. Other Malaysians also include those of, inter alia, European, Middle Eastern, Cambodian, Thai and Vietnamese descent. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Europeans and Eurasians include British who colonized and settled in Malaysia and some Portuguese. Most of the Middle Easterners are Arab descent. A small number of Cambodians and Vietnamese settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

Population distribution is uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated on the Malay Peninsula, while East Malaysia is relatively less populated.

Due to the rise in labour intensive industries, Malaysia has 10 to 20% foreign workers with the uncertainty due in part to the large number of illegal workers, mostly Indonesians. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. There are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorized foreigners. The state of Sabah alone has nearly 25% of its 2. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. 7 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. However, this figure of 25% is thought to be less than half the figure speculated by NGOs. Interracial partnerships are also on a steady rise in Malaysia, most notably in the cities, eg. Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K

According to government statistics, the population of Singapore as of September 2007 was 4. 68 million, of whom 3. 7 million were Singaporean citizens and permanent residents (termed 'Singapore Residents'). [57] Chinese formed 75. 2% of 'Singapore Residents', Malays 13. 6%, Indians 8. 8%, while Eurasians and other groups formed 2. 4%.

In 2006. the crude birth rate stood at 10. 1 per 1000, a very low level attributed to birth control policies, and the crude death rate was also one of the lowest in the world at 4. 3 per 1000. The total population growth was 4. 4% with Singapore residents growth at 1. 8%. The higher percentage growth rate is largely from net immigration, but also increasing life expectancy. Singapore is the second-most densely populated independent country in the world after Monaco, excluding Macau and Hong Kong, which are special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders In 1957, Singapore's population was approximately 1. 45 million, and there was a relatively high birth rate. Aware of the country's extremely limited natural resources and small territory, the government introduced birth control policies in the late 1960s. In the late 1990s, the population was ageing, with fewer people entering the labour market and a shortage of skilled workers. In a dramatic reversal of policy, the Singapore government introduce a "baby bonus" scheme in 2001 (enhanced in August 2004) that encouraged couples to have more children. [58]

In 2006, the total fertility rate was only 1. The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total 26 children per woman, the 3rd lowest in the world and well below the 2. 10 needed to replace the population. [59] In 2006, 38,317 babies were born, compared to around 37,600 in 2005. This number, however, is not sufficient to maintain the population growth. To overcome this problem, the government is encouraging foreigners to immigrate to Singapore. These large numbers of immigrants have kept Singapore's population from declining.

The Philippines

There has been Chinese presence in the Philippines since the ninth century; although large scale migrations of Chinese to the Philippines only started during the Spanish colonial era, when the world market was opened to the Philippines. It is estimated that among Filipinos, 10% have some Chinese ancestry and 2% are “full-blooded” Chinese.

According to a genetic study which included 28 genotyped individuals from the Philippines, 3. 6% of the population is of European descent A large part of this European introgression is very likely of Spanish origin. Filipinos with a mix of Spanish ancestry, Spanish mestizos, are particularly visible in show business, and some leaders in Philippine business and commerce are of Spanish descent.

India

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian and Tibeto-Burman languages) as well as a language isolate (the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra). The Tibeto-Burman family of languages (often considered a sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan Language family) is spoken in various central and south Asian countries including Further complexity is lent by the great variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income and education.

United Kingdom

Main article: British Mixed
Leona Lewis was born to an Afro-Caribbean Guyanese father and a Welsh mother
Leona Lewis was born to an Afro-Caribbean Guyanese father and a Welsh mother[9]

In 2000, The Sunday Times reported that "Britain has the highest rate of interracial relationships in the world". Mixed Race was included as an ethnic classification on the UK Census from 2001. Leona Louise Lewis (b 3 April 1985 is an English pop and R&B singer-songwriter and the winner of the third series of the United Kingdom television Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting [10] Census data shows the population of England (as a sub-section of the UK) to be 1. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 4% mixed-race (2001), compared with, for example, 1. 4% in the U. S. and therefore are the same (2002 estimates; see below). However, the U. S. figure largely does not include mixed-race people who have a black parent. Also, as most of the English population is of one race (white) — more so than in the US — there are fewer opportunities for interracial relationships in England. In support of the report's conclusions, it can be calculated that 14. 4% of English residents not identified as white are mixed-race, compared with 7. 5% in the U. S.

In England many multi-racial people are from the British Caribbean. The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. Some, like Formula One driver, Lewis Hamilton are referred to or describe themselves as 'black', but the majority of mixed race Britons identify themselves as 'mixed race' as indicated by the 2001 census. Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton (born Stevenage, 7 January 1985 Many people are partly Welsh or partly Italian or partly of Irish Descent but such people cannot be described as 'mixed race' as they come from the same racial background (i. The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate e. : Caucasian). The correct term for such people is 'mixed ethnicity', not 'mixed race'. The 2001 UK Census included a section entitled Mixed to which 1. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 4% (1. 6% by 2005 estimates) of people responded, which was split further into White and Black Caribbean, White and Black African and Other Mixed.

Cities/ Regions with notable Multiracial/ Mixed Race populations

Canada

Multiracial Canadians, in 2006 totalled 1. 5% of the population, up from 1. 2% in 2001. The mixed race population grew by 25% since the previous census. Of this, the most popular combinations were multiple visible minorities (for example, both black and South Asian), followed closely by white-black, white-Latin American, white-Chinese and many other smaller mixes. [11]

Another 1. 2% of Canadians are Metis (descendants of a historical population who were partially Aboriginal and European, particularly French, Scottish, and Irish ethnic groups. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate see also Métis people (Canada)

This brings a total mixed population of up to 3%, greater than that of the United Kingdom, and the United States, in terms of percentage. The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

United States

The proportion of multiracial children in the United States is growing. Interracial partnerships are on the rise, as are transracial adoptions. In 1990, about 14% of 18- to 19-year-olds, 12% of 20- to 21-year-olds and 7% of 34- to 35-year-olds were involved in interracial relationships (Joyner and Kao, 2005). [12] Given the variety of the familial and more general social environments in which multiracial children are raised, along with the diversity of their appearance (vis-a-vis their component races and their family members), it can be difficult to make generalizations about multiracial children's challenges or opportunities. The racial social identity of children and that of their parents in the same multiracial family may vary or be the same. Social identity is a theory formed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner to understand the psychological basis of intergroup Discrimination. [13] Some multiracial children feel pressure from various sources to "choose" or to assimilate into a single racial identity, while others whose identity or lifestyle is perceived to be closer to some of their component races than others may feel pressure not to abandon one or more of their ethnicities. Still other children grow up without race being a significant issue in their lives.

Categorization and censuses

A young Australian-Japanese boy.
A young Australian-Japanese boy.

Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U. S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets Typically, about five race choices are given with the instruction to "check only one. " Many other such surveys include an additional "other" box, but this unfortunately groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).

There remain many circumstances in which biracial individuals are left with no real response when asked for demographic data. But multiracial people won a victory of sorts after years of effort when in 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses, resulting in a new format for the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB is a Cabinet -level office and is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP The United States Census is a decennial Census mandated by the United States Constitution. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Pacific Islander Americans are residents of the United States with original ancestry from Oceania. " Further details are given in the article: Race (US Census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.

In contrast, the United Kingdom Census 2001 offered specific mixed-race categories: "Mixed White and Black Caribbean", "Mixed White and Black African", "Mixed White and (South) Asian", and "Other Mixed", as well as "Other ethnic group". A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

Formal recognition of legitimacy

Main article: Anti-miscegenation laws

In the past, laws based on racial classifications restricted the free choice of a marriage partner of the other sex in the United States, in Nazi Germany and in South Africa under Apartheid. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Such laws were enforced in many individual states of the United States until 1967, in Nazi Germany from 1935 until 1945, and in South Africa under Apartheid from 1948 until it was repealed in 1985. Such laws targeted marriages between whites and people of other races. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. In 1935, Nazi Germany enacted a law that was part of the Nuremberg Laws which prohibited marriage between Germans and Jews, which were classified as a separate race, as well as Gypsies and blacks. The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Gypsy (sometimes spelled Gipsy, Gipsey) is a word used to name as a Blanket term, various unrelated ethnic groups or persons fitting the Gypsy Stereotypes [14]. In South Africa, the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act prohibited marriage between whites and non-whites (which were classified as Black, Asian and Coloured). The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, Act No 55 of 1949 was an Apartheid law in South Africa prohibiting marriages between people of different races In the South African Namibian Zambian Botswanan and Zimbabwean context the term Coloured (also known as Bruinmense

In the United States, the various state laws were known as anti-miscegenation laws. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other Such laws in all states applied to marriages between "Caucasians" and African Americans ("negroes" and/or "mulattoes"), and in some states also to marriages between white Americans and Asian Americans and/or American Indians. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

By the 1920s, the various Asian groups that had arrived in the United States were all judged to American courts to be non-white. In several states, Asian Americans were prohibited from marrying whites. In anti-miscegenation laws of several states, Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans were classified as members of the "Mongoloid race", Filipino Americans as members of the "Malay race" and Indian Americans were classified as "Hindus" or "Hindoos". Chinese Americans ( Chinese: 华裔美国人 are Americans of Chinese descent are Americans of Japanese heritage Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities but in recent decades have become the sixth largest group The term " Mongoloid " is a variation of the word "Mongol" meaning "Mongol-like" Filipino Americans are Americans of Philippine ancestry which trace back to the Philippines, an archipelagic nation in Southeast Asia. The concept of a Malay race ( Bangsa Melayu) was proposed by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840 Indian Americans are Americans who are of Indian ancestry The U US courts Courts have classified Indians as white and non-white without any real pattern until the crucial 1923 Supreme Court case United States v

Hispanic Americans of partial African and/or Native American descent were in certain states in theory legally forbidden to marry whites, but often they were regarded to be white. Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America On the other hand, the state of California took no legal steps against marriages between Mexican Americans and Punjabi immigrants, although it prohibited the Punjabis from marrying white Americans. See also History of Mexican-Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. [15]

In 1947, the Mexican American Andrea Perez and African American Sylvester Davis were refused a marriage licence because their marriage would have violated California's anti-miscegenation laws, which prohibited marriage between whites and non-whites. See also History of Mexican-Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other Perez was judged to be white. However, in a landmark decision the California Supreme Court in Perez v. Sharp (1948) repealed California's anti-miscegenation laws because they ran counter to the Constitution of the United States. The Supreme Court of California is the State supreme court in California. Background Andrea Perez (a Mexican American woman and Sylvester Davis (an African American man met while working in the defense industry in Los Angeles The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. [16]

In 1967, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia that all remaining anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional, after years of legal challenges by plaintiffs and civil rights organisations, and since then such laws have had no legal force. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Loving v Virginia,, was a landmark Civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court declared Virginia 's Anti-miscegenation In 2000, Alabama was the last state to officially remove its unenforceable anti-miscegenation laws from its state statute.

Types of mixed-race people

Africa-origin

American-origin

Asian-origin

European-origin

Oceania-origin

Other types

See also

References

  1. ^ Levin M. The African diaspora was the movement of Africans and their descendants to places throughout the world - predominantly to the Americas, then later to Europe, the Afro-Asian, or Blasian, refers to a person of mixed Black African and East Asian ancestry Euro-Africans or African Europeans are people with African ancestry racial cultural and social heritage born in or citizens of a European country An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial Black African ancestry the term may also refer to historical The Basters (also known as Baasters, Rehobothers or Rehoboth Basters) are the descendants of liaisons between the Cape Colony Dutch The Griqua ( Afrikaans Griekwa, sometimes incorrectly called Korana) are a subgroup of South Africa 's heterogeneous and Multiracial Atlantic Creole is a term used to describe some early slaves during the European colonization of the Americas. A caboclo (or caboco, from Tupi kaa'boc, 'who came from forest' is a term used in Brazil describing a person of mixed Brazilian Amerindian and Cholo was applied to individuals of mixed American Indian and Mestizo ancestry The Chestnut Ridge people (CRP are a Melungeon (or "tri-racial isolate" community residing just northeast of Philippi, Barbour County in north-central This article is about the term used for African-Americans You might be looking for Coloured people or Color (disambiguation. "Hapa" is a Hawaiian term used to describe a person of mixed Asian or Pacific Islander racial/ethnic heritage This article is about an ethnic culture in Louisiana USA For uses of the term "Creole" in other countries and cultures see Creole (disambiguation. The Lumbee are a Native American tribe of North Carolina, though their origins are disputed Marabou is a term of Haitian origin denoting multiracial ethnicity Melungeon (mɛlʌndʒʌn is a term traditionally applied to one of a number of "tri-racial isolate" groups of the Southeastern United States, mainly in the Cumberland " Redbone " is a term used to describe certain racially mixed Ethnic groups in the United States, especially in the Sabine River area of Louisiana Wesorts is a name for people of "mixed-race" origins who currently claim descent from the Piscataway Native American population in Charles County Zambo is a Spanish term (the Portuguese language term is Cafuso) that was used in the Spanish Empire and continues to be used today In the context of Ethnic origins, Eurasian is a term for people and ethnic groups of mixed European and Asian ancestry The Burghers are a Eurasian ethnic group historically from Sri Lanka, consisting for the most part of male-line descendants of European colonists The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The Shan (ရှမ်းလူမျိုး ʃán lùmjóʊ) are a Tai Ethnic group of The Sri Lankan Moors (also called Muslims, Marakallayos or Sonagar) are the third largest ethnic group in Sri Lanka comprising 9% of the country's The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The term Afrikaner people refers to white Afrikaans -speaking people who have been established in Southern Africa since the 17th century and are mainly of northwestern Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans According to researcher James Pylant based on his extensive survey of American families claiming Black Dutch as part of their heritage "There are strong indications Mixed Race was included as an ethnic classification on the UK Census from 2001. Castizo ( or kas•'ti•so is a Spanish word with a general meaning of "pure" or "genuine" The Canarians are an Ethnic group or Nation living in the Archipelago of the Canary Islands (an autonomous community of In the South African Namibian Zambian Botswanan and Zimbabwean context the term Coloured (also known as Bruinmense In the context of Ethnic origins, Eurasian is a term for people and ethnic groups of mixed European and Asian ancestry Isleño (plural isleños) (Îlois is the Spanish word meaning " Islander. Réunion ( French: Réunion or formally La Réunion; previously Île Bourbon) is an island located in the Indian Ocean, east of Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Indigenous Fijians, the native inhabitants of Fiji, are a mixture of Polynesian and Melanesian resulting from the original migrations to the South Pacific many centuries The indigenous population of Papua New Guinea is one of the most Heterogeneous in the world This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. For the languages see Creole language. For other meanings see Creole (disambiguation. The term Creoles of Color refers to mixed-race blacks residing in the Gulf Coast and Louisiana area Half-breed is a term used to describe anyone who is Bi-racial. The term mixed-blood in the United States is more often employed for non- Hispanic individuals of mixed European and Native American ancestry The Race of the Future Theory / Idea states that due to the process of Miscegenation, the mixing of different ethnicities or races especially in marriage Amalgamation is a now largely archaic term for the Intermarriage and interbreeding of different ethnicities or races. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Cherokee Freedmen Controversy is an ongoing political and tribal dispute between the administration of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and descendants of the Cherokee Fernandinos are creole, multi-ethnic or multi-race groups of Equatorial Guinea and former Spanish Guinea with distinct social cultural and linguistic histories Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children The Lipka Tatars (also known as Lithuanian Tatars, Belarusian Tatars, Lipkowie or Muślimi) are a group of Tatars living on the lands The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are A Métis is a person born to parents who belong to different groups defined by visible physical differences regarded as racial or the descendant of such persons The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting Mixed Race Day, June 27 is a reference in Brazil to the twenty-seven mixed race (" Mestiço " in Portuguese) representatives elected during the Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white Multi-ethnic societies, in contrast to single ethnic societies integrate different Ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture race and history under a common The one-drop rule is a historical colloquial term in the United States that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black unless The origins of the Tutsi and Hutu peoples is a key issue in the history of Rwanda, as well as the Great Lakes region of Africa. the racial politics of North America, racial passing refers to a person classified by society as a member of one "racial" group choosing to identify Plaçage was a recognized extralegal system in which white French and Spanish and later Creole men entered into the equivalent of Common-law marriages Pre-Columbian Africa-Americas contact theories propose direct contact or actual migrations by peoples from the continent of Africa with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas Race traitor is a pejorative reference to a person who is perceived as supporting attitudes or positions thought to be against the interests or well-being of their own race The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Social interpretation of physical variation Incongruities of racial classifications Even as the idea of "race" was becoming a powerful organizing principle in many Sub-Saharan DNA admixture in Europe refers to the way in which Sub-Saharan African DNA is lightly scattered throughout the European continent. William Loren Katz is an American Educator, Historian, and Author of many books on African-American history, including a number of The Race Concept: A Defense, Behavior and Philosophy, 30, 21-42 (2002)
  2. ^ http://www.racesci.org/in_media/canadian_police.htm
  3. ^ CNN Online
  4. ^ Motherland: A Genetic Journey, BBC Documentary, 2003. This also stated that 25% of Afro-Caribbean people have a European ancestor in the paternal (Y-chromosome) line of descent. In human Genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam ( Y- MRCA) is the patrilineal Human Most recent common ancestor (MRCA from whom all
  5. ^ http://www.somethingjewish.co.uk/articles/813_sean_paul.htm
  6. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo
  7. ^ http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/populacao/cor_raca_Censo2000.pdf
  8. ^ Brazil#Ethnicity
  9. ^ "Leona's family factor", The Daily Mirror, 20 December 2006. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Daily Mirror, often referred to simply as The Mirror, is a British Tabloid daily Newspaper founded in 1903 Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-12-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor.  
  10. ^ John Harlow, The Sunday Times (London), 9 April 2000, quoting Professor Richard Berthoud of the Institute for Social and Economic Research
  11. ^ Population Groups (28) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data
  12. ^ interracial marriage
  13. ^ Thandie Newton Actress:Mixed-Race Celebrities:Intermix.org.uk
  14. ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Nuremberg Laws: Nazi Racial Policy 1935.
  15. ^ [1], Hollinger, David, "Amalgamation and Hypodescent: The Question of Ethnoracial Mixture in the History of the United States", The History Cooperative Vol, 108, No. 5.
  16. ^ Pascoe, Peggy, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America", The Journal of American History, Vol. 83, June 1996, p. 61

External links

Dictionary

multiracial

-adjective

  1. Composed of, or having a mixture of, multiple races
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