The term multiculturalism generally refers to a de facto state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified place, usually at the scale of an organization such as a school, business, neighbourhood, city or nation. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic In the political arena the term diversity (or diverse is used to describe political entities (neighborhoods cities nations student bodies etc Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to A neighbourhood or neighborhood (see spelling differences) is a geographically localised Community within a larger City, Town or A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered

Some countries have official, or de jure policies of multiculturalism aimed at recognizing, celebrating and maintaining the different cultures or cultural identities within that society to promote social cohesion. A policy is a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions In this context, multiculturalism advocates a society that extends equitable status to distinct cultural and religious groups, with no one culture predominating. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos

The multicultural national representation of the countries of origin at the student union of San Francisco City College

Contemporary history in Western societies

As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the pragmatism movement at the end of the nineteenth century in Britain and in the United States, then as political and cultural pluralism at the turn of the twentieth. City College of San Francisco, or CCSF, is a two-year Community college in San Francisco California. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It was partly in response to a new wave of European imperialism in sub-Saharan Africa and the massive immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans to the United States and Latin America. Philosophers, psychologists and historians and early sociologists such as Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, George Santayana, Horace Kallen, John Dewey, W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke developed concepts of cultural pluralism, from which emerged what we understand today as multiculturalism. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Mental health professional A psychologist is a practitioner of Psychology, the systematic investigation of the mind including Behavior, Cognition, See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Charles Sanders Peirce (pronounced purse) (September 10 1839 &ndash April 19 1914 was an American Logician mathematician, philosopher For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation William James (January 11 1842 – August 26 1910 was a pioneering George Santayana ( December 16, 1863, Madrid &ndash September 26, 1952, Rome) was a Philosopher, Essayist Horace Meyer Kallen ( August 11, 1882 - February 16 1974) was a Jewish-American philosopher John Dewey (October 20 1859 &ndash June 1 1952 was an American Philosopher, Psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (duːˈbɔɪz ( February 23, 1868 August 27, 1963) was an American Civil rights activist Alain LeRoy Locke ( September 13, 1885 &ndash June 9, 1954) was an American Writer, Philosopher, Educator Cultural pluralism is a term used when small groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities In Pluralistic Universe (1909), William James espoused the idea of a "plural society. " James saw pluralism as "crucial to the formation of philosophical and social humanism to help build a better, more egalitarian society. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal ^[1]

In the Western English-speaking countries, multiculturalism as an official national policy started in Canada in 1971, followed by Australia in 1973. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. ^[2] It was quickly adopted as official policy by most member-states of the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Recently, right-of-center governments in several European states—notably the Netherlands and Denmark— have reversed the national policy and returned to an official monoculturalism. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe ^[2] A similar reversal is the subject of debate in the United Kingdom and Germany, among others, due to evidence of incipient segregation and anxieties over 'home-grown' terrorism. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion ^[3][4]

The monocultural nation-state (Europe)

Russian advertisers have begun to utilize imagery of diverse races

Especially in the 19th century, the ideology of nationalism transformed the way Europeans thought about the state. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Existing states were broken up and new ones created; the new nation-states were founded on the principle that each nation is entitled to its own sovereign state and to engender, protect, and preserve its own unique culture and history. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Unity, under this ideology, is seen as an essential feature of the nation and the nation-state - unity of descent, unity of culture, unity of language, and often unity of religion. The nation-state constitutes a culturally homogeneous society, although some national movements recognized regional differences. None, however, accepted foreign elements in culture and society. Multilingual and multi-ethnic empires, such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, were considered oppressive, and most Europeans did not accept that such a state could be legitimate. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Where cultural unity was insufficient, it was encouraged and enforced by the state. The 19th-century nation-states developed an array of policies - the most important was compulsory primary education in the national language. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with The language itself was often standardized by a linguistic academy, and regional languages were ignored or suppressed. Some nation-states pursued violent policies of cultural assimilation and even ethnic cleansing. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity

It has been argued that the concept, if not the 19th century methodology, of monoculturalism has been gaining favour in recent years. This is generally fueled by a desire to safeguard national cultures or identities that are perceived as being under threat - particularly by globalization and the promulgation of multiculturalism by Left Wing political parties - as opposed to the outright xenophobia of the 19th century. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Xenophobia is an intense and/or irrational dislike and sometimes fear of people from other countries

The 'Melting Pot' ideal (USA)

In the United States, continuous mass immigration had been a feature of economy and society since the first half of the 19th century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The absorption of the stream of immigrants became, in itself, a prominent feature of America's national myth. See also National mysticism A national myth is an inspiring narrative or Anecdote about a nation's past The idea of the Melting pot is a metaphor that implies that all the immigrant cultures are mixed and amalgamated without state intervention. The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects The Melting Pot implied that each individual immigrant, and each group of immigrants, assimilated into American society at their own pace. An Americanized (and often stereotypical) version of the original nation's cuisine, and its holidays, survived. Note that the Melting Pot tradition co-exists with a belief in national unity, dating from the American founding fathers:

"Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people — a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs. Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which . . This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties. " -- John Jay, First American Supreme Court Chief Justice. John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court

Ethnic selection (Australia)

Prior to settlement by Europeans, the Australian continent was not a single nation, but hosted several Indigenous cultures and between 200 and 400 active languages at any one time. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical The present nation of Australia resulted from a deliberate process of immigration intended to fill the "empty" continent (also excluding potential rivals to the British Empire). Settlers from the United Kingdom, after 1800 including Ireland, were the earliest people that were not native the continent to live in Australia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Dutch colonization (see New Holland) and possible visits to Australia by explorers and/or traders from China, did not lead to permanent settlement. New Holland is a historic name for the Island Continent of Australia. Until 1901, Australia existed as a group of independent British settler colonies.

Proposals to limit immigration by nationality were intended to maintain the cultural and political identity of the colonies as part of the British Empire. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. While there was never any specific official policy called the White Australia policy, this is the term used for a collection of historical legislation and policies which either intentionally or unintentionally restricted non-European immigration to Australia from 1901 to 1973. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from Such policies theoretically limited the ethnic and cultural diversity of the immigrant population, and in theory facilitated the cultural assimilation of the immigrants, since they would come from related ethnic and cultural backgrounds. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. Taken from a historical perspective, however, this was not a matter of cultural diversity or otherwise, but an attempt to preserve the British ethno-cultural identity of the Australian nation. It was official policy for much of the 20th century to promote European immigration and to keep out those who did not fit the European, predominately Anglo-Celtic, character of Australian society. Anglo-Celtic is a macro-cultural term used to collectively describe the cultures native to the British Isles / Anglo-Celtic Isles and the significant Diasporas As the Twentieth century progressed and the number of migrants from the United Kingdom became insufficient to meet planned quotas, immigrants came increasingly from other parts of Europe, such as Italy, Greece, Germany, the Netherlands, and Yugoslavia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian

Multiculturalism in contemporary Eastern societies

India

India is the second most culturally, linguistically and genetically diverse geographical entity after the African continent. ^[5] India's democratic republic is premised on a national belief in pluralism, not the standard nationalist invocation of a shared history, a single language and an assimilationist culture. ^[6] State boundaries in India are mostly drawn on linguistic lines. ^[7] In addition India is also one of the most religiously diverse countries in the world, with significant Hindu (80. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical 5%) , Muslim (13. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 4%), Christian (2. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 3%), Sikh (2. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. 1%), Buddhist, Jain and Parsi populations. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. ^[8] Cities like Mumbai in Maharashtra display high levels of multilingualism and multiculturalism, spurred by political integration after independence and migration from rural areas. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India.

Indonesia

There are more than 700 living languages spoken in Indonesia^[9] and although predominantly Muslim the country also has large Christian and Hindu populations. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Unity in Diversity" lit. "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country.

Singapore

Singapore recognizes three other languages, namely, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil and English as its official languages, with Malay being the national language. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Apart from languages, Singapore also celebrates festivals celebrated by these three ethnic communities.

Adoption of multiculturalism as national policy

Multiculturalism was adopted as official policy, in several Western nations from the 1970s onward, for reasons that varied from country to country.

Government multicultural policies may include:

• recognition of multiple citizenship (the multiple citizenship itself usually results from the nationality laws of another country)
• government support for newspapers, television, and radio in minority languages
• support for minority festivals, holidays, and celebrations
• acceptance of traditional and religious dress in schools, the military, and society in general
• support for music and arts from minority cultures
• programs to encourage minority representation in politics, SET (Science, Engineering and Technology), Mathematics, education, and the work force in general. Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state. Nationality law is the branch of a country's legal system wherein legislation custom and court precedent combine to define the ways in which that country's Nationality and A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. A minority language is a Language spoken by a Minority of the Population of a country
• enforcement of different codes of law on members of each ethnic group (e. g. Malaysia enforces Shar'ia law, but only for a particular ethnic group)

Origins in Canada

See also: Demography of Canada, Cultural mosaic, and Immigration to Canada

Canada has the highest per capita immigration rate in the world,^[10] driven by economic policy and family reunification. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Population of Canada: 31612895 (2006 Census Provinces and territories Metropolitan areas Cities Cultural mosaic is a term used to describe the mix of Ethnic groups, Languages and Cultures that co-exist within Canadian society Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country The economic impact of immigration is an important topic in Canada. Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country In 2001, 250,640 people immigrated to Canada. Newcomers settle mostly in the major urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec By the 1990s and 2000s, almost all of Canada’s immigrants came from Asia. ^[11] Canadian society is often depicted as being a very progressive, diverse, and multicultural. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Accusing a person of racism in Canada is usually considered a serious slur. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that ^[12] All political parties are now cautious about criticizing of the high level of immigration, because, as noted by the Globe and Mail, "in the early 1990s, the old Reform Party was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to 150,000. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 "^[13]

Multiculturalism in Canada was first articulated by Progressive Conservative Senator Paul Yuzyk in his maiden Senate speech in 1964. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general Paul Yuzyk ( 24 June 1913 &ndash 9 July 1986) was a Canadian historian and Senator. It was officially adopted in 1971, following the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, a government body set up in response to the grievances of Canada's French-speaking minority (concentrated in the Province of Quebec). The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was a Canadian Royal commission established on July 19, 1963, by the government of Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The report of the Commission advocated that the Canadian government should recognize Canada as a bilingual and bicultural society and adopt policies to preserve this character.

Biculturalism was attacked from many directions. A policy of biculturalism is typically adopted in Nations that have emerged from a history of national or ethnic conflict in which neither side has gained complete victory Progressive Conservative Party leader John Diefenbaker saw multiculturalism as an attack on his vision of unhyphenated Canadianism. Canadian nationalism is a term which has been It did not satisfy the growing number of young Francophones who gravitated towards Quebec nationalism. Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world While many Canadians disliked the new policies of biculturalism and official bilingualism, the strongest opposition came from Canadians of neither English nor French descent, the so-called "Third Force" Canadians. Official bilingualism refers to the policy adopted by some states of recognizing two languages as official and producing all official documents and handling all correspondence and official Biculturalism did not accord with local realities in the western provinces, where the French population was tiny compared to other cultural minorities. Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province To accommodate them, the formula was changed from "bilingualism and biculturalism" to "bilingualism and multiculturalism. "

The Liberal Party government of Pierre Trudeau promulgated the "Announcement of Implementation of Policy of Multiculturalism within Bilingual Framework" in the House of Commons on 8 October 1971, the precursor of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act of the Brian Mulroney Progressive Conservative government which received Royal Assent on 21 July 1988. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The Act for the Preservation and Enhancement of Multiculturalism in Canada was passed in 1985 with minor organizational amendments since that time (Multiculturalism & Citizenship Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth On a more practical level, federal funds began to be distributed to ethnic groups to help them preserve their cultures. Projects typically funded included folk dancing competitions and the construction of ethnic-oriented community centres. Folk dance is a term used to describe a large number of dances mostly of European origin that tend to share the following attributes originally danced in about the This led to criticisms that the policy was actually motivated by electoral considerations rather than Trudeau's vision of a Just Society. The Just Society was a rhetorical device used by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to illustrate his vision for the nation After its election in 1984, the government of Brian Mulroney did not reverse these policies, although they had earlier been criticized by Tories as inconsistent with unhyphenated Canadianism. The Trinidad and Tobago born Canadian writer Neil Bissoondath has been a particular critic of the concept as an official policy. Neil Devindra Bissoondath (born April 19, 1955 in Arima, Trinidad and Tobago) is a Canadian Author who lives in Ste-Foy ^[2]

OldPort in Montreal, historic heart of French Canada.

Far from pleading multiculturalism's neutrality in matters of national unity, successive Canadian governments have argued that the policy promotes the national interest by breaking down social and cultural barriers. Many believe that rather than weakening the national character, or presenting a slippery slope whereby all groups may appeal for separate treatment based on every imaginable difference, the policy is viewed as strengthening national identity by binding citizens to a single moral community. However, there are critics of the policy, and according to a 2007 University of Toronto study, many recent non-white citizens do not identify themselves as being "Canadian". This article is about the University of Toronto's St George Campus ^[14] .

The policy was added to the Constitution of Canada, in section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a section of the Charter that as part of a range of provisions within the section 25 to The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the

Diane Ravitch describes both the melting pot and Canada's cultural mosaic as being multicultural and distinguishes them as pluralistic and particularist multiculturalism. Diane Ravitch is a historian of education an educational policy analyst and former United States Assistant Secretary of Education who is now a research professor at New Pluralistic multiculturalism views each culture or subculture in a society as contributing unique and valuable cultural aspects to the whole culture. Particularist multiculturalism is more concerned with preserving the distinctions between cultures.

Canadian multiculturalism is looked upon with admiration by many world leaders - particularly His Highness the Aga Khan. Karīm al-Hussaynī Āgā Khān IV, KBE, CC, GCC, GCIH ( سمو الأمیر شاہ کریم الحسیني آغا خان In a 2002 interview with the Globe and Mail, the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims described Canada as "the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe",^[15] citing it as "a model for the world. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون "^[15] He explained that the experience of Canadian governance - its commitment to pluralism and its support for the rich multicultural diversity of its peoples - is something that must be shared and would be of benefit societies in other parts of the world. ^[16][17] With this in mind, he went on in 2006 to establish the Global Centre for Pluralism in partnership with the Government of Canada. The Global Centre for Pluralism ( Centre mondial du pluralisme) is an international centre for research education and exchange about the values practices and policies that underpin The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. The Centre seeks to export the Canadian experience by promoting pluralist values and practices in culturally diverse societies worldwide, with the aim of ensuring that every individual has the opportunity to realize his or her full potential as a citizen, irrespective of cultural, ethnic or religious differences. ^[17]

The Diversity at Work Glossary, recognizes multiculturalism as part of “a policy introduced by the federal government in 1971, which acknowledges that many ethnic Canadians experience unequal access to resources and opportunities. It urges more recognition of the contributions of such Canadians, the preservation of certain expressions of their ethnicity, and more equity in the treatment of all Canadians. Since 1971, there has been increasing recognition of the limitation of this concept; first, it does not explicitly acknowledge the critical role which racism plays in preventing this vision from materialising; second, it promotes a static and limited notion of culture as fragmented and confined to ethnicity; and third, it pays insufficient attention to institutional forms of racial discrimination, focusing instead on individual expressions and experiences”. (Source: Diversity at Work, Diversity Glossary))

Australia

The other country to have most fully adopted Canadian-style multiculturalism is Australia, with many similar policies, for example the formation of the Special Broadcasting Service. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS is one of two government-funded Australian Public broadcasting radio and television networks, the other being the While the White Australia Policy was quietly dismantled after World War II by various changes to immigration policy, the full political introduction of official policies of multiculturalism was 1973. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from Immigration to Australian continent is estimated to have begun around 50000 years ago when the ancestors of Australian Aborigines arrived on the continent via the islands of

The overall level of immigration to Australia has grown substantially during the last decades. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Net overseas migration increased from 30,000 in 1993^[18] to 118,000 in 2003-04. ^[19] During the 2004-05, total 123,424 people immigrated to Australia. Of them, 17,736 were from Africa, 54,804 from Asia, 21,131 from Oceania, 18,220 from United Kingdom, 1,506 from South America, and 2,369 from Eastern Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. ^[11] 131,000 people migrated to Australia in 2005-06^[20] and migration target for 2006-07 was 144,000. ^[21]

The meaning of multiculturalism has changed enormously since its formal introduction to Australia. Originally it was understood by the mainstream population as a need for acceptance that many members of the Australian community originally came from different cultures and still had ties to it. However, it came to mean the rights of migrants within mainstream Australia to express their cultural identity. Cultural identity is the (feeling of identity of a group or Culture, or of an Individual as far as he or she is influenced by her belonging to a group It is now often used to refer to the fact that very many people in Australia have, and recognize, multiple cultural or ethnic backgrounds. The Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs in Australia estimated that, in 2005, 25% of the Australian workforce was born outside of Australia and 40% had at least one parent born outside of Australia.

Following the initial moves of the Whitlam Labor government in 1973, further official national multicultural policies were implemented by Malcom Fraser's Liberal Government in 1978. Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st John Malcolm Fraser, AC, CH (born 21 May 1930 is an Australian Liberal politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia. The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. The Labor Government of Bob Hawke continued with these policies during the 1980s and early 1990s, and were further supported by Paul Keating up to his electoral defeat 1996. Robert James Lee (Bob Hawke, AC (born 9 December 1929 was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944 was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia, from 1991 to 1996

The election of John Howard's Liberal-National Coalition government in 1996 was a major watershed for Australian multiculturalism. See also Howard Government John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939 was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March Howard had long been a critic of multiculturalism, releasing his One Australia policy in the late 1980s which called for a reduction in Asian immigration. One Australia was the immigration and ethnic affairs policy of the Liberal - National opposition in Australia released in 1988 Shortly after the new government took office, the new independent member Pauline Hanson made her maiden speech in which she was highly critical of multiculturalism, saying that a multicultural society could never be strong. Pauline Lee Hanson ( née Seccombe; born 27 May 1954) is an Australian Politician and former leader of Pauline Hanson's Notably, despite many calls for Howard to censure Hanson, his response was to state that her speech indicated a new freedom of expression in Australia on such issues. Rather than official multiculturalism, Howard has advocated instead the idea of a "shared national identity", albeit one strongly grounded in certain recognizably Anglo-Celtic Australian themes, such as 'mateship' and a 'fair go'. Anglo-Celtic Australian is an Ethnic or cultural category used to describe Australians with British and/or Irish ancestral origins Culture of Australia Mateship is an Australian cultural Idiom that embodies equality, Loyalty and Friendship. While Howard has changed the name of the Department of Immigration, Multiculturalism and Indigenous Affairs to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, the policy of multiculturalism has remained largely intact in practice. The Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC is an Australian Government department Newspaper columnists such as Andrew Bolt have called for a National policy of Assimilation. Andrew Bolt (born 26 September 1959 is an Australian Newspaper Columnist and conservative pundit. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot.

United States

In the United States, multiculturalism is not clearly established in policy at the federal level. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the At the state level, it is sometimes associated with English-Spanish bilingualism. Other examples include California allowing drivers to take their exams in a number of languages. ^[22]

The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 (the Hart-Cellar Act), passed by a Democratic controlled Congress, abolished the system of national-origin quotas. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ( Hart-Celler Act, INS Act of 1965,) abolished the national-origin Quotas that had been in place in the Over 28,000,000 have legally immigrated since 1965 under its provisions. Prior to 1965, the US was taking around 178,000 legal immigrants annually.

In 2006, a total of 1,266,264 immigrants became legal permanent residents of the United States, up from 601,516 in 1987, 849,807 in 2000, and 1,122,373 in 2005. The top twelve sending countries in 2006, by country of birth, were Mexico (173,753), People's Republic of China (87,345), Philippines (74,607), India (61,369), Cuba (45,614), Colombia (43,151), Dominican Republic (38,069), El Salvador (31,783), Vietnam (30,695), Jamaica (24,976), South Korea (24,386), Guatemala (24,146), Other countries - 606,370. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest ^[11] Muslim immigration to the U. S. is rising and in 2005 more people from Muslim countries became legal permanent U. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings S. residents — nearly 96,000 — than in any year in the previous two decades. ^[23][24]

United Kingdom

Under the Conservatives (1979-1997), multicultural rhetoric and policies were confined to left-leaning councils. Since the election of the Labour government in 1997, multiculturalism has influenced government policies and statements. Precursors of present policy include the Race Relations Act, and the British Nationality Act of 1948. The policy's recent harsh critics have included the Ugandan-born Archbishop of York John Sentamu and the Pakistani-born bishop of Rochester Michael Nazir-Ali. The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. John Tucker Mugabi Sentamu FRSA (born 10 June 1949 in Kampala, Uganda) is the 97th Archbishop of York, Metropolitan Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and See also List of bishops of Rochester The Bishop of Rochester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese Michael James Nazir-Ali (born 19 August 1949) is the Pakistani-born 106th and current Bishop of Rochester in the Church of England.

In 2005, an estimated 565,000 migrants^[25] arrived to live in the UK for at least a year, while 380,000 people emigrated from the UK for a year or more, with Australia, Spain and France most popular destinations. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[26][27]

Malaysia

The Malay Peninsula has a long history of international trade contacts, influencing its ethnic and religious composition. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Predominantly Malays before the 18th century, the ethnic composition changed dramatically when the British introduced new industries, and imported Chinese and Indian labour. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Several regions in the then British Malaya such as Penang, Malacca and Singapore became Chinese dominated. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia Singapore Co-existence between the three ethnicities (and other minor groups) was largely peaceful, despite the fact the immigration affected the demographic and cultural position of the Malays.

Preceding independence of the Federation of Malaya, a social contract was negotiated as the basis of a new society. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British The social contract in Malaysia refers to the agreement made by the country's founding fathers in the Constitution. The contract as reflected in the 1957 Malayan Constitution and the 1963 Malaysian Constitution states that the immigrant groups are granted citizenship, and Malays' special rights are guaranteed. The Constitution of Malaysia, comprising 181 articles is the supreme Law of Malaysia. This is often referred to the Bumiputra policy.

The formation of Malaysia itself was burdened with the 'mathematics of race'. The then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman would only accept Singapore as a member of the federation if Sarawak and North Borneo were admitted too. Sir Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, CH ( February 8 1903 &ndash December 6 Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. North Borneo was an independent state and British Protectorate under the sovereign British North Borneo Company from 1882-1946 and subsequently a The Prime Minister's rationale was that the inclusion of Singapore into a new federation would make the Chinese the new majority power, at the expense of the Malays. Inclusion of the Borneo states, on the other hand, would maintain a Malay majority.

Ethnic tensions followed the formation of Malaysia in 1963. Singapore, under the leadership of People's Action Party, and the federal government led by a coalition chaired by the United Malays National Organisation, had frequent disputes about the social contract. The People's Action Party ( abbrev: PAP; Chinese: 人民行动党 Pinyin: Rénmín Xíngdòngdǎng Malay: Parti Tindakan Rakyat The United Malays National Organisation, or UMNO, (Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu is a Right-wing party and Malaysia 's largest Political Tension between Malays and Chinese contributed to the 1964 Race Riots in Singapore. The 1964 Race Riots were a series of Riots that took place in Singapore during two separate periods in July and September between Chinese and Malay This riot in turn partly contributed to the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia. On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined the Federation of Malaya together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia At the same time, Malaysia was experiencing a communist insurgency known as the Malayan Emergency. The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and The conflict could be seen as between the Chinese-dominated Communist Party of Malaya and the British-backed Malay-dominated government. The Malayan Communist Party ( MCP) was founded in 1930 Illegal from the outset it advocated an end to British colonial rule and was active in forming Trade ^[28]

The worst race riot — the May 13 Incident — occurred in 1969, again between Chinese and Malays. The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor This led to the introduction of the New Economic Policy which aimed to reduce economic disparities between the ethnic groups. For the Soviet New Economic Policy see New Economic Policy. The Malaysian New Economic Policy ( NEP or DEB for Dasar It also introduced policies such as the Rukunegara to encourage unity among all ethnic groups in Malaysia, and promoted syncretic festivals such as DeepaRaya and Kongsi Raya. The Rukunegara or sometimes Rukun Negara ( Malay for "National Principles" is the Malaysian declaration of national philosophy Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought DeepaRaya is a Malaysian Portmanteau combining the names of the Deepavali and Hari Raya Festivals which are traditionally celebrated Kongsi Raya is a Malaysian Portmanteau, denoting the Chinese New Year and Hari Raya Aidilfitri ( Eid ul-Fitr) Festivals In education, the national education policies included vernacular education. Education in Malaysia may be obtained from government-sponsored schools, Private schools or through Homeschooling. Malaysia is the only country outside of China that has a Chinese education system. ^[29]

These pluralist policies have come under pressure from orthodox Muslims and Islamist parties, who oppose secular and non-Islamic religious influences. Pluralism is in the general sense the acknowledgment of diversity Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only The issue is related to the controversial status of religious freedom in Malaysia. The status of religious freedom in Malaysia is a controversial issue

Multiculturalism as introductory to monoculturalism

An anti-discrimination poster in a Hong Kong subway station. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders MTR, or Mass Transit Railway, is the Rapid transit Railway system in Hong Kong. Circa. 2005

Multiculturalism, as generally understood, refers to ideology and policy in western nation-states, which previously had a de facto national identity. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Many nation-states in Africa, Asia, and the Americas are culturally diverse, and are 'multi-cultural' in a descriptive sense. Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how Language is spoken (or how it was spoken in the past by a group of people in a speech community In some, communalism is a major political issue. See also Communalism (South Asia. In many parts of the world communalism is a modern term that describes a broad range of Social movements The policies adopted by these states often have parallels with multicultural-ist policies in the Western world, but the historical background is different, and the goal may be a monocultural or mono-ethnic nation-building - for instance in the Malaysian governments attempt to create a 'Malaysian race' by 2020. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings For nation-building in the sense of enhancing the capacity of state institutions building state-society relations and also external interventions see State-building ^[30]

Opposition to multiculturalism

Skeptics of the ideology often debate whether the multicultural ideal of benignly co-existing cultures that interrelate and influence one another, and yet remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical or even desirable when housed by a single nation - one that, in the case of some European nations, would previously have been synonymous with a distinctive cultural identity of its own.

United States

In the United States especially, multiculturalism became associated with political correctness and with the rise of ethnic identity politics. Political correctness (adjectivally politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term applied to Language, ideas policies or behavior Identity politics is Political action to advance the interests of members of a group whose members are oppressed by virtue of a shared and marginalized Identity (such In the 1980s and 1990s many criticisms were expressed, from both the left and right. Criticisms come from a wide variety of perspectives, but predominantly from the perspective of liberal individualism, from American conservatives concerned about values, and from a national unity perspective. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined

The liberal-feminist critique is related to the liberal and libertarian critique, since it is concerned with what happens inside the cultural groups. Liberal feminism, also known as "mainstream Feminism," asserts the equality of men and women through political and legal reform Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the In her 1999 essay, later expanded into an anthology, "Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?" the feminist and political theorist Susan Okin argues that a concern for the preservation of cultural diversity should not overshadow the discriminatory nature of gender roles in many traditional minority cultures, that, at the very least, "culture" should not be used as an excuse for rolling back the women's rights movement. Susan Moller Okin ( July 19, 1946 - March 3, 2004) was a Feminist political philosopher and author

A prominent criticism in the US, later echoed in Europe, Canada and Australia, was that multiculturalism undermined national unity, hindered social integration and cultural assimilation, and led to the fragmentation of society into several ethnic factions - Balkanization. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. Balkanization is a geopolitical term originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often ^[31]

In 1991, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., a former advisor to the Kennedy and other US administrations and Pulitzer Prize winner, published a book with the title The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society. Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr, born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger ( October 15 1917 &ndash February 28 2007) was a Pulitzer Prize recipient The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Schlesinger states that a new attitude — one that celebrates difference and abandons assimilation — may replace the classic image of the melting pot, in which differences are submerged in democracy. He argues that ethnic awareness has had many positive consequences to unite a nation with a "history of prejudice"; however, the "cult of ethnicity", if pushed too far, may endanger the unity of society. According to Schlesinger, multiculturalists are "very often ethnocentric separatists who see little in the Western heritage other than Western crimes. " Their "mood is one of divesting Americans of their sinful European inheritance and seeking redemptive infusions from non-Western cultures. "^[32]

Samuel P. Huntington, political scientist and author, known for his Clash of Civilizations theory, has described multiculturalism as "basically an anti-Western ideology. Samuel Phillips Huntington (born April 18, 1927) is an American political scientist who gained prominence through his " Clash of Civilizations The Clash of Civilizations is a Theory, proposed by Political scientist Samuel P " According to Huntington, multiculturalism has "attacked the identification of the United States with Western civilization, denied the existence of a common American culture, and promoted racial, ethnic, and other subnational cultural identities and groupings. "^[33]

In his 1991 work, Illiberal Education,^[34] Dinesh D'Souza argues that the entrenchment of multiculturalism in American universities undermined the universalist values that liberal education once attempted to foster. Dinesh D'Souza (born April 25, 1961 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) is an author and public speaker who once served as the Robert and In particular, he was disturbed by the growth of ethnic studies programs (e. g. , Black Studies). In United States education, Africana studies, or Africology is the study of the histories politics and cultures of peoples of African origin both in Africa

Criticism of multiculturalism in the US was not always synonymous with opposition to immigration. Opposition to immigration is present in most nation-states with immigration and has become a significant political issue in many countries Some politicians did address both themes, notably Pat Buchanan, who in 1993 described multiculturalism as "an across-the-board assault on our Anglo-American heritage. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist " Buchanan and other paleoconservatives argue that multiculturalism is the ideology of the modern managerial state, an ongoing regime that remains in power, regardless of what political party holds a majority. Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear is a term for an anti-communist and Anti-authoritarian Managerial state is a Paleoconservative concept used in critiquing modern Social democracy in Western countries It acts in the name of abstract goals, such as equality or positive rights, and uses its claim of moral superiority, power of taxation and wealth redistribution to keep itself in power.

Multiculturalism has also been attacked through satire, such as the following proposition by John Derbyshire. John Derbyshire (born June 3,

The Diversity Theorem: Groups of people from anywhere in the world, mixed together in any numbers and proportions whatsoever, will eventually settle down as a harmonious society, appreciating—nay, celebrating!—their differences. . . which will of course soon disappear entirely.

This theorem is held to be false by Derbyshire and other paleoconservatives. ^[35]

Another critic of multiculturalism is the political theorist Brian Barry. Brian Barry (born January 13th 1936 is a contemporary moral and political Philosopher. In his 2002 book Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism,^[36] he argues that some forms of multiculturalism can divide people, although they need to unite in order to fight for social justice. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have

Kevin B. MacDonald, a professor of psychology at California State University, Long Beach, has argued in his trilogy of books on Judaism that Jews have been prominent as main ideologues and promoters of multiculturalism in an attempt to end anti-semitism. Kevin B MacDonald, (born January 24, 1944) is a professor of Psychology at California State University Long Beach, best known for his ^[37] MacDonald considers multiculturalism to be dangerous to the West, concluding in his Jack London Literary Price acceptance speech:

[Given] that some ethnic groups—especially ones with high levels of ethnocentrism and mobilization—will undoubtedly continue to function as groups far into the foreseeable future, unilateral renunciation of ethnic loyalties by some groups means only their surrender and defeat—the Darwinian dead end of extinction. The future, then, like the past, will inevitably be a Darwinian competition in which ethnicity plays a very large role.

The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples, many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them. Europeans’ promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions. ^[38]

Canada

Approximately 20% of today's Canadian citizens were born outside Canada,^[39] the highest net immigration rate per capita in the world. ^[10] Recent immigrants are largely concentrated in the cities of Vancouver, Montreal and Toronto, which have high population growth due to this concentrated immigration. The policy of multiculturalism was officially enforced in the Constitution Act of 1982 by Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau, with the introduction of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which officially recognized that (27) the "Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians" . The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. ^[40]

Criticism from Quebec

To many Quebecers, despite an official national bilingualism policy, multiculturalism threatened to reduce them to just another ethnic group. Quebec's policy seek to promote interculturalism, welcoming people of all origins while insisting that they integrate into Quebec's majority French-speaking society. Interculturalism is the philosophy of exchanges between cultural groups within a society In 2008, a Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences, headed by sociologist Gerard Bouchard and philosopher Charles Taylor, recognized that Quebec is a de facto pluralist society, but that the Canadian multiculturalism model "does not appear well suited to conditions in Quebec". Gérard Bouchard ( December 26 1943 –) is a Historian, Sociologist and Writer from Quebec, Canada, affiliated Charlie and Chuck are common familiar or shortened forms for Charles. ^[41] Four reasons were given by the commissionners against multiculturalism for the Quebec society: a) anxiety over language is not an important factor in English Canada; b) minority insecurity is not found there; c) there is no longer a majority ethnic group in Canada (citizen of British origin account for 34% of the population, whereas citizen of French-Canadian origin form 77% of Quebec population); d) less concern for the preservation of a founding cultural tradition is found in English Canada. Interculturalism, the commissionners pleaded, "seeks to reconcile ethnocultural diversity with the continuity of the French-speaking core and the preservation of the social link" ^[42]

This policy seeks to integrate immigrants into the mainstream French-speaking province of Quebec on the basis of French as the common public language of all Québécois; all residents are in this way held to be invited to participate in a common civic culture. Interculturalism is in this way consistent with the Quebec government's view of itself as the "national" government for all Québécois. Interculturalism strongly emphasizes interaction between the communities, in particular by sharing the same school system, which provides a cultural anchor, and by intercommunity action, while it recognizes the right to maintain an affiliation with one's ethnic group and the right for cultural and religious differences to be displayed in the public domain.

Criticism from English Canada

In English Canada, the most noted critics of multiculturalism are Kenneth McRoberts, Neil Bissoondath, and Daniel Stoffman. Neil Devindra Bissoondath (born April 19, 1955 in Arima, Trinidad and Tobago) is a Canadian Author who lives in Ste-Foy As a young man, McRoberts worked for the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and his career as a political scientist has roughly coincided with the policy of multiculturalism. Against the view that the shift in official discourse from biculturalism to multiculturalism has had a neutral effect on relations between Quebec and the rest of Canada, McRoberts believes that it was disastrous for Canadian nationalism, as it offended Québécois and their dualistic vision of Canada as a bilingual and bicultural society. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk

In his Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada, the Trinidad and Tobago-born Bissoondath argues that official multiculturalism limits the freedom of minority members, by confining them to cultural and geographic ghettos. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure He also argues that cultures are very complex, and must be transmitted through close family and kin relations. To him, the government view of cultures as being about festivals and cuisine is a crude oversimplification that leads to easy stereotyping.

Daniel Stoffman's Who Gets In raises serious questions about the policy of Canadian multiculturalism. Stoffman points out that many cultural practices, such as allowing dog meat to be served in restaurants and street cockfighting, are simply incompatible with Canadian and Western culture. He also raises concern about the number of recent immigrants who are not being linguistically integrated into Canada (i. e. , not learning either English or French). He stresses that multiculturalism works better in theory than in practice.

Another more recent and conservative criticism, based largely upon the Nordic and Canadian experience, is presented by the administrative scientist Gunnar K. A. Njalsson, who views multiculturalism as a utopian ideology with a simplistic and overly optimistic view of human nature, the same weakness he attributes to communism, anarchism, and many strains of liberalism. According to Njalsson, multiculturalism is particular to a western urban environment and cannot survive as an ideology outside it. Some variants of multiculturalism, he believes, may equip non-egalitarian cultural groups with power and influence. This, in turn, may alter the value system of the larger society. This realist criticism of multiculturalism maintains that in European-settled countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States, multiculturalism may aggravate a situation where old-stock families are not permitted by the countries of their forebearers to consider themselves English, French, Scandinavian, etc. , while newer arrivals can claim two or more national identities.

Australia

The response to multiculturalism in Australia has been extremely varied, with a recent wave of criticism against it in the past decade. An anti-immigration party, the One Nation Party, was formed by Pauline Hanson in the late 1990s. Not to be confused with the One Nation program of infrastructure works carried out from 1991 to 1996 by the Keating Labor Government Pauline Lee Hanson ( née Seccombe; born 27 May 1954) is an Australian Politician and former leader of Pauline Hanson's The party enjoyed significant electoral success for a while, most notably in its home state of Queensland, but is now electorally marginalized. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent One Nation argued for the abolition of multiculturalism on the grounds that it represented "a threat to the very basis of the Australian culture, identity and shared values," asserting that there was "no reason why migrant cultures should be maintained at the expense of our shared, national culture. "^[43]

A Federal Government proposal in 2006 to introduce a compulsory citizenship test, which would assess English skills and knowledge of Australian values, sparked renewed debate over the future of multiculturalism in Australia. Andrew Robb, then Parliamentary Secretary for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, told a conference in November 2006 that some Australians worried the term "multicultural" had been transformed by interest groups into a philosophy that put "allegiances to original culture ahead of national loyalty, a philosophy which fosters separate development, a federation of ethnic cultures, not one community". Andrew John Robb AO (born 20 August 1951 Australian politician was elected to the House of Representatives as member for the Division of Goldstein He added: "A community of separate cultures fosters a rights mentality, rather than a responsibilities mentality. It is divisive. It works against quick and effective integration. "^[44] The Australian citizenship test commenced in October 2007 for all new citizens between the ages of 18 and 60. ^[45]

In January 2007 the Howard Government removed the word 'multicultural' from the name of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, changing its name to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship. See also Howard Government John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939 was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March The Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC is an Australian Government department

Intellectual critique

One of the earliest critics of multiculturalism in Australia was historian Geoffrey Blainey, who warned that it threatened to transform Australia into a "cluster of tribes". Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian Historian. In his 1984 book All for Australia, Blainey criticized multiculturalism for being "anti-British" and for overemphasizing the rights of ethnic minorities, Asian immigrants in particular, at the expense of the majority of Australians. All for Australia is a 1984 book by Australian historian Professor Geoffrey Blainey. According to Blainey, such a policy, with its "emphasis on what is different and on the rights of the new minority rather than the old majority," was unnecessarily creating division and threatened the nation's social cohesion. He remained a persistent critic of multiculturalism into the 1990s, condemning multiculturalism as "morally, intellectually and economically . . . a sham".

Following the upsurge of support for the One Nation Party in 1996, Lebanese-born Australian anthropologist Ghassan Hage published a notable critique in 1997 of Australian multiculturalism in the book White Nation. Not to be confused with the One Nation program of infrastructure works carried out from 1991 to 1996 by the Keating Labor Government Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Ghassan Hage (born 1957 Beirut Lebanon is a Lebanese-Australian academic currently serving as Future Generation Professor of Anthropology and Social Theory at the University of ^[46] Drawing on theoretical frameworks from Whiteness studies, Jacques Lacan and Pierre Bourdieu, Hage examined a range of everyday discourses that implicated both anti-multiculturalists and pro-multiculturalists alike. Whiteness studies is an Interdisciplinary arena of academic inquiry focused on the cultural historical and sociological aspects of people identified as white, and Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst Pierre Bourdieu ( August 1, 1930 – January 23, 2002) was an acclaimed French Sociologist and writer known for his Discourse (L discursus, "running to and from" means either "written or spoken communication or debate" or "a formal discussion The book was taken by many merely to be an attack on Australia's Anglo-Celtic majority, but its analysis is more sophisticated than a charge of racism by the dominant ethnic group. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Hage's analysis suggests that Australian multiculturalism has fallen a long way short of its original ideals and works much more as a form of assimilation by the participation of white and non-white people, pro- and anti-multiculturalists alike in maintaining the centrality of a set of cultural values associated with Whiteness. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Whiteness studies is an Interdisciplinary arena of academic inquiry focused on the cultural historical and sociological aspects of people identified as white, and

The Netherlands

In the 1950s, the Netherlands was generally a mono-ethnic and monocultural society: it was not explicitly monolingual, but almost everyone could speak standard Dutch; Frisian was the only indigenous minority language. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Monoglottism ( Greek monos, "alone solitary" + glotta, "tongue language" or more commonly monolingualism or unilingualism Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Its inhabitants shared a classic national identity, with a national mythos emphasising the Dutch Golden Age, and national heroes such as Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. This article focuses on social and cultural history For political events see History of the Netherlands and Dutch Revolt (1568–1648 Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter ( 24 March 1607 – 29 April 1676) is one of the most famous Admirals in Dutch history Dutch society was segmented along religious and ideological lines, sometimes coinciding with differences in social class and lifestyle. This segmentation had developed since the late 19th century into a uniquely Dutch version, called pillarization, enabling peaceful cooperation between the leaders of the various 'pillars', while their constituencies remained largely segregated. Pillarisation ( verzuiling in Dutch, pilarisation in French) is a term used to describe the denominational segregation of Dutch The Jews had been the only non-Christian minority since about 1600, enjoying freedom and tolerance. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Spinoza and Anne Frank are the most widely known representatives of this group. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank ( (12 June 1929 – early March 1945 was a Jewish girl born in the city of Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany Major immigration in the form of labour migration began in the 1960s, and accelerated in the 1970s, with Spain, Morocco and Turkey as the main countries of origin. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches From the 1970s, multiculturalism was a consensus ideology among the 'political class'; expressed in the phrase "Integratie met behoud van eigen taal en cultuur", that is, social integration while retaining the language and culture of the immigrant groups. However, a tacit assumption was, that most of them would go back when they were not needed anymore. Only the Spaniards and others from southern Europe did so in significant numbers. Immigrants were treated as members of monolithic cultural blocs, on the basis of nationality - their religion only became an issue in the 1990s. These communities were addressed by the Dutch government, in their own languages - Arabic for Moroccan immigrants, even though many of them were native speakers of Berber, also known as Amazigh. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Opposition to the consensus was politically marginal. The anti-immigration Centrumpartij had occasional electoral successes since 1982, but its leader Hans Janmaat was ostracized, and fined for his often strident opposition to multiculturalism. The Centre Party (in Dutch Centrumpartij, CP was a Dutch nationalist Political party espousing an anti-immigrant program Hans Janmaat ( November 3, 1934, Nes aan de Amstel - June 9, 2002, The Hague) was a far-right Politician in the Ostracism ( ostrakismos) was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which a prominent Citizen could be expelled from the City-state

The elite consensus on multiculturalism co-existed with widespread aversion to immigration, and an ethnic definition of the Dutch nation. Elite (also spelled Élite) is taken originally from the Latin, eligere, "to elect" A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Dutch nationalism, and support for a traditional national identity, never disappeared, but were not visible. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation When these factors re-entered political debate in the late 1990s, they contributed to the collapse of the consensus. The Netherlands has now attracted international attention for the extent to which it reversed its previous multiculturalist policies, and its policies on cultural assimilation have been described as the toughest in Europe. ^[47]

The multicultural policy consensus regarded the presence of immigrant cultural communities as non-problematic, or beneficial. Immigration was not subject to limits on cultural grounds: in practice, the immigration rate was determined by demand for unskilled labour, and later by migration of family members. Gross non-Western immigration was about three million, but many of these later returned. ^[48] Net immigration, and the higher birth rate of the immigrant communities, have transformed the Netherlands since the 1950s. Although the majority are still ethnic Dutch, in 2006 one fifth of the population was of non-Dutch ethnicity, about half of which were of non-western origin. ^[49] Immigration transformed Dutch cities especially: in Amsterdam, 55% of young people are of non-western origin (mainly Turkish and Moroccan). ^[50]

Intellectual critique

In 1999, the legal philosopher Paul Cliteur attacked multiculturalism in his book 'The Philosophy of Human Rights'^[51] Cliteur rejects all political correctness on the issue: western culture, the Rechtsstaat (rule of law), and human rights are superior to non-western culture and values. Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature Political correctness (adjectivally politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term applied to Language, ideas policies or behavior '''''Rechtsstaat''''' is a concept in Continental European legal thinking originally borrowed from German Jurisprudence, which literally means a "state of law" Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled They are the product of the Enlightenment: Cliteur sees non-western cultures not as merely different, but as anachronistic. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century He sees multiculturalism primarily as an unacceptable ideology of cultural relativism, which would lead to acceptance of barbaric practices, including those brought to the Western World by immigrants. Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual Human 's Beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own Culture. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Cliteur lists infanticide, torture, slavery, oppression of women, homophobia, racism, anti-Semitism, gangs, female genital cutting, discrimination by immigrants, suttee, and the death penalty. Infanticide is the practice of someone intentionally causing the death of an Infant. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Gangsters redirects here For the computer game see Gangsters (video game. Female genital cutting (FGC also known as female genital mutilation (FGM female circumcision or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C refers to Satī ( Devanagari: सती, the feminine of sat "true" (also suttee) is a Funeral practice among some Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Cliteur compares multiculturalism to the moral acceptance of Auschwitz, Stalin, Pol Pot and the Ku Klux Klan. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Saloth Sar ( May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998) also known as Pol Pot, was leader of the Communist movement known as Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are

Cliteur's 1999 work is indicative of the polemic tone of the debate, in the following years. Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters Most of the 'immigrant barbarities' which he names are regularly cited by opponents of multiculturalism, sometimes as a reductio ad absurdum, but also as factual practices of immigrants in the Netherlands. Reductio ad absurdum ( Latin for "reduction to the absurd" also known as an apagogical argument, reductio ad impossibile

In 2000, Paul Scheffer - a member of the PvdA (Labour Party) and subsequently a professor of urban studies - published his essay 'The multicultural drama',^[52] an essay critical of both immigration and multiculturalism. Urban Studies is the term for a diverse range of disciplines and approaches to the study of all aspects of cities their suburbs and other urban areas Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Scheffer is a committed supporter of the nation-state, assuming that homogeneity and integration are necessary for a society: the presence of immigrants undermines this. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy A society does have a finite 'absorptive capacity' for those from other cultures, he says, but this has been exceeded in the Netherlands. Specifically:

• a huge influx of people from diverse cultural backgrounds, in combination with multiculturalism, resulted in spontaneous ethnic segregation.
• the Netherlands must take its own language, culture, and history seriously, and immigrants must learn this language, culture, and history.
• multiculturalism and immigration led to adaptation problems such as school drop-out, unemployment, and high crime rates.
• a society which does not respect itself (its Dutch national identity) also has no value for immigrants
• multicultural policy ignored Dutch language acquisition, which should be a priority in education. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname
• Islam has not yet reformed itself, and does not accept the separation of church and state. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate Some Muslims did not accept the law in Amsterdam because its mayor was Jewish. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west
• immigrants must always lose their own culture - that is the price of immigration, a "brutal bargain" (quote from Norman Podhoretz)

Scheffer approvingly quoted the Dutch sociologist J. Norman B Podhoretz (b January 16, 1930) is an American neoconservative theorist and writer for Commentary. A. A. van Doorn as saying that the presence of immigrants in the Netherlands had "put the clock back" by 100 or 150 years. The high immigration rate and the lack of integration threatened society, and must be stopped. His essay had a great impact, and led to what became known as the 'integration debate'. As in the essay, this was not simply about multiculturalism, but about immigration, Islam, the national identity, and national unity.

In 2002, the legal scholar Afshin Ellian - a refugee from Iran - advocated a monocultural Rechtsstaat in the Netherlands. Afshin Ellian (born 27 February, 1966 in Tehran, Iran) is a Dutch professor of law, Philosopher, and Poet '''''Rechtsstaat''''' is a concept in Continental European legal thinking originally borrowed from German Jurisprudence, which literally means a "state of law" ^[53] A liberal democracy cannot be multicultural, he argued, because multiculturalism is an ideology and a democracy has no official ideology. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics What is more, according to Ellian, a democracy must be monolingual. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Monoglottism ( Greek monos, "alone solitary" + glotta, "tongue language" or more commonly monolingualism or unilingualism The Dutch language is the language of the constitution, and therefore it must be the only public language - all others must be limited to the private sphere. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The Netherlands, he wrote, had been taken hostage by the left-wing multiculturalists, and their policy was in turn determined by the Islamic conservatives. Ellian stated that there were 800 000 Muslims in the country, with 450 mosques, and that the Netherlands had legalised the "feudal system of the Islamic Empire". Democracy and the rule of law could only be restored by abolishing multiculturalism.

Political reaction

The intellectual rejection of multiculturalism was accompanied by a political transformation, which led to the abandonment of official multiculturalism. It is often described in the Dutch media as a populist 'revolt' against the elite. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political The catalyst was Pim Fortuyn. Wilhelmus Simon Petrus (Pim Fortuyn (pɪm fɔʁtœʏn ( February 19, 1948 – May 6, 2002) was a controversial openly gay charismatic He was a critic of multiculturalism, and especially of what he called the "Islamisation of the Netherlands", but succeeded primarily because of his charisma. The word charisma (origin from the Greek word χάρισμα (kharisma, "gift" or "divine favor" from kharizesthai, "to favor" Unlike the intellectual critics, who wrote for fellow members of the elite, Fortuyn mobilised millions of disillusioned voters. Overturning the political stability of the 1990s, Fortuyn came close to being prime minister of the Netherlands. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. ^[54] When he was assassinated in May 2002, his supporters saw him as a national martyr in the struggle against multiculturalism, although he was in fact shot by an animal rights activist who said that he killed Fortuyn because he targeted "the weak parts of society to score points". The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation.

Following Fortuyn's death, open rejection of multiculturalism and immigration ceased to be taboo. A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture The new cabinet, under premier Jan-Peter Balkenende instituted a hard-line assimilation policy, enforced by fines and deportation, accompanied by far tighter controls on immigration and asylum. Jan Peter Balkenende (pronounced ˈjɑn ˈpetər ˈbɑɫkənɛndə) (born 7 May 1956 is a Christian Democratic politician who has been the Prime Minister of the Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient Judicial notion under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his Many former supporters of multiculturalism shifted their position. In a 2006 manifesto "one country, one society",^[55] several of them launched an appeal for a homogeneous society.

The most prominent figure in the post-Fortuyn debate of the issue was Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Ayaan Hirsi Ali ( Ayaan Xirsi Cali; born Ayaan Hirsi Magan 13 November 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia) is a Dutch Her first criticisms of multiculturalism paralleled those of the early liberal-feminist critics in the United States - the emphasis on group identity and group rights diminished individual liberty for those within the minorities, and especially for women. Liberal feminism, also known as "mainstream Feminism," asserts the equality of men and women through political and legal reform Group rights are the Rights held by a Group rather than by its members severally or rights held only by individuals within the specified group contrast with As time went on, her criticism was increasingly directed at Islam itself, and its incompatibility with democracy and western culture. By 2004 she was the most prominent critic of Islam in Europe. This article deals with the history and the evolution of the Islamic religion in Europe. When she scripted a short film on Islamic oppression of women, featuring texts from the Quran on the naked bodies of women, its director Theo van Gogh was assassinated by an Islamist. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Theo van Gogh (ˈteːjoː vɑnˈxɔx ( July 23, 1957 – November 2, 2004) was a Dutch Film director, Television producer Threatened with death and heavily guarded, she spent most of her time in the United States, and moved to Washington in 2006 to work for the American Enterprise Institute. The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI is a conservative Think tank, founded in 1943 In 2006 she also expressed support for the Eurabia thesis - that Europe is being fully Islamised, and that its non-Muslim inhabitants will be reduced to dhimmitude. Eurabia is a political Neologism used to refer to a Europe which allies itself to and becomes subsumed by the Arab World. Islamization (also spelt Islamisation, see Spelling differences) or Islamification means the process of a society's conversion to the religion of Islam Dhimmitude is a Neologism, imported from the French language, and derived from the Arabic language adjective Dhimmi, which literally ^[56] In a speech for CORE in January 2007, she declared that Western culture was overwhelmingly superior:^[57]

. . . my dream is that those lucky enough to be born into a culture of "ladies first" will let go of the myth that all cultures are equal. Human beings are equal; cultures are not.

United Kingdom

London's Chinatown, near Leicester Square. A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. For the British guitarist see Lester Square. Leicester Square (ˈlɛstɚ is a Pedestrianised square in the West End

The United Kingdom has continuous high immigration rates, among the highest in the EU. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Most of the immigrants of the last decades came from the Indian subcontinent or the Caribbean, i. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting e. from former British colonies. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom In 2004 the number of people who became British citizens rose to a record 140,795 - a rise of 12% on the previous year. This number had risen dramatically since 2000. The overwhelming majority of new citizens come from Africa (32%) and Asia (40%), the largest three groups being people from Pakistan, India and Somalia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known ^[58]

In the UK, supporters of the Labour government's approach believed it was defending the rights of minorities to preserve their culture, whilst encouraging their participation as citizens — that is, integrating without assimilating. Critics argue that the policy fails on all counts: if social conditions and insularity become barriers to the integration of minorities, then multiculturalism does not properly function. There is now a lively debate in the UK over whether explicit multiculturalism and "social cohesion and inclusion" are in fact mutually exclusive. In the wake of the July 7 Bombings 2005 (which left over 50 people dead) David Davis, the opposition Conservative shadow home secretary, called on the government to scrap its "outdated" policy of multiculturalism. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during David Michael Davis (born 23 December 1948 is a British Politician who is the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the constituency of The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. ^[59][60]

Prominent critics of multiculturalism include Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, Ugandan-born author of After Multiculturalism, and one-time black activist Trevor Phillips, the chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown (born Yasmin Damji on 10 December 1949) is an Uganda -born Journalist, based in London; she hyphenated her The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. For the former English professional footballer see Trevor Phillips (footballer Trevor Phillips The Commission for Racial Equality (CRE was a Non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom which aimed to tackle Racial discrimination and promote In 2006, Phillips was criticised by London mayor Ken Livingstone, who accused him of fuelling hostility towards ethnic minorities by criticising the principle of multiculturalism. Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945 is a British Socialist Politician. Livingstone then accused Phillips of being so right-wing that he would 'soon be joining the British National Party'. The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. ^[61]

In the May 2004 edition of Prospect Magazine, David Goodhart, the Editor, temporarily couched the debate on multiculturalism in terms of whether a modern welfare state and a "good society" is sustainable as its citizens become increasingly diverse. Not to be confused with The American Prospect magazine Prospect is a monthly British general interest Magazine David Goodhart is the Editor of Prospect, a British current affairs Magazine. [49] Open criticism of multiculturalism - hitherto sometimes disingenuously equated with racism, jingoism and xenophobia by the political Left - given Prospect's pedigree and reputation, was thereafter firmly part of the mainstream. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy" Xenophobia is an intense and/or irrational dislike and sometimes fear of people from other countries Since then events such as the London bombings have shifted the debate away from sustainability and cohesion, and towards a focus on the uneasy bedfellows of free speech and security.

In November 2005 John Sentamu, the first member of an ethnic minority to be appointed as Archbishop of York stated, “Multiculturalism has seemed to imply, wrongly for me: let other cultures be allowed to express themselves but do not let the majority culture at all tell us its glories, its struggles, its joys, its pains. John Tucker Mugabi Sentamu FRSA (born 10 June 1949 in Kampala, Uganda) is the 97th Archbishop of York, Metropolitan The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. ” [50]. Criticisms have also been voiced by bishop Nazir Ali of Rochester.

The Archbishop's sentiments reflect the widespread opinion among the UK population that the enforcement of de facto multiculturalism often involves asymmetrical - even assimilationist - concessions or unnecessary sacrifices made by the majority culture; whilst minority cultures are allowed to remain distinct, British culture and traditions are sometimes perceived as exclusive and adapted accordingly, often without the consent of the local population. Recent examples include the cancellation of public fires^[62] (associated with Guy Fawkes Night), the proposed 'multicultural reinterpretation' of the York Mystery Plays^[63] and the Birmingham 'Winterval'^[64] controversy. Guy Fawkes Night (also known as Bonfire Night, Cracker Night, Fireworks Night) is an annual celebration on the evening of the 5th of November The York Mystery Plays are an English cycle of forty-eight Mystery plays or Pageants, which cover sacred history from the Creation Winterval is a Portmanteau word coined to describe all festivities taking place around the end of the year (the winter in the Northern Hemisphere) Critics argue that this practice misinterprets multiculturalism completely - the concept of a culturally diverse, not homogenised, society - and betrays the sycophancy of the political elite.

In August 2006, the community and local government secretary Ruth Kelly made a speech, which some saw as signalling the end of multiculturalism as official policy. Ruth Maria Kelly (born 9 May 1968 is a British politician, currently Member of Parliament for the Bolton West Constituency representing ^[65] In November 2006, Prime Minister Tony Blair stated that Britain has certain "essential values" and that these are a "duty". He did not reject multiculturalism as such, but he included British heritage among the essential values:^[66]

"When it comes to our essential values - belief in democracy, the rule of law, tolerance, equal treatment for all, respect for this country and its shared heritage - then that is where we come together, it is what we hold in common. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of "

Japan

Japanese society, with its ideology of homogenity, has traditionally been intolerant of ethnic and other differences. In 2005 a United Nations special rapporteur on racism and xenophobia expressed concerns about "deep and profound" racism in Japan and insufficient government recognition is a Japanese author and an activist against Racial discrimination in Japan. ^[67] People identified as different might be considered "polluted" — the category applied historically to the outcasts of Japan, particularly the hisabetsu buraku, "discriminated communities," often called burakumin, a term some find offensive — and thus not suitable as marriage partners or employees. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. Burakumin (ja {{linktext 部 落 民}} buraku, tribe + min, people is a term often used to describe a Japanese social Minority group. ^[68] Men or women of mixed ancestry, those with family histories of certain diseases, and foreigners, and members of minority groups faced discrimination in a variety of forms. The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. As of June 2008 Japan 's Population is around 1277 million making it the world's tenth most populated country Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is In 2005, a United Nations report expressed concerns about racism in Japan and that government recognition of the depth of the problem was not total. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that ^[69][70] The author of the report, Doudou Diène (Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights), concluded after a nine-day investigation that racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan primarily affects three groups: national minorities, Latin Americans of Japanese descent, mainly Japanese Brazilians, and foreigners from other Asian countries. Doudou Diène (born 1941 of Senegal was United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism racial discrimination xenophobia and related intolerance Special Rapporteur is a title given to individuals working on behalf of the United Nations who bear a specific mandate from the UN Human Rights Council (or the former The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR) was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations. In 2005 a United Nations special rapporteur on racism and xenophobia expressed concerns about "deep and profound" racism in Japan and insufficient government recognition Dekasegi is a term used in Latin American cultures to refer to Ethnic Japanese people who have migrated to Japan, having taken advantage of Japanese citizenship and A Japanese Brazilian' (日系ブラジル人 in Kanji and Kana Japanese writing nikkei burajiru-jin in Rōmaji Japanese ^[71]

Japan accepted just 16 refugees in 1999, while the United States took in 85,010 for resettlement, according to the UNHCR. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New Zealand, which is smaller than Japan, accepted 1,140 refugees in 1999. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Just 305 persons were recognized as refugees by Japan from 1981, when Japan ratified the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, to 2002. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is an International convention that defines who is a Refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals ^[72][73] Japanese Minister Taro Aso has called Japan a “one race” nation. is the current Prime Minister of Japan, having taken office on September 24, 2008. ^[74]

South Korea

South Korea is among the world's most ethnically homogeneous nations^[75] having been virtually isolated from the outside world until the 20th century. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Historically, the country has tried hard to keep interaction between Koreans and non-Koreans as minimal as possible, forming a very distinct society. Koreans have traditionally valued an "unmixed blood" as the most important feature of Korean identity, often more important than their own lives. During periods of invasions, many Korean women killed themselves when they were made pregnant by a foreigner, as otherwise, it would dilute the "Korean blood". While not as extreme in the past, to this date, most Koreans tend to equate nationality or citizenship with membership in a single, homogeneous ethnic group sharing the same "blood" and history. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty A common language and culture are also viewed as important elements in Korean identity.

Those who do not share such features are often rejected by the Korean society or face discrimination. This includes Koreans themselves who may not share one of the elements of Korean identity. For example, Koreans brought up overseas often face discrimination by Koreans living in South Korea upon their return who may not speak the language properly or have developed a different culture. North Koreans who immigrated to South Korea, despite sharing the same Korean blood and history, face discrimination as they do not share all of the elements of Korean identity, such as speaking the Korean language with an accent. Even South Koreans brought up In rural areas who speak with an accent, face some form of discrimination by those in the cities of South Korea. Racial discrimination is not uncommon in South Korea and is sometimes seen as socially acceptable among South Koreans which is an illegal act in Western countries.

The idea of multiracial or multiethnic nations, like Canada or the United States, is opposed in general and strikes many Koreans as odd or even contradictory. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Relationships between a Korean and non-Korean is seen skeptical by some South Koreans and often rejected. In particular, marriage or even a friendship between a Korean and Japanese is seen as completely unacceptable in the Korean society due to strong Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea. Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea is complex and multi-faceted The term "Kosian", referring to someone who has a Korean father and a non-Korean mother, is considered offensive by some who prefer to identify themselves or their children as Korean^[76], ^[77]. Moreover, the Korean office of Amnesty International has claimed that the word "Kosian" represents racial discrimination^[78]. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to According to Pearl S. Buck International, there are approximately 30,000 Kosians in South Korea^[79]. Kosian children, like those of other mixed-race backgrounds in Korea, often face discrimination^[80].

Multiculturalism and Islam in the West

There is a developing distaste toward the idea and policies of multiculturalism in Europe, especially, as stated earlier, in the Netherlands, Denmark, United Kingdom and Germany. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The belief behind this backlash on multiculturalism is that it creates friction within society.

Incompatibility with secular society,^[81] has been influenced by a stance against multiculturalism advocated by recent philosophers, closely linked to the heritage of New Philosophers. The New Philosophers (French nouveaux philosophes) is a term referring to French philosophers who broke with Marxism and the Left in general Fiery polemic on the subject by proponents like Pascal Bruckner,^[82] and Paul Cliteur has kindled international debate. Pascal Bruckner (born December 15, 1948 in Paris) is a French Writer. ^[83] They hold multiculturalism to be an invention of an enlightened elite who deny the benefits of democratic rights to the rest of humanity by chaining people to their roots. They claim this allows Islam free rein to propagate abuses such as the mistreatment of women and homosexuals, and in some countries slavery. Islamic views on homosexuality have always been influenced by the rulings prescribed by the Qur'an and the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammed. The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. They also claim multiculturalism allows freedom of religion^[84] to exceed the realms of personal religious experience^[85] and to organize towards mundane ambitions seeking moral and political influence that opposes European secular or Christian values. See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna

In Canada, the possible introduction of sharia family courts became a contentious issue, and received much media attention. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. ^[86][87]

From the late 1990s multiculturalism came under sustained intellectual attack in Western Europe largely, but not exclusively, from the political right. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities The reaction was more vehement than in North America, since it was associated with several other factors - the return of explicit nationalism as a political force, the revival of national identity, the rise of euroscepticism, and concerns about Islam in Europe. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Euroscepticism Euro (disambiguation --> has become a general term for opposition to the process For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The period saw the rise of anti-immigrant populism in Europe, which was uniformly, sometimes fanatically, hostile to multiculturalism. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political The debate became increasingly polarised, and increasingly associated with Islam and terrorism. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion The multiculturalism issue merged with the immigration policy issue. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term The most extreme rejection of multiculturalism comes from supporters of the Eurabia concept. Eurabia is a political Neologism used to refer to a Europe which allies itself to and becomes subsumed by the Arab World. Islam is seen as a political movement, which is attempting to seize control of Europe, and to destroy its civilisation.

Current trends in Europe

Some European Union countries have introduced policies for 'social cohesion', 'integration', and (sometimes) 'assimilation'. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in They are sometimes a direct reversal of earlier multiculturalist policies, and seek to assimilate immigrant minorities and restore a de facto monocultural society. The policies include:

• compulsory courses and/or tests on national history, on the constitution and the legal system, see Life in the United Kingdom test
• introduction of an official national history, such as the national canon defined for the Netherlands by the van Oostrom Commission,^[88] and promotion of that history, for instance by exhibitions about national heroes. Historiography is the study of how history is written One pervasive influence upon the writing of history has been Nationalism, a set of beliefs about A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, Common law and Religious law. The Life in the United Kingdom test is a computer-based test for individuals seeking Indefinite Leave to Remain in the UK or naturalisation as a British citizen. The Western canon is a term used to denote a canon of books and more widely music and art, that has been the most influential in Frits van Oostrom (born 1953) born in Utrecht, The Netherlands, is University Professor for the Humanities at the Utrecht University A hero (from Greek grc ἥρως hērōs) in Greek mythology and Folklore, was originally a Demigod, the offspring of a mortal and
• official campaigns to promote national unity, and individual identification with the nation - such as the campaign Du bist Deutschland in Germany
• tests designed to elicit 'unacceptable' values. In Baden-Württemberg immigrants are asked what they would do, if their son says he is a homosexual. Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states ( Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. (The expected answer is that they would accept it). ^[89]
• prohibitions on Islamic dress - especially the niqab (often misnamed as burqa). Islam and clothing Hijab or ħijāb ( ar حجاب, pronounced) is the Arabic term for "cover" (noun based on the root حجب meaning "to A niqāb ( Arabic: نِقاب‎) is a Veil which covers the face worn by some Muslim women as a part of sartorial hijāb. A burqa (also Transliterated burkha, burka or burqua) is an enveloping outer garment worn by women in some Islamic traditions for the ^[90]

Some of the measures, especially those seeking to promote patriotic identification, include: In the Netherlands, the naturalisation ceremony includes a gift symbolising national unity. In Gouda it is a candle in the national colours red-white-blue, in Amsterdam a Delftware potato with floral motives. Gouda (population 71797 in 2004 is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Delftware, or Delft Pottery, denotes blue and white pottery made in and around Delft in the Netherlands and the tin-glazed Pottery ^[91]

There are proposed measures which go much further than these. They typically, but not always, come from firmly right-wing parties and their supporters. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Although implementation is not on the political agenda in any EU state, the proposals illustrate the 'post-multicultural' climate: a loyalty oath for all citizens, legal prohibition of public use of a foreign language, cessation of all immigration, withdrawal from the European Union, a compulsory (non-military) national service,^[92]; in rare cases a ban on the construction of mosques,^[93] closure of all Islamic schools,^[94] or a complete ban on Islam. National service is a common name for mandatory or voluntary government service programs (most often focusing on military service ^[95]

Polarization

Although such policies often have the stated aim of reviving national unity, one result has been an increased polarization. Polarization ( ''Brit'' polarisation) is a property of Waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations ^[96] Muslims in Britain or the Netherlands may occasionally hear that their culture is backward, that western culture is superior, and that they are obliged to adopt it. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings In turn, overly-defensive reactions^[97] include an increased self-identification as 'Muslims', and adoption of Islamic dress by women and 'Islamic' beards by men. Islam and clothing Hijab or ħijāb ( ar حجاب, pronounced) is the Arabic term for "cover" (noun based on the root حجب meaning "to Part of the Muslim minority is now hostile to the society they live in, and sympathetic to terrorism. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion ^[98] In Amsterdam's secondary schools, about half the Moroccan minority does not identify with the Netherlands: they see their identity as 'Muslim', and regularly express anti-western views but, nevertheless, do not want to return to their historical homeland. ^[99]

In turn society is increasingly hostile to Muslims: a survey showed that 18% in Britain think that "a large proportion of British Muslims feel no sense of loyalty to this country and are prepared to condone or even carry out acts of terrorism". ^[100] A TNS/Global poll showed that 79% in Britain would feel "uncomfortable living next to a Muslim". ^[101] There have also been notable tensions in Britain between established Muslim communities and newly-arrived Eastern European immigrants. ^[102] A major attitude survey of teenagers in Flanders showed that 75% refuse to have a relationship with a black person, a Muslim, or an immigrant. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Half want all immigration stopped, and 41% say they distrust anyone from another ethnic background. ^[103]

In some cases the rejection of the multicultural consensus in Europe included the revival of a traditional national identity which was often defined by ethnicity. . That excludes not only first-generation immigrants, but their identifiable descendants, from full membership of the nation. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered New terms for minorities of immigrant descent have come into use: the (originally geological) term allochtoon in Belgium and the Netherlands, and 'nichtdeutsche Herkunft' or 'ndH' in Germany ('non-German origin'). In Structural geology, an allochthon (or allochthonous block is a large block of rock which has been moved from its original site of formation usually by Allochtoon (plural allochtonen is a Dutch word (derived from Greek ἀλλος (allos other and χθον (chthon earth/land literally meaning "originating Both are applied regardless of citizenship. The renewed emphasis on historical culture places higher demands on cultural assimilation; immigrants may be encouraged to learn, for example, to identify and describe cultural heroes and historical figures such as Isambard Kingdom Brunel and William of Orange. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. A culture hero is a Mythological Hero specific to some group ( cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, etc Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 &ndash 15 September 1859 (ˈɪzəmbɑrd ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl was a British Engineer. ^[104] Moreover, in an already culturally diverse population, the promulgation of semi-official 'national values' may prove divisive and/or exclusive. For instance, the 'Muslim test' in Baden-Württemberg implies that those who do not accept homosexuality cannot be German. It was criticised for this and for the supposed hypocrisy of having been introduced by a German Christian-Democrat administration. Hypocrisy (or the state of being a hypocrite) is the act of preaching a certain belief religion or way of life but not in fact holding these same virtues oneself The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands) is the largest Political party in Germany.

Issues of nationality and loyalty can be divisive. In the Netherlands, the Party for Freedom of anti-immigration politician Geert Wilders opposed the nomination of two ministers because they had dual nationality. The Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid PVV) is a Dutch conservative political party Geert Wilders ('xert 'ʋildərs 'ʋildəʁs}} born 6 September 1963) is a Dutch Politician. Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state. The party subsequently proposed a motion of no confidence in both ministers. A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion The party doubts their loyalty to the Netherlands, in cases of conflict with their countries of origin (Turkey and Morocco). Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa ^[105] According to an opinion poll^[106] more than half the population agrees with the party. Opinion is sharply divided by political party: 96% of Wilders' voters agree with him, and 93% of GreenLeft voters disagree. GroenLinks ( GL, English: GreenLeft) is a Dutch Green Political party.

References

See also

External links

• Multicultural Canada website

Further reading

• Ankerl, Guy [2000]. Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single Moral community. cross-cultural may refer to Cross-cultural studies, a comparative tendency in various fields of cultural analysis any of various forms of interactivity Cultural mosaic is a term used to describe the mix of Ethnic groups, Languages and Cultures that co-exist within Canadian society A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. Cultural pluralism is a term used when small groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities Cultural competence refers to an ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures Global justice is an issue in Political philosophy arising from the concern that "we do not live in a just world Societalism. Noun Combination of the adverb Societal and the English suffix -ism. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own Culture. Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting For nation-building in the sense of enhancing the capacity of state institutions building state-society relations and also external interventions see State-building The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Racialism is an emphasis on race or racial considerations Racialism entails a belief in the existence and significance of racial categories but not necessarily in a Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) Intercultural competence is the ability of successful Communication with people of other Cultures This ability can exist in someone at a young age or may be developed The Global Centre for Pluralism ( Centre mondial du pluralisme) is an international centre for research education and exchange about the values practices and policies that underpin Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Interculturalism is the philosophy of exchanges between cultural groups within a society Political correctness (adjectivally politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term applied to Language, ideas policies or behavior Transculturation is a term coined by Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures Teaching for Social justice is an educational philosophy that proponents argue Teaches for Justice and equity all learners in Whiteness studies is an Interdisciplinary arena of academic inquiry focused on the cultural historical and sociological aspects of people identified as white, and Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States ( MELUS) is a scholarly Journal first published in 1974. The Before Columbus Foundation is a nonprofit organization founded in 1976 by Ishmael Reed, Victor Hernández Cruz, Shawn Wong and Rudolfo Anaya Global communication without universal civilization, INU societal research Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.  
• Chiu, C. -Y. & Lueng, A. (2007). Do Multicultural Experiences Make People More Creative? In-Mind Magazine.
• Gottfried, Paul Edward. (2002) "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Toward a Secular Theoracy," (University of Missouri).
• Icart, Jean-Claude. “Racism in Canada.” Across Cultures. Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 2007. <http://www.nfb.ca/acrosscultures/>.
• Jedwab, Jack. “The Diverse Family of Canadians: Documenting the Immigrant Experience in Canada.” Across Cultures. Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 2007. <http://www.nfb.ca/acrosscultures/>.
• Kukushkin, Vadim. “’Strangers Within Our Gates’: The Legacy of Intolerance.” Across Cultures. Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 2007. <http://www.nfb.ca/acrosscultures/>.
• Stephens, J. (2006) Multiculturalism.