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The Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931, known in Japanese as the Manchurian Incident, occurred in southern Manchuria when a section of railroad, owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway, near Mukden (today's Shenyang) was dynamited. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Northeast China ( is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers from China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) ( sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the National Army REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in Ma Zhanshan; Simplified Chinese: (马占山 or Wade-Giles: Ma Chan-shan ( Traditional Chinese: 馬占山 1885 - 1950 was a Chinese general who initially Feng Zhanhai or Feng Chan-hai 冯占海(1899-1963 was one of the leaders of the volunteer armies resisting the Japanese and the puppet state of Manchukuo in General Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the early period of the Second Sino-Japanese War. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Governor-General of Korea between 1936 and 1942 Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning [1] The Imperial Japanese Army accused Chinese dissidents of the act, thus providing a pretext for the invasion of Manchuria. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931, immediately followed The incident represented an early event in the Second Sino-Japanese War, although full-scale war would not start until 1937. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the In Chinese, this incident is referred to as the September 18 Incident (Chinese: 九•一八事变/九•一八事變 → Jiǔyībā Shìbiàn) or Liutiaogou Incident (Chinese:柳条沟事变/柳條溝事變 → Liǔtiáogōu Shìbiàn), or in Japanese as the Manchurian Incident (Kyūjitai: 滿洲事變, Manshujihen: 満州事変). Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Kyūjitai (in Shinjitai: ja 旧字体 in Kyūjitai 舊字體 meaning "old character form" is the traditional form of the Japanese Kanji used before
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Background
The Japanese economic presence and political interest in Manchuria had been growing ever since the end of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September The weak state of the Republic of China and its tenuous control over Manchuria, the growing threat of communism from the Soviet Union to the north, and the highly politicized and militaristic outlook of the semi-autonomous Kwantung Army of Japan were all factors by which Japanese junior officers sought to detach Manchuria from China and to add it to the Empire of Japan. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Kwantung Army Colonel Seishirō Itagaki and Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara, devised a plan to invade Manchuria. was general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II and a War Minister. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. He and Seishirō Itagaki were the men primarily responsible for the Mukden Incident that took Ishiwara presented the plan at the Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo, and it was approved to be launched but only following a major incident started by the Chinese. The as part of the Supreme War Council was established in 1893 to coordinate efforts between the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during wartime officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. However, when the Japanese Minister of War Jirō Minami dispatched Major General Yoshitsugu Tatekawa to Manchuria for the specific purpose of curbing the insubordination and militarist behavior of the Kwantung Army. The, more popularly known as the Ministry of War of Japan was the Cabinet -level ministry from 1872-1945 in charge with administration of the Imperial Japanese Army was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Governor-General of Korea between 1936 and 1942 was a Lieutenant-general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. refers to the Ideology in the Empire of Japan that Militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation and that the strength of the military is Itagaki and Ishiwara knew that they no longer had the luxury of waiting for the Chinese to answer to repeated provocations, but had to stage their own.
They chose to sabotage the rail section in an area near Liǔtiáo Lake (柳條湖 → liǔtiáohú). The fact was that the area had no official name and was not militarily important to either the Japanese or the Chinese. But it was only eight hundred meters away from the Chinese garrison of Beidaying (北大營 → bèidàyíng), at which were stationed troops under the command of the "Young Marshal" Zhang Xueliang. Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in The alleged Japanese plan was to attract Chinese troops by an explosion and then blame them for having caused it, to provide a pretext for a formal Japanese invasion. In addition, to make the sabotage appear more convincingly as a calculated Chinese attack on an essential target — thereby masking the Japanese action as a legitimate measure to protect a vital railway of industrial and economic importance — the Japanese press labeled the site "Liǔtiáo Ditch" (柳條溝 → liǔtiáogōu) or "Liǔtiáo Bridge" (柳條橋 → liǔtiáoqiáo), when in reality the site was a small railway section laid on an area of flat land. The choice to place the explosives at this site was to preclude the extensive reconstruction that would have been necessitated had the site actually been a railway bridge.
The Incident
Colonel Seishirō Itagaki, Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara, Colonel Kenji Doihara, and Major Takayoshi Tanaka[2] had laid complete plans for the incident by May 31, 1931. was general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II and a War Minister. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. He and Seishirō Itagaki were the men primarily responsible for the Mukden Incident that took was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and was instrumental in the planning of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An important part of the scheme was to construct a swimming pool at the Japanese officers' club in Mukden. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning This "swimming pool" was actually a concrete bunker for two 9. 2-inch artillery pieces, which were brought in under complete secrecy. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine [3]
The plan was executed when 1st Lieutenant Suemori Komoto of Independent Garrison Unit (独立守備隊) of the 29th Infantry Regiment, which guarded the South Manchuria Railway, placed explosives near the tracks, but far enough away to do no real damage. The was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria At around 10:20 PM (22:20), September 18, the explosives were detonated. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated However, the explosion was minor and only a 1. 5 meter section on one side of the rail was damaged. In fact, a train from Changchun passed by the site on this damaged track without difficulty and arrived at Shenyang at 10:30 PM (22:30). Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning [4]
Invasion of Manchuria
Main Article: Invasion of Manchuria On the morning of September 19, 1931 the two artillery pieces installed at the Mukden officers' club opened up on the Chinese garrison nearby, in response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway. The invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931, immediately followed Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning Zhang Xueliang's small air force was destroyed and his soldiers fled their destroyed Beidaying barracks as five hundred Japanese troops attacked the Chinese garrison of around seven thousand. Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in The Chinese troops, mostly irregulars or new conscripts, were no match for the experienced Japanese troops. By the evening the fighting was over and the Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of five hundred Chinese and only two Japanese lives. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning [5] Meanwhile, at Dalian in the Kwantung Leased Territory, Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army General Shigeru Honjō was at first appalled that the invasion plan was enacted without his permission [6], but was eventually convinced by Ishiwara to give his approval after-the-fact. Dalian (;; Japanese: Dairen Russian: Далянь Dalian or Дальний Dalny is the governing Sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning The Kwantung Leased Territory ( Chinese: 關東州 关东州 Guāndōngzhōu Japanese: 関東州 Kantōshū was a territory in the southern part of the Liaodong A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces General Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the early period of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Honjō moved the Kwantung Army headquarters to Mukden, and ordered General Senjuro Hayashi of the Chosen Army of Japan in Korea to send in reinforcements. was an Imperial Japanese Army commander of the Chosen Army of Japan in Korea during the Mukden Incident and the Invasion of Manchuria The was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army, forming a Garrison force in Korea under Japanese rule. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. At 0400 on 19 September, Mukden was declared secure. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. By daylight, aircraft from the Chosen Army were landing at Mukden airport. Zhang Xueliang, under implicit instructions from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government to adhere to a nonresistance policy, had already urged his men to not put up a fight, and to store away any weapons in case the Japanese invaded. Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash Therefore, the Japanese soldiers proceeded to occupy and garrison the major cities of Changchun, Antung, and their surrounding areas with minimal difficulty. Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the Dandong ( Wade-Giles Tan-Tung is a city in the Liaoning province China. However, in November, Ma Zhanshan, the acting governor of Heilongjiang, began resistance with his provincial army, followed in January by Generals Ting Chao and Li Du with their local Kirin provincial forces. Ma Zhanshan; Simplified Chinese: (马占山 or Wade-Giles: Ma Chan-shan ( Traditional Chinese: 馬占山 1885 - 1950 was a Chinese general who initially ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern Ting Chao or Ding Chao (1883 - 1939 was a Chinese General, known for his Defense of Harbin during the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria Li Du or Li Tu (1880 – 1956 was one of the leaders of the Kirin Self-Defence Army one of the volunteer armies resisting the Japanese and the puppet state of Manchukuo However, despite this resistance, within five months of the Mukden Incident, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun all major towns and cities in the provinces of Liaoning, Kirin, and Heilongjiang. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern
Aftermath
Chinese public opinion strongly criticized Zhang Xueliang for his nonresistance to the Japanese invasion, even though the Kuomintang central government was indirectly responsible for this policy. Many charged that Zhang's Northeastern Army of nearly a quarter million could have withstood the Kwantung Army of only 11,000 men. In addition, Zhang's arsenal in Manchuria was considered the most modern in China and that his troops had tanks, around sixty combat aircraft, four thousand machine guns, and a couple artillery battalions. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine
However, in reality, Zhang's seemingly superior force was undermined by several factors. One was that the Kwantung Army had a strong reserve force that could be transported by railway from Korea, which was a Japanese colony, directly adjacent Manchuria. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was forcibly annexed by the Japanese Empire. Secondly, more than half of Zhang's troops were stationed south of the Great Wall in the Hebei province, while the troops north of the wall scattered throughout Manchuria, therefore Zhang's troop could not have been deployed fast enough to fight the Japanese in any concentration north of the Great Wall. The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Also, most of Zhang's troops were under trained, poorly led, and had poor morale and questionable loyalty as compared to their Japanese counterparts. And the most important of all, Japanese secret agents had permeated Zhang's command because of his past (and his father Zhang Zuolin's) reliance on Japanese military advisors on equipping the originally warlord Northeastern Army. Zhāng Zuòlín ( Traditional Chinese: 張作霖 Simplified Chinese: 张作霖, Pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín Wade-Giles: Chang Tso-lin A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority The Japanese knew the Northeastern Army inside-out and were able to conduct operations with much ease.
The Chinese government was preoccupied with numerous internal problems, including the issue of the newly independent Guangzhou government of Hu Hanmin, Communist Party of China insurrections, and terrible flooding of the Yangtze River that created tens of thousands of refugees. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Hu Hanmin ( Traditional:胡漢民 Simplified: 胡汉民 born in Panyu, Guangdong, China, December 9, 1879; The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Moreover, Zhang himself was not in Manchuria at the time, but was in a hospital in Beijing, to raise money for the flood victims. However, in the Chinese newspapers, Zhang was ridiculed as General Nonresistance (Chinese: 不抵抗將軍). Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan
Because of these circumstances, the central government turned to the international community for a peaceful resolution. The Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a strong protest to the Japanese government and called for the immediate stop to Japanese military operations in Manchuria, and appealed to the League of Nations, on September 19. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. On October 24, the League of Nations passed a resolution mandating the withdrawal of Japanese troops, to be completed by November 16. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published However, Japan rejected the League of Nations resolution and insisted on direct negotiations with the Chinese government.
Negotiations went on intermittently without much result. On November 20, a conference in the Chinese government was convened, but the Guangzhou faction of the Kuomintang insisted that Chiang Kai-shek step down to take responsibility for the Manchurian debacle. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, On December 15, Chiang resigned as the Chairman of the Nationalist Government and was replaced as Premier of the Republic of China (head of the Executive Yuan) by Sun Fo, son of Sun Yat-sen. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of The President of the Executive Yuan ( commonly known in English as the Premier of Taiwan ( is the head of the Executive Yuan, the Executive The Executive Yuan ( literally "Executive court" is the Executive branch of the Government of the Republic of China. Sun Fo or Sun Ke ( Chinese: 孫科 Pinyin: Sūn Kē October 21, 1891 &ndash September 13, 1973) was a high-ranking Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often Soon afterwards, Jinzhou, another city in Liaoning, was lost to the Japanese in early January 1932. Jinzhou ( is a Prefecture-level city of Liaoning province China. As a result, Wang Jingwei replaced Sun Fo as the Premier. Wang Jingwei ( Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛 Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫 Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei (
On January 7, 1932, United States Secretary of State Henry Stimson proclaimed the Stimson Doctrine, stating that the United States would not recognize any government that was established as the result of Japanese actions in Manchuria. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Henry Lewis Stimson ( September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American Statesman, who served as Secretary of The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7 1932 to Japan and Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences whereby a state acknowledges an act On January 14, a League of Nations commission, headed by the Second Earl of Lytton of Great Britain, arrived in Shanghai to examine the situation. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Earl of Lytton, in the County of Derby is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million In March, the puppet state of Manchukuo was established, with the former emperor of China, Puyi, installed as head of state. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state On October 2, the Lytton Report was published and rejected the Japanese claim that the Mukden Incident was an act of self-defense. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule was a report generated by a League of Nations commission in December 1931 to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan The report also ascertained that Manchukuo was the product of Japanese military aggression in China, while recognizing that Japan had legitimate concerns in Manchuria because of its economic ties there. The League of Nations refused to acknowledge Manchukuo as an independent nation. This caused Japan to resign from the League of Nations in March 1933. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920
Colonel Doihara used the Mukden Incident to continue his campaign of disinformation. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and was instrumental in the planning of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Since the Chinese troops at Mukden had put up such a poor resistance, he told Manchukuo Emperor Puyi that this was proof that the Chinese remained loyal to him. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Also, Japanese intelligence used the incident to continue the campaign to discredit the murdered Zhang Zuolin and his son Zhang Xueliang for "misgovernment" of Manchuria. Zhāng Zuòlín ( Traditional Chinese: 張作霖 Simplified Chinese: 张作霖, Pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín Wade-Giles: Chang Tso-lin In fact, drug trafficking and corruption had largely been suppressed under Zhang Zuolin. [7]
Popular culture
The Mukden Incident is depicted in the Tintin book The Blue Lotus, although the book places the bombing near Shanghai. The Adventures of Tintin (Les Aventures de Tintin is a series of Comic strips created by Belgian artist Hergé, the pen name of Georges Remi The Blue Lotus ( Le Lotus bleu) first published in 1936, is one of The Adventures of Tintin, a series of classic comic-strip Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million
See also
- Zhang Xueliang
- Yoshitsugu Tatekawa
- South Manchuria Railway
- Sino-Japanese relations (1931-1937)
- False flag
Sources
- Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) 2nd Ed. Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in was a Lieutenant-general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. The was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria The period between the Mukden Incident in 1931 and the official beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 involved constant regional armed resistance to Japanese advances ,1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung , Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China.
- Jowett, Philip (2005). Rays of the Rising Sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo. Helion and Company Ltd. . ISBN 1874622213.
- Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak (2003). The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932. Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN: 0674012062.
External links
Footnotes
- ^ Fenby, Jonathan. Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf Publishers. Carroll & Graf Publishers was an American Publishing company centered in New York City, and an imprint of the Avalon Publishing Group. 2003. pp. 202
- ^ Edward Behr, The Last Emperor, 1987, p. 180
- ^ Edward Behr, ibid, p. 180
- ^ CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR INTERNATIONAL EVENTS FROM 1931 THROUGH 1943, WITH OSTENSIBLE REASONS ADVANCED FOR THE OCCURRENCE THEREOF 78th Congress, 2d Session. "An explosion undoubtedly occurred on or near the railroad between 10 and 10:30 p. m. on September 18th, but the damage, if any, to the railroad did not in fact prevent the punctual arrival of the south-bound train from Changchun, and was not in itself sufficient to justify military action. The military operations of the Japanese troops during this night, . . . cannot be regarded as measures of legitimate self-defence . . . " [Opinion of Commission of Enquiry. ] Ibid. , p. 71. ,
- ^ Edward Behr, ibid, p. 182
- ^ Chen, World War II Database
- ^ Edward Behr, ibid, p. 182-3
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