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Mujahideen^[1] (Arabic: مجاهدين‎, muǧāhidīn, literally "strugglers") is a term for Muslims fighting in a war or involved in any other struggle. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری ‎ The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[2] The word is the plural form of مجاهد, muǧāhid, which comes from the same Arabic root as jihad ("struggle"). Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. In Islamic scripture, the status of mujahid is unequal to qaid, one who does not join the jihad.

Mujahideen is also transliterated from Arabic as mujahedeen, mujahedīn, mujahidīn, and mujaheddīn. Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Afghanistan 3 Thailand 4 Chechnya 5 Former Yugoslavia 5.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.2 Kosovo and Macedonia 6 Iran 7 Iraq 8 Kashmir 9 Philippines 10 Myanmar (Burma) 11 Somalia 12 History 13 See also 14 Notes and references

Etymology

Arabic words usually have triliterals, which are triconsonantal (three-consonant) roots. In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic languages and some other Afro-Asiatic languages, a triliteral ( Arabic: جذر ثلاثي In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents The root of mujahidin is J-H-D (ج-ه-د), meaning "effort or sacrifice" ("Jihad" can mean to struggle and "Mujahideen" can mean struggler. ) However, the particular verb stem of J-H-D from which both jihad and mujahid are derived means "to exert effort against" or "to struggle". Arabic is a Semitic language See Arabic language for more information on the language in general Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Mujahid is originally, therefore, "someone who struggles". The term has, even in Arabic, taken on meanings that are specifically religious, or specifically military or paramilitary, or both. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status

Like the concept and title Ghazi, it has been used in formal titles of Muslim leaders who prided themselves on (and legitimated their conquests by) Jihad bis saïf, holy war in the name of establishing Islamic rule, even at very high political level: no lesser ruler than Sultan Murad Khan II Khoja-Ghazi, sixth Sovereign of the House of Osman (1421–1451), had as full style 'Abu'l Hayrat, Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philippolis, including the formal title "Sultan of mujahideen"

In English, the word is recorded since 1958, in a Pakistani context, adopted from Persian and Arabic, as the plural of mujahid "one who fights in a jihad", in modern use, for "Muslim guerilla insurgent. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Murad II ( June 1404 Amasya February 3, 1451, Edirne) ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثانى Murād-ı sānī House of Osman is the name to the administrative structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, which is part of State organization of the Ottoman Empire, however directly linked A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution "

In the late 20th century and early 21st century, the term "mujahideen" became the name of various armed fighters who subscribe to militant Islamic ideologies and identify themselves as mujahideen, although there is not always an explicit "holy" or "warrior" meaning of the word. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Afghanistan

See also: Badaber Uprising

The best-known mujahideen, various loosely-aligned Afghan opposition groups, initially fought against the incumbent pro-Soviet Afghan government during the late 1970s. Badaber Uprising was an armed uprising by Soviet and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA captives at Badaber, Pakistan in The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed At the Afghan government's request, the Soviet Union became involved in the war. The mujahideen insurgency then fought against the Soviet and Afghan government troops during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving After the Soviet Union pulled out of the conflict in the late 1980s the mujahideen fought each other in the subsequent Afghan Civil War. The Civil war in Afghanistan, also known as Afghan Civil War, began in 1978 and has continued

The mujahideen were significantly financed and armed (and are alleged to have been trained) by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Carter^[3] and Reagan administrations and the governments of Saudi Arabia, the People's Republic of China, several Western European countries, Iran, and Zia-ul-Haq's military regime in Pakistan. Claims have been made that the American government, and in particular the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA are responsible for enabling " Afghan Arabs," The United States of America —commonly referred to as the near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was the interagent used in the majority of these activities to disguise the sources of support for the resistance. History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence

The main base station of mujahideen in Pakistan was the town Badaber, 24 km from Peshawar. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Afghanistan mujahideen were trained in the Badaber base under supervision by military instructors from U.S.A., Pakistan, Republic of China and Egypt. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The base served as the concentration camp for Soviet and DRA captives as well. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a Soviet -backed government in Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992. In 1985, the uprising of captives destroyed the base, but the incident was concealed by Pakistani and Soviet governments until the dissolution of the USSR. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Badaber Uprising was an armed uprising by Soviet and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA captives at Badaber, Pakistan in Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985

Ronald Reagan praised mujahideen as "freedom fighters", and three mainstream Western films, the 1987 James Bond film The Living Daylights, the 1988 action film Rambo III and the 2007 biographical movie Charlie Wilson's War, portrayed them as heroic. Freedom fighter is a term to describe those that engage in a struggle to achieve freedom for themselves or to free others in some matter Events January 31 - The Cure for Insomnia premieres at The School of the Art Institute in Chicago Illinois, to James Bond 007 is a Fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve Novels and two Short story The Living Daylights, released in 1987 is the fifteenth Spy film of the James Bond series, and the first to star Timothy Dalton Events Michael Jackson 's first film was Moonwalker Top grossing films (U Rambo III is a 1988 American Action film released on May 25, 1988. 2007 saw major releases such as The Simpsons Movie, National Treasure Book of Secrets, Charlie Wilson's War is a 2007 biographical Drama Film based on the true story of Democratic Texas Congressman

Afghanistan's resistance movement was born in chaos and, at first, virtually all of its war was waged locally by regional warlords. A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority As warfare became more sophisticated, outside support and regional coordination grew. Even so, the basic units of mujahideen organization and action continued to reflect the highly segmented nature of Afghan society. ^[4] Eventually, the seven main mujahideen parties allied themselves into the political bloc called Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen. The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen was an Afghan organization formed in 1985 by the seven Afghan Mujahideen parties fighting against the

Many Muslims from other countries volunteered to assist various mujahideen groups in Afghanistan, and gained significant experience in guerrilla warfare. Some groups of these veterans have been significant factors in more recent conflicts in and around the Muslim world. A wealthy Saudi named Osama bin Laden was a prominent organizer and financier of an all Arab islamist group of foreign volunteers; his Maktab al-Khadamat funnelled money, arms, and Muslim fighters from around the muslim world into Afghanistan, with the assistance and support of the Saudi and Pakistani governments. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK ^[5] These foreign fighters became known as "Afghan Arabs" and their efforts were coordinated by Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) were Arab and other Muslim fighters who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet-Afghan War to Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh British Mandate of Palestine – November 24 1989 Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام

The mujahideen won when the Soviet Union pulled troops out of Afghanistan in 1989, followed by the fall of the Mohammad Najibullah regime in 1992. Najibullah ( Pashto: نجيب الله; born August 1947 killed September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the However, the mujahideen did not establish a united government, and many of the larger mujahideen groups began to fight each other over the power in Kabul. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with After several years of devastating infighting, a village mullah organized a new armed movement with the backing of Pakistan. Mullah ( ملا) is a Muslim learned in Islamic theology and sacred law This movement became known as the Taliban, meaning "students", and referring to the Saudi-backed religious schools known for producing extremism. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Islamic seminaries teach mostly Islamic subjects leading to graduation as a cleric (called maulvi, maulana or mulla) in Pakistan. Veteran mujahideen were confronted by this radical splinter group in 1996.

By 2001, the Taliban, with backing from the Pakistani ISI (military intelligence) and possibly even the regular Pakistan Army, as well as al-Qaeda which found a refuge in Afghanistan, had largely defeated the militias and controlled most of the country. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The opposition factions allied themselves together again and became known as the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance). The United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( UIF, Jabha-yi Muttahid-i Islami-yi Milli bara-yi Nijat-i Afghanistan) also known as the Northern In 2001 with U. S. help and international military aid, they ousted the Taliban from power and formed the new government, and gradually militias were either incorporated into the new national army and police forces or demobilized. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The Afghan National Army (ANA is a service branch of the Military of Afghanistan currently being trained by the coalition forces to ultimately take the lead in

At present the term "mujahideen" is sometimes used to describe insurgents, including the Taliban/Al Qaeda, fighting NATO troops and the security forces of the US-backed government of Hamid Karzai and allied militias in Afghanistan, although most of the Mujahideen leaders who fought the Soviet Union later fought against the Taliban. Hamid Karzai ( حامد کرزي, حامد کرزي) (born 24 December 1957) is the current President of Afghanistan, since December

The Afghan mujahideen also participated in the Nagorno-Karabakh War and the Tajik Civil War. The Nagorno-Karabakh War refers to the armed conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic Enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh The civil war in Tajikistan ( Tajik: Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон, Jangi shahrvandii Tojikiston) began in May 1992 when

Thailand

Over past 4 years, the resistance against the government was escalated. The South Thailand insurgency is a Separatist campaign by Islamist terrorists which is taking place in the predominantly Malay Pattani region, made up of the Almost 3000 have been killed.

Chechnya

In the case of the Chechen-Russian conflict, the term mujahideen has often been used to refer to all separatist fighters. In this article however, it will be used to refer to the foreign, non-Caucasian fighters who joined the separatists’ cause for the sake of Jihad. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. In other literature dealing with this conflict they are often called Ansaar (helpers) to prevent confusion with the native fighters. For other uses see Ansar disambiguation Ansar is an Islamic term that literally means "helpers" and denotes the Medinan

Foreign mujahideen have played a part in both Chechen wars. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent Chechen declaration of independence, foreign fighters started entering the region and associated themselves with local rebels (most notably Shamil Basayev). The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria ɪʧˈkɛriə ( Chechen Latin: Noxçiyn Respublika Noxçiyçö Chechen Cyrillic: Нохчийн Республика Нохчийчоь Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (Шамиль Салманович Басаев (January 14 1965 – July 10 2006 was a Chechen field commander and a leader of the Chechen Many of them were veterans of the Soviet-Afghan war and prior to the Russian invasion, they used their expertise to train the Chechen separatists. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending During the First Chechen War they were notorious and feared for their guerilla tactics, inflicting severe casualties on the badly prepared Russian forces. The First Chechen War also known as the War in Chechnya was fought between Russia and Chechnya from 1994 to 1996 and resulted in Chechnya's Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The mujahideen also made a significant financial contribution to the separatists’ cause; with their access to the immense wealth of Salafist charities like al-Haramein, they soon became an invaluable source of funds for the Chechen resistance, which had little resources of its own. Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation was a charity foundation based in Saudi Arabia alleged to be a front for the international terrorist organization Al-Qaeda.

After the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya most of the mujahideen decided to remain in the country. The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika In 1999, foreign fighters would play an important role in the ill-fated Chechen incursion into Dagestan, where they suffered a decisive defeat and where forced to retreat back into Chechnya. The Invasion of Dagestan, also known as the War in Dagestan and Dagestan War, began when the Chechnya -based Islamic International Peacekeeping The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul The incursion provided the new Russian government with a pretext for intervention and in December 1999 Russian ground forces invaded Chechnya again. In the Second Chechen War the separatists were less successful. The Second Chechen War, in a later phase better known as the War in the North Caucasus, was launched by the Russian Federation starting August 26 Faced with a better prepared and more determined Russian forces, the Chechens were unable to hold their ground and as early as in 2002, Russian officials claimed the separatists had been defeated. The Russians also succeeded in eliminating the most prominent mujahideen commanders (most notably Ibn al-Khattab and Abu al-Walid). Ibn al- Khattab ( ابن الخطاب) (born Saudi Arabia, April 14 1969, died March 20, 2002) more commonly Abu al-Walid ( ابو الوليد) (also transliterated as Abu al-Waleed and also called Abu al-Walid al-Ghamdi or simply Abu Walid

Although the region has since been far from stable, separatist activity has decreased and although some foreign fighters are still active in Chechnya. In the last months of 2007, the influence of foreign fighters became apparent again when Dokka Umarov proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate, a pan-Caucasian Islamic state of which Chechnya was to be a province. Doku (Dokka Khamatovich Umarov ( Chechen: Умаран Хамади кант Докка Доку Хаматович Умаров also know as Emir Abu The Caucasus Emirate also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self proclaimed Successor state to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was announced on This move caused a rift in the resistance movement between those supporting the Emirate and those who were in favour of preserving the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria ɪʧˈkɛriə ( Chechen Latin: Noxçiyn Respublika Noxçiyçö Chechen Cyrillic: Нохчийн Республика Нохчийчоь

Former Yugoslavia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Mujahideen came in Bosnia during the 1992-1995 Bosnian war after the massacres committed by the Serb forces on Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) civilians. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995 Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. They intended to wage a holy war against the perpetrators. The number of volunteers is estimated by some newspaper reports to have been about 4,000,^[6] but some recent research discards such claims estimating 400 foreign volunteers. ^[7] They came from countries such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Egypt and Algeria; to quote the summary of the ICTY judgement:^[8]

The evidence shows that foreign volunteers arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992 with the aim of helping their Muslim brothers against the Serbian aggressors. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The term 'opposing force' is occasionally used to refer to a genuine military foe this article is concerned only with its use in simulated conflict Mostly they came from North Africa, the Near East and the Middle East. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The foreign volunteers differed considerably from the local population, not only because of their physical appearance and the language they spoke, but also because of their fighting methods.

It is alleged that mujahideen participated in some incidents considered to be war crimes according to the international law. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied However no indictment was issued by the ICTY against them, but a few Bosnian Army officers were indicted on the basis of superior criminal responsibility. The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Amir Kubura and Enver Hadžihasanović were found not guilty on all counts related to the incidents involving mujahideen. Furthermore, the Appeals Chamber noted that the relationship between the 3rd Corps of the Bosnian Army headed by Hadžihasanović and the El Mujahedin detachment was not one of subordination but was instead close to overt hostility since the only way to control the detachment was to attack them as if they were a distinct enemy force. ^[9]

Kosovo and Macedonia

Around 500 or more Mujahideen fighters from Bosnia and around 2,000 from the Middle East and other parts of the world later joined the ranks of KLA in its fight against Serbian and Macedonian authorities in Kosovo war 1997–1999 and Macedonia conflict, some joined the KLA other formed their own units with Albanian leaders who spoke fluent Albanian and Arabic, the greatest involvement was in conflicts around the border of Kosovo and Albania and a vast about of foreign Mujahideens alongside Albanians took part in the Battle of Koshar which was the greatest Albanian success against the Serb forces. The Kosovo Liberation Army or KLA ( Albanian: Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës or UÇK) was a Kosovar Albanian guerilla group which sought The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia ( January - November 2001) was an armed conflict which began when the ethnic Albanian National The Kosovo Liberation Army or KLA ( Albanian: Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës or UÇK) was a Kosovar Albanian guerilla group which sought Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language After the Kosovo war several hundred Mujahideens went to the Republic of Macedonia to assist the Albanians again in their conflict there against the Macedonian forces. The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 The Republic of Macedonia (Република After the wars most Mujahideens went back to their home countries or other conflict zones very few remained in Kosovo and Macedonia where they became citizens. ^{[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]}

There is still no concrete number about the actual size and the structure of the Kosovo Liberation Army but the number is frequently put at around 20,000 troops. The clandestine group first emerged in 1996, when it claimed responsibility for a series of bomb attacks in Kosovo against Serbian police forces. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)

Members of the KLA were rarely seen in public until late last year, when three heavily-armed and masked men appeared at a funeral of a Kosovo Albanian teacher murdered by Serbian police in the school for teaching in Albanian. The KLA says it has captured a large amount of military equipment, including a helicopter also destroyed 3 helicopters and several dozen armored vehicles and tanks during clashes with Serbian police and army units.

Until recently, the main support - both political and financial - for the KLA came from Kosovo Albanian emigrants in Western Europe and the US. However, as the long-standing tensions in Kosovo increasingly erupted into open clashes, the support for the KLA among Kosovo Albanians started to grow. Many of them have become impatient with the failure of the peaceful resistance advocated by their political leadership.

Iran

While more than one group in Iran have called themselves mujahideen, the most famous is the People's Mujahedin of Iran. The People's Mujahedin of Iran ( PMOI, also MEK, MKO) ( Persian: سازمان مجاهدين خلق ايران sāzmān-e mojāhedin-e khalq-e Currently an Iraq-based Islamic Socialist militant organization that advocates the overthrow of Iran's current government. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Islamic socialism is a term coined by various Muslim leaders to meet the demand for a more spiritual form of Socialism. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The group also took part in the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Iraq-Iran War, and the Iraqi internal conflicts. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed They advocate the ideology that socialism and religion can live side by side, however they claim that they also advocate a separation of religion and state.

Another mujahideen was the Mujahedin-e Islam, an Islamic party led by Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani. Ayatollah Seyyed Abol-Ghasem Mostafavi Kashani ( (born 1882 in Tehran, Iran, died March 14 1962) was a prominent ^[24] It was a component of the National Front (Iran) during the time of Mohammed Mosaddeq's oil nationalization, but broke away from Mosaddeq over his allegedly unIslamic policies. The National Front of Iran or Jebhe Melli is a Democratic political opposition group founded by Muhammad Mossadegh and other secular Iranian leaders of Nationalist Mohammad Mosaddeq ( (, pronounced mosæddeq}} also Mosaddegh or Mossadegh) ( May 19 1882 – 5 March 1967) was a major ^[25]

Iraq

The term mujahideen is sometimes applied by sympathizers and regional experts to the Iraqi insurgency against the U. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq S. -led allies whose invasion destroyed Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist republic, and against the subsequent Iraqi regimes in need of allied military support, while the insurgents comprise a wide, incoherent spectrum of forces, with or without crucial Islamist ideology. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus There is also a number of foreign fighters from the other Arab countries, in many cases acting as a suicide attackers. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons

Some insurgent groups actually use the word mujahideen in their names, like Mujahideen Shura Council (an umbrella group run by al-Qaeda in Iraq) and Mujahideen Army. Mujahideen Shura Council may refer to Mujahideen Shura Council (Afghanistan Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq For the fictional company set in the Resident Evil videogame series see Umbrella Corporation. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. The Jaish al-Mujahideen (or Mujahideen Army) is a prominent Sunni resistance group operating inside Iraq.

Kashmir

In Pakistan and the former princely state of (Jammu and) Kashmir (disputed with India), Kashmiris opposing Indian rule are often known as mujahideen. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir The Kashmir conflict refers to the Territorial dispute between

In 1947, the mostly Pashtun Muslim fighters tried to force the annexation of Kashmir by Pakistan. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Pakistan claimed the fighters were independent mujahideen helping a local insurgency, while India claimed that the invaders were Pakistani irregulars supported by the Pakistani Army which was still being run by British officials. The British appointed non-Muslim Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh called upon help from British Indian army and the then Indian Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru airlifted Indian troops to the region and tried to drive off the insurgents. The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt Hari Singh ( 30 September 1895, Jammu &ndash 26 April 1961, Mumbai) was the last ruling Maharaja of the Princely Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party

Several different militant groups have since taken root in Indian Kashmir. Most noticeable of these groups are Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM). Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba Jaish-e-Mohammed ( Urdu: جيش محمد, literally The Army of Mohammad, transliterated as Jaish-e-Muhammed, Jaish-e-Mohammad or The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF, founded by Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat, is a Kashmiri nationalist organization founded in Birmingham, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami ( Urdu: حرکت المجاہدین الاسلامی (abbreviated HUM is a Pakistani Islamic militant group ^[26] A 1996 report by Human Rights Watch estimated the number of active militants at 3,200. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. ^[27]

Philippines

Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is the smallest and most radical of the Islamic separatist groups in the southern Philippines. "Sword of God" redirects here For the 7th century Arab Muslim military commander known as the "Sword of God" see Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP It is best-known for a series of kidnappings of Western nationals and Filipinos, for which it has received several large ransom payments. In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property to secure their release or it can refer to the sum of money involved Some ASG members have allegedly studied or worked in Saudi Arabia and developed ties to mujahideen while fighting and training in the war against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. ^[28] Abu Sayyaf always pro-claim themselves as mujahideen but are not provided support by many people in Moroland including Muslim clerics. This article deals with the land claimed by the Moro people For the region controlled by them see: Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Abu Sayyaf is thought to number fewer than 500 core fighters, but the group continues to present enough of a problem to lead the government to launch occasional major offensives in an effort to wipe the rebels.

Myanmar (Burma)

A sizable number of mujahideen are present and concentrated in the province of Arakan, Myanmar. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. ^[29] They were much more active before the 1962 coup d'etat by General Ne Win. Ne Win (နေဝင်း nè wín 24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002; born Shu Ne Win carried out some military operations targeting them over a period of two decades. The prominent one was "Operation King Dragon" which took place in 1978; as a result, many Muslims in the region fled to neighboring country Bangladesh as refugees. The King Dragon Operation, or Naga Min was a large scale Military operation in Arakan, Burma carried out by the then Head of State General Ne ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Nevertheless, the Myanmar mujahideen are still active within the remote areas of Arakan. ^[30] Their associations with Bangladeshi mujahideen were significant but they have extended their networks to the international level and countries such as Pakistan, Malaysia, et al, during the recent years. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and They collect donations, and get religious military training outside of Myanmar. ^[31]

Somalia

The Somali Civil War (2006) changed radically due to Ethiopian involvement. The Advance of the Islamic Courts Union is the period in the Somali Civil War that began on May 2006 with the Islamic Courts Union 's (ICU conquest of Mogadishu The War in Somalia is an ongoing armed conflict involving largely Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG forces versus the Somali Before their entry into the conflict in July, 2006, the struggle between the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and the warlord-based Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism and the fledgling Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was an internal struggle between Somali Muslims, particularly those who preferred a secular state to one ruled by sharia law. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim The Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism ( ARPCT) ( Isbaheysiga Ladagaalanka Argagaxisadda) was a Somali alliance created by various The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Now faced with the presence of forces from the historically Christian Ethiopia, the ICU began to frame the war as one of jihad, and called its citizens to rise in arms to throw the Ethiopians out of the country. ^[32]

In July 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there. July 2006 was a month with thirty-one days The following events also occurred during the month ^[33] Foreign fighters began to arrive, though there were official denials of the presence of mujahideen in the country. Even so, the threat of jihad was made openly and repeatedly in the months proceeding the Battle of Baidoa. The Battle of Baidoa began on December 20, 2006 when the Somali Transitional Federal Government 's forces (TFG allied with Ethiopian forces stationed ^[34] On December 23, 2006, Islamists, for the first time, called upon international fighters to join their cause. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[35] The term mujahideen is now openly used by the post-ICU resistance against the Ethiopians and the TFG. Al-Shabaab (Arabic "The Youth") also known as As-Shabaab, Hizbul Shabaab (Arabic "The Party of Youth") and

History

Almohad dynasty[36][37][38][39][40] Aurangzeb[41] Babur[42][43] Barbary pirates[44][45] Fulani jihads[46] Jahangir Khoja[47] Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi[48][49][50]

Saladin[51][52] Sheikh Mansur[53] Mehmed V[54] Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud[55][56][57][58][59] Ulubatlı Hasan Imam Shamil[60][61] Suleiman the Magnificent[62] Timur Lenk[63]

See also

• Hadith
• Reagan Doctrine
• Itmam al-hujjah
• Bosnian Mujahideen

Persons:

• Sayyid Qutb
• Hassan al Banna
• Yusuf al-Qaradawi
• Khurshid Ahmad
• Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
• Javed Ahmed Ghamidi

Notes and references

The New York Sun was a contemporary five-day Daily newspaper published in New York City from 2002 until 2008 Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Asia Times was a Newspaper launched in Thailand by Thai tycoon Sondhi Limthongkul in 1995 Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital

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