Citizendia

Arab scholar
Modern era
Name
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahab
Birth1703
Death1792
School/traditionSunni
Influenced byIbn Taymiyyah
InfluencedBin Baz
Uthaymeen
al-Albaanee
For the Egyptian singer, see Mohammed Abdel Wahab. Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 &ndash 1328 was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz () also known as Bin Baaz, was the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 until his death in 1999 Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen al-Wuhaibi al-Tamimi (1925-2001 CE) was one of the most prominent Islamic scholars of the latter half of the twentieth century See Albani for other uses of that name Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, Arabic, محمد ناصر الدين Mohammed Abdel Wahab ( Arabic: محمد عبد الوهاب) also transliterated Mohammed Abd el-Wahaab ( 1907 - May 3,
For the Egyptian footballer, see Mohamed Abdelwahab. Mohamed Abdelwahab ( July 13, 1983 – August 31, 2006) was an Egyptian footballer, playing in the defensive left back position

Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab at-Tamimi' (1703–1792) (Arabic:محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمي) was a prominent Arab theologian born in Najd, in present-day Saudi Arabia and an influential scholar. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Despite his never having called for a separate school of Islamic thought, it is from ibn Abd-al Wahhab that name that the term Wahhabism is derived. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to He was a member of the Arab tribe of Banu Tamim. This is not the Sub-clan of Quraish, for that see Banu Taim Banī Tamīm or Banu Tamim or Banu Tameem

Contents

Biography

Sources

There are two contemporary histories of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his religious movement from the point of view of his supporters: Ibn Ghannam's Rawdhat al-Afkar wal-Afham (commonly known as Tarikh Najd) and Ibn Bishr's 'Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd. Ibn Ghannam, a native of al-Hasa who died in 1811, was the only historian to have observed the beginnings of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's movement first-hand. This article refers to the traditional region of Al-Hasa For the current Saudi Arabian administrative unit sometimes called Al-Hasa see Al-Ahsa (governorate. Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year His chronicle ends at the year 1797. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [1][2] Ibn Bishr's chronicle, which stops at the year 1854, was written a generation later than Ibn Ghannam's, but is considered valuable partly because Ibn Bishr was a native of Najd and because Ibn Bishr adds many details to Ibn Ghannam's account. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. [3] A third account, dating from around 1817 is Lam' al-Shihab, written by an anonymous Sunni author who respectfully disapproved of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's movement, regarding it as a bid'a (innovation). Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin It is also commonly cited because it is considered to be a relatively objective contemporary treatment of the subject. However, unlike Ibn Ghannam and Ibn Bishr, its author did not live in Najd and his work is believed to contain some apocryphal and legendary material with respect to the details of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's life. Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. [4][5]

Childhood and Early Life

Some details have been pieced together via the work of numerous historians. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab is generally acknowledged to have been born in 'Uyayna[6][7][8][9] in 1703[10][11]. Al-'Uyayna (ا لعيينة) is a Village in central Saudi Arabia, located some 30 km northwest of the Saudi Capital Riyadh. Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He was thought to have started studying Islam at an early age, primarily with his father ('Abd al-Wahhab) early on[12][13][14][15][16], as he was from a line of scholars of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence[17]. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or While there is some consensus over these details, there is not a unanimous agreement over the specifics and some minority opinions do exist in regard to his place and date of birth.

Reforms

Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab spent some time studying with Muslim scholars in Basra (in southern Iraq)[18][19], and it is reported that he traveled to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina to perform Hajj and study with the scholars there,[20][21]before returning to his home town of Uyayna in 1740. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Year 1740 ( MDCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Official sources on ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's life put his visits to these cities in different chronological order, and the full extent of such travels remains disputed among historians.

Almost all sources agree that his reformist ideas were formulated while living in Basra, where he became somewhat famous for his debates with the Islamic scholars there. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Dates are missing in a great many cases, thus it is difficult to reconstruct a chronology of his life up until his return to 'Uyayna.

Like most scholars in Najd at the time, Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab was a follower of Ibn Hanbal's school of jurisprudence but "was opposed to any of the schools (Madh'hab) being taken as an absolute and unquestioned authority," and condemned taqlid. Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. Ahmed ibn Hanbal ( Arabic: ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎أحمد بن حنبل‏‎‎‎‏‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ Ahmad bin Hanbal) (780 - Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or Taqlid or taqleed ( Arabic تَقْليد taqlīd) is an Arabic term meaning "to follow (someone" or "to imitate" [22]

After his return to 'Uyayna, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab began to attract followers there, including the ruler of the town, Uthman ibn Mu'ammar. Al-'Uyayna (ا لعيينة) is a Village in central Saudi Arabia, located some 30 km northwest of the Saudi Capital Riyadh. With Ibn Mu'ammar's support, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab began to implement some of his ideas for reform. First, he persuaded ibn Mu'ammar to level the grave of Zayd ibn al-Khattab, a companion of the Muslim prophet Muhammad whose grave was revered by locals, citing Islamic teachings that forbid grave worship. Zayd ibn Al-Khattab was a Sahaba (companion of Muhammad and the brother of the second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, also IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Secondly, he ordered that an adulteress be stoned to death, a practice that had become uncommon in the area despite having Islamic textual basis. These actions gained the attention of Sulaiman ibn Muhammad ibn Ghurayr of the tribe of Bani Khalid, the chief of Al-Hasa and Qatif, who held substantial influence in Najd. Bani Khalid ( بني خالد) is an Arab tribal confederation of eastern and central Arabia. This article refers to the traditional region of Al-Hasa For the current Saudi Arabian administrative unit sometimes called Al-Hasa see Al-Ahsa (governorate. For other uses see Katif. Qatif or Al-Qatif (also spelled Qateef or Al-Qateef; القطيف Al-Qaṭīf Ibn Ghurayr threatened Ibn Mu'ammar that he would not allow him to collect a land tax for some properties that he owned in al-Hasa if he did not kill ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Ibn Mu'ammar declined to do this, but ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was forced to leave. [23]

Alliance with the House of Saud

Upon his expulsion from 'Uyayna, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was invited to settle in neighboring Dir'iyya by its ruler Muhammad ibn Saud in 1740 (1157 AH). Al-Diriyah ( الدرعية; also spelled Ad-Dir'iyah, Ad-Dar'iyah or Dir'aiyah) is a town in Saudi Arabia located on the northwestern Abdul Aziz Faysal Saud Ali Abdallah "Imam" Muhammad ibn Saud Year 1740 ( MDCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Two of Ibn Saud's brothers had been students of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in Uyayna, and are said to have played a role in convincing Ibn Saud to take him in. Ibn Saud's wife is also reported to have been a convert to Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's cause. Upon arriving in Diriyya, a pact was made between Ibn Saud and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, by which Ibn Saud pledged to implement Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings and enforce them on neighboring towns, while Ibn Saud and his family would remain the temporal imams ("leaders"). of the movement. Beginning in the last years of the 18th century Ibn Saud and his heirs would spend the next 140 years mounting various military campaigns to seize control of Arabia and its outlying regions, finally taking control of the whole of modern day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1922. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi This provided the movement with a state. Vast wealth from oil discovered in the following decades, coupled with Saudi control of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, have since provided a base and funding for Salafi missionary activity. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as

Criticisms

The Egyptian Islamic scholar 'Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ahamd Barakat al-Shafe'i al-Azhari al-Tantawi wrote an early criticism of Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab's reforms in the book, Kitab Rad` al-Dalala wa Qam` al-Jahala ("The Book of the Prevention of Error and the Suppression of Ignorance. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. ") Tantawi did not specifically name ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab in the text, but referred to him as 'Sheikh an-Nas' ("the populist scholar"). This may be seen as either an effort to not humiliate ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab or to simply not draw unwanted attention to his call. Tantawi wrote that he received word of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's teachings through word-of-mouth and letters from local "authorities. " The content of Tantawi's arguments also suggest this, as they do not appear to be based on any writings of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's, instead disputing his general ideas, quoting a considerable number of Qur'anic verses.

Another critic of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab at the time was a major Sufi theologian, 'Ali al-Shafe'i al-Basri aka al-Qabbani. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective A historian at the time, ibn Turki, considered Qabbani to be among the four most prolific detractors of ibn Abd-al-Wahhab particularly because - unlike Tantawi - he had actually read ibn 'Abd l-Wahhab's writings. Qabbani wrote two texts criticizing ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, the Fasl al-Khitab fi Rad Dalalat Ibn Abd al-Wahhab ("the unmistakable judgement in the refutation of the delusions of Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab,") and the Kashf al-Hijab an Wajh Dalalat Ibn al-Wahhab ("lifting the veil from the face of the delusions of Ibn al-Wahhab,"). Qabbani later wrote a formal, anti-Wahhabi tract, citing both sources.

Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s brother Sulaiman and his father, 'Abd al-Wahhab, had initially repudiated him for his ideas. Later in life, however, the views of both his brother and father changed significantly, with both of them eventually accepting and agreeing with those of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's. [24]

Amongst his modern supporters were the late Shaikh bin Baz and Shaikh Uthaymeen of Saudi Arabia, Shaikh Muqbil of Yemen, and Shaikh Albani of Albania. Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz () also known as Bin Baaz, was the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 until his death in 1999 Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen al-Wuhaibi al-Tamimi (1925-2001 CE) was one of the most prominent Islamic scholars of the latter half of the twentieth century The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya See Albani for other uses of that name Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, Arabic, محمد ناصر الدين This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics.

Legacy

Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab considered his movement an effort to purify Islam by returning Muslims to what he believed were the original principles of Islam, as typified by the Salaf and rejecting what he regarded as corruptions introduced by Bid'ah and Shirk. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin Shirk (شرك is the Islamic concept of the Sin of Polytheism specifically but in a more general way refers to worshipping other than Allah

During his life he denounced practices of various sects of Sufism as being heretical, such as their veneration of saints. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Although all Muslims pray to one God, ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was keen on emphasizing that no intercession with God was possible, an idea supported by the majority of Muslims. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Specific practices, such as celebrating the birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were also deemed as innovations. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics He is hence considered by his followers to be a great reformer of Islam, and by his opponents as an innovator and heretic. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. In either case, ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's impact on Islam has been considerable and significant. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also revived interest in the works of the Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiya. Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 &ndash 1328 was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located

The followers of this revival (see Islamism) are often called Wahhabis, though most reject the usage of this term on the grounds that ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's teachings were the teachings of Muhammad, not his own. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Thus, most generally refer to themselves as Salafis, while during his lifetime they often referred to themselves muwahhidin ("monotheists").

Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab closely allied with Muhammad bin Saud, the ruler of Dir'iyyah in Najd. Abdul Aziz Faysal Saud Ali Abdallah "Imam" Muhammad ibn Saud Al-Diriyah ( الدرعية; also spelled Ad-Dir'iyah, Ad-Dar'iyah or Dir'aiyah) is a town in Saudi Arabia located on the northwestern Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. As per the accord, ibn Saud and his family would be the chiefs of political administration whereas ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his family would be the chief of Islamic interpretation. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Today the royal family of Saudi Arabia belongs to the House of Saud. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's descendents are known today as "Al al-Shaykh" ("House of the Shaykh"). The family of Al al-Shaykh has included several religious scholars, including the former grand mufti of Saudi Arabia, Muhammad ibn Ibrahm Al al-Shaykh, who issued the fatwa calling for the abdication of King Saud in 1964. Saud bin Abdul Aziz King of Saudi Arabia ( Kuwait, January 15, 1902 - Greece, February 23, 1969 ( Arabic: سعود بن عبد Both the current Saudi minister of justice and the current grand mufti of Saudi Arabia are also descendents of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This article is about an Islamic scholar Mufti can also refer to civilian dress.

Commentary

Perceptions of ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab are varied. To many Muslims of the Salafi persuasion, ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab is a significant luminary in the proud tradition of Islamic scholarship. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A great number of lay Sunni Muslims regard him as a pious scholar whose interpretations of the Qur'an and Hadith were nevertheless out of step with the mainstream of Islamic thought, and thus discredited. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [25] Some scholars regard him as a pious scholar who called people back to worship of Allah according to the Qur'an and Sunnah. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Others, often Sufis, regard him as a one who stopped at nothing to gain power and manipulate others. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Natana DeLong-Bas, meanwhile, has recently published a self-described "controversial" book that complicates the idea that ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab contributed to the "militant stance of contemporary jihadism. "[26]

Works

References

  1. ^ Abu-Hakima, A. M. "Ibn G̲H̲annām , S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥusayn b. G̲h̲annām al-Iḥsāʾī . " Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C. E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 08 December 2007 [1]
  2. ^ Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia, Saqi Books, London 1998, p. 13
  3. ^ Vassiliev, p. 13
  4. ^ Laoust, H. "Ibn ʿAbd al- Wahhāb , Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. " Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C. E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. CDL. 07 December 2007 [2]
  5. ^ Vassiliev, p. 14
  6. ^ First Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-1936, Vol. 8, Pg. 1086 (1987)
  7. ^ Arabia, by J. B. Philby, Ernest Benn Limited, Pg. 8 (1930)
  8. ^ Dictionary of Islam, by Thomas Patrick Hughes, Premier Book House, Pg. 659 (Anarkali, Lahore, 1964)
  9. ^ "Ibn Abd al-Wahhab" in The Encyclopedia of Islam, by Henry Laoust, E. J. Brill, Leiden, Vol. 3, Pg. 677 (1979)
  10. ^ Arabia, by J. B. Philby, Pg. 8
  11. ^ "Ibn Abd al-Wahhab" in The Encyclopedia of Islam, by Henry Laoust, E. J. Brill, Leiden, Vol. 3, Pg. 677
  12. ^ Tarikh Najd, by 'Husain ibn Ghannam, Vol. 1, Pg. 75-76
  13. ^ 'Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd, by 'Uthman ibn Bishr an-Najdi, Vol. 1, Pg. 6-7
  14. ^ Shaikh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, by Judge Ahmad ibn 'Hajar al-Butami, Pg. 17
  15. ^ Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab: His Da'wah and Life Story, by Shaikh ibn Baaz, Pg. Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz () also known as Bin Baaz, was the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 until his death in 1999 21
  16. ^ The Arabian Peninsula Society and Politics, by George Rentz, Pg. 55
  17. ^ "Ibn Abd al-Wahhab" in The Encyclopedia of Islam, by Henry Laoust, E. J. Brill, Leiden, Vol. 3, Pg. 677-678 (1979)
  18. ^ Tarikh Najd by 'Husain ibn Ghannam, Vol. 1, Pg. 76-77
  19. ^ 'Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd, by 'Uthman ibn Bishr an-Najdi, Vol. 1, Pg. 7-8
  20. ^ Shaikh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, by Judge Ahmad ibn 'Hajar al-Butami, Pg. 17-19
  21. ^ Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab: His Da'wah and Life Story, by Shaikh ibn Baaz, Pg. Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz () also known as Bin Baaz, was the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 until his death in 1999 21
  22. ^ Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam, Vintage Books, 1982, p. 61
  23. ^ Shaikh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, by Judge Ahmad ibn 'Hajar al-Butami, Pg. 28
  24. ^ The History of the Wahhabis from Their Origin Until the End of 1809, by Louis Alexandre Olivier de Corancez, Pg. 25-26
  25. ^ See Samer Traboulsi, “An Early Refutation of Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb,” Die Welt des Islams, New Series, vol. 42, Issue 3 (2002): 373-415.
  26. ^ DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006

Further reading

See also

External links

For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to Wahb ( Arabic: وهب is a Male Arabic Given name that means. Etymology The name "Muhammad" is the Transliteration of an Arabic name that comes from the Arabic passive Participle from the
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