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For the Indian diplomat, see Mohammad Yunus (diplomat). India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Mohammad Yunus was a close associate of Indira Gandhi He served as Indian ambassador to many countries including Turkey, Algeria, Indonesia, Iraq
মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস
Muhammad Yunus

Born June 28, 1940 (1940-06-28) (age 67)
Chittagong, British India, now Bangladesh
Residence Bangladesh
Nationality Bangladeshi
Occupation Founder of Grameen Bank
Religious beliefs Secularist
Children 2

Muhammad Yunus (Bengali: মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস, pronounced Muhammôd Iunus) (born Jun 28, 1940) is a Bangladeshi banker and economist. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The Grameen Bank (গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক is a Microfinance organization and Community development bank started in Bangladesh that Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. He previously was a professor of economics and is famous for his successful application of microcredit - the extension of small loans. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. This article is specific to small loans For financial services to the poor see Microfinance. A loan is a type of Debt. This article focuses exclusively on monetary loans although in practice any material object might be lent These loans are given to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Yunus is also the founder of Grameen Bank. The Grameen Bank (গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক is a Microfinance organization and Community development bank started in Bangladesh that In 2006, Yunus and the bank were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor "[1] Yunus himself has received several other national and international honors. He is the author of Banker to the Poor and a founding board member of Grameen Foundation. Banker to the Poor Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty is an Autobiography of 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Winner and Grameen Grameen Foundation, founded as Grameen Foundation USA, is a global 501(c(3 Non-profit organization based in Washington DC that works to replicate In early 2007 Yunus showed interest in launching a political party in Bangladesh named Nagorik Shakti (Citizen Power), but later discarded the plan. He is one of the founding members of Global Elders. The Global Elders or The Elders is a group of Public figures noted as elder statesmen, Peace activists and Human rights advocates Yunus also serves on the board of directors of the United Nations Foundation, a public charity created in 1998 with entrepreneur and philanthropist Ted Turner’s historic $1 billion gift to support UN causes. The United Nations Foundation was created in 1998 with Entrepreneur and Philanthropist Ted Turner’s historic $ 1 billion gift to An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome Philanthropy is the act of donating money goods services time and/or effort to support a socially beneficial cause with a defined objective and with no financial or material Robert Edward "Ted" Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American Media proprietor and philanthropist. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The UN Foundation builds and implements public-private partnerships to address the world’s most pressing problems, and broadens support for the UN. [2]

Contents

Early years

Muhammad Yunus at Chittagong Collegiate School, while visiting the school in 2003.
Muhammad Yunus at Chittagong Collegiate School, while visiting the school in 2003. The Chittagong Collegiate School is a notable secondary School in Chittagong, the southern port city in Bangladesh.

The third oldest of nine children,[3] Yunus was born on June 28, 1940 to a Muslim family in the village of Bathua, by the Boxirhat Road in Hathazari, Chittagong, then in British India (now in Bangladesh). Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Hathazari (হাটহাজারী is an Upazila of Chittagong District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Chittagong District is a district located in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British [4][5] His father was Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, a jeweler, and his mother was Sofia Khatun. His early childhood years were spent in the village. In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong, and he was shifted to Lamabazar Primary School from his village school. Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city [4][6] By 1949, his mother was afflicted with psychological illness. [5] Later, he passed the matriculation examination from Chittagong Collegiate School securing the 16th position among 39,000 students in East Pakistan. The Chittagong Collegiate School is a notable secondary School in Chittagong, the southern port city in Bangladesh. East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was [6] During his school years, he was an active Boy Scout, and traveled to West Pakistan and India in 1952, and to Canada in 1955 to attend Jamborees. Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide Youth movement with the stated aim of supporting young people in their physical mental and spiritual Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [6] Later when Yunus was studying at Chittagong College, he became active in cultural activities and won awards for drama acting. Chittagong College is the topmost college in Bangladesh. It is also the first college established in Bangladesh [6] In 1957, he enrolled in the department of economics at Dhaka University and completed his BA in 1960 and MA in 1961. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The University of Dhaka (commonly referred to as Dhaka University or just DU) ( Bengali: ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় Đhaka A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large

Following his graduation, Yunus joined the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant to the economical researches of Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan. Professor Nurul Islam was successively Professor of Economics Dhaka University, Director of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (later Bangladesh Institute Rehman Sobhan (রেহমান সোবহান a prominent Economist, played a significant role in the nationalist movement of Bangladesh in the [6] Later he was appointed as a lecturer in economics in Chittagong College in 1961. Chittagong College is the topmost college in Bangladesh. It is also the first college established in Bangladesh [6] During that time he also set up a profitable packaging factory on the side. Packaging is the science art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution storage sale and use [5] He was offered a Fulbright scholarship in 1965 to study in the United States. The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of grants for international educational exchange for scholars educators graduate The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He obtained his Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States through the graduate program in Economic Development in 1969. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Vanderbilt University is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in Nashville, Tennessee, The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [7] From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, TN. Middle Tennessee State University (founded September 11, 1911, and commonly abbreviated as MTSU) is an American University located Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States.

During the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971, Yunus founded a citizen's committee and ran the Bangladesh Information Center, with other Bangladeshis living in the United States, to raise support for liberation. The Bangladesh Liberation War (i ( Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho) was an armed conflict between West Pakistan (later The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [6] He also published the Bangladesh Newsletter from his home in Nashville. After the War, Yunus returned to Bangladesh and was appointed to the government's Planning Commission headed by Nurul Islam. Professor Nurul Islam was successively Professor of Economics Dhaka University, Director of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (later Bangladesh Institute He found the job boring and resigned to join Chittagong University as head of the Economics department. The University of Chittagong ( Chittagong University) ( Bangla: Chôţţogram Bishshobiddalôe) is a public [8] He became involved with poverty reduction after observing the famine of 1974, and established a rural economic program as a research project. Poverty reduction (or poverty alleviation) is any process which seeks to reduce the level of Poverty in a community or amongst a group of people or countries Possibly over a million people died in the Bangladesh famine of 1974, from July 1974 to January 1975, although the Bangladesh government claimed only 26000 In 1975, he developed a Nabajug (New Era) Tebhaga Khamar (three share farm) which the government adopted as the Packaged Input Programme. [6] In order to make the project more effective, Yunus and his associates proposed the Gram Sarkar (the village government) programme. [9] Introduced by then president Ziaur Rahman in late 1970s, the Government formed 40,392 village governments (gram sarkar) as a fourth layer of government in 2003. Ziaur Rahman (জিয়াউর রহমান Ziaur Rôhman) (January 19 1936 &ndash May 30 1981 was the President of Bangladesh and the founder On 2 August 2005, in response to a petition filed by Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust (BLAST) the High Court had declared Gram Sarkar illegal and unconstitutional. [10]

Grameen Bank

Grameen Bank Head Office at Mirpur-2, Dhaka
Grameen Bank Head Office at Mirpur-2, Dhaka
Main article: Grameen Bank

In 1976, during visits to the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University, Yunus discovered that very small loans could make a disproportionate difference to a poor person. Dhaka (also known as Dacca ( Bangla: ঢাকা ɖʱaka is the Capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. The Grameen Bank (গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক is a Microfinance organization and Community development bank started in Bangladesh that The University of Chittagong ( Chittagong University) ( Bangla: Chôţţogram Bishshobiddalôe) is a public Jobra women who made bamboo furniture had to take out usurious loans for buying bamboo, to pay their profits to the moneylenders. Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily Usury (ˈjuːʒəri comes from the Medieval Latin usuria, "interest" or "excessive interest" from the Latin usura "interest" His first loan, consisting of USD 27. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 00 from his own pocket, was made to 42 women in the village, who made a net profit of BDT 0. The taka ( Bengali: টাকা ṭaka) is the Currency of Bangladesh. 50 (USD 0. 02) each on the loan. Thus, vastly improving Bangladesh's ability to export and import asit did in the past, resulting in a greater form of globalization and economic status. [4]

The concept of providing credit to the poor as a tool of poverty reduction was not unique. Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan, founder of Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (now Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development), is credited for pioneering the idea. Akhtar Hameed Khan (اختر حمید خان əxt̪əɾ hɐmiːd xɑːn (15 July 1914 – 9 October 1999 was a Pakistani development activist and Social scientist Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development ( BARD) (বাংলাদেশ পল্লী উন্নয়ন একাডেমী (বার্ড is an [11] From his experience at Jobra, Yunus, an admirer of Dr. Hameed[11], realized that the creation of an institution was needed to lend to those who had nothing. [12] While traditional banks were not interested in making tiny loans at reasonable interest rates to the poor due to high repayment risks[13], Yunus believed that given the chance the poor will repay the borrowed money and hence microcredit could be a viable business model. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money This article is specific to small loans For financial services to the poor see Microfinance. A business model is a term used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions that are used by enterprises to represent various aspects of its business including its purpose offerings

Yunus finally succeeded in securing a loan from the government Janata Bank to lend it to the poor in Jobra in December 1976. Janata Bank (জনতা ব্যাংক is a state-owned commercial bank in Bangladesh. The institution continued to operate by securing loans from other banks for its projects. By 1982, the bank had 28,000 members. On October 1, 1983, the pilot project began operations as a full-fledged bank and was renamed the Grameen Bank (Village Bank) to make loans to poor Bangladeshis. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) The Grameen Bank (গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক is a Microfinance organization and Community development bank started in Bangladesh that Yunus and his colleagues encountered everything from violent radical leftists to the conservative clergy who told women that they would be denied a Muslim burial if they borrowed money from the Grameen Bank. [5] As of July 2007, Grameen Bank has issued US$ 6. 38 billion to 7. 4 million borrowers. [14] To ensure repayment, the bank uses a system of "solidarity groups". These small informal groups apply together for loans and its members act as co-guarantors of repayment and support one another's efforts at economic self-advancement. [9]

The Grameen Bank started to diversify in the late 1980s when it started attending to unutilized or underutilized fishing ponds, as well as irrigation pumps like deep tubewells. [15] In 1989, these diversified interests started growing into separate organizations, as the fisheries project became Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries Foundation) and the irrigation project became Grameen Krishi (Grameen Agriculture Foundation). The Grameen family of organizations has grown beyond Grameen Bank into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures established by Dr The Grameen family of organizations has grown beyond Grameen Bank into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures established by Dr [15] Over time, the Grameen initiative has grown into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures, including major projects like Grameen Trust and Grameen Fund, which runs equity projects like Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, and Grameen Knitwear Limited,[16] as well as Grameen Telecom, which has a stake in Grameenphone (GP), biggest private sector phone company in Bangladesh. The Grameen family of organizations has grown beyond Grameen Bank into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures established by Dr Grameen Fund is a not-for-profit company in Bangladesh established by Muhammad Yunus to provide Risk capital to Small and medium enterprises The Grameen family of organizations has grown beyond Grameen Bank into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures established by Dr The Grameen family of organizations has grown beyond Grameen Bank into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures established by Dr The Grameen family of organizations has grown beyond Grameen Bank into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures established by Dr Grameen Telecom (GTC is a not-for-profit company in Bangladesh established by Dr Grameenphone (গ্রামীণফোন is a GSM -based cellular operator in Bangladesh. [17]. The Village Phone (Polli Phone) project of GP has brought cell-phone ownership to 260,000 rural poor in over 50,000 villages since the beginning of the project in March 1997. Grameen Telecom (GTC is a not-for-profit company in Bangladesh established by Dr [18]

The success of the Grameen model of microfinancing has inspired similar efforts in a hundred countries throughout the developing world and even in industrialized nations, including the United States. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [19] Many, but not all, microcredit projects also retain its emphasis on lending specifically to women. More than 94% of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families. [20] For his work with the Grameen Bank, Yunus was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001. Ashoka Innovators for the Public is a Nonprofit organization supporting the field of Social entrepreneurship. [21]

Further information: Grameen family of organizations

Recognitions

Main article: List of awards received by Muhammad Yunus

Muhammad Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Grameen Bank, for their efforts to create economic and social development. The Grameen family of organizations has grown beyond Grameen Bank into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures established by Dr Awards received by Dr Muhammad Yunus, the founder of Grameen Bank: 1978 — President's Award Bangladesh 1984 — Ramon Magsaysay The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor In the prize announcement The Norwegian Nobel Committee mentioned:[1]

Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people, not only in Bangladesh, but also in many other countries. The Norwegian Nobel Committee ( Den norske Nobelkomité) awards the Nobel Peace Prize each year Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea. From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty.

Muhammad Yunus was the first Bangladeshi and third Bengali to ever get a Nobel Prize. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between Bangladesh and India) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating After receiving the news of the important award, Yunus announced that he would use part of his share of the $1. 4 million award money to create a company to make low-cost, high-nutrition food for the poor; while the rest would go toward setting up an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh. [22]

Former U.S. president Bill Clinton was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Muhammed Yunus. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States He expressed this in Rolling Stone magazine[23] as well as in his autobiography My Life. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published My Life is a 2004 Autobiography written by former President of the United States Bill Clinton, who left office on January 20 [24] In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton described Dr. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Yunus as "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [and] I’ll keep saying that until they finally give it to him. "[25]

He has won a number of other awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award,[26] the World Food Prize[27] the Sydney Peace Prize, [28] and in December 2007 the Ecuadorian Peace Prize [29]. Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay ( August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957) was the third President of the Third Republic of the Philippines The World Food Prize is an international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality quantity or availability of The Sydney Peace Prize is awarded by the Sydney Peace Foundation a non-for-profit organisation associated with the University of Sydney. Additionally, Dr. Yunus has been awarded 26 honorary doctorate degrees, and 15 special awards. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding [30] Bangladesh government brought out a commemorative stamp to honor his Nobel Award. [31] In January 2008, Houston, Texas declared January 14 as "Muhammad Yunus Day". Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. [32]

Political activity

In early 2006 Yunus, along with other members of the civil society including Prof Rehman Sobhan, Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Dr Kamal Hossain, Matiur Rahman, Mahfuz Anam and Debapriya Bhattchariya, participated in a campaign for honest and clean candidates in national elections. Rehman Sobhan (রেহমান সোবহান a prominent Economist, played a significant role in the nationalist movement of Bangladesh in the This article links to the former chief justice of Bangladesh For the officer of the Indian National Army see Habibur Rahman Muhammad Habibur Rahman ( Bangla Dr Kamal Hossain ( Bangla: কামাল হোসেন born on 20 April, 1937, is a notable Bangladeshi politician statesman and lawyer Matiur Rahman (মতিউর রহমান is the editor of Daily Prothom Alo, a Bangla language daily news paper in Bangladesh. Mahfuz Anam (মাহফুজ আনাম is an editor and publisher of Daily Star, one of Bangladesh's mainstream English language newspapers Debapriya Bhattacharya (born 1956 is a renowned economist from Bangladesh who had been working as the Executive Director of CPD until he was appointed Bangladesh [33] He considered entering politics in the later part of that year. [34] On February 11, 2007, Yunus wrote an open letter, published in the Bangladeshi newspaper Daily Star, where he asked citizens for views on his plan to float a political party to establish political goodwill, proper leadership and good governance. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Daily Star is the largest circulating English daily newspaper in Bangladesh. In the letter, he called on everyone to briefly outline how he should go about the task and how they can contribute to it. [35] Yunus finally announced the foundation of a new party tentatively called Citizens' Power (Nagorik Shakti) on February 18, 2007. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [36][37] There was speculation that the army supported a move by Yunus into politics. [38] On May 3, however, Yunus declared that he had decided to abandon his political plans following a meeting with the head of the interim government, Fakhruddin Ahmed. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Dr Fakhruddin Ahmed (ড ফখরুদ্দীন আহমেদ Fokhruddin Ahmed)(born May 1, 1940, in Bikrampur of Dhaka District [39]

On July 18, 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and integrity together to the world. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative Graça Machel, DBE (born Graça Simbine on 17 October 1945 in Incadine Gaza Province, Mozambique) is the third wife of former South Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African Cleric and activist who rose to Worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Global Elders, in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday. The Global Elders or The Elders is a group of Public figures noted as elder statesmen, Peace activists and Human rights advocates [40][41] Archbishop Tutu is to serve as the Chair of The Elders. The founding members of this group include Machel, Yunus, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, and Mary Robinson. Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations Ela Ramesh Bhatt (born on 7 September 1933 in the city of Ahmedabad in India) is the founder of India's Self-Employed Women's Association (or (ɡru hɑɭɛm brʉntlɑn (born Gro Harlem 20 April 1939 Oslo) is a Norwegian politician diplomat and Physician, and an international leader James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Li Zhaoxing ( born October 20, 1940) was the Foreign minister of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2007 Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (Máire Mhic Róibín born 21 May 1944 was the first female President of Ireland, serving from 1990 to 1997 and the United Nations The Elders are to be independently funded by a group of Founders, including Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Ray Chambers; Michael Chambers; Bridgeway Foundation; Pam Omidyar, Humanity United; Amy Robbins; Shashi Ruia, Dick Tarlow; and The United Nations Foundation. Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 18 July 1950 is an English Business magnate, best known for his Virgin brand of over 360 companies Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950 in Chobham, Surrey, England) is an English Musician and Songwriter. The United Nations Foundation was created in 1998 with Entrepreneur and Philanthropist Ted Turner’s historic $ 1 billion gift to

Family

In 1967 while Yunus attended Vanderbilt University, he met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature at Vanderbilt University and daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. They were married in 1970. Vanderbilt University is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in Nashville, Tennessee, This article is about literature from Russia For the song by Maxïmo Park, see Our Earthly Pleasures. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Trenton is the Capital of the US state of New Jersey and the County seat of Mercer County. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [8][5] Yunus's marriage with Vera ended within months of the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus (b. Monica Yunus (b 1979 is an American operatic Soprano of Bangladeshi - Russian descent who has performed with many of the world's finest 1979 Chittagong), as Vera returned to New Jersey claiming that Bangladesh was not a good place to raise a baby. Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city [8][5] Yunus later married Afrozi Yunus, who was then a researcher in physics at Manchester University. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. [8] She was later appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University. Jahangirnagar University (জাহাঙ্গীরনগর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় Jahaŋgirnôgor Bishshobiddalôe) is a public university of Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986. [8]

His brothers are also active in academia. His brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES), which brings science education to adolescent girls in villages. The University of Dhaka (commonly referred to as Dhaka University or just DU) ( Bengali: ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় Đhaka [42] His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter. Monica, the eldest daughter of Yunus, is a Bangladeshi-Russian American soprano singer, working in New York City. Bangladeshi Americans are individuals of Bangladeshi descent who are citizens of the United States. Russian Americans are Americans whose ancestors were born in Russia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. [43]

Books

Muhammad Yunus at a book signing at the London School of Economics with a masters student.
Muhammad Yunus at a book signing at the London School of Economics with a masters student. The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the
By Muhammad Yunus
On Muhammad Yunus

References

  1. ^ a b The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006. Banker to the Poor Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty is an Autobiography of 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Winner and Grameen NobelPrize. org (2006-10-13). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Retrieved on 2006-10-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
  2. ^ United Nations Foundation, additional text.
  3. ^ About Dr. Yunus :: Family. MuhammadYunus. ORG. Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
  4. ^ a b c First loan he gave was $27 from own pocket, The Daily Star, 2006-10-14, Front page, Retrieved: 2007-08-22
  5. ^ a b c d e f Mhammad Yunus: The triumph of idealism, New Age Special, The New Age, 2007-01-01; Retrieved: 2007-09-11
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Yunus, Muhammad. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Printed interview in Bengali with Rahman, Matiur. গরীবের উপকারে লাগে দেখে বহু লোক আমাদের ব্যাংকে টাকা রাখতে এগিয এসেছে. The daily Prothom Alo. Prothom Alo (প্রথম আলো Prothom Alo "First Light" is a major daily Newspaper in Bangladesh, published from Dhaka Dhaka. Dhaka (also known as Dacca ( Bangla: ঢাকা ɖʱaka is the Capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. 14.  Retrieved on 2006-10-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
  7. ^ Yunus to receive Nichols-Chancellor's Medal, Vanderbilt News, 2007-03-12; Retrieved: 2007-09-09
  8. ^ a b c d e Yunus, Muhammad; Jolis, Alan [2003-09-25]. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Banker to the Poor: micro-lending and the battle against world poverty (in English). Banker to the Poor Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty is an Autobiography of 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Winner and Grameen New York: PublicAffairs hc, 20-29. ISBN 978-1-58648-198-8.  
  9. ^ a b [www. guzelsozler. web. tr/son-eklenen/6-yatakta-sevisme. html Ramon Magsaysay Award Citation]. Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (1984). Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
  10. ^ BANGLADESH: Country of Origin Information Report, Country of Origin Information Service, Border & Immigration Agency, 2007-06-15; Retrieved: 2007-09-09
  11. ^ a b Yousaf, Nasim (2006-10-17). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost 7th Death Anniversary – A Tribute to Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan (English). Statesman. Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  12. ^ Yunus, Muhammad; Jolis, Alan [2003-09-25]. Banker to the Poor: micro-lending and the battle against world poverty (in English). Banker to the Poor Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty is an Autobiography of 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Winner and Grameen New York: PublicAffairs hc, 46-49. ISBN 978-1-58648-198-8.  
  13. ^ "Profile: 'World banker to the poor'", BBC NEWS, 2006-10-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Retrieved on 2006-10-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western (English) 
  14. ^ GB at a glance, Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Info;Retrieved: 2007-09-09
  15. ^ a b Introduction, Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Family; Retrieved: 2007-09-07
  16. ^ Grameen Fund ventures on Grameen official website
  17. ^ About Grameenphone (English). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Grameenphone (2006-11-16). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.  “Grameenphone is now the leading telecommunications service provider in the country with more than 10 million subscribers as of November 2006. ”
  18. ^ Village Phone (English). About Grameenphone. Grameenphone (2006). Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
  19. ^ Grameen Bank, a Nobel-winning concept, The Hindu, 2006-10-23;Retrieved: 2007-09-09
  20. ^ Yunus, Muhammad. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Transcript of broadcast interview with Negus, George. World in Focus: Interview with Prof. Muhammad Yunus. Foreign Correspondent; ABC online. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. 1997-03-25.  Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
  21. ^ Muhammad Yunus, Ashoka's Global Academy Member, Wins Nobel Peace Prize (English). Ashoka. org (2006-10-13). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
  22. ^ "Yunus wins peace Nobel for anti-poverty efforts", AP, 2006-10-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting (English) 
  23. ^ Boulden, Jim. "The birth of micro credit", Europe/Business, CNN, 2001-03-29. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Retrieved on 2007-08-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. (English) 
  24. ^ Clinton, Bill (2004). William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States My Life: The Presidential Years (in English). My Life is a 2004 Autobiography written by former President of the United States Bill Clinton, who left office on January 20 New York, Knopf. : Vintage Books, p. 329. ISBN 0375414576.  “Muhammad Yunus should have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics years ago. ” 
  25. ^ Ainsworth, Diane (2002-01-29). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Transcript of the Jan. 29, 2002 talk by former President Bill Clinton at the University of California, Berkeley (English). Clinton: education, economic development key to building a peaceful, global village. UC Regents. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
  26. ^ Ramon Magsaysay Award, 1984: Citation for Muhammad Yunus; Retrieved: 2007-09-01
  27. ^ Dr. Muhammad Yunus - 1994 World Food Prize Laureate (English). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. WorldFoodPrize. org. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
  28. ^ Lauret 2006, Seoul Peace Prize website; Retrieved: 2007-09-09
  29. ^ [1], Wild River Review Coverage; Retrieved: 2007-12-03
  30. ^ Lists of his awards are found at Grameen Bank website, [www. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French guzelsozler. web. tr/son-eklenen/6-yatakta-sevisme. html his personal website], and his profile at Bangladesh News website.
  31. ^ Sydney Peace Prize recipients, Sydney Peace Prize Foundation website; Retrieved: 2007-09-09
  32. ^ Staff Correspondent, Houston mayor declares Jan 14 "Yunus Day", 2008-01-16; Retrieved: 2008-01-16
  33. ^ Parliament with honest, efficient must for development. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. The New Nation (2006-03-21). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
  34. ^ Staff Correspondent. "Yunus not willing to be caretaker chief", The Daily Star, 2006-10-18. The Daily Star is the largest circulating English daily newspaper in Bangladesh. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Vol 5 Num 853. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. (English) 
  35. ^ Staff Correspondent. "Yunus seeks people's views on floating political party", The Daily Star, 2007-02-12. The Daily Star is the largest circulating English daily newspaper in Bangladesh. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Vol 5 Num 961. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. (English) 
  36. ^ Siddique, Islam. "Bangladesh Nobel Laureate Announces His Political Party's Name", AHN, 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy 7006502326. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. (English) 
  37. ^ Staff Reporter. "'I will do politics of unity': Yunus names his party Nagorik Shakti", The New Nation, 2007-02-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the 34138. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. (English) 
  38. ^ Mustafa, Sabir. "Bangladesh at a crossroads", BBC, 2007-04-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. (English) "At first glance, the current state of Bangladesh appears to be a paradox : a country under a state of emergency, but where the general public seem quite content. " 
  39. ^ "Yunus drops plans to enter politics", Al Jazeera, 2007-02-18. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. (English) 
  40. ^ "Mandela unveils 'council of elders'", Al Jazeera, 2007-07-19. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Retrieved on 2007-08-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River (English) 
  41. ^ Associated Press. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio "Mandela joins ‘Elders’ on turning 89", MSNBC, 2007-07-20. MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold 19836050. Retrieved on 2007-08-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River (English) 
  42. ^ Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES) - Bangladesh, Human Resource Development Recommendations, International Labour Organization; Retrieved: 2007-08-27
  43. ^ Monica Yunus, Soprano (asp) (English). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Biography. VoxPagel. com. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.

See also

External links

Videos

Honorary titles
Preceded by
He Kang		 World Food Prize
1994		 Succeeded by
Hans R. Herren
Persondata
NAME Yunus, Muhammad
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Iunus, Muhammod (alternate transliteration); ইউনূস, মুহাম্মদ (Bengali)
SHORT DESCRIPTION Economist and Bangladeshi banker, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
DATE OF BIRTH June 28, 1940
PLACE OF BIRTH Chittagong, British India
DATE OF DEATH living
PLACE OF DEATH
He Kang (何康 born 1923 was the Minister of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China from 1983 until 1990 The World Food Prize is an international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality quantity or availability of Dr Hans Rudolf Herren (born 1947 in Switzerland) is an internationally renowned entomologist Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British
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